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HISTORY 



BALTinopc, Maryland 



ITS I'OUNDING AS A TOWN TO THE CUPPCNT YCSR 

1729-1595 



IT EARLY SETTLEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT; A DESCRIPTION OF 
ITS HISTORIC AND INTERESTING LOCALITIES ; POLITICAL, 
MILITARY, CIVIL AND RELIGIOUS STATISTICS; BIOG- 
RAPHIES OF REPRESENTATIVE CITIZENS, 
ETC., ETC. 



ILLUSTRATED 



5. \\ NIll^OM, PUI3LISHi:i? 
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PREFACE. 



fN the present work, which is submitted to the discriminating 
judgment of an enlightened communit}', the design of the 
Publisher has been to exhibit in clear, simple and concise language 
the origin, growth and expansion of the city of Baltimore. It ha 
been his purpose to trace its development from lowly origins, through 
a series of changes aud vicissitudes material, political, commercial, to 
its present highl}' organized and complex state, as one of the chief 
world centers of enterprise, energy, advancement in moral and intel- 
lectual, as well as in purely practical and tangible spheres of progress 
and achievement. In accordance with the recognized principle enun- 
ciated by Thomas Carlyle, that "history is the essence of innumerable 
biographies," the lives of many of those who have contributed to 
the renown and accomplished greatness of Baltimore in every phase 
of human effort and human activity' — trade, commerce, finance, law, 
medicine, science, theology', education, literature, art, statesmanship, 
manufacturing, are exhibited not in elaborate narrative, but lucidly 
and succinctl}', as concrete examples of the results attained by in- 
dividual genius and energy, in the broadening, indeed in the creation 
of a rich and harmonious civilization. 



The absence of many names which should properly find a place 
in the biographical section of the history, while deeply to be regretted, 
is one for which the Publisher is in no sense responsible. The failure 
to take advantage of so rare an opportunity will prove a cause of 
genuine disappointment, if not to the persons immediately concerned, 
at least to their descendants. The several features of the work have 
been assigned to the following gentlemen : 

Hon. Wm. T. Brantley. 

Rev. Arthur Chilton Powell. 

Rev. Lucien Johnston, by appointment of Cardinal Gibbons. 

J. H. Hollander, Ph. D. 

John Morris, M. D. 

Col. Geo. W. F. Vernon. 

Frederick B. Hubbell, Esq. 

Hon. W. M. Marine. 

Col. W. H. Love. 

Richard Grady, M. D., D. D. S. 

H. E. Shepherd, LL. D., Editor-in-Chief. 

Their names alone are a guarantee of thoroughness of execution, 
as well as accuracy in detail. The Publisher trusts that a critical 
and dispassionate perusal of the book will demonstrate that his 
estimate of its general excellence is not an unfounded and pretentious 
claim, and that in following the development of Baltimore from humble 
beginnings to its present condition of assured rank in tlie intellectual. 



as well as in the material world, tlie reader will find a conspicuous 
illustration of the profound truth, so simply and gracefully embodied 
by the sovereign of form and of philosophic wisdom in contemporary 
poetry : 

" I doubt not through the ages one increasing purpose runs, 
And the thoughts of men are widened with the process of the suns." 

S. B. Nklson, Piiblislicr. 



# 



CONTENTS, 



Chapter I. Early History, 9-30 

Chapter II. Military and Naval History, 31-51 

Chapter III. The Educational Institutions of Baltimore, 52-69 

Chapter IV. The Political History of Baltimore, 70-89 

Chapter V. Events from 1835101859 90-1 11 

Chapter VI. Events from i860 to 1 866 112-168 

Chapter VII. Events from 1S67 to 1874 169-200 

Chapter VIII. Events from 1875 to 1895, -. 201-245 

Chapter IX. A Historical Sketch of the Bench and Bar of Baltimore City, 246-263 

Chapter X. Hon. Thomas Yates Walsh, 264-286 

Chapter XI. Church History (Roman Catholic), 287-310 

Chapter XII. The Protestant Churches of Baltimore, 311-444 

Chapter XIII. Some Successful Preachers Who Have Occupied Baltimore 

Pulpits 445-475 

Chapter XIV. Medical Profession in Baltimore 476-504 

Chapter XV. Dentistry and the Dental Profession, 504-514 

Chapter XVI. Railroad History, 515-53° 

Chapter XVII. The Monuments of Baltimore 531-535 

Chapter XVIII, Biographical Sketches, 536-1032 

Chapter XIX. The Modern City 1033-1048 

Index 1049-1058 



>m:';, 




HISTORY or BALTIMORE, MD. 



CHAPTER I.— Early History. 

Col. Wm. H. Love. 



" It was convenanted on the part of the King, that neither he nor his successors should ever 
impose customs, taxes, quotas or contributions whatsoever upon the people, their property' or 
their merchandable commodities laden within this province." — Charter. 



It would be well before going into the 
history of the city, to make some inquiry 
into the origin of the name and its meaning. 
Baltimore is a compound word — Bal is a 
corruption of Baal or Beal, the Sun-god Ti 
is the Irish for spot, place and circle. It also 
means burning. More is the same word as 
the Irish or Celtic Mor, which means great 
or large. A writer sums up the meaning as 
follows: "Eeal-Ti-Mor, as the great place 
or circle of Baal. That is to say. The Great 
Temple of Baal. It has also been translated 
"The place of the Great House." Baal was 
the Sun-god of the Egyptians, Persians, 
Syrians, Phoenicians and Irish. It is uncer- 
tain whether the Irish adored the sun before 
the Phoenicians landed on their shores un- 
der IMilesius in the time of Dana the 
Psalmist. Learned writers, however, think 
that the Irish, like the ancient Phoenicians, 
worshiped the sun with outstretched arms, 
just as the other sun-worshipers did. To this 
ancient name and title, George Calvert, 



principal Secretary of State to James I of 
England, fell heir, his title being "Baron 
Baltimore of Baltimore in Ireland." This 
town, whose history, perhaps, is as old as 
the Pyramids of Egypt, is beautifully situ- 
ated on a fine harbor in St. George's chan- 
nel, and has for some years been prospering 
under the patronage of the Baroness Bur- 
dett Coutts, who has revived the fishing 
industry. The first settlement on land in- 
cluded in the present site of Baltimore, was 
made in 1662. Charles II was King of 
England, and Charles Calvert, Governor of 
the province. Oliver Cromwell had been in 
his grave only four years. The English 
people had been making history very fast, 
and among their most brilliant achieve- 
ments was the planting of successful col- 
onies in various parts of the world, notably 
the \'irginia colony, the Massachusetts 
plantations and the Province of Maryland, 
founded in 1634. So that the first actual 
settlement on land, within the present city 



10 



HISTORY OP BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



limits, was made only twenty-eight years 
after the landing of the first colonies at St. 
jMary's. 

1662. 

The investiture of the Lords of Baltimore 
with the royal prerogatives enjoyed by the 
Bishop of Durham within the Palatinate of 
Durham in England, made them sovereign 
princes, with the exception and limitations, 
namely: "That the laws were to be enacted 
by the Lord Proprietary with the advice 
and approbation of the freemen and free- 
holders, or their deputies; and secondly, that 
no interpretation of the Charter was to be 
made whereby God's Holy Rights and the 
Christian Religion, or the allegiance due the 
sovereign of England may in anywise suf- 
fer by change, prejudice or diminution," so 
that Christianity was the only religious 
limitation on the rights of conscience, some- 
thing unknown in the Old World, and a 
good foundation for the first province of the 
great British Empire. 

In the year 1662, the year after the first 
county court was held, contracts were made 
for tobacco deliverable at North Point, 
which would show that commerce had 
already gained a foothold in this locality. 
I\Ir. Abraham Clark, a shipv.-right, was 
among the first settlers on the north side of 
the Patapsco river. But to Mr. Charles 
Gor.such, of the Society of Friends, belongs 
the honor of first settler, as in that year he 
took up and patented 50 acres of land on 
Whetstone Point, the present site of Fort 
McHenry, it being the practice while there 
were few competitors, to take up Init little 
waste land, though the purchase money was 
only four shillings. The quit rent four shil- 
lings per annum, and alienation four shil- 
lings sterling per 100 acres, payable in 



specie, tobacco or other products. The next 
land taken up within the city's present limits 
\\as the glade or bottom on each side of the 
run, now called Hartford run, at present 
under Central avenue, in 1663, by Mr. Alex- 
ander Mountenay, for 200 acres, and called 
Mountenay's neck. In 1665 Timber neck, 
lying between the heads of the middle and 
north branches of the Patapsco. was pat- 
ented for by Mr. John Howard, and in the 
same year the tract north of it. upon which 
the first town of Baltimore was laid out, was 
granted to Mr. Thomas Cole, for 550 acres, 
and called Cole's Harbor. 

This tract of land extended from Mounte- 
nay's land, westerly, across the north side of 
the river one mile, and northwardly from 
the river about half a mile, but in the form 
of a rhomboid divided into two equal parts 
by the stream, afterwards called Jones's 
Falls. Copu's Harbor, Long Island Point, 
Kemp's addition and Parker's Haven on the 
east, Lunn's lot and Chatworth on the west, 
on the south David's Fancy and on the 
north Salisbury plains, Darley Hall and 
Callow Barrow, were patented for different 
persons at later periods, and have been ad- 
ded to the town with many others since. 
Mr. Thomas Cole left an only daughter, who 
became ih . wife of Mr. Charles Gorsuch, 
and they sold and conveyed separately, in 
1679 and 1682, the tract of land called Cole's 
Harbor, to David Jones, who gave.his name 
to the stream, which rises in the beautiful 
"Green Spring \'alley," and passing down 
through the present city, is crossed by 21 
bridges, many of which are very fine. There 
being no evidence to the contrary, it is 
almost certain that David Jones was the first 
resident on the north side of the Harbor. 
He erected a house on the east side of the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



11 



stream, near the head of the tidewater, on 
what was called the Great Eastern road, 
crossing the stream at a point near what 
is now called French street. It is sup- 
posed that this road crossed what is now 
the bed of Baltimore street, at or near 
Sharp street, McClellan's alley being the 
actual bed of the old road. The alley now 
known as Elbow lane, running from Fay- 
ette to Lexington street in a northeasterly 
direction towards what was known as the 
"Parish Church Lot" (St. Paul's), passing 
down a gulley northeast of it, then turning 
easterly across the "Falls." Mr. James 
Todd, step-son of David Jones, came into 
possession of Cole's Harbor and also the 
whole part of Mountenay's neck, having in- 
termarried with the owner's daughter. In 
1696, Mr. Todd re-surveyed the first tract 
and procured a new patent for it, by the 
name of Todd's Range, for 510 acres; and in 
1702, Todd and wife jointly conveyed 135I 
acres of Cole's Harbor to Mr. John Hurst, 
who was an Inn-keeper and kept an Inn at 
or near Jones's, and the balance of the latter 
tract to Charles Carroll, Esq., the agent of 
the Lords proprietors. In the same year 
John Hurst mortgaged his 300 acres to 
Capt. Richard Colegate, one of the county 
commissioners, whose residence was on a 
creek bearing his name to-day, and which 
enters the Patapsco at Point Breeze. In 
171 1, Mr. Charles Carroll sold 31 acres of 
his part of Cole's Harbor, together with a 
mill seat, to Mr. Jonathan Hanson, mill- 
wright, who erected the mill of which some 
of the remains were standing as late as 1821. 
Mr. Edward Fell, a member of the Society 
of Friends, and a merchant from Lanca- 
shire, England, who had settled on the east 
side of Jones's Falls in 1730, took an escheat 



warrant and employed Mr. Richard Gist to 
survey Cole's Harbor or Todd's Range, and 
the next year purchased the right of it of 
Mr. John Gorsuch, son of Charles, but the 
sons of Mr. Carroll, deceased, entered a 
caveat, and prevented a sale. 

During the seventeenth century we find 
our statute books burdened with many 
laws creating town after town on paper, 
as many as thirty-three having been 
created, three of them being within the 
boundary of what was then called Balti- 
more county. By the act of the General 
Assembly of 1706, a town was to be 
established on \Mietstone Neck on the Pa- 
tapsco river. Xo name was given to the 
town in the Act. Another town, called 
Baltimore, was located near the mouth of 
Bush river on its eastern side. This town 
is show-n in the map made by Augustus 
Herrman, the Bohemian, in 1670, and 
some fourteen years after the actual found- 
ing of the present city, the General Assem- 
bly ordered another Baltimore to be laid out 
on Indian river in Worcester county. 
Nothing was ever done in regard to this 
last town, the county surveyor refusing to 
proceed with the work. 

Then came the true founding of the city 
of Baltimore, by the passage of an act en- 
titled "An act for erecting a town on the 
north side of Patapsco, in Baltimore coun- 
ty, and for laying out in lots sixty acres 
of land in and about the place where one 
John Flemming now lives." (1729, chap- 
ter 12.) 

A deed now in possession of the Ridgley 
family, of this city, in the handwriting of 
Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, gives posi- 
tive evidence as to the location of the first 
stake in the survev of Baltimore town. It 



12 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



reads as follows: "This indenture, made 

this day of in the year of our Lord 

one thousand seven hundred and eighty- 
. . . . , between Charles Carroll, of Carroll- 
ton, of Anne Arundel county, esquire of the 
first part, and Benjamin Griffith, Philip 
Hall, John McClellan and Leonard Helm, 
of Baltimore county, gentlemen of the other 
part. Witnesseth, that the said Charles Car- 
roll, for and in consideration of the sum of 
eight hundred and fifty pounds, common 
current money of Maryland, to him in hand 
paid before the unsealing and delivery of 
these presents by the said Benjamin, Philip, 
John and Leonard, the receipt whereof of 
us hereby acknowledged, hath bargained 
and sold, aliened, released, enfeoffed and 
confirmed; and by these presents doth bar- 
gain and sell, alien, release, enfeol? and 
confirm unto them the said Benjamin, 
Philip, John and Leonard, their heirs 
and assigns, forever all that tract, pieces 
or parcel of land, situate and lying and 
being in Baltimore county aforesaid, be- 
ing part of a tract of land called "Cole's 
Harbor," and afterwards resurveyed antl 
called "Todd's Range," beginning at a 
stump where is planted a young locust tree, 
on a bank near a bridge built of brick and 
stone in Charles street, which said stump 
is the beginning of a tract of land called 
"Deep Point," and stands zvithin thirteen feet 
of a locust post, the beginning of Baltimore 

ToK'll." 

The bridge referred to must have been 
about the intersection of Uhler's alley and 
Charles street, over the stream which 
emptied into the head of Harbor or Bason, 
as it is written in all the acts of Assembly. 

Baltimore county, in which the town was 
to be located, had been formed by proclama- 



tion as early as 1659, and included at first 
all land lying to the north cf Anne Arundel 
county on both sides of the Chesapeake 
Bay. The whole sixty acres mentioned 
above were purchased by the commission- 
ers appointed for the purpose for about six 
hundred dollars of our present money. As 
the selection of the site was a most happy 
one, a particular description of it will not 
be out of place. 

"Beginning at a point near the northwest 
intersection of what are now called Pratt 
and Light streets, and running northwest- 
erly along or near Uhler's alley, towards 
the Great Eastern road, and a great gulley 
or drain at or near Sharp street; then across 
Baltimore street, east of the gulley, north- 
easterly with the same road, afterwards 
called Church road and now McClellan's 
alley, to the precipice which overhung the 
falls at or near the southwest corner of St. 
Paul street (now Saratoga) and St. Paul's 
lane; then with the bank of that said stream, 
southerly and easterly various courses unto 
the low grounds, ten perches west of Gay 
street; then due south along the margin of 
those low grounds to the bank on the north 
side of the river, and then by that bank va- 
rious courses, nearly as Water street runs, 
westerly and southerly to the first men- 
tioned point." 

The time was most fortunate for the 
founding of a commercial city. Sir Robert 
Walpole, the great minister of George I and 
n, saw what no statesman had till then seen, 
that the wisest course a statesman can take, 
in the presence of a great increase in na- 
tional industry and national wealth, is to 
look quietly on and let it alone. He said 
th.at nothing would more conduce to the 
extension of commerce than to make the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMOBE, MARYLAND. 



exportation of our own manufactures, and 
the importation of the commodities used in 
the manufacturing of them, as practicable 
and easy as may be, and in the very year 
of the actual founding of Baltimore, 1730, 
he allowed Georgia and the Carolinas to 
export their rice direct to any part of 
Europe. 

The result was that the rice of America 
soon drove that of Italy and Egypt from 
the market. 

So the town started on the tract of land 
commonly known as "Cole's Harbor." 
The owner of the land had the first choice 
for one lot, the remaining lots were taken 
up by others ; but no one was allowed to take 
up more than one lot during the first four 
months, nor was any lot allowed to be 
taken up by any but inhabitants of the 
County within six months after laying out. 
After that time, however, vacant lots were 
taken up by other persons on payment to 
the owner of the land, the valuations of the 
sixty acres proportionately to their lots, 
which gave such purchasers, their heirs and 
assigns an absolute estate, in fee simple, in 
the said lots. 

It was further stipulated tb.at if any person 
who had taken up a lot or lots should 
neglect to build thereon within eighteen 
months a house that would cover 400 square 
feet, the contract with the commissioners 
should be void, and they could sell to some 
other person, who Vs-as obliged to build a 
house of the same dimensions. 

The commissioners were directed to em- 
ploy a capable clerk to make true and im- 
partial entries of their proceedings, upon 
oath, which entries shall be made up into 
a well bound book, and lodged with the 



clerk of Baltimore county, for the inspec- 
tion of any one, 

"Saving to the Crown, the Lord proprie- 
tor, all bodies politic and corporate, and all 
others not mentioned in this act, their sev- 
eral rights." 

The well bound book mentioned above 
is now under lock and key in the Cit)^ Li- 
brary, City Hall, its old-time worn pages 
bound in vellum, the Alpha, if not the 
Omega, of the story of Baltimore. 

About two years after the founding of 
Baltimore town an act was passed entitled 
"An act for erecting a town on a creek, di- 
vided on the east from the town lately laid 
out in Baltimore county, called 'Baltimore 
Town,' on the land whereon Edward Fell 
keeps a store." (1732, c. 14.) 

Commissioners were appointed and em- 
powered to purchase (by agreement with 
the owner or in case of such owner's re- 
fusal, etc., by valuation of a jury) ten acres 
of land, lying most convenient to the water 
and to lay out the same into twenty lots, 
etc. 

Almost the same conditions were to gov- 
ern lot holders as in the first town, and the 
name of this town was to be "Jones's 
Town." A proviso was also inserted that 
the possessors of lots were to pay one penny 
current money per annum to the Lord Pro- 
prietary and his heirs fo.rever. 

The next step for the enlargement of the 
original town was the passage by the Gen- 
eral Assembly of the act of 1745, c. 9, fifteen 
years after the founding. This act was 
passed on the joint petition of the inhab- 
itants of Baltimore and Jones's Town, that 
the two towns be incorporated into one en- 
tire town, and for the future to be called 
and known by the name of Baltimore Town 



14 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, JIARYLAND. 



and bv no other name. It was stipulated 
that the bridge built l)y the inhabitants on 
the branch that divided the said towns shall 
for the future be deemed a public bridge. 

In order to encourage the building of 
wharves at this early period, it was stipu- 
lated in this last act that all improvements 
of what kind soever, either wharves, houses 
or other buildings, that have or shall be 
made out of the water, or where it usually 
f^ows, shall be forever deemed the right, ti- 
tle and inheritance of such empowers, their 
heirs and assigns forever. 

By the provisions of this act none are 
permitted to keep or raise any swine, geese 
or sheep within the said town, unless they 
be well enclosed in lot or pen. 

The town was again enlarged two years 
later by the act of 1747, c. 21, on petition 
of the inhabitants by the addition of eigh- 
teen acres, which was not included in 
Jones's Town nor in Baltimore Town. In 
this year the lanes and alleys were found 
to be so narrow that by consent of the own- 
ers of lots they were enlarged. 

This act of 1747 is very interesting from 
the fact that it provided for two annual 
fairs, one to begin on the first Thursday of 
October and the other on the first Thursday 
of May. These fairs are to be held for 
three days, and during the continuance of 
such fair or fairs all persons ivithin the bounds 
of said tozcii shall be privileged and free from 
arrests, except for felony or breach of the 
peace, and all persons coming to or return- 
ing therefrom shall have the like privilege 
for one day before the fair and one day on 
their return therefrom. 

At this time we begin to find the first laws 
and ordinances for the better government 
of the town, but all rules and orders of the 



commissioners must be consistent with the 
laws of the province, and the statutes and 
customs of Great Britain. 

The first provision for preventing fire was 
made at this time, a fine of ten shillings cur- 
rent money being placed on any one who 
permitted his chimney to take fire so as to 
blaze out at the top. 

All persons who owned houses in use 
were required to have a ladder high enough 
to extend to the top of the roof or pay a 
fine of ten shillings. And in this same act 
it was especially provided that the commis- 
sioners or inhabitants shall not elect or 
choose any delegate or delegates, burgess 
or burgesses, to represent the town in the 
General Assembly of the province. 

The town was again enlarged in 1750, by 
the addition of 25 acres on the north and 
east side of the original Jones's Town, and 
again in 1753, on its western side, by an ad- 
dition of 32 acres. 

The growing commerce of the town ap- 
pears to have called for stringent laws to 
prevent an injury to navigation, and in the 
last mentioned a rigid law was passed by 
the General Assembly to prevent the open- 
ing or digging into the banks of Patapsco 
river for iron stone, which caused large 
quantities of earth and sand to be washed 
into that river. It was made unlawful for 
any person or persons to permit or allow 
his servants or slaves to lay or put on the 
beach or shore of the said river, earth, sand 
or dirt, except it be "well secured by stone- 
walls, dove-tailed log pens, so that nothing 
could wash into the river." 

In 1765 another addition to the town was 
made on petition of Cornelius Howard and 
other persons, consisting of thirty-five acres 
on the west and south sides of the town. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



15 



We now come to the gigantic work of re- 
claiming "Harrison's Marsh," it having 
been declared a nuisance in 1766, and 
Thomas Harrison, Alexander Lawson and 
Brian Philpot are named as the owners of 
said marsh. They were required to abate 
the nuisance by wharfing in all the marshy 
ground next the water, by a good and suf- 
ficient stone wall, not less than two feet 
thick and two feet high above the level of 
the common flood tides, or at their option 
they could use hewed logs. These gentle- 
men had to give bonds to be approved by 
Robert Alexander. John Smith, William 
Smith, Jonathan Plowman, William Speer, 
Andrew Stygar, Charles Ridgely, Jr., John 
Merryman, Jr., and Benjamin Griffith, and 
they had two years in which to complete 
the work. Otherwise these commissioners 
were empowered to sell the property to the 
highest bidder, first giving notice in the 
Maryland and Pennsylvania Gazettes for 
sixty days. 

The town was again enlarged by the act 
of June, 1773, by the addition of eighty acres 
on the east and southeast which were by the 
act declared part of the town, to all intents 
and purposes whatsoever, as if included 
originally therein, and have the same im- 
munities and privileges as the rest of the 
said town has or by former laws ought to 
have; saving to his most Sacred Majesty, 
his heirs and successors, and all bodies poli- 
tic and corporate. 

In the same year, by the authority of the 
Right Honorable, the Lord Proprietary, by 
and with the advice and consent of his Gov- 
ernor, and the upper and lower houses of 
Assembly, certain lands, the property of 
John Moale and Andrew Stigar, were in- 
corporated into the fast growing town, 



"Moale" having six acres and one hundred 
and ten square perches, and "Stigar" eleven 
acres and fifty-six square perches; and 
again in the same year (1781) the same 
amount of land was added by the act of the 
General Assembly of Maryland, the lots be- 
ing the property of John Moale and Andrew 
Stigar. A large part of the property of Wil- 
liam Fell was also taken into the town by the 
same act. In fact the growth of the town 
was such that in 1782 "Lun's Lot," "How- 
ard's Timber Neck," "Parker's Haven," 
"Kemp's Addition" and "Gist's Inspection" 
were incorporated with it. 

A tax of twelve shillings and si.x pence 
was levied this year on every foot front im- 
proved and unimproved lots in those parts 
of the streets fixed on to be paved or that 
may have been already paved by the special 
commissioners. A four-wheeled riding car- 
riage was taxed thirty shillings per year; 
chairs or sulkies, fifteen shillings per year. 

The play house was taxed fifty pounds 
per year. An additional tax of thirty shil- 
lings was imposed on every chimney catch- 
ing fire. A householder who neglected to 
sweep into the cartway, the dirt off of the 
footway, was to be fined five shillings. 

And so from time to time, the laws 
and ordinances were made which now in 
a large measure make up the present "city 
code," a volume which contains upwards of 
a thousand pages. 

The original Baltimore Town and Jones's 
Town had been joined together in 1743, and 
thirty years later (1773) "Fell's Point" was 
added. 

Fell's Point was always a nest of sailors, 
and at the time of which we write and for 
many years afterwards, was the centre of 
the shipping industry of the port. Here 



16 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



lived captains, petty officers and thousands 
of native sailors. Tar and pitch were pre- 
eminent. Rope walks abounded, joiner 
worker shops, ship-smiths forges, and were 
sandwiched between sailors' boarding 
houses and ship chandlers' stores. Large 
and growing ship-yards lined the water 
front, and the stocks were burdened with 
the vessels of the time, all very much 
smaller than the leviathans of to-day, but 
amounting in the year 1790, for the small 
town of Baltimore, having not more than 
13,000 inhabitants, to the following enor- 
mous total of twenty-seven ships, one snow, 
thirty-one brigatines, thirty-four schooners 
and nine sloops, a total of one hundred and 
two vessels. 

To the Point came the rich English and 
Irish planters, to purchase their trades peo- 
ple and schoolmasters, for be it remembered 
that a large plantation had its own black- 
smiths, shoemakers, weavers, masons, car- 
penters and schoolmasters, etc., and in the 
very rich families, hairdressers and teachers 
of polite deportment, and the use of the 
small sword and rapier. 

The newspapers of the day contained 
many advertisements that appear to us al- 
most incredible, our habits, customs and 
modes of life having undergone more 
change than ever before in the history of 
the world in the same period of time. Here 
is one from a paper of this period: 

Baltimore, Nov. 8th, 1774. 
"Just arriving in the ship Neptune, Capt. 
Lambert Wilkes, from London, a num- 
ber of likely, healthy, indented servants, viz: 
Tailors, butchers, barbers, masons, black- 
smiths, tanners, carpenters, turners, stay- 
makers, schoolmasters, brass founders, 
grooms, brickmakers, clothiers, clerks, saw- 



yers, gardeners, scourers and dyers, watch 
and clock-makers, weavers, printers, silver- 
smiths, biscuit bakers, several farmers and 
laborers, several women, viz: spinsters, 
mantua-makers, etc., whose indentures are 
to be disposed of on reasonable terms by 
John Corntwait, James Williamson and the 
Captain on board." 

Soon after this advertisement was printed 
another appeared, which should also have 
place. 

Nov. 1 2th, 1774. 

"On board the Neptune lying at Balti- 
more, L Williams, late vinturer in 

London, who has served as valet de cham- 
ber to several noblemen. His last place 
was that of Butler to the Duke of Bolton, 
and for these few years past kept a large 
tavern, but through honest principals sur- 
rendered his all and was thereby reduced 
to bankruptcy. He shaves, dresses hair, is 
thorough master of the wine trade and tav- 
ern business, likewise understands brewing 
and cookery; would willingly engage with 
any gentleman, hair-dresser or tavern 
keeper: — Also a young man, who has a col- 
lege education, would be glad to engage as 
an usher or private tutor in a gentleman's 
familv — He can teach the minuet, cotillion, 
etc., etc.. and writes all the law hands. Any 
gentleman wanting such persons by apply- 
ing to the above ship, within fourteen days 
from the date thereof, will be treated with 
on the most reasonable terms." 

During the Revolution, Baltimore was a 
most important factor not only from the 
circumstance that as part of the State her 
quota of troops for the patriot armies was 
always full, but she kept the struggling col- 
onies supplied with iron, the product of 
more than fiftv furnaces, and with bread and 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



17 



flour, of which enormous quantities were 
manufactured. The following letters will 
be interesting in this connection: 

PROViDfiNca, Feb. i8, 1777. 
Sir: The very great scarcity of flour, bre'ad 
and iron in this State, and the danger of the 
inhabitants suffering for want of these nec- 
essary articles, have induced the council of 
war to fit out the sloop "Diamond," Tim- 
othy Cofiiin, Master, to your address to pro- 
cure them. 

We enclose you a draft upon the conti- 
nantal treasurer for a sufficient sum of 
money to take her, and desire that you will 
put on board ten tons of bar iron, if to be 
procured, otherwise fifteen tons of pig iron, 
to fill her hold with flour, and her steerage 
and cabin with as much bread as she can, 
with any convenience take in. 
I am in behalf of the State sir, 
Your most obedient servant, 

Nicholas Cooke, Governor. 
To 
Samuel Purviance, Esq., 
Baltimore, Maryland. 
The inscription on Cooke's monument in 
Providence says he "merited and won the 
approbation of his fellow-citizens, and was 
honored with the friendship and confidence 
of Washington." 

Portsmouth, New England, 

Feb. 20, 1777. 
Gentlemen: — 

I lately received an order from the hon- 
orable continental marine committee, to 
send two small vessels to Baltimore for iron 
and flour on account of the continent, to 
your address; in consequence of which I 
have sent the schooner "Dove," Capt. 
James Miller, by whom this will be handed 



you, and by whom you will please ship as 
much iron and flour as the schooner will 
carry with safety, on account of the United 
States of America. As I am in much want 
of iron, you will please ship as large a pro- 
portion of that article as the vessel will 
bear. I shall want, for the use of the con- 
tinent, at least forty tons of iron this sea- 
son, the whole of which I hope will be sent 
or more in the "Friend's Adventure," which 
will sail in a few days for your place. Pray 
let about two and a half tons of iron be in 
very wide bars, suitable for making fire 
places on board ships: should also be glad 
of about two tons of nail rods assorted. 

Col. \\'hipple, who is one of the hon- 
orable committee, has wrote me from Bal- 
timore, that you would load and dispatch 
the vessel on account of the continent. I 
am, with all due respect, gentlemen. 
Your most obedient servant, 

John Langdon. 
To 
Messrs. Saml. & Robert, 
Purviance, Baltimore. 
In view of the fact that the bloodiest bat- 
tle of the late war was fought at "Antietam," 
in this State, it is most interesting to know 
that the guns for the infant navy and army 
of the Revolution were made at the same 
place. The writer has seen a letter from, 
;\!r. S. Hughes, who operated the "Antie- 
tam Furnace," in which he says, under date 
of March 10, 1776: "It gives me great con- 
cern to hear of your being in so much dan- 
ger in Baltimore, and my not having it in 
my power to send so many guns as I ex- 
pected. 

"I have sent one yesterday and three go 
to-day, which have stood the proof of 7^ 
bbs. powder, two balls and two wads at first 



18 



ISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



and 6 bbs. powder, two balls and two wads 
the second time. 

"I shall continue to send as many as will 
stand this proof and as fast as we can finish 
them." 

The following extract from a letter writ- 
ten by Gen. Richard Henry Lee, dated 
Philadelphia, May 6, 1776, will show the 
kind of men the English Government sent 
over to subdue the colonists. He says: "A 
late arrival from Port L'Orient, with thir- 
teen tons of powder and thirty tons of salt- 
petre, brings us a Cork paper near the mid- 
dle of March, by which we learn that more 
than 40,000 men would sail from Ports- 
mouth and Greenock, about the first of 
April, for North America. They consist of 
Hessians, Hanoverians, Mecklenburgers, 
Scotch Hollanders and Scotch Highland- 
ers, with some British regiments." 

In June, 1770, a town meeting was held 
in Baltimore complaining of the inhab- 
itants of Newport, in Rhode Island, having 
violated the "non-importation agreement," 
which had been entered into by the people 
of Baltimore, in May, 1769, according to 
the resolutions of Boston of August, 1768. 

Philadelphia had also broken the agree- 
ment, so that in the year 1770. October 24th, 
it was resolved that the people of Baltimore 
were determined to depart from the non- 
importation agreement, and import every 
kind of goods from Great Britain, such only 
excepted on which duties are or hereafter 
may be imposed by the Parliament of Great 
Britain. 

After the passage of the British Parlia- 
ment of the bill known as the "Boston Port 
Bill," which was intended to shut out the 
people of Boston from all commercial inter- 
course with every part of the world, a town 



meeting was called at "Fanueil Hall," Alay 
13, 1774. It was voted that if the other col- 
onists would come into a joint resolution 
to stop all importations from Great Britain, 
and every part of the West Indies, till the 
act authorizing the blockade of the harbor 
be repealed, the same will prove the salva- 
tion of North America and her liberties. 

The resolutions were transmitted to the 
people of Baltimore, in a letter from Mr. 
Samuel Adams, to Mr. William Lux, 
of Baltimore. "From a very early period 
the various colonies had been trying to form 
some kind of a confederation, and in the 
mother country the same idea had taken 
root, for immediately after the restoration 
Charles II created a council for Foreign 
Plantations, which strange to say met on 
July 4, 1660. The following extract is taken 
from their report and will show the trend 
of their thoughts: "We have judged it 
meete and necessary that so many remote 
Colonies and Governments, soe many ways 
considerable to our crowne and dignitie and 
to wch wee do beare soe good an esteeme 
and affection, should now longer remain in 
a loose and scattered but should be col- 
lected and brought under such an uniform 
inspeccon and conduct that Wee may the 
better apply our royale councells to their 
future regulacon seciiritie and improve- 
ment." It was made the duty of this body 
to correspond with the Governors of the 
colonies, and to devise means to bring them 
into "a more certain civil and uniform gov- 
ernment." 

The first invitation came from Maryland 
in 1677, when an invitation was sent to \'ir- 
ginia and New York, to meet at Albany 
and conclude a treaty of peace with the Sen- 
eca Indians. In August of that year a con- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



19 



ference was held with that tribe; at tliis 
meeting the North and the South met for 
the first time. One after another of the 
colonies or their foremost statesmen made 
and published various plans, the last 
offered before the final adoption of the 
present Constitution being the one offered 
by the immortal Benjamin Franklin, July 
21, 1775, in which among the many 
novel propositions was one calling on any 
and every colony of Great Britain upon the 
continent of North America, viz: West In- 
dia Islands, Quebec, St. John's, Nova 
Scotia, Bermudas and the East and West 
Floridas, and Ireland. 

A meeting was called May 27th of "the 
freeholders and gentlemen of Baltimore 
county" by a committee composed of the 
following named gentlemen: Robert Alex- 
ander, Robert Christie, Sen. Isaac VanBib- 
ber, Thomas Harrison, John Boyd, Samuel 
Purviance, Jr., Andrew Buchanan, William 
Buchanan, John Moale, William Smith, 
William Lux and John Smith. After pass- 
ing a series of patriotic resolutions, which 
wound up with an order to publish the pro- 
ceedings "to evince to all the world the 
sense they entertain of the invasion of their 
constitutional rights and liberties." 

They appointed a committee to a general 
meeting at Annapolis. 

What makes this Baltimore meeting so 
important in the history of our city and 
country, is the fact that the first suggestion 
of a general congress of all the colonies 
was made by it. The 4th resolution, read- 
ing, "For the appointment of delegates to 
attend a general congress of deputies from 
each county in the State, to be held at An- 
napolis, and delegates to attend a general 
congress from the other colonies." 



The reply of the Virginia Committee to 
the letter, enclosing the resolutions of the 
Baltimore Committee, dated August 4th, is 
as follows: "The expediency and necessity, 
however, of a general congress of deputies 
from different colonies was so obvious, that 
the meeting have already come to the reso- 
lutions respecting it," so that we may con- 
clude that the first immortal congress of 
these United States was conceived in Balti- 
more. A body of men, which as Lord 
Chatham says, "for solidity of reasoning, 
force of sagacity and wisdom of conclusion 
under such a complication of difficult cir- 
cumstances, no nation or body of men can 
stand in preference to the general congress 
at Philadelphia." 

Before the three settlements of "Jones's 
Town," Fell's Point" and "Baltimore 
town," are forever blotted out and incor- 
porated under the grander and more im- 
posing title of the "City of Baltimore," let 
us see what was their general character and 
appearance. 

"Jones's Town" was the oldest: at least 
one hundred and seven years had passed 
since David Jones had located on Jones's 
Falls, somewhere about the neighborhood 
of Centre street, and sixty-seven years had 
passed since William Fell had built his first 
store house on the "Point," .and set up in 
business as a ship carpenter. He was an 
old-fashioned English carpenter, plodding 
along, building short stumpy brigs and the 
curious looking vessels of the period called 
ketches, rigged with two masts, which were 
placed in nearly the position of the main 
and mizzen-masts of a ship, thus leaving a 
clear deck forward of the main-mast, and 
bay sloops, which for a long time main- 
tained themselves as the common carriers 



20 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



of our inland sea. Seventy-five years later, 
on the very spot, were produced those won- 
ders of the sea, the "Baltimore clippers," 
many of them capable of making 14 to 17 
knots, and in their construction and rigging 
so far in advance of any that had existed 
that they soon revolutionized ship building 
all over the world. "Jones's Town" at this 
period, was, so to speak, a very old town 
for the colonies, and the original log houses 
must have given way long before the year 
1797, the year of the consolidation, to better 
ones of frame and brick; in fact we know 
that this did take place, because many brick 
houses are still standing more than a hun- 
dred years old in the streets and alleys of 
what was "Jones's town, now known as 
Limerick." The occupations followed by 
the inhabitants differed materially from the 
maritime callings of "Fell's Point." 

Here flour millers, blacksmiths, turners, 
staymakers, tanners, brass founders, rag car- 
pet weavers, mantua-makers and sawyers 
manufactured and lived according to the 
primitive methods then in vogue. Every- 
body had some trade or occupation as 
shown by the old directories. All the 
"Quality," with one or two exceptions, 
lived on their estates far from busy towns, 
with the exception of Annapolis, which 
from a very early period had been the home 
of the best people of the province, who pre- 
ferred a town at all, to the magnificent es- 
tates and manors of their relations and 
friends who liked the freedom of the "For- 
est." 

The Hon. John P. Kennedy, late Secre- 
tary of the Navy, has given a most inter- 
esting picture of Baltimore town soon after 
the Revolution. "It was a treat," says he, 
for our ancestors to look upon this little 



Baltimore town, springing forward with 
such elastic bound to be something of note 
in the great Republic. 

Market street had shot like a snake out 
of a toy box, up as high as "Congress 
Hall," with its variegated range of low- 
browed, hip-roofed wooden houses, stand- 
ing forward and back out of line like an ill- 
dressed regiment. Some houses were 
painted blue, some yellow, some white, 
and here and there a more pretending 
mansion of brick, with windows after 
the pattern of a multiplication table, 
square and many paned, and great wastes 
of wall between the stories; some with 
court-yards in front, and trees in whose 
shade truant boys and ragged negroes 
"skyed coppers" and played marbles. This 
avenue was enlivened with matrons and 
damsels; some with looped skirts, some in 
brocade luxuriantly displayed over hoops, 
with comely bodies supported by stays dis- 
closing perilous waists, and with sleeves 
that clung to the arm as far as the elbow, 
where they were lost in ruffles that stood 
off like feathers on a bantam. 

And then such faces, so rosy, spirited and 
sharp; with hair drawn over a cushion tight 
enough to lift the eye-brow into a rounder 
curve, giving pungent, supercilious expres- 
sion to the countenance ; and curls that fell 
in cataracts upon the shoulders. 

Then they stepped away with such a 
mincing gait, in shoes of many colors with 
formidable points at the toes, and high tot- 
tering heels delicately cut in wood and in 
towering peaked hats, garnished with 
feathers that swayed aristocratically back- 
ward and forward at each step, as if they 
took pride in the stately pace of the wearer. 

"In the train of these goody groups came 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



21 



the gallants, who upheld the chivalr_v of the 
age, cavaliers of the old school, full of starch 
and powder; most of them the iron gentle- 
men of the Revolution, with leather faces, 
old campaigners, renowned for long stories 
^not long enough from the camp to lose 
their military brusquerie and dare-devil 
swagger; proper roystering blades, who 
had not long ago got out of harness and 
begun to affect the elegancies of civil life; 
all in three-cornered cocked hats and 
powdered hair and cues, and light colored 
coats with narrow capes and long backs 
and pockets on each hip, small clothes and 
striped stockings, shoes with great buckles, 
and long steel watch chains suspended on 
agate seals, in the likeness of the old sound- 
ing boards above pulpits. 

"It was a sight worth seeing when one of 
these weather-beaten gallants accosted a 
lady. There was a bow which required the 
width of the pavement, a scrape of the foot 
and the cane thrust with a flourish under 
the left arm and projecting behind in a par- 
allel line with the cue. And nothing could 
be more piquant than the lady's return of 
the salutation, in a courtesy that brought 
her with bridled chin and most winning 
glance half way to the ground." 

Having glanced at the homes and indus- 
tries of the people composing the other 
towns, which were to be co-partners in the 
consolidation about to take place, let us see 
what kind of a place was "Baltimore town." 
Sixty-seven years had passed since Philip 
Jones, the surveyor, had driven his first 
stake; the rough ravine scarred sixty acres 
had been slowly taking form and shape, 
streets, lanes, alleys and wharfs gave the 
town somewhat the appearance of an Eng- 
lish colonial seaport. Here were combined 



many of the characteristics which obtained 
in the other two, together with the world- 
encircling business of the merchants. Here 
then in this new town were founded the- 
princely merchant houses, which did busi- 
ness with farthest India, Liverpool, Bristol,. 
London, Cork and Belfast, the Canary Is- 
lands and every port of the Mediterranean. 
In many other ways it partook of the 
characteristics of the other towns. Many 
small factories started, such as cordwaining, 
rope making and the forging of all kinds- 
of ships' irons, froin the very largest anchor, 
with its necessary chains, to a dead-eye bolt 
or a marling spike. From a very early 
period, the exportation of tobacco had been 
the principal business of the Province, and 
much of it had been loaded in the small bay 
ports or in creeks and rivers in front of 
the large plantations, but now that the Eng- 
lish Province had changed its political char- 
acter and become one of the Free and In- 
dependent States, the bulk of the tobacco- 
crop was either hauled in wagons or ship- 
ped to Baltimore by small bay vessels, and 
the English "Factors," who had been lo- 
cated at various accessible points, notably 
at Elkridge Landing, near Baltimore, An- 
napolis and in St. Mary's and Calvert coun- 
ties, had gone home, this profitable busi- 
ness having passed into the hands of Ger- 
man and American tobacco merchants. 
These enterprising men soon built up a 
market for the great Maryland staple in 
France, Germany, Holland and Italy, as 
well as in England. It is noteworthy that to- 
day we sell the French Government about 
twelve thousand hogsheads, or, say, one- 
third of our crop, and Italy, which also has 
a Government monopoly of tobacco, takes 



22 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



a large quantity of our home-grown pro- 
duct. 

Tobacco was to Baltimore what coal is to 
Newcastle, and to-day the venerable State 
warehouses built for the accommodation of 
the planters and for the proper storage and 
handling of the crop, attest by their enor- 
mous size its importance, in fact for many 
years it was the medium of exchange, cur- 
rency and barter. 

To-day, now nearing the twilight of the 
nineteenth century, and more than two hun- 
dred and fifty years since it was first planted 
in the Province, it holds its own and gives 
employment to thousands of persons in 
every stage of its cultivation, curing and 
manufacture. The growing of tobacco, 
corn and wheat required many slaves and 
indentured servants, and while the laws for 
their proper protection were just and wise, 
they were in fact very severe upon master, 
mistress or overseer. If a man or woman 
was "hired for wages," or by indenture, 
they were liable to be taken up as "run- 
aways" if caught ten miles from home with- 
out written permission, and ten days service 
was added for each day's absence. 

Thus in the three small settlements, 
"■'Jonestown," "Fell's Point," and "Balti- 
more Town," were at the time of the final 
consolidation full of all the essentials that 
go to make up a great cit}'. Crude and un- 
couth in many ways, the houses, ships and 
stores, no doubt very small and primitive 
judged by our modern standard, but like 
all the efforts of the race that landed at 
Ebbsfieet, under Hengest, they came to 
stay, and of all the races of men the Anglo- 
Saxon is the best colonist, because he can 
more easily adapt himself to the climate, 
conditions, advantages and defects of what- 



ever country he makes his home than any 
other race. 

The advantages of this particular locality, 
however, over-balanced any drawbacks, 
and the early colonists of Maryland could 
not find words fine enough to express their 
affirmation of the place in which their for- 
tunes were cast. 

The Constitution of the United States 
having gone into effect in 1789, one of the 
first acts of the Government was to take a 
census of the inhabitants, which was accom- 
plished in the following year, 1790. The 
population of "Baltimore Town, "was found 
to be 13,503. This was seven years previous 
to the consolidation of the three towns un- 
der discussion, an event the most important 
in their history, as it marked the birth of 
one of the great cities of the world. 

It is to be regretted that we have no pic- 
ture of the young and growing municipal- 
ity, but we know this that it was larger then 
than any other town in the State to-day, its 
harbor filled with ships of all rigs and car- 
goes of every kind, and from almost every 
port in the world: the great merchants be- 
came noted for the custom of selling only 
l)y the cargo. 

No event in the history of the city ever 
gave it such an impetus as the opening of 
the great National Road, which commenced 
at Cumberland, the road connecting Balti- 
more with that place being a much older 
one, being constructed and owned by as- 
sociations or individuals, the two together 
constituting the National Roacf. This road 
is the only highzvay of its kind ever ivholly 
constructed by the Government of the United 
States, and was to Baltimore what the "Ap- 
pian \\'ay" was to Rome, and the present 
citv is about twice the size of Rome. The 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



23 



honor of its conception has been given to 
Henry Clay, but recent research makes it 
evident that the first suggestion of the wis- 
dom of building such a road must be ac- 
corded to Albert Gallatin, the Swiss, who 
had come to the United States in 1780, 
against the wishes of his family, his excuse 
being that he wanted to "drink in a love for 
independence in the freest country of the 
universe." He was at the time he made the 
suggestion Secretary of the Treasury under 
Jefferson. 

The act of April 30, 1802, for the admis- 
sion of Ohio, provides that one-twentieth 
part of the net proceeds of the lands lying 
within the said State sold by Congress from 
and after the 30th of June next shall be ap- 
plied to laying out and making public roads 
leading from navigable waters emptying 
into the Atlantic to the Ohio, to the said 
State and through the same, such roads to 
be laid out under the authority of Congress, 
with the consent of the several States 
through which the road shall pass. A com- 
mittee of the Senate reported that the net 
proceeds of the sales of land in the State of 
Ohio from July i, 1802, to September 30, 
1805, amounted to $632,604.27, and two per 
cent, on this sum was $12,652. This was 
the first money available for the building of 
the great road. Its final cost was $6,824,- 
9'9-33- 

The road when finished traversed seven 
States, and was about eight hundred miles 
long. In 1822 a single house at Wheeling 
unloaded 1,081 wagons, averaging 3,500 
pounds each, and paid for the transporta- 
tion of the goods $90,000. 

Hundreds of the original wagoners have 
become rich and respected members of 



The late distinguished Johns Hopkins 
was fond of relating a story showing what 
could be done with a six-horse team: In 
1838 he engaged Daniel Barcus to haul a 
load of merchandise, weighing 8,300 
pounds, from his store corner Pratt and 
Light streets, to Mount Vernon, O. He 
delivered the goods in good condition at 
the end of thirty days from the date of his 
departure from Baltimore, the distance be- 
'"g 397 miles. Mr. Hopkins paid him 
$4.25 per hundred; on the return trip he 
loaded 7,200 pounds of Ohio tobacco, hogs- 
heads, at $2.75 per hundred. 

One of the peculiarities of the old wagon- 
ers was the manner of stating the amount of 
their loads, thus twelve thousand pounds 
was "one hundred and twenty hundred." 
Everything came to Baltimore, and for 
many years the city enjoyed a perfect 
monopoly of this great western traf^.c. Mil- 
lions of hogs, turkeys and sheep were 
driven from across the Ohio. It was also 
no unusual thing to see many gangs of 
slaves handcuffed together and made fast to 
a rope, marching two and two down the 
dusty pike. The Appian Way is a thing of 
the past, and so is the old National Road. 
On various parts of its bed the steel rails 
and overhead wires of the "trolley" have dis- 
placed everything else, and in that way it is 
still useful. To the old merchants and 
wagoners who used it and to hundreds of 
thousands of others it was a source of never 
failing riches, and to the City of Baltimore, 
until the coming of the Baltimore & Ohio 
Railroad, the main artery of its trade and 
trafific. 

About this time men began to look about 
for some means of transportation to our sis- 
ter cities and towns, and companies were 



24 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



organized to run stages on land and packet 
sloops on water. These sloops, with spacious 
cabin accommodations, ran to Chestertown, 
Annapolis and the head of the bay, all 
starting from Bowley's Wharf at the foot 
of South street. Most of the stages started 
from the old Fountain Inn on Light street, 
where the Carrollton Hotel now stands. 
The journey to Philadelphia was made in 
twentv-six to twenty-eight hours if every- 
thing went well, and the charge, $8.00. An 
allowance of fifteen pounds of baggage was 
made to each person. 

The whole community felt the impetus of 
peace and prosperity, and among the no- 
table enterprises of the time was the organ- 
ization of the Susquehanna Canal Com- 
pany, said to be the first in the United 
States. Then came the Potomac Canal 
Company. The Chesapeake and Delaware 
did not organize until 1799, but it had been 
talked about and virtually originated by 
Augustine Herman (or Heermans), more 
than a hundred years before, at his home 
on Bohemia Manor, in Cecil county. By a 
strange coincidence the same manor was 
the birthplace of the first inventor who ever 
propelled a vessel by the use of steam, 
James Rumsey. 

The Assembly at Philadelphia, in :\Iarch, 
1785, gave him the exclusive right for ten 
years "To navigate and build boats calcu- 
lated to work with greater ease and rapidity 
against rapid rivers." In 1787 he was 
granted the right of navigating the rivers 
of New York, Maryland and A'irginia, after 
his success in running a steamboat on the 
Potomac river. He made a successful trip 
on the river Thames, England, in 1792. 
The Legislature of Kentucky, in 1839, pre- 
sented a gold medal to his son "Com- 



memorative of his father's services and high 
agency in giving to the world the benefits 
of the steamboat." 

The First Sugar Refinery 
Was established in the year 1784, and the 
glass works which had been located on the 
Monocacy river in Frederick county, as 
early as 1784, were removed to Baltimore 
in 1788, the plant being located on the south 
side of the basin. 

In the ten years between 1790 and 1800, 
which were marked by the most wonderful 
activity in commerce and manufactures, the 
increase was about loo per cent., or 26,514. 
Now we come to the period when the city 
was mistress of the West India trade, and 
did the chief part of the carrying trade be- 
tween the West Indies and Europe. For 
the former this was one of the principal 
markets of the world, the products of the 
Islands in large part first coming here and 
then being reshipped to the port of final 
destination. Almost all the sales on the 
wharves, as was stated before, were made 
by cargoes. This was the special feature of 
the Baltimore market. 
The First ^^Iarine Insurance Com- 
panies 
Were established in the year 1795, before 
which time the merchants took risks them- 
selves, or some private capitalists would 
take the risk on ship and cargo. 

In 1787, the year the Federal Constitu- 
tion was adopted, this city had 36,305 tons 
of registered vessels, and 7,976 licensed and 
enrolled, and in eight years afterwards 48,- 
007 tons of shipping, and 27,470 licensed 
and enrolled. In the same year 100 ships, 
162 brigs, 350 sloops and schooners, and 
5.464 bay craft and small coasters passed 
into the harbor. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



25 



The First Market. 

The open market, in which the producer 
deals directly with the consumer, is and al- 
ways has been, one of the pleasant features 
of domestic life in our city. The first was 
established at the northwest corner of Gay 
and Baltimore streets in 1763. We can now 
boast of eleven, which feed at least 300,000 
people. Our system always excites lively 
interest in strangers. 

The First Court House. 

As far back as 1768 it was thought best 
for the interest of the town and county to 
remove the Court House from Joppa, on 
the Gunpowder, which had for a long time 
been the county seat. 

Our first Court House building was 
erected on the spot now occupied by the 
"Baltimore Monument," called by common 
consent to-day the Battle Monument; in 
front of this structure was placed the whip- 
ping post, stocks and pillory. 

First Custom House. 

During the Revolution the business of 
the town prospered and grew, and the West 
Indian trade assumed large proportions, so 
that it soon became necessary to afford 
some kind of relief from the vexatious de- 
lays imposed on merchants and shippers 
by having to enter and clear all their ves- 
sels at the Annapolis Custom House. This 
relief was at last accomplished by the es- 
tablishment of a Custom House in 1780. 
The First Port Wardens. 

Of course all this maritime prosperity en- 
tailed additional duties and responsibilities 
on the authorities of the port, and the depth 
of water and general condition of the har- 
bor became a matter of serious considera- 
tion, so that in 1783 a board of nine port 
2 



wardens was appointed and clothed with 
authority to make a survey and chart of the 
upper basin harbor and Patapsco, to make 
a full report of the depth of the channel and 
its course, and the best means for clearing 
the same. 

To provide means for this work an im- 
post of one penny a ton was laid upon all 
vessels entering or clearing the port. This 
tax was afterwards increased to two-pence. 

Fort McHenry, on the end of Whetstone 
Point, which is, so far as the writer can 
ascertain, the first United States fort, was 
erected in 1794, and named after the dis- 
tinguished Irish gentleman James Mc- 
Henry. 

He studied medicine under Dr. Benjamin 
Rush, of Philadelphia, and afterwards ac- 
companied Gen. Washington to Cambridge 
as assistant surgeon. Very soon he was 
appointed medical director, and on May 15, 
1778, he became secretary to Washington, 
and his relations with him continued 
through life to be those of a trusted friend 
and adviser. He filled almost every posi- 
tion in the gift of his fellow citizens. He 
defeated Luther Martin and Samuel Chase 
in securing the ratification of the Constitu- 
tion by Maryland, was made Secretary of 
War in 1796, and died in Baltimore May 3, 
1816. 

The milling of fine flour had been going 
on in the vicinity of Baltimore since 1774, 
and twenty years later a large number of 
mills, estimated at fifty, were located in and 
about the city. The reputation of this flour 
has remained to the present time, and a 
virtual monopoly of the South American 
trade existed for many years. 

During the second war with England the 
city was a perfect hot-bed of patriotism. 



26 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



The very large number of ships of all rigs 
owned here, the thousands of experienced 
sailors of all ranks, made it easy to man any 
number of vessels. History will show that 
this State and' city did about one-third of 
the fighting for the thirteen States. The 
United States Navy list for 1816, published 
after the close of the war, shows that Mary- 
land furnished more officers to the Navy 
than New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Con- 
necticut and Massachusetts. Nine more 
than New York, twenty-four more than 
New Jersey, eleven more than Pennsylva- 
nia. Theodore Roosevelt, of New York, 
says, "Maryland furnished both absolutely 
and proportionately the greatest number of 
officers, and in the matter of fitting out 
privateers against the enemy," he says, 
"Baltimore again heads the list." -The first 
vessel captured from the British was the 
schooner "Whiting," Lieut. Maxey, in 
Hampton Roads, by the privateer "Dash," 
Capt. Carroway, of Baltimore, twenty-two 
days after the declaration of war. We can- 
not close this page without saying a word 
for Capt. Thomas Boyle, of the brig "Chas- 
seur," of Baltimore, described by Capt. 
George Coggeshall, a New England man, 
as follows: "The Chasseur was called 'The 
Pride of P>altiniore;' she was indeed a fine 
specimen of naval architecture, and per- 
haps the most beautiful vessel that floated 
on the ocean. She captured H. B. 
Majesty's schooner St. Lawrence, Lieut. J. 
C. Gordon, in fifteen minutes, exchanged 
broadsides with an English frigate in the 
English Channel, and in the same waters 
was surrounded by two frigates and two 
brigs of war, and made her escape by out- 
manoeuvering and out-sailing them all; the 
loss inflicted on the P.ritish bv this one ves- 



sel amounted to one million five hundred 
thousand dollars, and this vessel was only 
one of hundreds." 

In connection with the battle of North 
Point, a word must be said for the gallant 
soldiers and sailors who defended this city 
against the victorious veterans of Welling- 
ton — the heroes of the Peninsular cam- 
paign. An English officer said, "As indi- 
viduals, they were at least our equals in the 
skill with which they used the weapon — • 
our soldiers moved forward with their ac- 
customed fearlessness, and the Americans, 
with much coolness, stood to receive them. 
The Americans were the first to use their 
small arms ; having rent the air with a shout, 
they fired a volley, begun upon the right 
and carried away regularly to the extreme 
left, and then loading again, kept up an un- 
intermitted discharge." This was very gal- 
lant conduct for men who had never been 
under fire before and reflects the highest 
credit on the courage of our countrymen. 

We can hardly dismiss this subject with- 
out saying something for the gallant sol- 
dier, Armistead, who fought his guns so 
well in Fort McHenry, or Francis Scott 
Key, who embalmed that noted fight in the 
immortal song which will last as long as the 
American Republic. Armistead was a 
regular officer. He and four brothers all took 
an active part in the war. He was promoted 
major of the Third Artillery, March 3, 1813, 
and distinguished himself at the capture of 
Fort George from the British, May 27, 
18 1 3. His defense of Baltimore against the 
conceited .Admiral Sir Thomas Cochrane, 
places him in the front rank of .Vmerican 
soldiers. He was brevetted lieutenant 
colonel for his steadfast bravery in the 
fight. He died here on April 25. 1818. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



27 



Of Key it may be said that his song has 
placed him among the "Immortals," writ- 
ten on the back of an old letter, the song 
was placed in the hands of Capt. Benjamin 
Eades, of the Twenty-seventh Baltimore 
Regiment, who after it had been set up in 
type, hurried to the old tavern next to Hol- 
liday Street Theater, which was much fre- 
quented by actors. Key had directed his 
friend to have the song sung to the air 
"Anacreon in Heaven," and an actor, Fer- 
dinand Durang, mounted a chair and sung 
the "Star Spangled Banner" for the first 
time. A fund is now being raised in this 
State to place a monument over his (Key's) 
grave, and James Lick, of San Francisco, 
bequeathed the sum of $60,000 for a monu- 
ment to him in Golden Gate Park in that 
city. This was executed by William W. 
Story, in Rome, 1885-87. 

The tremendous loss inflicted on the Brit- 
ish by the city of Baltimore had made them 
vindictive, and anxious and eager for re- 
venge; and while Boston, New York and 
Philadelphia were passed by, they kept a 
very large force in the Chesapeake, and 
burned, ravished and robbed the people of 
this State, our loss in killed and wounded 
being more than all the other States to- 
gether. 

Poverty and deep distress had overtaken 
the English agricultural classes, for in the 
years 1817, 1818 and 1819 the wheat crop 
failed, and a strong demand for our wheat 
sprung up. Soon the old West Indian and 
South American trade came back, and trade 
with the far East and to China commenced 
with renewed vigor. It is worthy of remark 
that this China trade, after remaining dor- 
mant for about forty vears, has again 



opened, and direct cargoes of China goods 
are being landed at our piers. 

During the period between 181 5 and 
1829, the demand on the banks for money 
caused them to suspend the payment of 
specie and to issue a paper currency. This 
method of making ready capital was at once 
simple and very attractive; but was followed 
by its own retribution to the dismay of all 
concerned. 

After reason in a measure had resumed 
her sway it was proposed as a cure-all to 
make a uniform currency for the whole 
country by the re-establishment of a Na- 
tional Bank — we say re-establishment be- 
cause the original Bank of the United 
States had expired by limitation in 181 1. 
So it came to pass that a new bank of the 
United States was established in the year 
1816. The total capital stock was $28,000,- 
000, of which amount $4,014,100, or more 
than one-seventh, was furnished by our 
merchants. While this bank was founded 
on a specie basis it did not prove an unal- 
loyed blessing, because it acted as a severe 
check upon the people who had been get- 
ting accommodation on a paper basis. 

Much distress among the trading class 
was the immediate result. Financial mat- 
ters adjusted themselves in the course of 
years, and the general business of the city 
kept pace with its increasing population. 
The last bank failure in this city took place 
in 1834, and was caused by the removal of 
the Government deposits from the United 
States Bank by President Andrew Jackson, 
Roger B. Taney being at the time Secretary 
of the Treasury. Another very trying time 
was the financial exigency of 1837, which 
brought on a crisis that came near destroy- 
ing the whole monetary and commercial 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



fabric on which the country depended for its 
verv existence, but the remarkable elasticity 
and nerve always displayed by the people 
of this city partakes of the character of the 
willow bending to the blast of the storm 
and arising fresh and strong after it had 
passed. 

The city had been much further increased 
by the act of 1816, so that at the period of 
which we are writing it embraced about ten 
thousand acres, a first-class school of medi- 
cine had been established in 1820, and in 
1839 the College of Dental Surgery. This 
was the first dental college in the world, and 
its diploma is to-day recognized all over the 
civilized universe as a guarantee of profes- 
sional skill, and the most eminent dentists, 
with few exceptions, at home and abroad, 
are graduates of this institution. 

The Merchants Exchange had been be- 
gun in 1815, and was finished in 1820. This 
building is now used for the Custom 
House. The beauty of the proportions of 
the interior of the dome cannot be excelled, 
and the late William T. Walters never tired 
of looking at and admiring it. 

Steamboats had been doing business on 
oui- waters as early as 1813, the first line 
running to Frenchtown, and connecting 
with the stages to Philadelphia and the 
North and East. 

The charter of the Baltimore & Ohio 
Railroad Company had been granted in 
February, 1S27. This was the first charter 
given in the United States. A feverish de- 
sire appears to have animated our fore- 
fathers to be first in everything, and works 
of internal improvement took hold of the 
people of the period we speak of to such 
an extent that nothing appeared too great 
for them to undertake. On the same dav 



that Charles Carroll, the last survivor of 
the signers of the Declaration of Indepen- 
dence, laid the corner-stone of the Balti- 
more & Ohio Railroad, July 4, 1828, the 
President of the United States, John 
Ouincy Adams, laid the corner-stone of the 
Chesapeake & Ohio Canal, so to speak, by 
digging the first spade full of earth from the 
spot selected for its commencement. Of 
the capital stock, amounting to $3,609,400, 
Maryland subscribed $1,000,000. 

The survey for the canal was made by 
Gen. Simon Bernard, who had a most ro- 
mantic history; having been appointed as 
a charity scholar in his native town. Dole, 
he received a scholarship in the Polytechnic 
School in Paris, w-ent on foot to get it, and 
almost died from cold; but with wonderful 
ability gained the second place in his class 
of engineers at the final examination; served 
under Napoleon, led the assault upon Ivrea 
in 1800, fortified Antwerp and defended 
Torgau during its terrible siege, for which 
Napoleon made him lieutenant general of 
Engineers. Pie was at Waterloo, then en- 
tered the service of Louis XVHI. The most 
extensive work of a defensive character ex- 
ecuted by him in this country was Fortress 
Alonroe, at Old Point, Va. 

Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, was born 
in Annapolis, 1737. He came from a very 
ancient family in Ireland, who were princes 
and lords of Ely from the 12th to the i6th 
century, and had intermarried with the 
great houses of Ormond and Desmond in 
Ireland, and Argyle in Scotland. The late 
John H. B. Latrobe, one of the most dis- 
tinguished lawyers the State has ever pro- 
duced, and the biographer of Carroll, said: 
"After I had finished my work I took it to 
Mr. Carroll, whom I knew verv well indeed, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



and read it to him, as he was seated in an 
arm-chair in his own room in his son-in- 
law's house in Baltimore. He listened with 
marked attention and without comment un- 
til I had ceased to read, when, after a pause, 
he said: 'Why, Latrobe, you have made a 
much greater man of me than I ever 
thought I was ; and yet really you have said 
nothing in what you have written that is 
not true.' " Mr. Latrobe said further that 
at the time of this interview Mr. Carroll was 
very old and feeble, but his manner and 
speech were those of a refined and courte- 
ous gentleman. This forms a beautiful in- 
cident in the history of the city, and links 
together in the lives of two of her most 
talented sons the extreme past and mighty 
present. 

It appears almost superfluous to state in 
this article that among the many things ac- 
complished by our forefathers was the 
adoption of illuminating gas for lighting 
the streets, as early as 1816; this is claimed 
to be the foundation of its use in this coun- 
try. 

There can be no doubt in regard to the 
first chartered railroad being the Baltimore 
& Ohio in 1827, nor has it ever been de- 
nied that its successful completion, driven 
as it was through endless rock, was up to 
that time the most gigantic engineering- 
work attempted on this Continent. 

Baltimore has the further distinction of 
being chosen by Professor Morse as the 
place from which to send the spark which 
electrified the world — 1844. 

In 1829 the Susquehanna Railroad was 
commenced. This occurred on the one 
hundredth anniversary of the passage of the 
act which created the Town of Baltimore. 
August 8, in 1S37, the Philadelphia, Wil- 



mington & Baltimore Railroad was opened 
for travel. 

Thoroughly ec|uipped now to do business 
with all parts of the country by railroad 
lines, together with the dauntless energy 
of her merchants, who by means of fast sail- 
ing vessels, manned by as able sailors as 
the world has ever seen, there is little won- 
der that the city made rapid progress in 
every direction, so that the town of 1790. 
with only 13,503 inhabitants, had grown to 
169,054 in 1850. 

This article on the early history of Bal- 
timore touches only upon the many beauti- 
ful and interesting facts of her brilliant past. 
\\'ith an assured future by land and by sea, 
with limitless resources for sustaining a 
population of millions, with pure air and 
\\ater, sitting on her many hills, her dia- 
dem of green parks and limpid lakes, flash- 
ing and vivid, her diamonds and emeralds, 
crowned Queen of the Chesapeake, 
mother of brave men and beautiful women, 
it is the hope of all true sons of Maryland 
that she will embrace her golden opportuni- 
ties. 

We cannot close this article without giv- 
ing to our readers a most beautiful event 
in the life of Charles Carroll, of Carrollton. 

In 1826, when all the signers of the 
Declaration had passed away, a committee 
waited on Charles Carroll to obtain from 
him a copy of the document, and again 
signed by his own hand, this copy was to be 
deposited in the City Hall. After he had 
signed the paper he wrote the following 
supplemental declaration: 

"Grateful to Almighty God for the bless- 
ings which, through Jesus Christ our Lord, 
he has conferred on my beloved country in 
her emancipation and on myself in permit- 



30 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



ting me. under circumstances of mercy, to 
live to the age of 89 years, and to survive 
the fiftieth year of American Independence 
adopted by Congress on the 4th day of July, 
1776, which I originally subscribed on the 
2d day of August of the same year, and of 
which I am now the last surviving signer, 
I do hereby recommend to the present 
and future generations the principles of that 



important document as the best earthly in- 
heritance their ancestors could bequeath to 
them, and pray that the civil and religious 
liberties they have secured to my country 
may be perpetuated to remotest posterity 
and extended to the whole family of man."' 
Charles Carroll, 

of Carrollton. 
Au^. 2, 1S26. 



CHAPTER II. 
Military and Naval History, 

Bv Col. Geo. W. F. Vernon. 



Called upon to write a brief military 
and naval history of Baltimore, from early 
colonial days to the present date, neces- 
sarily involved not only a diligent search of 
the chronicles of the past and their segre- 
gation, but when the time came for a reag- 
gregation, an exercise of discretion as to 
what incidents and events would prove 
most interesting to the present inhabitants 
of tliis city, I therefore did the best that was 
possible under the existing conditions, with 
a full knowledge that what might be of in- 
terest to one would prove of no interest 
whatever to another. 

I have endeavored to write a fair, just and 
impartial history, briefly reciting such facts 
and incidents as are embraced within the 
scope of my commission. I have freely 
quoted from "Events in Baltimore during 
the Revolutionary War," by Robert Purvi- 
ance; "Baltimore Past and Present," 
"Chronicles of Baltimore," Scharf; "Me- 
moirs of a Volunteer in Mexico," Kenly; 
and "Records of War Department," and 
have availed myself of verbal information 
received from the representatives of a day 
and generation long passed away. 

The incidents of the late Civil War were 
indelibly impressed upon the minds of many 
of our people now living, and of many of 
which we were eye-witnesses. 

I have arranged the work into epochs, 
pertaining to the various wars in which our 
city was participant, and trust that my 



labors may meet with reasonable approval. 
Geo. W. F. Vernon. 
Baltimore, Md., May, 1897. 

Epoch I. 
From Scttlcincut of Baltimore to the Revolu- 
tionary War, ij2g-i/i4. 

The early history of Baltimore was not 
characterized by a warfare with the abor- 
iginal savages. The pacific policy pursued 
by the colonial authorities of Maryland in- 
sured a peaceful settlement to the pioneers 
of Baltimore and vicinity. 

The French and Indians wars waged by 
the English and French for supremacy in 
North America from the years A. D. 1754 
to 1763 did not disturb the equanimity of 
its inhabitants. 

The great Colonies of Virginia and Penn- 
sylvania, surrounded and protected in large 
measure the borders of Maryland from in- 
cursions by either the French or Indians; 
although the capture of Colonel (afterwards 
General) George Washington, at "Little 
Meadows," and his command of American 
troops, exposed the western borders of 
Maryland for a brief period to depredations 
by the Indians, nevertheless Baltimore was 
not called upon to furnish troops to repel 
the invaders, but its people contributed 
their share of the sinews of war to aid their 
sturdy brethren in western Maryland, who 
not only helped to drive the enemy from the 
borders of the State, but marched with their 



32 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



colonial brethren and the English troops to 
expel the French and savages from Ft. 
Duquesne, now Pittsburg. 

Epoch II. 
The Revolutionary War, i'/74-iyS3. 

The events that transpired prior to the 
Revolutionary War, through the efforts of 
the English Government to impose a tax 
on her Colonies in America, created at once 
a spirit of determined resistance in Balti- 
more and Maryland. 

The grant of Charles the First to Lord 
Baltimore, set forth '^That it was cove- 
nanted on the part of the King, that 
neither he nor his successors should ever 
impose customs, taxes, quotas or contri- 
butions whatsoever upon the people, their 
property or their merchantable commodi- 
ties laden within the province," and the 
people of Baltimore were foremost in the 
movements, not only in forming commit- 
tees headed by that sturdy patriot, Samuel 
Purviance, to correspond with committees 
from other American Colonies, in the for- 
mation of non-importation leagues, &c., but 
the military spirit was rife for resistance by 
force of arms, if necessary. A military 
company of infantry was formed in Balti- 
more as early as December, 1774, by Capt. 
Mordecai Gist, subsequently promoted 
major, colonel and brigadier general. 
This company subsequently became a part 
of Col. Smalhvood's regiment in the Mary- 
land Line, in the War for Independence, 
and in 1775 seven complete companies of 
infantry had been organized. 

A Baltimore writer, in February, 1775, 
writing to a friend in England, said: "We 
are a little behind New England mustering, 
purchasing- arms, ammunition, &c." 



The preliminary work of the struggle for 
freedom and independence in the War of 
the Revolution devolved upon committees 
of patriotic citizens throughout the thirteen 
Colonies, which afterwards constituted the 
United States of America, and amongst the 
most active, patriotic and energetic of 
these committees was "the Baltimore Com- 
mittee of Observation." Even after the 
British authority had ceased to exist within 
the Colonies, and new local governments 
had been created by the people, these com- 
mittees, notably the Baltimore Committee, 
continued in their sphere of usefulness dur- 
ing the War of the Revolution, and to a 
certain extent exercised authority which 
was respected by a liberty-loving people 
throughout the entire war. 

After the passage by the British Parlia- 
ment in 1774 of the Boston port bill, "a bill 
intended to shut out the people of Boston 
from commercial intercourse with every 
part of the world," it was self-evident to all 
of the Colonies that a blow at the liberties 
and freedom of one was a blow at all, and 
the appeal of the Bostonians for a concert 
of action, by the united Colonies, in de- 
fense of their freedom, met a willing and 
ready response from Maryland, especially 
from Baltimore. 

Meetings were held by the people, resolu- 
tions of commercial non-intercourse with 
the mother country adopted as well as for 
a concert of action throughout the Colonies. 
The sequel of these movements resulted in 
a Continental Congress at Philadelphia in 
September, 1774, which in turn recom- 
mended the formation of permanent Town 
and County Committees throughout the 
Colonies: accordingly a meeting of the citi- 
zens of Baltimore was held at the court 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



33 



house in Baltimore on the I2th of Novem- 
ber, 1774, when the following committee 
was chosen for Baltimore, viz: Samuel 
Purviance, Jr.; John Smith, Andrew Bu- 
chanan, Robert Alexander. Wm. Lux, John 
Moale, John Merryman, Richard Moale, 
Jeremiah T. Chase, Thos. Harrison, Archi- 
bald Buchanan, Wm. Smith, James Cal- 
houn, Benjamin Griffith, Gerard Hopkins, 
John Deaver, Baret Eichelberger, Geo. 
Woolsey, Hercules Courtney, Isaac Griest, 
Mark Alexander, Francis Sanderson, Dr. 
John Boyd, Geo. Lintenberger, Philip Rog- 
ers, David McMechen, Mordecai Gist and 
Wm. Spear. 

Mr. Samuel Purviance, Jr., was chosen 
chairman ana his ardor, energy and execu- 
tive abilities were soon made manifest; a 
greater part of the correspondence of the 
committee was prepared by him. 

In the meantime the sympathy of the 
patriotic people of Baltimore and Mary- 
land for their suffering brethren in Bos- 
ton, for liberty and the common cause, had 
assumed a tangible shape, as will appear 
from the following abstract from a Boston 
paper dated August 29, 1774: 

"Yesterday arrived at Marblehead Capt. 
Perkins, from Baltimore, with three thou- 
sand bushels of Indian corn, twenty barrels 
of rye and twenty-one barrels of bread, sent 
by the inhabitants of that place for the bene- 
fit of the poor of Boston, together with 1 ,- 
000 bushels of corn from Annapolis sent in 
the same vessel for the same benevolent 
purpose." 

As an incident of the stirring event of the 
times and the military spirit inspired there- 
by, might be mentioned the arrival in Bal- 
timore on the 5th day of May, 1775, of the 
Hon. Peyton Randolph, Edmund Pendle- 



ton, George Washington, Benjamin Harri- 
son and Richard Henry Lee, of \'irginia, 
and Richard Caswell and Joseph Hewes, 
of North Carolina, delegates on their 
way to the Continental Congress at 
Philadelphia. They were met by three 
companies of militia and escorted to the 
"Fountain Inn," an old hostelry that occu- 
pied the site where the Carrollton hotel now 
stands. The militia fired three volleys of 
musketry in front of the hotel in honor of 
the distinguished guests. 

On the following day four companies of 
militia were drawn up on the common and 
reviewed by Col. George Washington (af- 
terwards commander-in-chief of the Ameri- 
can armies and the first president of the 
United States). In the afternoon the dele- 
gates, accompanied by the reverend clergy 
and principal citizens of Baltimore, pre- 
ceded by Capt. Mordecai Gist's inde- 
pendent company and the officers of the 
other companies, walked to the new court 
house (which then stood on the site of the 
present monument to the Defenders of Bal- 
timore in the War of 1812), where an enter- 
tainment was provided; amongst the toasts 
given by the delegates was the following: 
"May the Town of Baltimore Flourish and 
the Noble Spirit of the Inhabitants Con- 
tinue Till Ministerial Despotism be at an 
End." 

In a regiment of Maryland troops or- 
ganized in 1775 and commanded by Col- 
onel, afterwards Gen. Smallwood, we find 
the names of such officers as Mordecai Gist, 
Samuel Smith, David Plunkett, Brian Phil- 
pot and Wm. Ridgely, who recruited their 
men in Baltimore. 

Amongst the inducements offered to 
have companies of militia raised in Balti- 



34 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



more in 1776, to reinforce the Continental 
army, it was set forth "that each man be 
allowed a month's pay in advance and 
bounty of three pounds sterling (about fif- 
teen dollars). 

In March, 1776, the British sloop of war, 
"Otter," which had been cruising in tne 
Chesapeake Bay, made a demonstration 
with small boats in the Patapsco which 
created alarm in Baltimore, when the ship 
"Defence," Capt. Nicholsen, of Bahimore, 
was immediately sent to the rescue. 
They drove the marauders from the 
Patapsco river and captured five of their 
boats. Batteries were erected at Fell's 
Point and Whetstone Point (now Locust 
Point), where Fort McHenry now stands, 
and floating cables were used to protect the 
harbor of Baltimore from the British fleet. 

In April, 1776, Capt. James Barron, in 
command of a Baltimore vessel, fell in with 
and captured with valuable papers a small 
vessel that had been sent by Lord Dunmore 
(who was at the time on board of one of 
the British squadrons stationed in the Ches- 
apeake Bay) to communicate with An- 
napolis. 

( )n the 29th day of July, 1776, the Decla- 
ration of Independence by the United 
States of America was read at the court 
house in Baltimore. It was received by 
the people with great acclamation and at 
night the town was illuminated, at the same 
time the effigy of King George III was 
carted through the town and then com- 
mitted to the flames. 

On the 20th day of December, 1776, the 
Congress removed from Philadelphia to 
Baltimore and commenced their session 
here. In consequence of the approach of 
the British armv under Gen. Howe to Phil- 



adephia Congress adjourned March 3, 
1777, to reconvene in Philadelphia. 

Whilst Congress remained in Baltimore, 
they met in a large building then located on 
the southwest corner of Liberty and Balti- 
more streets. This building was then the 
extreme western limit of Baltimore. A tab- 
let recently erected by the Old Volunteer 
Firemen Association of Baltimore now 
commemorates this historic spot. 

Baltimore contained in 1776 a population 
of 6,755 ^""^ 645 houses. Its territorial ex- 
tent, including Fell's Point and Jones 
Town, reached from Fell's Point on the east 
to the corner of Baltimore and Liberty 
streets on the west: from Light and Pratt 
streets on the south to St. Paul's church, 
corner of Saratoga and Charles, on the 
north. 

Congress selected Baltimore as one of the 
points for building a navy, as its peculiar 
fitness for the building of vessels was ap- 
parent and a number of vessels that after- 
wards became celebrated for the injury they 
inflicted on the enemy were built there, 
amongst them being "The Virginia Frig- 
ate," the defence sloops "Bucksin," "Enter- 
prise," "Sturdy Beggar," "Harlequin," 
"Fox," &c. 

In August, 1776, we find the Maryland 
regiment, under ]\Iaj. Mordecai Gist, with 
its large Baltimore contingent in line of 
battle with the Continental army, under 
Gen. Washington on Long Island, New 
York, performing prodigies of valor, not 
only in endeavoring to prevent the advance 
of an overwhelming British army, but as a 
matter of historic fact, with fearful sacrifice 
of life, really saving that army from demor- 
alization and annihilation. 

This Maryland regiment was considered 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



35 



the best drilled and disciplined command in 
the Revolutionary Army at that date. 
Their loss in this battle numbered two hun- 
dred and fifty-six in killed, wounded and 
missing. 

In February, 1777, Baltimore was called 
upon for a contingent of militia to assist 
other troops in stamping out an insurrec- 
tion in behalf of the English, by the Tories 
of Worcester and Somerset counties, on the 
eastern shore of Maryland. 

The expedition sailed from Fell's Point, 
the whole being under the command of 
Gen. Smallwood and Col. Mordecai Gist of 
the Maryland line, who happened to be in 
Maryland at the time, recruiting their de- 
pleted ranks. In a brief campaign the in- 
surrection was completely suppressed. 

September 11, 1777, we find Col. Gist'j 
regiment was one of the two Maryland 
regiments which had time to form and take 
part in the ill-fated battle of Brandywine. 

In March, 1778, we find Count Pulaski 
organizing in Baltimore under the orders 
of Congress an independent corps, consist- 
ing of a company of cavalry and two com- 
jianies of infantry. 

This corps did gallant service and the flag 
of the corps, which was saved at the time of 
the death of the gallant Pulaski at Savan- 
nah, Ga., in 1779, by a gallant lieutenant 
who received fourteen wounds, is now pre- 
served in the rooms of the Maryland His- 
torical Society, corner of St. Paul and Sara- 
toga streets. 

The State of Maryland should perform a 
proud and patriotic duty by gathering up 
these priceless relics of all of her companies, 
battalions, regiments and batteries which 
took part in all the wars in which her gal- 
lant sons were ever engaged, and carefully 



guarding them for the future at the State 
Capitol, where they should be exhibited as 
the evidence of the prowess of her citizen 
soldiery. 

At the battle of Alonmouth, N. J., June 
28, 1778, the Maryland Line bore a distin- 
guished part. 

In August, 1780, the movements of the 
British army under Lord Cornwallis 
created an impression that Baltimore was 
its objective point. A force of 2,800 men 
was assembled within two days from Balti- 
more and the adjacent counties. Advices 
were soon received that Virginia was the 
objective point, when the troops were dis- 
missed. This was the last serious alarm 
which excited the people of Baltimore dur- 
ing the Revolutionary War. 

In 1 78 1, whilst the Marquis de LaFay- 
ette, then a major general in the American 
army, was on the march to the Southern 
States, he halted in Baltimore. A ball was 
given in honor of his arrival. One of the 
fair daughters of Baltimore, observing '"that 
he appeared sad," inquired the cause, when 
he replied, "I cannot enjoy the gayety of 
the scene while so many of the poor soldiers 
are in want of clothes." "We will supply 
them," said the ladies, and the ball room 
was turned into a clothing factory; fathers 
and husbands furnished the materials, wives 
and daughters did the sewing. 

-Vll the private blankets possible were 
gathered up and sent to the armies in the 
field: in fact no sacrifice was too great for 
the people of Baltimore to make for the 
noble cause in which they were engaged. 

A large part of the Baltimore contingent 
was serving with the Southern armies in 
1780, "81 and "82: whilst they performed 
magnificent service, their suffering and pri- 



.HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



vations were excessive. They had not re- 
ceived a shilling of pay, real or nominal, 
during all this period; with hardly a decent 
supply of clothes and no subsistence except 
what they could seize from the country 
through which they operated, already 
devastated, and in a great degree attached 
to the enemy. 

At the battles of Camden, Cowpens, Guil- 
ford and Eutaw, the soldiers of the Mary- 
land line particularly distinguished them- 
selves, and that at close quarters with the 
bayonet Baron DeKalb and Gen. Green 
both bore testimony to the gallantry of the 
Maryland troops in these battles, and es- 
pecially that of such splendid officers as 
Gen. Mordecai Gist, Col. Jno. Eager How- 
ard, CoL Otho Williams and Samuel Smith. 

The surrender of the British army of 
Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, Va., Octo- 
ber 19th, 1781, virtually ended the War of 
the Revolution, although peace was not for- 
mally declared until 1783. 

On the 27th day of July, 1783, Brig. Gen. 
Mordecai Gist (who as Capt. Gist had raised 
a company in 1774) returned to Baltimore 
in command of the remnant of the Mary- 
land line, consisting of only 500 men, from 
Charleston, S. C. 

The announcement of the joyful news of 
independence and peace was celebrated in 
Baltimore April 21, 1783, with great enthu- 
siasm. 

The greater part of the Baltimoreans who 
went into the army during the Revolution 
and held commissions returned to Balti- 
more at the close of hostilities and were 
soon followed by such persons as Gen. 
Otho H. Williams, Col. Ramsey, Col. Mc- 
Hcnry, Gen. Swann, Col. Bankson, the 
Tilgmans, Clemms, Ballards, Strickers and 



Harrises, names prominent and familiar in 
Baltimore history. 

Throughout the entire Revolutionary 
War, Maryland had been distinguished for 
its zeal in support of the common cause. 
Besides those recruited in the independent 
corps, the State companies and the marines 
and naval forces, she had furnished 15,229 
men and 5,407 militia, or an aggregate of 
20,636 men. Baltimore contributed her full 
contingent to Maryland's quota at every 
call for troops from the time she furnished 
three of the original nine companies that 
constituted the Maryland line regiment in 
July, 1776, which marched to Long Island 
under Col. Smallwood, and were incorpo- 
rated in Lord Sterling's brigade of the 
American army, covering themselves with 
imperishable renown in that campaign 
down to the close of the war as well as in 
all the principal campaigns in the Northern 
and Southern States. 

The gallant "Pulaski Legion" was a Bal- 
timore command. The Baltimore sailors 
had performed noble service, so that impar- 
tial history can truly say that on land or sea, 
the sons of Baltimore performed a heroic 
part in the successful struggle for freedom 
and independence during the Revolution- 
ary War. 

Epoch HL 

Second 1/ ar Willi Great Britain, 

1S12-1S15. 

The constant interference by England 
with the commerce of America and an in- 
fringement on her rights as a nation, more 
especially the seizure of American citizens 
on American vessels, even on the waters of 
the Chesapeake Bay, led to a declaration of 
war against England, June nth, 1812. 

Baltimore in the first vear of this war felt 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



the advantage of her fleet, and from her su- 
perior vessels (really models of naval archi- 
tecture) that had been so successful in com- 
mercial enterprises, were fitted out nu- 
merous privateers. These Baltimore pri- 
vateers were authorized by Congress and 
were granted letters of marque and reprisal. 
They were built in Baltimore and vicinity, 
fitted out here, carried from six to ten can- 
non, with a long swivel gun (long Toms, 
so called in that day) mounted amid ship. 
The crew usually numbered about sixty 
officers and seamen, being plentifully sup- 
plied with muskets, cutlasses and board- 
ing pikes. They were commanded by such 
men as Captains Barney, Boyle, Stafford, 
Levely, Richardson, Wilson and Miller. 

About four months after the declaration 
of war, Baltimore had sent to sea forty-two 
armed vessels or privateers carrying three 
hundred and thirty guns and manned by 
three thousand officers and men. 

The whole number of privateers that 
were granted letters of marque and reprisal 
by the United States during the war with 
Great Britain in the years 1812, 1813 and 
1814 aggregated two hundred and fifty sails, 
of which Baltimore furnished 58; New 
York, 55; Salem, 40; Boston, 32; Philadel- 
phia, 14; Portsmouth, N. H., 11; Charles- 
ton, 10; Marblehead, 4; Bristol, 4; Port- 
land, 3; Newburyport, 2; Norfolk, 2; New- 
bern, 2; New Orleans, 2, and i from each 
of the following named ports, viz: New 
London, Newport, Providence, Barnstable, 
Fair Haven, Gloucester, Washington City 
and Wilmington, N. C. 

It will thus be observed that Baltimore 
took the lead in our naval afifairs during this 
war. These privateers were a great thorn 
in the side of our inveterate enemy. They 



harassed and annoyed the British in every 
quarter of the globe, and even at the en- 
trance of their own ports in old England 
herself. 

They fought and captured ships and ves- 
sels off North Cape, in the British and Irish 
Channels, on the coasts of Spain and Portu- 
gal, in the East and West Indies, off the 
Capes of Good Hope and Horn, and in the 
Pacific Ocean. Wherever a British ship 
floated a Yankee cruiser went in quest of 
her; they took and destroyed millions of 
property and were beyond all doubt tne 
happy instruments under God in bringing 
about a permanent peace with a proud, 
haughty and overbearing nation. 

The war continued about three years, 
with a loss to Great Britain of two thousand 
ships and vessels of every description, in- 
cluding men-of-war and merchantmen. 

To enumerate even approximately the 
names, commanders, engagements, capture 
and victories of our Baltimore cruisers in 
the second war with England would require 
a large volume of itself, but without any 
inviduous distinction, it would be eminently 
proper to briefly sketch the successful 
cruises of a few. 

As early as July 10, 1812, the privateer 
"Dash," of Baltimore, captured the "Whit- 
ing," a British dispatch vessel, in Plampton 
Roads. 

On the 26th of July, 1812, the privateer 
"Dolphin," of Baltimore, sent an English 
vessel into Baltimore heavily laden with 
valuable cargo. In August, 1812, the Brit- 
ish ship "Braganzine," mounting twelve 
guns and heavily laden, was captured by 
the Baltimore privateer "Tom" after a fight 
of forty-five minutes, and sent into Balti- 
more as a prize. The privateer "Rosie," 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Capt. Barney, of Baltimore, made numer- 
ous captures about tliis time, and sent them 
either into other friendly ports or destroyed 
them, including one lot of one ship, one 
schooner and five brigs, captured and de- 
stroyed. The privateer "Globe," of Balti- 
more, captured a British ship of twenty-one 
guns and sent her under a prize crew into 
the Chesapeake Bay. An extract from the 
log book of the privateer "Globe," of Balti- 
more, sets forth: * * * "July 31st, 1812, 
saw a sail ; we gave chase ; she hoisted Brit- 
ish colors. * * * Got close enough, began 
to fire broadsides (charged with round shot 
double shotted) ; she returned broadside for 
broadside, when, within musket shot, fired 
several volleys into her; she struck, after a 
brisk engagement of an hour and a half. 
She proved to be the English letter of 
marque ship 'Boyd' and mounted ten 
guns." 

Up to the 30th day of August, 181 2, the 
privateer "Rosie," of Baltimore, Commo- 
dore Barney, had captured fifteen vessels, 
of 2,914 tons and valued at $1,289,000.00. 
An extract from the log book of this vessel 
sets forth amongst other incidents the fol- 
lowing, showing the splendid sailing quali- 
ties of our Baltimore built vessels, viz: 
* * * "July 23, 1812, was chased by a 
Ih-itish frigate, fired twenty-five shots at us, 
outsailed her. July 30, 1812, chased by a 
frigate, outsailed her. July 31, took and 
burned ship 'Princess Royal.' August i, 
took and manned ship 'Kitty.' August 
2, took and burnt the following: Brig 
'Farm,' brig 'Devonshire,' 'schooner 
'Sciuid;' took the brig 'Brothers,' put on 
])oard of her sixty prisoners and sent her 
to St. Johns to be exchanged for as many 
.Xmericans; a pretty good day's work. * "' * 



August 9, 1812, took the ship 'Jenny' after 
a short action; she mounted twelve guns. 
■' * * September 9, 1812, chased by three 
ships; we outsailed them without difficulty. 
September 16, 18 12, severe action with his 
Britanic majesty's packet ship "Princess 
Amelia,' at close quarters; it lasted nearly 
an hour, and during the greater part of the 
time within pistol shot distance." The 
"Rosie" had one lieutenant and six men 
wounded, whilst the captain and sailing 
master of the "Princess Amelia" were 
killed and the master's mate and six men 
wounded. September 28, 1812, the pri- 
vateer "Norwich," of Baltimore, Capt. 
Levely, carrying twelve pound cannonades 
and between eighty and ninety men, fell in 
with a ship and a schooner carrying the 
English flag, off the Island of Martinique; 
the ship was armed with sixteen 18-pound 
cannonades and two hundred men and the 
schooner six 4-pounders and sixty men. An 
engagement immediately ensued and lasted 
over three hours, and notwithstanding the 
disparity in numbers, armament and men 
the gallant privateer, although severely crip- 
pled, with the loss of four killed and six 
wounded, compelled her adversaries to beat 
an inglorious retreat. 

On the 25th day of January, 1813. the 
privateer "Dolphin," of Baltimore, whilst 
ofif Cape St. Vincent and cruising along the 
coasts of Spain and Portugal, fell in with 
the British ship "Hebe" and a British brig. 
She attacked them without delay, although 
the "Hebe" carried sixteen guns and the 
brig ten guns, whilst the "Dolphin" only 
carried ten guns. She compelled the sur- 
render of both of the Englishmen with but a 
loss of four men. 

On the 14th day of January, 1813, the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



39 



Baltimore privateer "Comet," Capt. Boyle, 
of the coast of Pernambuco, attacked 
an English ship of fourteen guns and 
two brigs of ten guns each, under con- 
voy of a Portugese brig mounting twenty 
32-pounders, or a total of fifty-four guns 
and 165 men. After a desperate engage- 
ment the "Comet" captured the three Brit- 
ish vessels. The "Comet" was subse- 
quently attacked by the British frigate 
"Surprise" and man-of-war "Swaggerer," 
but outsailed them both with ease, and con- 
tinued her career of conquest and capture. 

The Baltimore privateer "Chasseur," 
otherwise known as "The Pride of Balti- 
more," Capt. Boyle, a splendid specimen 
of naval architecture and perhaps the most 
beautiful vessel then afloat, performed pro- 
digies of valor and carried dismay and ter- 
ror to her enemies, alone capturing eighty 
British vessels valued at $400,000. Whilst 
cruising ofif the coast of England in 
1814-15, in response to the numerous paper 
blockades, decreed by British squadrons 
which were off the American coasts, he is- 
sued the following burlesque proclamation, 
and sent it into the English capitol of Lon- 
don to be posted at Lloyds Coffee House, 
viz: "By Thomas Boyle, Esq., commander 
of the privateer armed brig 'Chasseur,' &c., 
&c.: Proclamation: Whereas, it has be- 
come customary with the Admirals of Great 
Britain commanding small forces on the 
coast of the United States, particularly Sir 
John Borloise Warren and Sir Alexander 
Cochrane, to declare all the coast -of the 
United States in a state of strict and rigor- 
ous blockade, without possessing the power 
to justify such a declaration or stationing an 
adequate force to maintain said blockade, I 
do therefore, by virtue of the power and 



authority in me vested (possessing sufficient 
force) declare all the ports, harbors, bays, 
creeks, rivers, inlets, outlets, islands and 
seacoasts of the United Kingdom of Great 
Britain and Ireland in a state of strict and 
rigorous blockade, and I do further declare 
that I consider the force under my com- 
mand adequate to maintain strictly, rigor- 
ously and effectually the said blockade, and 
I do hereby require the respective officers, 
whether captains, commanders or com- 
manding officers under my command, em- 
ployed or to be employed on the coasts of 
England, Ireland and Scotland to pay strict 
attention to this, my proclamation, and I 
do hereby caution and forbid the ships and 
vessels of all and every nation in amity and 
peace with the United States from entering 
or attempting to enter or from coming or 
attempting to come out of any of said ports, 
bays, creeks, rivers, inlets, outlets, islands 
or seacoasts under any pretense whatso- 
ever, and that no person may plead ignor- 
ance of this, my proclamation, I have or- 
dered the same to be made public in Eng- 
land. 

"Given under my hand on board the 
'Chasseur,' day and date as above. 

(Signed) Thomas BoylE. 

"By Command of the Commanding Officer, 

(Signed) J. S. Stansbury, 

Secretary." 

The English Government was fully alive 
to the danger to be apprehended from the 
splendid Baltimore clippers and early in the 
year 1813 had sent a squadron under Ad- 
miral Warren to operate in the Chesapeake 
Bay and to declare and enforce a blockade, 
if possible, but as a matter of fact, the Balti- 
more privateers and their prizes were con- 



40 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



stantly passing through the so-called block- 
ading squadrons. 

The squadron under Admiral Warren 
was reinforced in 1813 by another fleet un- 
der Admiral Cockburn, consisting of four 
ships of the line and six frigates. 

Cockburn directed operations along the 
unprotected shores of the Chesapeake Bay, 
especially isolated farm houses and county 
seats, seizing and destroying private prop- 
erty. Expeditions were sent against the 
villages of Frenchtown, Havre-de-Grace, 
Fredericktown on the eastern shore and 
Georgetown, which were taken, plundered 
and burned. Nevertheless these plunder- 
ing expeditions were not always successful. 
The sturdy yeomanry oftentimes speedily 
assembled and drove the marauding bands 
away. 

Whilst the British fleet visited the 
Patapsco river, they did not deem it pru- 
dent to attack Baltimore, whose spirited 
citizens were constantly on the alert. 

When the British squadron under Ad- 
miral Warren entered the Chesapeake Bay, 
the citizens of Baltimore did not wait for 
the government at Washington to protect 
them, but took prompt measures to protect 
themselves. A fleet of thirteen barges and 
the schooner "Scorpion" were sent down 
the bay to watch and harass the British 
squadron. 

The military spirit was rife. The militia 
were thoroughly organized and like the 
minute men of 1776 prepared for service on 
short notice. 

. As early as October 5th, 1812, a company 
of infantry, numbering 100 men, command- 
ed by Capt. Stephen H. Moore, were 
fitted out in the most substantial manner 
by the citizens of Baltimore and presented 



by the patriotic ladies of the Seventh Ward 
with an elegant silk flag. 

They promptly marched to the Canadian 
borders and joined Col. Winder's regiment, 
which a short time thereafter with the 
American army under Gen. Pike invaded 
Canada at the capture of York (now known 
as the city of Toronto, Canada), April 27, 
1813. Capt. Moore, of the Baltimore com- 
pany, was wounded and Lieut. Nicholson 
killed. 

In June. 1813, volunteering for the army 
by regiments and companies was so active 
in this city that the superior ofificers were 
compelled to suppress it and give prece- 
dence to the oldest organizations. 

The management of military afifairs at 
Baltimore was placed in the hands of Gen. 
Samuel Smith, of this city, who had dis- 
tinguished himself during the War of the 
Revolution. 

The infantry regiments and artillery com- 
panies assembled twice a week, marched to 
Fort McHenry and other points, manoeu- 
vred and prepared themselves in every way 
for active fiel 1 operations, often remaining 
at the garrison for a week at a time. 

Col. Wadsworth, of the United States 
engineer corps, superintended the erection 
and completion of the fortifications for the 
defense of the city. 

As an evidence of the alacrity with which 
the volunteer militia of the city responded 
to the calls of danger, it appears that on the 
5th day of May, 1813, a demonstration of 
the British fleet in the Patapsco river caused 
the alarm guns to be fired between 11 a. m. 
and 12 m., and within a few minutes up- 
wards of 5,000 men were under arms and in 
their proper places and within an hour regi- 




.^^^"^^^-.^L^^^ ^,^ 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORfi, MARYLAND. 



nient after regiment marched to points of 
danger in regular order. 

On this day the 5th Maryland Regiment 
of Infantry, just returned to Baltimore from 
a week's duty at Fort McHenry (having 
been relieved by the 6th), made a forced 
march of fifteen miles to North Point. They 
were followed by the 39th Regiment and 
some troops of Cavalry and batteries of Ar- 
tillery. 

The 27th and 51st Regiments were kept 
under arms and in readiness for action. 

The defenses of Baltimore were being 
pushed at Fort McHenry, Patapsco river, 
the Cove and the Lazaretto. 

In the unfortunate battle of Bladensburg, 
Md., August 24th, 18 14, for the defense of 
the National Capitol, no reflection could 
possibly be made upon the gallant sailors 
and marines from Maryland, under Com- 
modore Barney, and the Sth Maryland In- 
fantry Regiment who participated in that 
engagement, and who repulsed the enemy 
with loss in their own immediate front as 
long as they had any support, and when the 
British army and navy flushed with triumph 
at their success in capturing Washington 
City and the destruction of the Capitol, &c., 
advanced up the Patapsco to "occupy Bal- 
timore for their winter's quarters," in the 
language of Gen. Ross, the survivors of 
these gallant Maryland commands were on 
hand, enthusiastic for the fray. 

The combined British fleet, consisting of 
about fifty sails, arrived at the mouth of the 
Patapsco river on the loth day of Septem- 
ber, 1814; a number of the vessels pro- 
ceeded up the Patapsco river towards Bal- 
timore, whilst others proceeded to North 
Point at the mouth of the Patapsco, about 
twelve miles from Baltimore, and com- 



menced the disembarkation of the troops 
under Gen. Ross, on the nth. They 
landed about 5,000 soldiers, 2,000 sailors 
and 2,000 marines. The sailors and ma- 
rines were under the command of Admiral 
Cockburn. The troops were a part of the 
Duke of Wellington's army, fresh from 
their victories over the armies of the great 
Napoleon in Spain, and styled themselves 
"Wellington's Invincibles." 

To confront this formidable army, we 
find the Baltimore Brigade, some of the 
troops of Gen. Winder's army who had 
been engaged in the battle of Bladensburg, 
and volunteers from Maryland, Virginia 
and Pennsylvania, with a few regular 
troops, also a small but splendid body of 
sailors and marines under Commodore 
Rogers, Major General Smith being in su- 
preme command. 

The Baltimore Brigade was composed of 
the 5th, 6th, 27th, 39th and 51st Regiments 
of Infantry, commanded respectively by 
Lieutenant Colonels Sterett, McDonald, 
Long, Fowler and Amy. In the 5th Regi- 
ment was incorporated a uniformed com- 
pany of volunteers from York, Pa., under 
Capt. Spangler, and in the 39th Regiment, 
Capt. Metzger's company from Hanover, 
Pa.; Capt. Ouantrell's company from Hag- 
erstown,Md.,and in the 6th Regiment Capt. 
Dixon's company from Marietta, Pa., 
the whole including Capt. Montgomery's 
battery of Artillery with six 4-pounders 
amounting to 3,200 men. 

The Baltimore Brigade with the Rifle 
Corps, Capt. Aisquith, one company of cav- 
alry and one company of artillery, moved 
forward to a point eight miles from Balti- 
I more and four miles from North Point. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



This column was placed under the com- 
mand of Gen. Strieker. 

The main line of battle of Gen. Smith 
was formed behind breastworks running 
along the high ground, now included within 
the limits of Patterson Park, with other de- 
tachments at various defences. The naval 
contingent having small batteries on a line 
between the Philadelphia Road and Spar- 
row's Point, on the Sparrow's Point road, 
and to the right of the Sparrow's Point 
road a few marines were also in the en- 
trenchments. This was the disposition of 
the American forces on the north bank of 
the Patapsco, confronting the British army. 

x\bout I p. m. on the I2th of September, 
1813, the British troops under Gen. Ross, 
who had debarked at North Point and 
marched four miles on the road to Balti- 
more, attacked a detachment of Gen. 
Strieker's brigade, consisting of two com- 
panies of the 5th Regiment and Capt. Ais- 
quitn's Rifle Corps and one piece of ar- 
tillery^. This detachment retired fighting to 
the brigade, and the action became general 
along the whole line. Gen. Strieker had 
formed his command in three lines, the 5th 
and 27th Regiments in the front line, the 
39th and 51st Regiments in the second line 
and the 6th Regiment in the third line, and 
as a reserve; a brisk artillery and musketry 
fire continued for an hour, inflicting severe 
loss upon the enemy, but their over- 
whelming numbers soon enabled them to 
outflanK the .\fnerican forces, who retired 
in good order; about 1,700 of Gen. 
Strieker's command were actually engaged. 

The enemy followed up slowly the re- 
treating column to a ])oint within two miles 
of the American entrenchments. Gen. 
Smitli immediately made disposition to at- 



tack the British flank as soon as they at- 
tacked the American front; upon the dis- 
covery of these movements, together with 
the discouragement occasioned by the news 
of the failure of the naval attack at Ft. Mc- 
Henry and the attempt to land in the rear 
of this fort, and the death of their leader. 
Gen. Ross, who was killed by two young 
men of the Baltimore Rifle Corps, Messrs. 
Wells and McComas, they deemed it pru- 
dent to retire under the cover of night to 
North Point. 

The operation of the enemy's naval con- 
tingent in the Patapsco was both active and 
earnest, and in unison with the movements 
and attack of the enemy on the north bank. 
Their frigates, bomb ketches and small ves- 
sels ascended the river and arranged them- 
selves in a formidable line to bombard Ft. 
McHenry and the city. The attack on Ft. 
McHenry, which was garrisoned by the 
command of Col. Armistead, was severe 
and magnificent, if not effective. The 
enemy's vessels in a half circle opened a 
bombardment at a safe distance from the 
guns of the fort and the batteries at 
Lazaretto Point, opposite their range, be- 
ing superior to that of the American guns, 
and kept it up continuously from 6 a. m. 
all day and night until i a. m. of the follow- 
ing day, once or twice venturing within 
range of the American guns, when they 
were speedily driven ofT; failing to make 
any impression on Ft. McHenry, they sent 
a force of 1,200 men, under the escort of 
rocket and bomb vessels, up the Patapsco 
river, passed Ft. McHenry under cover of 
night, and attempted a landing in rear of 
the fort. The defenses of Locust Point be- 
tween Ft. McHenry and the city of that 
day consisted of Ft. Covington, located 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



43 



within the present limits of Riverside Park, 
and batteries at Ferry Branch. 

The naval contingents were under the 
command of Lieuts. Webster and New- 
comb. This attack met with a most 
disastrous defeat. The six-gun battery of 
Webster especially did frightful execution 
amongst the enemy's barges, and the whole 
force retreated rapidly with severe loss un- 
der the fire of every gun that could be 
brought to bear upon them in their retreat, 
including the guns from Ft. McHenry and 
the Lazaretto. 

After the repulse the enemy's long guns 
resumed the bombardment of Ft. McHenry, 
but daylight found the old flag still floating 
proudly over the fort. It was the sight of 
this that inspired Francis Scott Key, of 
Maryland, then a prisoner on board of the 
British frigate "Surprise," to compose the 
American national anthem, "The Star 
Spangled Banner." 

The entire British forces both of the army 
and navy speedily retired from their ill-fated 
attempt to capture Baltimore, whose forti- 
fications were to have been destroyed in 
two hours and then terms offered to the 
city. 

The "Wellington Invincibles" had fallen 
back before the despised citizen soldiers of 
the Republic; the enemy's prisoners and de- 
serters stating "that they had never before 
experienced so destructive a fire." 

The 2ist Regiment (British) who landed 
500 men, alone reported a loss of 171 in 
killed, wounded and missing. 

The total loss to the army of Gen. Ross 
was estimated at 700, including Maj. Gen. 
Ross, then Commander-in-Chief. 

The loss to the American forces was 



twenty killed, ninety wounded and forty- 
seven missing in action and prisoners. 

This was the last demonstration by the 
British against Baltimore during the war. 
Her privateers continued active, until the 
definite conclusion of peace between Great 
Britain and the United States, February 
15th. 1815. 

The splendid record made by Baltimore 
in its military and naval history, has been 
happily appreciated by all patriotic Balti- 
moreans as a priceless heritage to posterity. 
The Wells and McComas and Battle monu- 
ments attest this fact. 

Our splendid 5th Regiment, National 
Guards of Maryland of the present, recol- 
lect with patriotic pride the gallant acts 
of their predecessors, if not their progeni- 
tors, of an earlier date; but the pride with 
which other patriotic Americans regard the 
contribution of Baltimore to the common 
cause in the War of 1812-15 has been most 
effectively described by a northern writer 
of that date, who said, "When I call to mind 
the spirit and acts of the Baltimoreans dur- 
ing the war with England, I am inspired 
with a feeling of esteem and veneration for 
them as a brave and patriotic people, that 
will endure with me to the end of my exist- 
ence. During the whole struggle against 
an inveterate foe, they did all they could to 
aid and strengthen the hands of the gen- 
eral government, and generally took the 
lead in fitting out efficient privateers and 
letters of marque to annoy and distress the 
enemy and even to beard the old lion in 
his den, for it is well known that their pri- 
vateers captured many English ■vessels at 
the very mouth of their own ports, in the 
British Channel. When their own beauti- 
ful city was attacked by a powerful fleet and 



44 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



army, how nobly did they defend them- 
selves against the hand of the spoiler. 

"The whole venom of the modern Goths 
seemed concentrated against the Balti- 
moreans, for no other reason but that they 
had too much spirit to submit to insult and 
tyrannical oppression. Many of the east- 
ern people made a great mistake in count- 
ing on the magnanimity of the British na- 
tion to do them justice by mild and persua- 
sive arguments. 

"In making the remarks in praise of Bal- 
timore I do not mean to disparage the noble 
patriotism of many other cities of this glori- 
ous Union, but I do mean to say that if the 
same spirit that fired the hearts and souls 
of the Baltimoreans had evinced itself 
throughout our entire country, it would 
have saved every American heart much 
pain and mortification, and would, in my 
opinion, have shortened the war." 

Epoch IV. 
The Mexican War, 1845-1S4S. 

The annexation of the State of Texas by 
the United States gave great umbrage to 
our neighboring Republic of Mexico, al- 
though as a matter of fact the gallant^ Tex- 
ans had declared their independence of 
Mexico and made that declaration good in 
one of the most successful and glorious 
struggles in which a people contending for 
freedom had ever engaged ; moreover, their 
independence had been acknowledged by 
other powers besides the United States as 
a separate and independent State. 

The Republic of Texas applied for and 
was duly incorporated in the United States 
of America, and a small army of Americans 
had been sent into Texas to protect its bor- 



ders and for garrison duty. Their presence 
upon the banks of the Rio Grande was re- 
garded by Mexico as an act of war and a 
Mexican army invaded the territory of the 
United States and attacked the American 
troops April 25th, 1846, under Gen. 
Zachary Taylor. The American forces not 
only defeated the Mexicans at the battles 
of Palo Alto and Resaco de la Palmer, May 
8-9, 1846, but promptly crossed the Rio 
Grande and carried the war into Mexico. 

On tlie 13th day of May, 1846, in pursu- 
ance of a call for a meeting of the citizens 
of Baltimore favorable to the raising of 
volunteers to reinforce Gen. Taylor, an im- 
mense concourse of citizens assembled in 
Monument Square and were addressed by 
Coleman Yellott, Esq.; Hon. Francis Gal- 
lagher (afterwards a captain in Cole's Cav- 
alry, JSIaryland \'olunteers. Civil War, 
1861-65), and Wm. P. F'reston, Esq. Steps 
were immediately taken to raise and eejuip 
volunteers for the war and on the 4th day 
of June, 1846, a company known as "Balti- 
more's Own" left this city for Washington. 
They were mustered into a regiment known 
as the Baltimore andWashington Battalion. 
The officers of the command were as fol- 
lows: Capt. John R. Kenly, subsequently 
promoted major (and during the Civil War 
from 1861-65, the colonel of the ist Mary- 
land Infantry — Federal — and major gen- 
eral United States Volunteers); F. B. 
Schaefifer, 1st lieutenant; Oden Bowie, 2nd 
lieutenant. (Lieut. Bowie afterwards be- 
came Governor of Maryland.) 

This command with other Baltimoreans 
who had enlisted in both the regular army 
and navy, speedily departed for the seat of 
war in Mexico. Three other companies, 
making four in all, were subsequently 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



45 



raised and assigned to the Baltimore and 
Washington Battahon, under the command 
of Lieut. Col. Watson. They served with 
the army of Gen. Taylor in its attack upon 
and capture of Monterey, Mex., Sept. 21, 
1846, where they charged in the most gal- 
lant manner on a battery under a galling 
fire and were amongst the first to enter the 
enemy's city, exposed during the attack to 
a destructive fire from several batteries. 
Lieut. Col. Watson was killed whilst lead- 
ing his battalion, with nine of his gallant 
comrades, when the command devolved on 
Capt. Kenly, who handled it bravely during 
the remainder of the day. 

The battalion v.as subsequently trans- 
ferred from the army of Gen. Taylor in 
Northern IMexico to the army of invasion 
under Gen. Winfield Scott, then advancing 
from Vera Cruz to the capitol city of Mex- 
ico. The Baltimore Battalion distinguished 
itself in many hard-fought battles, and 
gained a name worthy of the State of Mary- 
land and the city of Baltimore. They were 
mustered out of service on the expiration of 
their term of enlistment at Tampico, Mex., 
I\Iay 30th, 1847. 

In a letter dated Tampico. Mex., May 
31st. 1847, written by Maj. Robert C. 
Buchanan, 4th U. S. Infantry (a gallant son 
of Baltimore), addressed to the Hon. Jacob 
C. Davies. Mayor of Baltimore, we find the 
following: 

"The term of service of the Baltimore 
Battalion having expired, it becomes neces- 
sary to make a suitable disposition of the 
flag under whose folds it so gallantly 
fought and so faithfully sustained the toils 
and privations incident to the last twelve 
months campaign. The officers of the 
Battalion desire that it should be presented 



to the corporation of the city, to be kept 
in the City Hall as a memorial of their re- 
gard for Baltimore : it therefore became my 
agreeable duty to forward the flag to you, 
the Chief Magistrate of the city, with the 
request that it may be disposed of in accord- 
ance with the wishes of the donors. By 
our fellow-citizens it may well be regarded 
with feeling of pride as having been the 
standard of a body of their friends which 
for 'good discipline, soldierly deportment 
and efficiency, for hard service, stood in a 
most enviable position. The Rio Grande, 
Monterey, Victoria and Tampico will all 
bear witness to the service of the Battalion. 
Sergt. ]\Iaj. Wm. T. Lennox, who carried 
the flag in the battle of Monterey, after 
Hart was wounded, and who has been the 
color bearer since that time, will be in- 
structed with the duty of delivering it to 
you." 

After the muster-out of the Baltimore 
Battalion, another battalion was recruited 
in Baltimore and Washington, known as 
the iSIaryland and District of Columbia 
Regiment. Its commander was Lieut. Col. 
Geo. W. Hughes, and Capt. John R. Kenly 
was made major. Three companies of 
Baltimoreans formed a part of this regi- 
ment; they returned to the seat of war and 
left Mexico with the American army June 
22, 1848. 

\\'hilst Baltimore did not have any other 
distinctive organizations that took part in 
the war with Mexico, its citizens volun- 
teered freely and did splendid duty in both 
the army and navy during this war. 

The Legislature of Maryland adopted 

resolutions expressive of the losses the 

State sustained in the death of Col. Wat- 

I son, of Baltimore, as well as those other 



46 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



gallant Marylanders, viz: Col. Truman 
Cross, ;Maj. Samuel Ringold, Maj. Wm. 
Lear, Capt. Randolph Ridgley and Passed 
^Midshipman John R. Hynson, all of whom 
fell in the war with ^lexico. 

The peace that was proclaimed in 1848 
saw an empire added to the United States 
of America, out of which many States have 
been erected. In the acquisition of this 
splendid addition to American territory, the 
sons of Baltimore performed a noble part. 

Epoch V. 
The Civil War, 1860-1863. 

The long contest coexistent with the 
United States of America and the adoption 
of its Constitution relative to the status, ex- 
istence, legality and protection of African 
slaven.- within the borders thereof, cul- 
minated in November, i860, upon the elec- 
tion of Abraham Lincoln as President of 
the United States by the Republican party, 
upon a platform "pledged to a policy cir- 
cumscribing the limits of slavery" within 
the bounos of what were then known as 
the Southern or Slave States. 

Although nearly ever}- one of the original 
thirteen States that established the Ameri- 
can Union had recognized the legality of 
African slavery within their respective lim- 
its, or were engaged in the African slave 
trade itself, more especially with the South- 
ern States, nevertheless they had seen fit 
to abolish slaven,^ The Constitution of the 
United States had abolished the .African 
slave trade and subsequent legislation by 
the L'nited States declared it piracy; and 
although the principle of gradual emanci- 
pation had made headway, as both a moral 
and economic measure, even in some of the 
Southern States, more especially in Mary- 



land, which had at the time of the opening 
of the Civil War more free colored people 
than slaves within her borders, and had es- 
tablished the largest and most prosperous 
State in the Colony of Freemen at Liberia, 
Africa, yet the slavery question had become 
a political one, the pro-slavery party had 
proclaimed "that the slavery question was a 
paramount issue" and threatened to with- 
draw or secede from the Union unless they 
were not only guaranteed and assured of 
protection to slaver}- within their limits, but 
granted the same rights as to their property 
in slavery within the new territories of the 
I L'nited States until such a time as the new 
States should decide whether or not they 
would legalize slavery. 

The election of Mr. Lincoln was looked 
upon by many in the Southern States 
as the acme of an irrepressible conflict, 
and some of the Southern States attempted 
to secede from the L'nion and establish an- 
other Confederacy, which in the language 
of the Hon. .Alexander Stevens, of Georgia, 
who was elected their vice-president, 
"should have slaver}- as its corner-stone." 

Commissioners were sent to ^laryland 
from some of the Southern States to in- 
duce the State to "go and do likewise," but 
although Maryland's business and social re- 
lations were to a large extent connected 
with her sister States of the South, never- 
theless she had a large business connection 
with the free States of the North and West. 
Her slave-holding interest was small in 
comparison with the other Southern Sates, 
and it was self-evident to a majority of her 
j people that it would be suicidal policy to 
I link their fortunes with the Southern cause. 
The divided sentiment in Baltimore and 
Maryland caused manv of her sons to take 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



47 



prompt individual action in the premises, 
and hundreds and thousands of her citizens 
upon the establishment of a government 
and army in the Southern States, which 
styled themselves "The Confederate States 
of America," bid farewell to their old neigh- 
bors and friends, oftentimes to father, or 
son. or brother, who not only adhered to 
but signified their intention "to fight for the 
maintenance of the Federal Union," and 
went South to enlist in the Confederate 
arm\ and navy. 

Meetings had been held in Baltimore in 
behalf of the Union and also in behalf of 
the Southern Confederacy; collisions be- 
tween Union men and Southern sympa- 
thizers had occurred, in one of which a se- 
cession flag was torn down on Federal Hill 
and a cannon engaged in saluting it pitched 
into the harbor. Excitement was intense 
when, on the 19th day of April, 1861, the 
6th ]Massachusetts Regiment of Infantry 
was attacked in the streets of Baltimore 
whilst on tneir way to defend the National 
Capitol. The railroad tracks on Pratt 
street were blockaded (and most singular to 
report) in part by the volunteer efforts of 
colored people. The attack was not pre- 
meditated or organized, and the local au- 
thorities tried to preserve the peace. This 
was the first blood shed in the Civil War, 
four soldiers and twelve citizens were killed 
besides a large number wounded on both 
sides. The result was that the Southern 
sympathizers pushed to the front and con- 
trolled matters in Baltimore for a few days 
subsequent to the affair, shaping the con- 
duct of the civil authorities, &c. 

The Union sentiment, although quiet, 
was determined and demanded of the Fed- 
eral authorities that thev should receive its 



protection; "that Union troops should be 
sent to Baltimore at once and an opportu- 
nity given them to organize, not only for 
their own protection, but to help fight for 
the preservation of the Union itself." 

After the Union troops entered Balti- 
more, May 13, 1861, Gen. John R. Kenly, 
of the Maryland Militia, tendered several 
fegiments of militia to the General Govern- 
ment, but the War Department declined the 
offer because they wanted three years and 
not three-months men. 

The 1st Maryland Regiment of Infantry 
was then organized in Baltimore, May, 
1861, for three years, and John R. Kenly 
made its colonel, who marched without de- 
lay to the seat of war on the upper Potomac. 
A draft of Baltimore seamen a short 
time thereafter was sent to the flotilla of 
Commodore Foote, in its movement from 
Cairo southwards in that splendid struggle 
that opened the Mississippi for navigation. 
The military authorities suspended, re- 
moved ana arrested such of the civil au- 
thorities and citizens as they deemed un- 
friendly or dangerous to the Union cause; 
a new civil police force was created under 
the auspices of the military authorities, and 
no effort was spared to recognize, create and 
maintain Union sentiment in Baltimore. 

The Union element controlled the situa- 
tion in Baltimore during the remainder of 
the Civil War. 

A regiment of Marylanders composed to 
a great extent of Southern sympathizers 
from Baltimore had been organized within 
the Confederate lines on the upper Potomac 
at Harper's Ferry, Va., by June, 1861. Ihis 
regiment was commended for its gallantry 
by Gen. Beauregard, C. S. A., especially 
for its conduct at the battle of Manassas, 



48 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



or 1st Bull Run, Va., July 21, 1861. 
This regiment subsequently participated 
in all of the severe campaigns and 
battles incident to the movements of the 
Confederate armies under Gens. R. E. Lee 
and Stonewall Jackson in Virginia, in 1861, 
and up to August 17, 1862, the date of ex- 
piration of the original term of their en- 
listment. 

The surviving members of this disbanded 
infantry regiment re-enlisted in other com- 
mands and branches of the service of the 
Confederacy and many of them were after- 
wards in a legion known as the "Maryland 
Line," composed of different arms of the 
service — Infantry, Artillery and Cavalry — 
commanded by Col. Bradley T. Johnson, 
subsequently promoted brigadier general. 

Another battalion of infantry composed 
in part of Baltimoreans, known for a time 
as the 1st Maryland Battalion of Infantry, 
C. S. A., commanded by Lieut. Col. 
James R. Herbert (who became one 
of the police commissioners of Balti- 
more after the war), was also organized. 
Capt. J. Lyle Clark, a prominent Balti- 
morean, also organized and commanded a 
battalion in the Confederate States armv; 
quite a number of Baltimoreans also went 
South and enlisted in Col. Brown's ist 
Maryland Cavalry Regiment, C. S. A., 
which was organized at Winchester, \'a., 
November 25th, 1862. 

Maj. Harry Cilmore's Maryland Bat- 
talion of Cavalry, C. S. A., was composed 
largely of Baltimoreans; other Balti- 
moreans joined the artillery and many en- 
listed in regiments from other Southern 
vStates. 

The Maryland .Artillery connnancls in the 
Confederate armv were known as "The 



Baltimore Light Artillery" and the "Chesa- 
peake Artillery." 

All of the Alaryland regiments and bat- 
teries which served in the Confederate 
army were in constant active field duty 
during the Civil War. They were noted 
for their gallantry and devotion to the Con- 
federate cause. 

The 2nd Maryland Infantry (Federal) 
was organized at Baltimore, Md., June, 
1861, and immediately left for North Caro- 
lina to join the expedition that so success- 
fully reclaimed the coast region of that 
State for the Union. 

The 3rd Regiment Infantry, Maryland 
X'olunteers, was organized at Baltimore, 
Md., June 18, 1861, and shortly thereafter 
joined the Army of the Potomac. 

The 5th Maryland Infantry Regiment 
was organized at Baltimore, Md., Septem- 
ber, 1861, and shortly thereafter joined the 
Army of the Potomac under Gen. McClel- 
lan, in his Peninsular Campaign before the 
Confederate Capitol of Richmond, &c. 

Both the 2nd and 5th Regiments of In- 
fantry and Purnell Legion of Infantry, 
Maryland Volunteers, with Rigby's and 
Snow's Baltimore Batteries, participated in 
the battle of Antietam, Md., September 
17th, 1862. They were conspicuous and 
suffered severely in killed and wounded at 
the Burnside Bridge and Bloody Lane, on 
the right and left flanks, in that, the most 
sanguinary one-day's battle of the Civil 
War. 

The I St Marj'land Infantry formed a part 
of the army under Gen. Banks in the 
Shenandoah Valley in 1862, and whilst sta- 
tioned at Front Royal. Va., was attacked 
May 23, 1862, by an overwhelming force 
under Gen. Stonewall Jackson, and nearly 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



49 



annihilated after a protracted struggle, but 
their self-sacrifice, like that of the "Old 
Maryland Line" of yore on Long Island 
during the Revolutionary War, saved the 
army of Gen. Banks from capture and de- 
struction. 

The Purnell Legion, composed of a 
regiment of Lifantry, three companies of 
Cavalry — A, B and C — and two batteries 
of Artillery — Capt. Rigby's and Snow's A 
and B — was organized from October to 
Decemoer, 1861. 

In July, August and September, 1862, 
the famous Maryland Brigade, originally 
composed of the 1st, 4th, 6th, 7th and 8th 
Regiments of Infantry and Alexander's 
Baltimore Battery of Light Artillery (with 
the exception of the 1st Regiment), was or- 
ganized at Baltimore for three years' ser- 
vice. They were immediately assigned to 
the defense of Baltimore as against Gen. 
Lee's Confederate Army then invading 
Maryland, which, however, simply made a 
demonstration in the direction of Baltimore 
and manoeuvred his army to environ and 
capture the Federal army at Harper's 
Ferry, Va. The Maryland Brigade was 
then sent to reinforce the Army of the Poto- 
mac at that time in western Maryland. 

The 1st Maryland Cavalry was partially 
organized at Baltimore in August, 1861, 
and completed in western Maryland in 
1862. 

A large number of Baltimoreans enlisted 
in other Maryland regiments at divers 
times and in regiments from other States; 
quite a number went to Frederick, Md., and 
enlisted in that famous body of Cavalry 
known as "Cole's Maryland Cavalry,' who 
did sucn splendid service during the Civil 
War (and included the Hon. Francis Gal- 



lagher, who had been a prominent Demo- 
cratic leader in Baltimore prior to the war). 

The 9th Maryland Infantry (six months' 
men) was organized in Baltimore August 
12, 1863. 

The loth Maryland Infantry (six months' 
men) was organized in Baltimore June and 
July, 1863. 

The nth Marj-land Infantry Battalion 
(one year men) was organized in Balti- 
more September, 1863, subsequently in- 
creased to a regiment by consolidation 
with the 1st E. S. Infantry, Maryland Vol- 
unteers. 

The I2th Maryland Battalion of Infantry 
(100 days men) was organized in Balti- 
more July 30, 1864. 

Two Independent batteries known as A 
and B (six months men) were organized 
at Baltimore July 14, 1863, and another 
battery known as D was organized at Bal- 
timore February 29, 1864. 

While a large number of these regi- 
ments were composed of Marylanders from 
all parts of the State, nevertheless the Bal- 
timore contingents were very numerous in 
all of them; moreover, quite a number of 
companies i f Infantry and Cavalry were 
recruited in Baltimore for regiments or- 
ganized in other parts of the State, notably 
for "Cole's Cavalry," ist Regiment P. H. B. 
Cavalry, ^Maryland \'alunteers, ist Regi- 
ment Maryland Potomac Home Brigade 
Infantry and 13th Maryland Infantry. 

The 1st, 2nd, 3d and 5th Regiments of 
Maryland Infantry, the ist Maryland Cav- 
alry and Cole's Battalion Maryland Cavalry 
"veteranized" in 1864. or re-cnlisted for the 
war, a short time prior to the expiration of 
their term of original enlistments. 



50 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



The 1st Maryland Infantry performed 
splendid service in Maryland, Virginia and 
West Virginia, its original colonel, John R. 
Kenly, was promoted brigadier and 
major general and two of the colonels 
who succeeded Kenly, namely, Dunshane 
and Wilson, were killed in battle at the head 
of their regiment. Col. David L. Stanton, 
the last surviving colonel of the regiment, 
who was promoted from the ranks through 
the various grades and made brevet brig- 
adier general, was made collector of inter- 
nal revenue subsequent to the war. 

The ist, 4th, 7th and 8th Regiments of 
Infantry Maryland Volunteers constituted 
the Maryland Brigade when it became a 
part of Gen. U. S. Grant's army in the 
famous Virginia Campaign that ended in 
the surrender of Lee's army at Appomat- 
tox, Va., April 9th, 1865. 

The record of one regiment of the ]\Iary- 
land Brigade is virtually the history of all. 
They did splendid service and were an 
honor to the State and city of Baltimore. 
Col. Edwin H. Webster, of the 7th Regi- 
ment, became a member of Congress and 
subsequently collector of customs at Balti- 
more. 

Col. Charles E. Phelps, who succeeded 
Col. Webster, was severely wounded and 
promoted brevet brigadier general; he was 
also elected a member of Congress and is 
now one of the judges of the Supreme 
bench of Baltimore City. 

The colonel of the 8th Regiment. .\n- 
drew W. Dennison, lost an arm in battle, 
was made postmaster of Baltimore after the 
war. Col. Harrison Adreon, of the 4th 
Regiment of Infantry, was also made post- 
master at Baltimore after the close of the 
war. 



The 2nd Regiment of Infantry was at 
the famous siege of Knoxville, Tenn., No- 
vember 17 to December 4, 1864, and served 
creditably to the close of the war. 

The 3rd Regiment made a fine record in 
Virginia and at the battle of Gettysburg. 

The 5th Regiment fought bravely at An- 
tietam, Winchester and with Grant's army. 

The 6th Regiment was known as the 
"Fighting Sixth," and became a part of the 
famous 6th Army Corps mentioned by 
Lossing as one of the famous 300 fighting 
regiments of the war, as Winchester, the 
Wilderness, Cedar Creek and Appomattox 
will attest. 

The 9tl., loth, nth, 12th and 13th Regi- 
ments of Infantry performed creditably the 
duties assigned them. Col. Wm. E. W. 
Ross, of the loth Regiment, who lost a leg 
in battle, was brevetted brigadier general 
and made assessor of internal revenue and 
deputy postmaster at Baltimore after the 
war. 

The :st Regiment of Cavalry had a bril- 
liant record and participated in all of tne 
severe cavalry engagements of the Civil 
War, especially at Brandy Station, \'a.., and 
Gettysburg, Pa. 

"Cole's Cavalry" made a splendid record 
and receiveu a letter of commendation from 
the General-in-Chief of the Army of the 
United States for good conduct on the bat- 
tle field, at London Heights, Va., January 
10th, 1864. This command refused to sur- 
render with the troops at Harper's Ferry, 
\'a., September 15th, 1862, and headed the 
cavalry who cut their way through the 
army of Gen. Stonewall Jackson. Col. 
Henry A. Cole, of this regiment, has been 
an officer in the United States internal reve- 
nue service at Baltimore for a number of 



HISTORY OF Baltimore:, Maryland. 



5r 



years. Col. Geo. W. F. Vernon, of the 
same regiment, who lost an eye in battle, 
was surveyor of customs at the port of Bal- 
timore several years ago. 

The 1st Regiment P. H. B. Infantry 
Maryland \'olunteers, 3rd Maryland Infan- 
try, 1st E. S. Infantry Maryland Volun- 
teers, 1st Maryland Cavalry and Rigby's 
Baltimore Battery of Light Artillery did 
splendid service at the battle of Gettysburg 
July I, 2 and 3, 1863. 

Rigby's, Snow's and Alexander's Bat- 
teries of Light Artillery, principally Balti- 
moreans, did excellent service at the bat- 
tles of Malvern Hill, Antietam, Winches- 
ter, Gettysburg and Monocacy. 

The navy of the United States contained 
large contingents of Baltimoreans, both 
white and colored, during the entire Civil 
War and in every important naval engage- 
ment of the war, whether on the Mississippi 
with Conmiodore Foote, at New Orleans 
and Mobile with Admirals Farragut and 
Porter, off Charleston, at Wilmington, &c., 
the gallant Baltimore sailor w-as repre- 
sented. 

The 4th, 7th and 39th U. S. Colored 
Troops, although recruited at Baltimore, 
were raised under the auspices of the 
United State authorities and not classified 
as jMaryland troops. They rendered very 
creditable service. 

Ihe official records show that the State 
of Maryland furnished 50,316 soldiers and 
3,925 sailors and marines to the armies and 
navies of the United States during the Civil 
War, and the records of the Confederate 
War Department show that upwards of 



20,000 Marylanders served in the Confed- 
erate armies. A very large percentage in. 
the L^nion and Confederate armies and the 
L^nion navy were Baltimoreans. 

The close of the Civil War in 1865 en- 
abled the Government to promptly dis- 
charge the armies. The Maryland com- 
mands gladly returned to their homes in-: 
Baltimore and Maryland amidst the plaud- 
its of their fellow-citizens. The survivors 
of the Maryland Brigade were welcomed 
home by the Governor of Maryland and 
^layor of Baltimore at Druid Hill Park. 

The passions, prejudices and hatreds of 
the greatest civil war in history are rapidly 
passing away, the cause of the war has been^ 
removed. The prowess of the sons of Bal- 
timore and Maryland, on land or sea, dur- 
ing the Civil War remains a glorious as 
well as a priceless heritage to posterity. 

Baltimore and Maryland can and ought 
to feel a just pride in the heroism and devo- 
tion to duty of all her sons without regard 
to the side on which they fought. Those of 
the survivors who are physically able and 
their children, many of whom are, at the 
date of this writing, in the ranks of Balti- 
more's splendid militia regiments, viz: the 
4th and 5th Regiments Infantry, Maryland 
National Guards, are ready and willing in 
the present and future to fight for the old' 
fiag and the honor of a common country. 

The military and naval history of Balti- 
more can be read with pride and pleasure 
by the present and future generations. It 
is a record of honor, patriotism and devo- 
tion to principles and duty. 



CHAPTER III. 



The Educational Institutions of Baltimore. 

J. H. Hollander, Ph. D., Johns Hopkins University. 



The most remarkaljle development of 
Baltimore in other than material and in- 
dustrial affairs within recent years has un- 
questionably been in the educational field. 
Without losing any of its distinctive char- 
acteristics, the city has become one of the 
great educational centres of the country, 
recognized as such in every quarter of the 
globe, and attracting large bodies of stu- 
dents from widely removed localities. The 
Johns Hopkins University has attained the 
front rank among higher institutions of 
learning almost within the years which sim- 
ilar institutions have devoted to mere tenta- 
tive efforts. The activity of the Woman's 
College has made the city an important 
centre for the collegiate instruction of 
women. In medicine, law, dentistry and 
pharmacy, local institutions afford ample 
facilities for study and research. Instruc- 
tion in primary, secondary, collegiate, nor- 
mal and technical studies is provided by a 
graded system of public schools and by a 
number of well-conducted preparatory 
schools. Public libraries, choice art collec- 
tions, musical opportunities, accessible lec- 
ture courses, the incidental features of uni- 
versity activity — supplement means of posi- 
tive instruction and combine to make Bal- 
timore of increasing attractiveness as a city 
of residence and of increasing influence 
upon American society. 

I'rnLic Schools. 

The ]niblic school system of Baltimore 
dates from 1827, in which year an ordinance 



creating a board of commissioners of pub- 
lic schools and investing them with power 
to establish schools was passed by the city 
council. Two years later the first school 
was opened. Instruction was at first ele- 
mentary in character, but as tlie system ex- 
panded and developed, secondary schools 
were added to the primary schools then in 
activity. The present system consists of 
primary, grammar and high schools, in- 
cluding the Baltimore City College, a Poly- 
technic Institute and a higher school for 
colored boys. Co-education does not en- 
ter into any part of the system. Separate 
schools are provided for colored children. 
The school buildings are distributed over 
the city and are for the most part modern, 
substantial structures of brick and stone. 
Instruction as well as text-books and sup- 
plies arc provided entirely free of cost to all 
residents of Baltimore. The administra- 
tion of the system is in the hands of an 
unpaid board of school commissioners, 
composed of nine members appointed by 
the Mayor for a term of six years. 

The Baltimore Polytechnic Institute was the 
first institution for manual training estab- 
lished in the United States as an integral 
part of any public school system. It is de- 
signed less for teaching the details of par- 
ticular handicrafts than for acquainting the 
pupil with the general principles of techni- 
cal activity. The institute is located in 
specially adapted quarters on Courtland 
street, with accommodations for five hun- 



ISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



dred students. The older building con- 
tains the workshops of the school. On the 
ground floor are the boiler-room, sheet 
metal and forge shops, with a steam blower 
and steam exhaust fan. The machine 
shops, pattern making shops and steam en- 
gineering shops take up the third floor, 
while the fourth is divided into two rooms, 
used as carpentry and wood-carving shops. 
The fifth floor of the new building is 
planned for a natatorium and a covered 
play and drill ground for the boys. A large 
hall on the second floor is conveniently fur- 
nished with opera chairs. On the third and 
fourth floors are the hat, office, cloak, library 
and recitation rooms and physical and 
chemical laboratories. The fifth story is 
divided into four large rooms, one each for 
freehand and mechanical drawing, model 
and exhibition. The hallway of this floor 
is used as an armory. 

The State Normal School, designed for the 
training of teachers of both sexes and sup- 
ported by State appropriations, is located 
on the northwest corner of Lafayette and 
Carrollton avenues. It occupies an at- 
tractive building of red brick with sand- 
stone trimmings, well arranged and equip- 
ped for educational purposes. Each county 
in the State is entitled to send two students 
for each representative in the General As- 
sembly. A limited number of other pupils 
are admitted on payment of fixed tuiton 
fees. 

University of Maryland. 

The genesis of the University of Mary- 
lantl is found in the charter granted by 
the General Assembly — 1807 — for the crea- 
tion of the College of Medicine of Mary- 
land. Five years later authority was con- 
ferred by the Legislature, in ap enlarged 



charter, for the addition of faculties of di- 
vinity, law and arts. Of these, the power 
relative to a faculty of divinity was never 
exercised. Two attempts were made to or- 
ganize a faculty of arts, but without endur- 
ing success. The faculty of law after a 
term of uncertain existence was revived 
and reorganized in 1869, and has since con- 
tinued in growing and successful activity. 
It occupies a building adjoining the medi- 
cal college on Lombard street. The depart- 
ment has seven professors and over one 
hundred students and the course of instruc- 
tion extends over three years. 

In point of continuous existence and of 
relative importance the faculty of medicine 
has thus far been the most noteworthy sec- 
tion of the L^niversity of Maryland. In age 
it is said to be the fifth medical school in 
the United States. 

The location of the university was deter- 
mined by the purchase in 181 1 of a plot of 
ground on the corner of Lombard and 
Greene streets. Necessary funds having 
Deen proviaed by a public lottery au- 
thorized by the Legislature, a building, sug- 
gested by the Pantheon at Rome, was 
erected. At the time of its erection, this 
structure formed one of the architectural 
features Oi the city and was probably the 
finest medical college building in the 
country. Renovated and altered in the in- 
terior, it stui remains the principal building 
of tne university. For many years a for- 
bidding wall enclosed tne site. This has 
recently been removed and pleasant, grass- 
covered slopes substituted. 

In 1823 the Baltimore Infirmary or "Llni- 
versity Hospital" was erected on the oppo- 
site corner, a site which it still occupies in 
much enlarged form. Connected with the 



M 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



university are a training school for nurses, 
a free lying-in hospital on Lombard street, 
. and a dental department organized in 1882. 
The influence of the University of Mary- 
land upon medical instruction in this coun- 
try has been important. The original mem- 
bers of the medical faculty and their suc- 
cessors "introduced hygiene and medical 
jurisprudence into their curriculum (1833); 
they endeavored to increase the opportuni- 
ties for instruction by voluntarily lengthen- 
ing their course to six months; they early 
taught auscultation and percussion (1841); 
they instituted lectures on pharmacy 
(1844); they gave a complete course on op- 
erative surgery (1845) and pathology 
(1847); they encouraged preparatory medi- 
cal schools ; they were either first or second 
to enforce dissection; they established com- 
pulsory courses in experimental physiology 
and microscopy (1854); they were among 
the first to introduce the study of specialties 
and first to make an independent chair of 
• diseases of women and children." 

Johns Hopkins University. 

In the central part of the city, conve- 
niently located and easily accessible, a 
group of substantial but unostentatious 
buildings house the activities of the Johns 
Hopkins University, the most important 
educational institution of Baltimore. The 
various academic buildings abut upon 
Howard, Eutaw, Monument and Little 
Ross streets and occupy the greater portion 
■of the block included within these streets. 

The Johns Plopkins University with its 
sister institution, the Johns Hopkins Hos- 
pital, owes its foundation to the large muni- 
ficence of the Pjaltimore merchant whose 
name it bears. A corporation was formed 
in 1867, (luring the life-time and at the 



request of the founder, and three vears 
later a board of trustees was formally 
organized. Upon the death of Johns Hop- 
kins on December 24, 1873, it appeared 
that the principal part of his fortune had 
been bequeathed in practically equal parts 
to the university and the hospital. Doc- 
tor Daniel C. Oilman was vested with the 
executive control of the institution in the 
spring of 1875, and in the autumn of 1876 
the work of instruction was formally in- 
augurated. 

The organization, method and scope of 
the university have been described by Pres- 
ident Oilman as follows: "The university 
is organized upon the principle that it is a 
body of teaciiers and scholars * * * In 
this society are recognized two important 
grades — the collegiate students who are as- 
pirants for the diploma of Bachelor of Arts 

and the university students, including 

the few who may be candidates for a higher 
diploma * * * and a large number who 
without any reference to a degree are 
simply continuing their studies for varying 
periods. Corresponding to the wants of 
these two classes of students, there are two 
methods of instruction — the rule of the col- 
lege, which provides discipline, drill, train- 
ing in appointed tasks for definite periods; 
and the rule of the university, the note of 
which is opportunity, freedom, encourage- 
ment and guidance in more difficult studies, 
inquiries and pursuits." 

In the twenty-one years of academic ac- 
tivity since the opening of the university, 
3,146 individuals have been enrolled as stu- 
dents. Of these 1,054 have came from Bal- 
timore; 1,299 from Maryland and ^,847 
from sixty-two other States and countries. 
( )f the aggregate student body, 1,919 have 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



55 



entered as graduates and 1,227 ^s under- 
graduates; 532 persons have received the 
degree of Bachelor of Arts; 436, that of 
Doctor of Philosophy; and 15 that of Doc- 
tor of Medicine. The enrollment in 1897 
was 520, of whom 344 were graduate 
students and 176 undergraduates. Of the 
graduate students, 134 vk^ere in attendance 
in the medical department. The academic 
staff numbered in the same year 109 
teachers. 

The buildings occupied by the university 
have been erected in succession to meet the 
growing needs of the institution. For 
many years it was believed that the Howard 
street site was merely temporary and that 
the university would be ultimately located 
at Clifton, the county seat of the founder. 
The superior convenience of urban location 
asserted itself, building after building has 
been constructed in the city, and now there 
is little probability of a change of site. 

At the corner of Howard and Little Ross 
streets stands the first university building 
occupied — the nucleus of the academic 
plant. It is now devoted to administrative 
purposes and contains the offices of the 
Johns Hopkins Press and of the Mary- 
land Geological Survey and United States 
Weather Bureau. Adjacent to it on the 
west is the geological laboratory. On 
the lower floor of this building is Hopkins 
Hall, the first general lecture hall of the 
university, now used as the principal chemi- 
cal lecture hall. Situated next to this build- 
ing on Little Ross street is the chemical 
laboratory opened in its present form in 
1883. It is a plain but substantial struc- 
ture of pressed brick covering an area of 
about fifty by one hundred feet, and con- 
taining three full stories and a basement. 
Well equipped laboratories for elementary 



and advanced work, lecture rooms and 
rooms for special chemical operations are 
contained within the building. 

At the southeast corner of Eutaw and 
Little Ross streets stands the biological 
laboratory, a well-lighted brick structure 
harmonizing in style and symmetry with 
the chemical laboratory. It is supplied 
with lecture rooms and laboratories anS is 
provided with the necessary equipment for 
practical biological work. 

The largest of the scientific laboratories 
is the physical laboratory, on Monument 
street. It is a fine structure of sand brick 
laid in black mortar and trimmed with sand- 
stone, with a broad flight of stone steps to 
a large vestibule, the opening of which is 
finely arched. In addition to ordinary 
laboratory facilities, the building is 
especially fitted for advanced research in 
physical and electrical science. Motive 
power is generated in an opposite building 
and conveyed to the engines in the base- 
ment of the laboratory. 

The humanities are centered in McCoy 
Hall, the largest and most prominent of 
the university buildings. Its name com- 
memorates the generosity of John W. Mc- 
Coy, of whose estate the university was the 
residuary legatee. The first floor contains a 
large and a small lecture room and a series 
of administration offices. The second and 
third floors are devoted to the libraries, 
class rooms, seminary rooms and pro- 
fessors' studies of the departments of an- 
cient and modern languages and of history, 
politics and economics. The general li- 
brary of the university is located on the 
fourth floor. 

At the northeast corner of Eutaw and 
Little Ross streets, and directly connected 



56 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



with McCoy Hall, stands Levering Hall, 
the home of the Johns Hopkins Y. M. C. 
A. It was given by Mr. Eugene Levering, 
and is the centre of much of the -social life 
of the university. The lower floor is de- 
voted to a pleasantly appointed library and 
reading room, a chapel room and a com- 
mittee room. The second floor contains the 
main hall of the building. 

A new gymnasium has been erected, fac- 
ing upon Garden street and extending east 
to Howard street. It contains in addition 
to the gymnasium proper, dressing rooms, 
baths, etc., a spacious "cage" for indoor 
practice of outdoor sports. 

The educational plant of the medical 
school is located in immediate proximity 
to the Johns Hopkins Hospital in East 
Baltimore. 

One of the most important scientific ac- 
tivities of the Johns Hopkins University 
and the agency through which its largest 
clientele is reached is the publication of sci- 
entific journals and monographs. For a 
term of years serials devoted to mathemat- 
ics, chemistry, philology, biology, history 
and assyriology have been published under 
the editorial guidance of members of the 
academic stafT and with the financial sup- 
port of the university. Special scientific 
monographs have been issued from time to 
time by the John Hopkins Press, and in 
the office of President Gilman is to be found 
a remarkable collection of many hundred 
volumes and brochures • representing the 
scientific contributions made to almost 
every department of learning by persons 
at some time or other connected with the 
university. 

The library of the university includes 
some 84,000 well-selected volumes, incor- 



porating certain valuable special collections 
such as the "McCoy library," rich in works 
relating to the history of art; the 
"Bluntschli library," in historical and po- 
litical science, and "the Dillman library," 
in Semitic philology and literature. The 
choice collections of the Peabody Institute, 
numbering 130,000 volumes, admirably 
supplement the university library and 
place a rich bibliographical apparatus at the 
disposition of the student and investigator. 

To the ordinary visitor one of the most 
interesting portions of the university is 
the department of History, Politics and 
Economics, occupying a series of seven 
rooms on the third floor of the McCoy Hall. 
The largest room contains the Bluntschli 
library and is used as a general seminary 
room. Here are preserved the Bluntschli 
MSS. and certain papers of his friend 
Lieber and Laboulaye. Adjoining are 
smaller rooms devoted to European history 
and politics. Across the corridor are a large 
department lecture room, the ofifice of the 
director of the department, and rooms de- 
voted to jurisprudence and to Southern his- 
tory. The end of the corridor is pleasantly 
fitted with chairs and carpet and serves for 
conversation and social intercourse in the 
intervals between formal academic appoint- 
ments. The walls of the several rooms are 
adorned with portraits and prints, and mu- 
seum cases contain interesting collections 
which at various times have been presented 
to the department. 

The recent years of the university have 
been characterized by anxiety regarding its 
financial position. The difificulties in which 
the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad has become 
involved, deprivethe university of an annual 

income of $150,000. enjoyed in the early 




.<SW'^^^-(^-ri.^ 




Tv^CS^^ 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAND. 



57 



years of the institution. Citizens of Balti- 
more and other persons interested in the 
progress of higher education have upon 
two successive occasions came forward and 
provided by generous subscriptions consid- 
erable "emergency funds" for the prosecu- 
tion of the university work. This support 
has made it possible for the university to 
continue its work ' without contraction. 
But, on the other hand, diminished re- 
sources have made impossible the expan- 
sion and development necessary to a great 
university. In a recent public statement 
President Oilman, referring to the shrink- 
age in income, said: "It is easy to see what 
might be done if such a sum could now be 
added to our income — how many improve- 
ments might be made, what enlarged op- 
portunities could be here afforded for the 
advancement of knowledge and the educa- 
tion of youth." It is earnestly to be hoped 
that the possibility thus suggested may be 
speedily realized, and the recent action of 
the State of Maryland in granting $100,000 
in aid of the university be supplemented 
by individual gifts. 

The Wo.max's College of Baltimore. 
An enduring memorial of the centennial 
anniversary of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church is the Woman's College of Balti- 
more. The institution was projected by the 
Baltimore Annual Conference at the ses- 
sion of 1884 held in Washington. Incor- 
poration was effected on January 26, 1885. 
Instruction was actually begun on Septem- 
ber 17, 1888. On April 3, 1890, a special 
act of the Maryland Legislature amended 
and enlarged the original charter and con- 
ferred upon the institution its present name. 
In September, 1890, the Girls' Latin School 



was organized for the purpose of preparing 
candidates for collegiate matriculation. 

The remarkable growth and expansion of 
the college since its foundation have largely 
been made possible by a series of generous 
gifts from persons interested in the col- 
legiate education of women. The most 
noteworthy contributions of this character 
have been made by Dr. John F. Goucher, 
the present executive head of the college; 
Mr. Henry Shirk, Sr., Mr. B. F. Bennett, 
Mr. Alcaeus Hooper, Mr. Francis A. Crook 
and Mr. William E. Hooper. The endow- 
ment and plant of the college are valued at 
the present time at about one and a quarter 
million dollars. 

The buildings of the college form a group 
of imposing structures in the northern sec- 
tion of the city, centering about the fine 
First Methodist Episcopal Church and its 
stately campanile of granite capped with 
dark red tiles, at the northwest corner of 
St. Paul and Twenty-second streets. Im- 
mediately adjoining the church and occupy- 
ing the remainder of the block is Goucher 
Hall, the most important building of the 
college. Directly opposite on the north 
side* of Twenty-third street is Bennett Hall, 
the college gymnasium. Immediately be- 
hind Bennett Hall and connected therewith 
is Bennett Hall Annex. The three "college 
homes" for resident students are situated 
in close proximity on Twenty-third street. 
At the northeast corner of St. Paul and 
Twenty-fourth street is the Girls' Latin 
School. Goucher Hall, Bennett Hall and 
Bennett Hall Annex are fine granite struc- 
tures of the Romanesque types. The 
"homes" are pleasing brick buildings. 

Goucher Hall has been named by request 
of the trustees of the college after its donor. 



58 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



President John F. Goucher. It is a massive 
granite building, four stories in heighth, of 
Romanesque architecture, one hundred and 
sixty-five feet long and ninety feet deep. 
It is arranged in three pavilions, which are 
connected by corridors. A large galleried 
hall open to the roof constitutes the middle 
pavilion, while those at either end are di- 
vided into lecture rooms. The administra- 
tion rooms are arranged upon each side of 
the connecting corridors. In the construc- 
tion of the building special attention has 
been paid to secure the best results in light- 
ing, heating and ventilation. 

Bennett Hall, the college gymnasium, and 
the gift of Mr. B. F. Bennett, is a massive 
granite structure, two stories in heighth, 
harmonizing with the group of buildings of 
which it forms a feature. It contains a 
swimming pool, a walking track, bowling 
alley, baths of various kinds, and is provided 
with a complete equipment for general and 
special gymnastic exercise. From the 
foundation of the college, the physical cul- 
ture of students has been made an import- 
ant feature of its activity. It has throughout 
been represented upon the faculty of the 
college, and every efifort is made by sys- 
tematic and carefully supervised exercises, 
both indoor and outdoor, to attain the end 
in view. 

Bennett Hall Annex is united Ijy an en- 
closed archway from the second floor with 
Bennett Hall, with which it harmonizes in 
architectural style. It was also the gift of 
Mr. Bennett, who presented it to the college 
in November, 1893. The upper floor is 
available for gymnastic exercise, while the 
lower floor is employed as a scientific labor- 
atory. 

The college homes are essentially alike 



and are designed to accommodate about 
seventy persons each. Each home is in 
charge of a matron and is devoted exclu- 
sively to the purpose of residence. The 
buildings are fitted throughout in hard- 
wood, are well heated and lighted, and are 
made conveniently accessible by elevator 
service. 

The primary purpose of the institution is 
the collegiate training of young women. 
The studies necessary for this degree are 
distributed over a four years' course, cul- 
minating in a baccalaureate degree, al- 
though under special circumstances stu- 
dents are permitted or encouraged to devote 
a longer or shorter period of time thereto. 
The entire collegiate course combines re- 
quired and elective studies in nearly equal 
proportion. This freedom is however sub- 
ject to important modification. The elec- 
tive studies must harmonize both with one 
another and with the required courses, and 
the required studies must ordinarily be 
taken at a definite stage of the course. 

Tlie tendency of the college has been de- 
s*.ribed by the dean of the faculty. Rev. 
John B. VanMeter, as follows: "This col- 
lege is denominational, planted, fostered, 
maintained and governed by the Metho- 
dist Episcopal Church. It is not, in any 
narrow sense, sectarian. It may be per- 
mitted to define a sectarian institution as 
one that seeks through educational influ- 
ences to determine the minds of its students 
in favor of the tenets or methods of some 
one religious organization. This is no part 
of the idea which lies at the foundation of 
this college. Its projectors recognized the 
obligations of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church to do its part in the general work 
of education, ami felt especially its responsi- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



59 



bility to provide ample educational facilities 
for the young women of its communion." 

St. Mary's Seminary of St. Sulpice. 
At the corner of Paca and St. Mary's 
streets, occupying a series of brick build- 
ings enclosed by a high wall, is located the 
oldest Roman Catholic theological semi- 
nary in the United States, St. Mary's Semi- 
nary of St. Sulpice. The history of the in- 
stitution is most interesting. To save his 
society from the destruction to all religious 
orders, threatened by the French Revolu- 
tion, the Rev. Andre Emery, Superior Gen- 
eral of the Society of St. Sulpice, conceived 
the idea of promoting the specific object of 
his order, the training of candidates for the 
priesthood, in the New World. He con- 
sulted in England, Rev. John Carroll, who 
had just been appointed in Baltimore to the 
first episcopal see in the United States. The 
newly consecrated bishop urged that a new 
home for the Sulpicians should be founded 
in Maryland, and in 1791 a little body of 
four Sulpicians and five seminarians crossed 
over from Paris and began their labors upon 
the very site now occupied by the institu- 
tion. 

The number of young men presenting 
themselves f^r theological training was at 
first limited. Accordingly the faculty en- 
larged the scope of their activity and 
founded St. Mary's College for the secular 
education of young men. At first the stu- 
dents were limited to Spaniards and French; 
but in 1803 this qualification was removed 
and the college was open to all young men, 
without distinction of birth or even religion. 
In January, 1805, St. Mary's College was 
raised to the rank of university by the Mary- 
land Legislature, and vested with power to 
admit its graduates to any of the degrees 



ordinarily conferred by European or Ameri- 
can higner institutions of learning. Acad- 
emic degrees were for the first time con- 
ferred in August, 1806. Thus auspiciously 
launched, the college continued for many 
years in successful activity, enjoying a dis- 
tinguished reputation in the educational 
world and exercising an important influence 
upon the community. Many of the figures 
most prominent in Maryland public life dur- 
ing the first half of the century received 
some part of their intellectual training from 
this institution. 

But the original purpose of the founda- 
tion was never forgotten and in 1852, much 
to the regret of a large element in the com- 
munit3% St. Alary's College and its work of 
secular education was discontinued. This 
action was nastened by the success attend- 
ing the operations of St. Charles College, 
an institution designed for preparatory 
clerical training, and founded on lands in 
Howard county donated by Charles Car- 
roll, of Carrollton, the venerable signer of 
the Declaration of Independence. It was 
also understood that the Jesuit fathers 
would speedily fill the vacant place. This 
was actually done by the foundation of 
Loyola College. Something of the educa- 
tional influence of St. Mary's College upon 
the city of Baltimore and the State of Mary- 
land will be realized when it is understood 
that among the graduates of the college 
during the half century of its activity were 
included William Howard, Charles H. Car- 
roll, Frederick Pinckney, John H. B. La- 
trobe, Ferdinand E. Chatard, Courtney 
Jenkins, S. Teackle Wallis, Clement C. Bid- 
die, Reverdy Johnson, Jr., Oden Bowie, A. 
Leo Knott, E. Edward Hambleton and 
many other distinguished citizens. 



60 



HISTORY OF Baltimore;, Maryland. 



New buildings were erected from time to 
time, and in 1877 the first part of the pres- 
ent series of structures was occupied. A 
corresponding influx of candidates made 
necessary in 1886 a division of the divinity 
course. Some years earlier the two depart- 
ments of philosophy and theology had been 
separated, and special lines of development 
marked out for each. At the present time 
the prosperity of St. Mary's Seminary is 
pronounced, and the number of students — 
about two hundred and fifty pursuing theo- 
logical and philosophical studies — is pri- 
marily limited by the accommodations of 
the buildings. 

After the separation of the college from 
the seminary the affairs of the latter institu- 
tion steadily grew in prosperity. The build- 
ings could be modified to meet the needs 
of students of theology and philosophy, and 
the seminarians were no longer diverted 
from their primary interests by academic 
duties. The number of priests in attendance 
in the fifty-eight years from 1791 to 1849 
was only one hundred and fourteen, while 
in the eleven years from 1850 to 1861 there 
were one hundred and twelve, belonging to 
twenty-six dioceses, and including many 
ecclesiastics since distinguished among the 
Catholic clergy in the United States. 

Within the past decade at least three 
events notable in the history of the Roman 
Catholic Church in the United States have 
been celebrated within the walls of St. 
Mary's Seminary. In tlie autunni of 1885 
the sessions of the Third Plenary Council 
were held there. In October, 1891, oc- 
curred the centenary of the founding of the 
college, and the anniversary was celebrated 
\\-ith imposing and prolonged ceremonies. 
A feature of the occasion was the reunion 



of graduates of the college and the forma- 
tion of an alumni association "to transmit 
to the future generations of students the 
sweet memories of the centenary." A third 
great occasion was the celebration of the 
silver episcopal jubilee of the most distin- 
guished alumnus of the college, his Emi- 
nence, Cardinal Gibbons. The institution 
also took appropriate part in the impressive 
ceremonies attending the centennial anni- 
versary of the Baltimore Metropolitan See 
and the inauguration of the Catholic Uni- 
versity of America in Washington on No- 
vember 10, 1889. 

Connected with St. Mary's Seminary is 
St. Joseph's Seminary for the education of 
colored priests. 

Medical Colleges. 

Perhaps no city in the United States af- 
fords superior opportunities for instruction 
in medicine and surgery than is provided 
by Baltimore. jMention has already been 
made of the medical departments of the 
Johns Hopkins University and of the Uni- 
versity of ^laryland. Other important in- 
stitutions offering medical instruction are 
described in the following paragraphs. 

The Medical and Chiriirgical Faeidty of 
Maryland is entitled to priority in this con- 
nection. It was incorporated in 1799 for 
the purpose of disseminating medical 
knowledge throughout the State, and is an 
examining rather than a teaching body. 
The home of the organization is on Hamil- 
ton Terrace, where its valuable library is 
preserved and where periodic meetings are 
held. 

The College of Physicians and Surgeons 
is an outgrowth of the Washington Med- 
ical College, formed in 1872 by a dissenting 



HISTORV OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



61 



element of the faculty of the latter institu- 
tion. The institution rapidly expanded and 
in 1877 it absorbed the older body. The 
college now occupies a well appointed struc- 
ture at the corner of Calvert and Saratoga 
streets. It has control over the Baltimore 
City Hospital, whose building adjoins its 
own, and over the Maryland Lying-in Asy- 
lum. It has also the privileges of Bay View 
Asylum, Children's Nursery and Hospital 
and other institutions. 

The Baltimore Medical College was organ- 
ized in 1881, and is thus the third oldest 
medical school in Baltimore. It occupies 
a line building at the corner of Linden ave- 
nue and Madison street, and controls the 
Maryland General Hospital, whose build- 
ings adjoin its own. 

The Baltimore Unii'ersity was founded in 
1S84 by former members of the Baltimore 
Medical College. Established originally as 
a medical school, the institution has since 
availed itself of the broad provisions of its 
charter and added dental, veterinary and 
law departments to the original medical 
school. The institution is located on Bond 
street. 

The Woman's Medical College was organ- 
ized in 1882 and is located at the corner of 
Hoffman and McCulloh streets. It was the 
first institution in Baltimore to afford thor- 
ough medical instruction to women, and in 
this respect may be regarded as the forerun- 
ner of the Johns Hopkins Medical School, 
where the two sexes are now received upon 
the same terms. 

The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery 
was chartered by the Legislature of Mary- 
land in 1839, and is thus the oldest dental 
college in the world. The site of the in- 

* Prepared by Dr. P. R. Uhler. 



stitution has changed with its growth, and 
is at present the southeast corner of Frank- 
ling and Eutaw streets, where a well equip- 
ped building is occupied. 

Mention should also be made of the 
Maryland College of Pharmacy, at the corner 
of Fayette and Asquith streets, and of the 
Southern Homoeopathic Medical College, on 
Saratoga near Charles street. 

Private Schools. 
An important part of the educational 
work of Baltimore is performed by institu- 
tions which may be conveniently described 
as private schools. Especially notable are 
Calvert Hall, occupying a fine building at 
the corner of Mulberry and Cathedral 
streets, and managed by the Brothers of 
Christian Schools, a fraternity of the Roman 
Catholic Church ; Bryn Mazi'r School, whose 
model building at the corner of Cathedral 
and Preston streets is the gift of ]\Iiss i\Iary 
Garrett; The Oliver Hibernian Free School, 
on North street, founded as a free school 
for poor children of Irish parentage; 
Academy of the Visitation, at the corner of 
Centre street and Park avenue; Loyola Col- 
lege, under the direction of the Jesuit Fath- 
ers, on Calvert and ]\Iadison streets. 

The Peabody Institute. '■' 
This great institution was endowed by 
George Peabody, an American banker, who 
at the time of its foundation resided in Lon- 
don, but who had made the first part of his 
great fortune in Baltimore between the 
years 1815 and 1836. A strong friendship 
for the people of this city led him to deter- 
mine that he would found an institution 
which would advance the intellectual and 
moral culture of the whole communitv. In 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



the year 1854, after consultation with friends 
in Baltimore as to the kind of institution 
which might best fulfill his purposes, he pro- 
ceeded to develop the scheme. With the 
aid of the Hon. John P. Kennedy and one 
or two other associates he matured a plan 
which he embodied in a letter, dated Feb- 
ruary 12, 1857, to twenty-five gentlemen of 
this city, whom he selected to be trustees to 
carry his designs into eflect. At the same 
time he placed a fund of $300,000 at their 
disposal, to be expended in securing a site, 
erecting a building and maintaining an edu- 
cational establishment of the highest order, 
which should include a library, a school of 
lectures, an academy of music, a gallery of 
art and a system of premiums to the high 
schools of the city. These gentlemen ac- 
cepted the trust in the sprit of the founder, 
and immediately proceeded to secure a piece 
of ground for a building. A site was se- 
lected on Mount Vernon Place, near the 
Washington Monument, and a massive 
white marble building, one hundred and 
fifty feet long by seventy-five feet wide, was 
begun in 1858, and the cornerstone laid on 
the sixteenth of April, 1859. This wing was 
finished and ready for use in the autumn of 
1861. 

In the meantime Mr. Peabody increased 
his gift to $500,000, and on the occasion of 
his visit to Baltimore in 1866 he raised the 
endowment to $1,000,000. To this princely 
sum, in 1869, he added Virginia and Ten- 
nessee bonds, which brought the fund to a 
total of $1,240,000. This west wing when 
completed was provided with a lecture hall, 
occupying the entire lower floor, and above 
it was placed a library apartment, one hun- 
dred feet long by forty feet wide, separated 
by a longitudinal partition from a large 



reading room and offices for public busi- 
ness. Before the building was finished the 
Rev. Dr. John G. Morris resigned his place 
in the board of trustees to take the position 
of librarian. The functions of this office he 
exercised with wonderful ability from i860 
to the summer of 1867, and he also assisted 
the committees in securing able lecturers 
and accomplished concert masters. 

During the first three years the collec- 
tions of books grew less rapidly than later, 
because of the high rates of exchange and 
the necessity of importing books from 
Europe. Only books of scholarly value 
were to be collected, and much time was 
spent in preparing printed lists of such as 
were suitable for a library of reference. 
From 1861 to the month of May, 1866, 
about 15,000 volumes had been collected, 
and their titles written on cards, were placed 
in drawers for the use of all persons who 
came to read in the library. As an appro- 
priation of $100,000 had been made for 
books and maps, large orders were sent to 
the three agents in Europe, and great num- 
bers of volumes were shipped to the insti- 
tute before the close of the year 1866. 

The library, which had been placed and 
arranged on the second floor of the west 
wing, was formally opened to the public on 
October 25, 1866, in the presence of the 
founder. On this occasion Mr. Peabody 
received the citizens of Baltimore at the in- 
stitute, and listened to an address written 
by the Hon. John P. Kennedy, which in his 
absence was delivered by Judge George W. 
Dobbin. To this Mr. Peabody replied in 
a sympathetic tone which deeply impressed 
the large audience that crowded the hall. 
The Governor of the State, Hon. Thomas 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



63 



Swaiin, was also present and spoke in honor 
of the occasion. 

The work of the institute was now in full 
Operation, the library was open to the pub- 
lic from nine until four o'clock daily ex- 
cept Sunday; courses of lectures were de- 
livered in the autumn and winter; public 
concerts of orchestral music were given in 
the large hall, and premiums of money and 
gold medals were annually conferred upon 
the most distinguished graduates of the city 
high schools. 

In the month of June, 1867, the Rev. Dr. 
Morris withdrew from his position in the 
institute, and the assistant librarian, Mr. P. 
R. Uhler, remained in charge of the library 
until the autumn, when Mr. Nathaniel H. 
Morison, the newly elected provost, entered 
upon his duties as chief executive officer of 
the institute. At this time the library had 
secured more than 22,000 bound volumes, 
and the written catalogue included about 
100,000 cards. Two years later a more 
complete organization of nearly all depart- 
ments of the institute had been developed 
and plans of management adopted which 
have mostly continued to the present time. 

Mr. Peabody placed the library first in 
his scheme of organization, and recognizing 
this fact the new provost directed his most 
earnest attention to the steady increase of 
the already valuable collection of books, un- 
til at the time of his death in November, 
i8go, the library contained 100,000 volumes. 
He also superintended the construction of 
the catalogue, directed the series of lectures, 
attended to the general interests of the con- 
servatory of music, and regulated the busi- 
ness of the institute in connection with the 
committee controlling the several depart- 
ments. 



In the month of April, 1875, a new wing 
of the building was begun, and every sttge 
of its construction studied and watched by 
the provost until its completion in July, 
1878. This new division extended the front 
to a width of nearly one hundred and sev- 
enty-five feet, and gave place for a library 
hall and work rooms capable of accommo- 
dating nearly 500,000 volumes, a reading 
room with space for seating one hundred 
persons, two large rooms on the second 
floor to hold statuary, and a basement di- 
vided into two fine lecture halls, with the 
accompanying smaller rooms and janitor's 
apartments. 

After the completion of the building the 
library, numbering 40,000 volumes, was re- 
moved to the new wing, and the old hall 
was fitted for and occupied by the gallery 
of paintings. Upon the death of Dr. Mori- 
son, the librarian. Dr. P. R. Uhler, was 
made provost of the institute. 

The institute building is now occupied by 
a library of costly scholarly books, number- 
ing about 130,000 volumes; a gallery of 
art, embracing the Garrett, Rinehart and 
McCoy statuary, and the collections of oil 
paintings, also left to the institute by Mr. 
McCoy. A large part of the west wing, 
above the lecture hall, is occupied by the 
conservatory of music, where the director, 
Mr. Asger Hamerick, assisted by six profes- 
sors, conducts the studies of advanced pu- 
pils, who after critical examination have 
been admitted to the privileges of the de- 
partment of music. In the large hall lec- 
tures and symphony concerts of the highest 
grade are given during the winter season, 
and in the smaller halls musical recitals and 
students' concerts are conducted through 
the scholastic term. Bv a recent decision 



64 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



of the trustees the library is kept open dur- 
ing all the fall and winter months from nine 
o'clock in the morning until 10.30 at night. 

This "university for the people" is now 
carrying tlie blessings of the higher educa- 
tion down to the every-day life of this com- 
munity, and touching all the outlying sec- 
tions of the neighborhood with the benedic- 
tions pronounced by Mr. Peabody. By its 
valuable library, including every depart- 
ment of human thought, and by the splen- 
did culture afiforded by its musical and ar- 
tistic opportunities, this institute is doing 
the benevolent work designed by its 
founder. 

.'\t the present time the lil:)rary numbers 
many volumes, distributed throughout al- 
most every branch of knowledge. Free to 
all, and as accessible as it can be readily 
made, it is meant to be the study of the 
student and the resort of the investigator. 

The gallery of art contains an extensive 
collection of antique casts, presented by the 
late John W. Garrett; a choice collection 
of paintings, largely the gift of the late John 
W. McCoy; some of the best works of Rine- 
hart, including Clytie, the masterpiece of 
the distinguished American sculptor. The 
gems of the gallery are a series of marbles 
and bronzes, the legacy of John W. McCoy, 
contained in the Clytie room. The gallery 
has recently received important accessions 
from the estate of the late Mr. Charles J. 
M. Eaton, of Baltimore. 

The Maryland Institute. 
The prospect of an institution in Balti- 
more for popular technical and scientific 
education seems to have been suggested by 
the Franklin Institute, organized in Phila- 
delphia in 1824. On January 10, 1826, the 



first Maryland Institute was incorporated 
by the State Legislature. Its purpose was 
the dissemination of scientific information 
by series of popular lectures, by periodic 
industrial exhibits and by similar agencies. 
Several exhibitions of American manufac- 
tures were held, and a permanent home for 
the institute was secured in the Athenaeum 
Building, on the corner of Lexington and 
St. Paul streets. Here were provided lec- 
ture and instruction rooms, laboratories and 
a library, and regular courses of instruction 
in science. The prosperity of the institute 
was brought to an a!:>rupt termination by the 
destruction of the Athenaeum by fire on 
February 7, 1835. The entire equipment 
of the institution was there destroyed, and, 
although the membership then included 
more than seven hundred persons, the 
catastrophe virtually destroyed the organi- 
zation. 

Twelve }'ears later the plan of the orig- 
inal institute was revived, and on Febru- 
ary 15, 1850, an act of incorporation was 
passed by the Maryland Legislature. Au- 
thority was secured a little later for the erec- 
tion of the present building on Marsh Mar- 
ket Space, and in 185 1 the first industrial 
exhibition in the new building, the fourth 
in all, was held. For a term of years such 
exhibitions were held annually, the last tak- 
ing place in 1878. Lecture courses were 
also given in the institute by many of the 
men most distinguished in American public 
life. The associations connected with the 
hall of the institute are noteworthy. 
"There, in 1851, a reception was given to 
Kossuth, and a year later both the Demo- 
cratic and the Whig national conventions 
met within its walls. In 1836 the old-line 
Whig convention indorsed Fillmore there. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



and there in 1857 the reception to George 
Peabody was held, and the body of Dr. 
Kane, the Arctic explorer, lay there in 
state. In i860 the first embassy from Japan 
to our country was received there, and 
there, too, met the bolting Democratic con- 
vention which nominated Breckenridge for 
the presidency." 

The present activity of the institute cen- 
tres in its "Schools of Art and Design," 
wherein systematic instruction, arranged in 
courses of from three to four years, is af- 
forded in drawing, painting, sketching and 
modeling. There are two departments of 
the schools, holding their sessions respec- 
tively in the day and at night, and it is esti- 
mated that since the inauguration of the 
work some seventeen thousand students 
have embraced these opportunities and re- 
ceived more or less continuous instruction 
in art. The night school is especially de- 
signed for affording technical instruction to 
-young men engaged or about to engage in 
activities wherein skill in drawing is of ad- 
vantage, and who by reason of other pur- 
suits are not able to attend the day school. 

A useful but less prominent feature of the 
institute's activity is a commercial school, 
designed for the instruction of young men 
and women in bookkeeping, penmanship 
and commercial arithmetic. The school 
term extends for six months from October 
1st, and both day and evening courses are 
offered. 

A circulating library containing twenty 
thousand volumes supplements the educa- 
tional worK of the institute. 

Enoch Pr.att Free Library. 
Like so many other of the important edu- 
cational and philanthropic agencies of Bal- 



more, the Enoch Pratt Free Library owes 
its existence to individual generosity. 
Enoch Pratt, a native of North Middlebor- 
ough, Mass., became a resident of Baltimore 
in 1 83 1. By industry and integrity he 
amassed a large fortune, a considerable part 
of which he determined to devote during his 
lifetime to founding an important educa- 
tional agency. In 1882 he presented a plan 
to the Mayor and City Council of Balti- 
more for the establishment of a circulating 
library for the benefit of all residents of Bal- 
timore. He proposed to erect a large, prop- 
erly equipped central building to contain 
the main collection of books and in addi- 
tion a number of branch libraries, with 
smaller collections, in various parts of the 
city. As an endowment for the library Mr. 
Pratt proposed to give to the city the sum 
of eight hundred and thirty-three thousand, 
three hundred and thirty-three and one- 
third dollars, provided the city would create 
in return a perpetual annuity of fifty thou- 
sand dollars for the support and main- 
tenance of the library, payable to a board 
of trustees, selected in the first instance by 
Mr. Pratt, and vested with powers of self- 
perpetuation. The proposition was ac- 
cepted by the city and the institution was 
promptly established. 

The central building is located on Mul- 
berry near Cathedral streets, and has a 
frontage of eighty-two feet, with a depth of 
one hundred and forty-two feet. It is a fine 
white marble structure of the old Roman- 
esque style, with characteristic semi-circu- 
lar forms, relief mouldings, enriched by 
carvings and embellishments. The book 
stacks, with a capacity of about two hun- 
dred thousand volumes, are on the lower 

floor, where are also the rooms for the de- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



livery and return of books. The second 
floor is devoted to a large, well-lighted read- 
ing room, and to the librarian's and admin- 
istration offices. The branch libraries are 
attractive brick structures one story in 
height and forty by seventy feet in dimen- 
sions, with reading rooms, and a capacity 
for about twenty thousand volumes each; 
there are now five of these branch libraries 
in operation, located as follows: No. i, cor- 
ner of Fremont and Pitcher streets; No. 2, 
corner of Hollins and Calhoun streets; No. 

3, corner of Light and Gittings streets; No. 

4, corner of Canton and O'Donnell streets; 
No. 5, corner of Broadway and Miller 
streets. 

The central building was completed and 
turned over to the trustees in 1884. Dr. 
Lewis H. bteiner was selected librarian and 
the prospective work of the institution was 
organized under his administration. The 
library was opened to the public in January, 
1886, and has since that time continued its 
work without interruption and with increas- 
ing usefulness. Dr. Steiner died in 1892 
and was succeeded by his son, Bernard C. 
Steiner, Ph. D., the present librarian. 

The founder of the library in his letters 
to the board of trustees expressed the wish 
that its facilities should be "for all, rich and 
poor, without distinction of race or color, 
who, when properly accredited, can take 
out the books, if they will handle them care- 
fully and return them." This has been the 
policy pursued in the organization of the 
library. Any resident of Baltimore above 
the age of fourteen years, upon registering 
and furnishing a guarantee, can secure 
books, while temporary sojourners can en- 
joy the same privilege upon making a small 
cautionary deposit. 



Other Libraries. 
In addition to the great collections al- 
ready described, a number of special and 
important libraries are located in Baltimore 
easily accessible to the special classes of 
readers for whom they are designed. The 
Whittinghmn Memorial Library contains 
about twenty thousand volumes, be- 
queathed by the late Bishop Whittingham 
to the Maryland Diocese of the Protestant 
Episcopal Church, and is especially rich in 
theological works; the Bar Library, col- 
lected and maintained by members of the 
Baltimore Bar : the Nczv Mercantile Library 
has a delightful home on Charles near Sara- 
toga streets, with over twenty thousand 
volumes and a subscription membership 
The Independent Order of Odd Fellows has 
a collection of more than twenty thousand 
volumes accessible to members of the order. 
It has been estimated that within a radius 
of a half mile from Washington Monument 
there are a half million of books accessible 
to the reader and student. 

Maryland Historical Society. 

In 1844 the- Maryland Historical Society 
was organized for the purpose of collecting 
and preserving materials relating to the his- 
tory of i^Iaryland, and of encouraging re- 
search into the history of the State, as well 
as diffusing the results of such investigation. 
The society now possesses a valuable library 
of some thirty thousand volumes, particu- 
larly rich in materials relating to Ameri- 
can and to local history ; an interesting gal- 
lery of paintings and portraits, and a unique 
collection of historical relics. 

By act of the State Legislature the society 
has been made the custodian of the ^lary- 
land Archives, from the colonial period 



HISTORY Of BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



down to the peace with Great Britain in 
1783. Moderate appropriations have been 
made for a term of years by the General 
Assembly for the publication of these rec- 
ords, and a series of quarto volumes have 
already been issued under scholarly editor- 
ship. A fund of money left by George Pea- 
body provides an income, out of which the 
society has published a number of valuable 
historical contributions. 

The society owns and occupies the 
Athenaeum Building, at the corner of St. 
Paul and Saratoga streets. The first floor 
contains the library and reading room and 
a vault where are stored the archives and 
records in the custody of the society. Three 
connecting galleries on the floor above con- 
tain the art collections of the society. 

Walters Art Gallery. 

A competent critic has expressed the 
opinion that there is no collection in Amer- 
ica that equals in importance and interest 
the art collections made by the late William 
T. Walters, and now the property of his son, 
Mr. Henry Walters. The same critic has 
indeed added that few collections, public 
or private, in Europe surpass it in its 
high standard of excellence or in the variety 
of the schools represented. The collection 
is housed in IMr. Walters' residence on Mt. 
\'ernon Place, and has for a term of years 
been open to the public on certain days in 
February, March and April. A nominal 
admission fee is charged, of which the pro- 
ceeds are devoted to a local charity. An 
excellent account of the gallery and its 
treasures appeared in the "New York 
Tribune" of February 7, 1884, from which 
the following paragraphs are derived. 

The large parlors of the mansion contain 



bronzes, cases of rare old silver, and groups 
of Royal Worcester, Dresden and Sevres 
which elsewhere would be counted note- 
worthy. There is a dainty chamber fitted 
up in blue, with furniture and wall hangings 
of the time of Marie Antoinette. There is 
another furnished in the old Dutch style, 
with a richly-carved cabinet, a delightful 
writing desk, with brass mountings. An- 
other upper room contains bronzes and 
water colors by Barye, who was among 
French artists in bronze what Rosa Bon- 
heur is among painters. Rare French vases 
and bronzes catch the eye in the panelled 
dining-room. 

The first gallery at the rear of the house 
is lined and nearly filled with cases of porce- 
lains. On the walls hang tapestries with 
colors as soft as those of the Persian rugs 
upon the floor. In the centre, upon a stand 
of teak wood and brass, is a bronze some 
eight feet high, with dragons writhing upon 
its sides toward the figure of a daimio on 
top. The slight ebony framework of these 
great cases presents no interference with the 
splendid effect of the porcelains within. 
Here are vases fashioned under the famous 
:\Iing dynasty, 1368-1649; others of the 
early eighteenth century, showing in their 
decorations the effect of European influ- 
ences; here is a stately array of blue and 
white ware, with the so-called hawthorn, 
really plum-blossom, decoration, and near 
by is a little vase, perhaps rarest of all to 
connoisseurs, with white panels relieved by 
black, upon which the hawthorn pattern 
reappears. I have no time now to dwell 
upon the solid colors, the bullock's blood, 
Chinese white, turquoise, mustard yellow, 
sage green and tea color, or upon the hun- 
dred and fifty examples of egg-shell porce- 



68 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



lain. There are more than 1.400 specimens 
of the Chinese ceramic art. 

Japanese as well as Chinese art finds a 
place in this gallery. There is a case of 
genuine Satsuma, whose creamy yellow and 
pale chocolate hues and delicate crackle are 
known to most people only through imita- 
tions. There are 400 Japanese porcelains 
and potteries, and the whole ceramic display 
illustrates the history of the art for over 
eight hundred years. Nothing now can be 
said of the drawers fdled with Chinese 
fiacons and Japanese sword guards, pipes 
and 150 swords, "the jewelry of Japan." 

In a covered bridge extending over an al- 
ley from this first room to the picture gal- 
lery are scores of bronzes, including several 
by Saymin and Gorosa, among which is a 
little group of the most exquisite porce- 
lains in the collection, examples of the bul- 
lock's blood, peach-blow and coral splashes. 
In the picture gallery are four large cases 
containing royal laccjuers, and rows of 
drawers filled with Netsukes, ivory carvings 
and Inros. 

The 150 oil paintings represent a simi- 
larly intelligent and catholic process of se- 
lection. The collector. I judge, has had it 
in mind to illustrate the art history of the 
century l:)y examples of men whose influ- 
ence has been most strongly felt. In 
French art expressions of the religious sen- 
timent of Ary Schefifer and the fiery spirit 
of Horace Vernet are followed by examples 
of Delacroix and Delaroche. and these by 
examples of Jalabert and Yvon: four works 
by Gerome, including the "Diogenes" and 
"Christian Martyrs;" five by Millet, four by 
Rousseau, three by Corot, three by Fromen- 
tin, four by Daubigny, three by Dupre and 
a Trovon. 



One group of four landscapes, which in- 
cludes Rousseau's magnificent "Winter 
Solitude," is the artistic center of the col- 
lection. Couture, Decamps, Gleyre, Isabey, 
aint Jean, Plassan, with Meissonier, Her- 
bert, Schreyer, De Neuville, Detaille, 
Jacque, \'an Marcke and Ziem — these 
names may serve to indicate the extent to 
which French art is represented. 

Fortuny, Jiminez and Rico illustrate the 
Franco-Spanish school; Baron Leys' 
"Edict of Charles V." speaks for modern 
Belgian art ; the Achenbachs, Preyer, Vau- 
tier and Hiddeman represent Dusseldorf; 
Gallait and Clays, Brussels; Prof. Muller, 
\'ienna; Carl Becker and Knaus, Berlin, 
]\lillais, Alma Tadema and Boughton, Eng- 
land ; and America is represented by Gilbert 
Stuart, A. B. Durand, C. L. Elliott, George 
A. Baker, F. E. Church, Eastman Johnson 
and H. Bolton Jones. Necessarily in so 
small a collection the representation is little 
more than an incomplete expression of the 
collector's purpose. Among other pictures 
Millet's original design in black and white 
for the "Angelus" easily stands first in point 
of interest. 

The water color room opening from the 
first gallery contains water colors by Alma 
Tadema, Green, Fortuny, Meissonier, a 
drawing in India ink by Rousseau, and an- 
other in ink and pastel, together with stat- 
ues by Rinehart and Palmer. 

Maryland Academy of Sciences. 

This organization was formed in 1863 for 
the study and collection of specimens relat- 
ing to the fauna and flora and natural his- 
tory of Maryland. Large and valuable col- 
lections were made during the early period 
of the academy's history. In 1883 the build- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



ing occupied by the society, on Mulberry 
near Cathedral streets, was condemned in 
order to extend Cathedral street, and the 
specimens of the academy were removed to 
the Atlienaeum building. Interest in the 
work of the academy languished and its nat- 
ural history collections were turned over 
to the Johns Hopkins University. Soon 
thereafter Mr. Enoch Pratt purchased and 
presented to the academy the old building 
of the Maryland Club, corner of Cathedral 
and Franklin streets. New life was infused 
into the organization by this welcome gift, 
and its subsequent activity has been unin- 
terrupted. 

Charcoal Club. 
An important factor in the artistic de- 
velopment of Baltimore within recent years 
has been the activity of the Charcoal Club. 
This organization was formed for the pur- 
pose of afTording a common meeting- 
ground for local artists and laymen inter- 
ested in art. Starting from a small begin- 
ning, it has now comfortable headquarters 
at the northwest corner of Howard and 
Franklin streets. Here an admirable art 
school is conducted under efificient instruc- 



tion. The Charcoal Club has done much 
to educate local art appreciation. Its at- 
mosphere is rationally Bohemian and serves 
to unite the art lover and the artist in asso- 
ciation as profitable as it is enjoyable. 
Decor.ative Art Society. 

The purpose of this organization is to 
encourage the practice of decorative art (i) 
by ofTering instruction in the proper prin- 
ciples of art to persons desirous of fitting 
themselves for self-support by such work, 
and (2) by affording opportunities for the 
sale of finisl.ed work. Classes in various 
branches of decorative art are maintained. 
Articles, if up to a required standard of ar- 
tistic merit, are received and ofifered for sale, 
the society retaining ten per cent, of the 
proceeds. In addition the society receives 
orders for special work of any kind, and af- 
fords constant employment to a number of 
persons. An inviting display of artistic 
handiwork can always be seen at the rooms 
of the society, 315 North Charles street. 

The Woman's Industrial Exchange, 
North Charles street, affords similar oppor- 
tunities for the sale of domestic handiwork. 



CHAPTER IV. 



The Political History of Baltimore — Gathered from Various 
Sources and Extracted from Speeches of the Interpre- 
ters OF Campaign Issues. 

By William M. Marine. 



Introduction. 

There is not so much as a skeleton of the 
political history of Baltimore City in exist- 
ence. This effort is to fill the vacuum. 

The narrative has been arranjjed into 
convenient divisions of five chapters, synop- 
sis of the substance of each chapter preced- 
ing them. 

Chapter one deals with "fragments of 
early history, including a few editors in poli- 
tics." Chapter two, "events from 1835 to 
1859, or a preface to the debate of arms." 
Chapter three, "events from i860 to 1866, 
or the war and its trail." Chai^er four, 
events from 1864 to 1874, "a period of 
Democratic supremacy." Chapter five, 
"events from 1875 to 1895, or reformers and 
Republicans in alliance defeat the Demo- 
cratic party." At this point the history 
terminates. 

The happenings of a few years of Balti- 
more town are added. Those events seemed 
so clearly related to the main subject as not 
to warrant their omission. 

In the early period of Baltimore there 
was not printed any accounts of its stump 
oratory. In the forties and fifties fragmen- 
tary reports of speeches were occasionally 
found. After i860 satisfactory reports were 
numerous. Whenever speeches existed 



suitable for this purpose extracts were taken 
from them, to present the issues of the sev- 
eral campaigns to which they referred. 

Chapter I. 
FragiHciits of Early History. A Fczv Ed- 
itors in Politics. 

Baltimore town was a thoroughly inde- 
pendent place; it was "the home of the 
brave," whose daring was audacious, and 
on its feet roaming broad circuits at will. 
Baltimore City is strikingly like its parent, 
and in its infancy learned how to fire a can- 
non and sail a privateer. 

The aggressive spirit of certain lawless 
elements of Baltimore society has some 
times regarded an election as a day of bat- 
tle : accordingly the contending parties have 
usually been so managed by their manipu- 
lators as to prevent elections at such times 
from being tame affairs. 

1776. 
In this memorable year the Constitution 
of Maryland provided that freemen above 
twenty-one years of age, who were owners 
of fifty acres of land, where they resided or 
offered to vote, and all freemen having 
property in the State worth thirty pounds 
current monev who have been residents in 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



the county where offering to vote, one year 
next preceding the election shall have a 
right of suffrage in the election of delegates 
to the Legislature. 

A property qualification was necessary to 
vote until 1802, when it was abolished. 
Previously to 1802, persons of color who 
were free had enjoyed the right of fran- 
chise when possessing the necessary prop- 
erty qualifications. That privilege under 
the law of 1802 was denied them and a re- 
turn to viva voce voting re-established. 

At an election held in Baltimore, in 1776, 
within its limits, four hundred and seventy- 
two votes were polled. Including "Fell's 
Point," there was a population of six thou- 
sand seven hundred and fifty-five people. 

So important an event as the public read- 
ing of the Declaration of Independence at 
the court house door must not be omitted. 
The audience was immense and the public 
acclaim generous and enthusiastic. King 
George the Third was carted in efifigy 
through the town and burned. The sheriff 
having refused to read the "Declaration,"' 
was compelled to leave town, a proceed- 
ing which threatened to incite a riot and 
serve the sheriff with a coat of tar and 
feathers. 

Prior to 1776, Baltimore was without in- 
dependent recognition in the election of 
delegates to the Legislature. At that time 
the power was conferred on it to elect two 
representatives to that body. At the close 
of the Revolution the struggle between the 
Federalist party and their opponents for su- 
premacy at once began. The people of 
Baltimore, however, showed intense feeling 
as to their political representation in the 
Legislature, and it had its birth with the 
•commencement of parties inside its borders. 



October 6th, the election for delegates to 
the General Assembly begun as provided 
by statute and continued under its pro- 
visions. It was not until 7.30 o'clock of the 
evening of the loth that the polls were 
closed. 

The Federal candidates were James Mc- 
Ilenry and John Coulter. The candidates 
of the anti-Federalists were Samuel Chase 
(a signer of the Declaration of Independ- 
ence) and David McMeahen. The vote 
stood: AIcHenry, 635; Coulter, 622; Chase, 
502, and McMeahen, 494. The following 
account of how that election was conducted 
has survived. On the first day, McHenry's 
and Coulter's partisans had a large parade. 
In their procession was a ship and a pilot 
boat. Drums were beating, fifes playing 
and colors flying. A large body of citizens 
were in line, some of them the most respect- 
able people in the city, and there was also in 
the procession a large percentage of persons 
who were not entitled to vote. They kept 
in line with those who were, and took pos- 
session of the voting place and blockaded 
it throughout the first day. The casting of 
ballots, the highest exercise of a freeman's 
will, was for that day at their pleasure. 

On the second day of the election the 
adherents of Chase and McMeahen, think- 
ing there were advantages to be gained in 
holding the window, took possession of it. 
They must have been correct in their sur- 
mises after they had held it long enough 
to learn the value of it. The McHenry and 
Coulter forces considered they had best re- 
take the window, so they manoeuvred the 
Chase and McMeahen contingent to the 
rear and stationed themselves well up to the 
front. 



72 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Such proceedings on the part of our 
fathers in the good old times long ago dis- 
gusted some of their more sober and sedate 
fellow-citizens, who, hearing of what was in 
progress, declined to go to the polls. 
Others who made the attempt were not suc- 
cessful in reaching there. The town was 
served with hand-bills every evening, in 
which threats were made to publish the 
names of the respectable participants in the 
election outrages; it was a mild way of ap- 
pealing to them to behave or take the con- 
sequences. 

1789-1790. 

The first constitutional election for mem- 
bers of Congress and for Presidential elect- 
ors was held in January. The total vote 
cast in Baltimore was 1,200; the Federalist 
ticket was successful. 

The Maryland Journal of January 13th, 
said: "Long has been the struggles be- 
tween the Federal and anti-Federals in this 
town, and every artifice and exertion has 
been used by the latter to unfetter them- 
selves from the disgraceful, just and self- 
acquired name of anti-Federalists. They 
disclaimed the title but they would not aban- 
don the detested principles. This town has 
been truly distinguished, and we hope, 
known and honored through America as 
truly Federal. The election for representa- 
tives to Congress and electors of President 
and Vice-President was finally to establish 
the political character of the citizens of 
Baltimore, and therefore both parties ex- 
erted their utmost power to maintain the 
character they set up. A very respectable 
committee of this place address.;d the Fed- 
eralists and called upon them U- sup[)ort 
the Federacy ticket in which William Smith, 
Esq., of this town, a genuine Federalist, a 



merchant of the first reputation, of an inde- 
pendent fortune and considerable family 
connections, was named for this district 
against whom the anti-Federalists ap- 
pointed Mr. Samuel Sterrett, a young gen- 
tleman with fair character and reputable 
connections. The contest lasted four days 
(almost the whole time allowed by law) and 
the Federals were crowned with success, 
j\Ir. Smith having at the close of the polls a 
majority of seven votes. Thus our beloved 
Constitution was triumphant over its base 
enemies and the triumph of Federalism 
drowned the dying cries of the anti-Fed- 
eralists of this town. The Federalists have 
used their victory with temperance and 
moderation. 

" Now all our factions, all our wars shall cease 
And Federals rule our happy land in peace." 

Mr. Smith had a fewer number of votes 
than his associates on the ticket. Of the 
anti-Federalists Mr. Sterrett had the largest 
number of votes. In Baltimore county, Mr. 
Sterrett polled five times as many votes as 
Mr. Smith, consequent upon the county al- 
ways going anti-Federal and Sterrett being 
influentially connected; besides, reports 
were spread prejudicial to Mr. Smith's char- 
acter for the purpose of rendering him un- 
popular. 

It was charged that three hundred and 
eighty aliens were naturalized in Baltimore 
in October by Judge Hanson while the 
election was progressing; fifty of them of- 
fered to vote for Smith, and twenty-two for 
Mr. Sttrrett. The judges of election re- 
fused to receive their votes, declaring it to 
be their opinion that a foreigner naturalized 
.nccording to act of Assembly for naturaliza- 
tion, passed July session, 1779. was not en- 
titled to vote, unless such foreigner resided 



^»^^ 1^' 





HISTORY OF BAI.TIMORE, MARYLAND. 



73 



in Baltimore Town one year after such 
naturalization, although such foreigner had 
lived in Baltimore Town one year preceding 
the day of holding the election and was oth- 
erwise qualified to vote. The judges held 
that the foreigner coming into the State to 
settle was immaterial and they would not 
take his oath to that efifect. 

In Ottober of this year James JMcHenry 
and Samuel Sterrett were elected to the 
General Assembly from Baltimore Town 
without opposition. At the same time three 
persons were chosen comptrollers and four 
delegates to the General Assembly were 
elected from Baltimore county. Under the 
Constitution of the United States, Mary- 
land originally sent si.x members to Con- 
gress from separate districts into which the 
State was divided. The entire vote of the 
State was necessary to the election of each 
of them. In 1789, Baltimore Town cast a 
small vote, nearly equally divided between 
the two sets of candidates. That result 
called attention to the method of election 
which was emphasized afterwards when the 
town became dissatisfied with the records 
made by tive of the delegation. Previous 
to holding the election for their successors, 
in 1790, the dissatisfied citizens held a cau- 
cus and nominated for Congress Philip 
Key, Joseph Seney, William Pinkney, Sam- 
uel Sterrett, William Vans Murray and Up- 
ton Sheredine. The counties were agitated 
over such a procedure and called a conven- 
tion and designated Baltimore as its place 
of meeting to nominate other candidates. 
The convention was held on the 23rd of 
September, 1790, Michael Jenifer Stone, 
Benjamin Contee, George Gale and Daniel 
Carroll were re-nominated and James 
Tilghman, of James, and Samuel Sterrett 



nominated. The presiding ofificer of the 
convention was Gen. William Smallwood, a 
soldier of courage and success in the Revo- 
lution. 

Baltimore. undaiMited, went into the con- 
flict with colors flying and drums beating. 
At the election which followed she gave her 
nominees each three thousand votes. Six 
votes was the highest any one of the county 
convention candidates received. The vote 
in the counties was divided between the two 
tickets ; in consequence the Baltimore ticket 
was successful by an immense majority. 
That act was not to be repeated; at the en- 
suing session of the Legislature in 1790 a 
change was made in the method of electing 
members of Congress and the district sys- 
tem was inaugurated. 

1792. 
The Maryland Journal of October 12th, 
assailed the city fathers because "of lack of 
watchmen and lights." It was a serious 
shortcoming, reflecting " on a place rapidly 
developing in wealth" and prosperity. 
There was too much politics at the root of 
the evil as is shown by this concluding para- 
graph: "The heat and battle of election 
having at length subsided, and two gentle- 
men having been chosen to watch over the 
interests of the town," it is presumed there- 
after tlie lamps were lighted and the watch- 
men on their beats. 

1796. 
When James CaUwini administered the 
ordinances as Alayor under the charter of 
the City of Baltimore passed by the Legis- 
lature of Maryland the 31st day of Septem- 
ber, 1796, and amended the following year 
so as to make it perpetual, he had no splen- 
did quarters richly fitted up to cause him 



74 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



to be envied in the enjoyment of power. 
He had been one of the elected town com- 
mittee, under a recommendatory resohition 
that passed Congress, and in 1776 he was 
designated to be one of a committee author- 
ized by Congress to sign bills of credit or 
money, and he was also at that time a jus- 
tice of the peace, familiar with ordinary pro- 
cess and having had considerable experi- 
ence in affairs, he was selected to head the 
long line of Mayors without regard to who 
shall end them. 

The Mayors of Baltimore have been: 

James Calhoun 1791 

Thoregood Smith, 1804 

hdward Johnson, 1808 

George Stiles, 1816 

Edward Johnson 1819 

John Montgomery, 1820 

Edward Johnson, 1823 

Jacob Small, 1826 

William Stewart, 1831 

Jesse Hunt, 1832 

Samuel Smith 1835 

Samuel Smith 1837 

Sheppard C. Leakin, 1838 

Samuel Brady, 1840 

Solomon Hi lien, Jr., 1842 

James O. Law, 1843 

Jacob G. Davies 1844 

Elijah Stansbury, 1848 

J. H. T. Jerome, 1850 

J. Smith Hollins, 1852 

Samuel Hinks 1854 

Thomas Swann, 1856 

George W. Brown, i860 

Jolni L. Chapman 1861 

John L. Chapman, 1862 

Robert T. Banks, 1867 

Joshua Vansant, 1871 

F. C. Latrobe 1875 



George P. Kane, 1877 

F. C. Latrobe, 1878 

F. C. Latrobe, 1879 

Wm. P. Whyte, 

F. C. Latrobe 

James Hodges, 

F. C. Latrobe, 

Robert C. Davidson, 

F. C. Latrobe, 

F. C. Latrobe 1893 

Alcacus Hooper 1895 

William T. Malster, 1897 

The town over which Mr. Calhoun pre- 
sided had one hundred and thirty-one 
streets, lanes and alleys. Baltimore street 
was three-quarters of a mile in extent. The 
dense part of the city was in the area be- 
tween Howard street and the Falls. There 
were eleven churches, thirty-five hundred 
houses, one hundred and seventy ware- 
hL jses and other buildings mostly of brick. 
The principal articles of trade and mer- 
chandise were sugar, rum, tobacco, snuff, 
cordage paper, wool, cotton cards, nails, 
saddles, boots and shoes, and there were 
mills, factories and forges. The inhabi- 
tants numbered eighteen thousand, ani- 
mated by those aims and purposes that de- 
velop and expand cities and communities. 

1797. 
Among Mayor Calhoun's early acts was 
to write George Washington a letter of 
congratulation on his return through Bal- 
timore to hio home at Mount Vernon at 
the expiriition of his second term as Presi- 
dent. General Washington closed his short 
reply by saying: "Let me reciprocate most 
cordially all the good wishes you have been 
pleased to extend to me and my family, for 
our temporal and eternal happiness." 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



75 



1798. 
Commenting on the congressional elec- 
tion canvass of this year, the New York 
Daily Advertiser said: "The election in 
Baltimore for members of Congress which 
takes place this week is very warmly con- 
tested. Mr. Winchester and General Smith 
are the rival candidates. For several weeks 
the papers of that town have been almost 
exclusively devoted to the canvassing the 
respective merits of these gentlemen. Party 
spirit ran high. No means are left imem- 
ployed by either side to secure its object. 
The public conduct and private walks of 
the two candidates have been scrutinized 
with the closest and keenest eyes. Deposi- 
tions are brought forward, conversations 
are related and the most sacred secrets are 
unfolded to general view. Nor have their 
exertions of zeal rested here; to rouse their 
partisans, entertainments have been given, 
toasts drunk and processions formed. Some 
houses have been threatened and one or 
two actually assaulted to work up the pas- 
sions of the multitude to the highest pitch. 
The adheients of the respective champions 
have resolved to distinguish themselves by 
different badges on the day of election." 

The Federal Gazette, reviewing the fore- 
going, addea: "Unfortunately heated as 
the minds of the people were after election, 
and as they ever will be in large cities where 
votes are taken viva voce," what occurred 
was not remarkable, "but one house was 
assaulted" and "the contest terminated 
more peaceably than could have been ex- 
pected.' 

The first anti-slavery society formed in 
Maryland was in Baltimore Septem- 
ber 8th. It was known as "The Maryland 
Societv for Promoting the Abolition of 



Slavery ana the Relief of Free Negroes and 
Others Unlawfully Held in Bondage." This 
society was the fourth of its kind in the 
world, succeeding those formed in Phila- 
delphia, New York, London and Paris. 

To punish disorderly elections the Legis- 
lature this year divided Baltimore City into 
voting districts and in 1801 the use of bal- 
lots were required at elections. 

1800. 

After the census of 1800, Baltimore City 
and county constituted the 5th Congres- 
sional District of the State. Gen. Smith, 
of the city, and Col. Nicholas A. Moore 
were elected to Congress. The General 
subsequently was elevated to the United 
States Senate and William McCrury took 
his place in Congress. 

October 6th, two members of the General 
Assembly were elected; the members of the 
First Branch of the City Council and the 
electors to choose a Mayor. 

On November 3rd, the electors charged 
with the election of a Mayor assembled for 
that purpose. The charter required that the 
wards when electing members of the First 
Branch should, viva voce, elect one person 
as elector cf the Mayor and of members 
of the Second Branch. James Calhoun 
was re-elected Mayor for a term of two 
years. 

November loth. G. Duval received 1,497 
votes for Presidential elector and J. T. 
Chase 439. The State was equally divided 
on the Presidency between the Federals and 
anti-Federalists. 

1801. 
The election this year was for two mem- 
bers of the General Assembly, in which the 
Federals and anti-Federalists had their us- 



76 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



ual bout. The eight wards elected the mem- 
bers of the First Branch of the City Coun- 
cil. Baltimore was anti-Federal and was 
so recorded. 

1802. 

At the election held October 5th of this 
year an average vote of 3,269 was cast. 
Two members of the Legislature, sixteen 
members of the First Branch of the Coun- 
cil and the electors to designate who should 
be Mayor WL-re selected. Mr. Calhoun was 
a third time the recipient of that honor. 
1804. 

An election was held October ist lor 
members of Congress, First Branch City 
Council, electors for Mayor and for mem- 
bers of the General Assembly. William 
McCrury received 1,795 votes, Nicholas R. 
Moore 1,152 and Robert G. Harper t^j for 
Congress. Edward Johnson was chosen 
Presidential elector and Andrew Ellicott 
and John Stevens to the lower house of the 
Legislature. The electoral college on No- 
vember 5th decided on Thoregood Smith 
for Mayor. 

Edward Johnson received 378 votes for 
Presidential elector, George P. Keeport 463 
and John Johnson 758. Andrew Ellicott 
and John Stevens were elected to the lower 
house of the General Assembly. 
1805. 

An eiiort was put forth in the Legislature 
this year to increase the representation of 
the city and permit it three representatives. 
On the second reading of the bill it was 
defeated by a vote of sixty-two nays to two 
yeas. 

The election for Assemblymen and for 
the Firrt Branch of the City Council was 
held October 7th. Aquila Miles had been 



elected a member of the Council and it was 
afterwards ascertained that he was ineligi- 
ble, not being assessed in taxation as re- 
quired by the act of incorporation. He 
proceeded to acquire the necessary quali- 
fications and at a called election was re- 
elected. 

1806. 
In the Congressional election of this year 
William McCrury received 1,889 votes; 
Joshua Barney 1,143 votes; John Scott 245 
votes and N. R. Moore 3,046 votes. There 
were seven candidates for the General As- 
sembly, of whom E. Aisquith received 1,430 
votes and R. Stewart received 1,170 votes, 
were elected. The Mayoralty electoral con- 
vention chosen this year continued Thore- 
good Smith in his office. 

1807. 

Ten ca.ididates were announced for the 
House of Delegates this year. The great- 
est number of votes cast for any one of 
them was 927, received by T. B. Dorsey. 
The lowest number was 82, cast for T. 
Bland. The yearly election for members 
of the First Branch of the City Council was 
also held. 

j^uther Martin, the great lawyer, who 
wa.; counsel for Aaron Burr when tried in 
Richmond for treason, was in effigy paraded 
tiirough the streets of Baltimore in Novem- 
ber and at the end of the route publicly 
Inirned amid the vehement execrations of 
the crowd. 

1808. 
General elections were held this year. 
October 3rd, McKim received 3,539 votes 
for Congress, Moore 3,553 and Winder 814. 
McKim and Moore were called Republi- 
cans and Winder Federal. Edward Johnson 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



and John Johnson were elected anti-Fed- 
eral electors for the district of which tne 
city was a part, receiving a vote of 3,012 to 
1,281 in Baltimore cast for the Federals. 
Edward Johnson was elected Mayor by the 
electoral college. 

Boltimoreans were always partial to po- 
litical displays; so on the occasion of Mr. 
Johnson's elevatio.i to the chief magistracy 
of his city one was gotten up to commemo- 
rate that event. The indispensable boat 
was mounted on wheels and drawn by 
horses ; on board of it was the mayor-elect. 
The chariot might convey the Roman citi- 
zen in his triumphal procession, but the 
conquest of ancient arms was insignificant 
compared to the mastery over the wave by 
the boat that baffled its billows and landed 
the pilgrim fathers on the golden sands of 
the Western world. A bon-fire was kin- 
dled on Callow's Hill and six pipes of im- 
ported gin from Holland, which in com- 
ing over had paid tribute to England, were 
added to the fire to give its flame a brighter 
glow. 

1809. 

Two Assemblymen, T. Bland and Mr. 
Martin, were elected, in the fall of this year, 
island had 2,338 votes and JNIartin 1,707 
votes. At an election for members of the 
First Branch the old members were elected, 
except in the Second Ward, where a resig- 
nation compelled another nomination. 

1810. 

Besides the Council election, the election 
for electors to name a Mayor and Second 
Branch Council, there was also held one for 
Congress. McKim had 2,811 votes, Moore 
2,480, Little 2,604, and Barney 2,256. 



James Lowery Donaldson was elected 
this year to the Legislature, and a Mr. Pe- 
chim as his associate. Their votes were re- 
spectively 1,593 and 1,634. A Mr. Martin 
polled 1,163 votes. At the election for 
members of the First Branch, fraud was 
charged; it was alleged that four tickets 
were illegally cast, two being folded to- 
gether in two separate parts. Five others 
were said to have been irregular. The 
judges of election were asked what they 
were going to do with them. They an- 
swered tartly, "Count them." 



On th.' i6th of May, 1812, a war meeting 
was held at the Fountain Inn, occupying 
the site of the present Carrollton Hall. Jo- 
seph H. Nicholson, a prominent citizen, 
who occupied a seat in Congress and who 
was the brother-in-law of Francis Scott 
Key, whose name is associated with Key's 
in connection with the publication of the 
"Star Spangled Banner," presided. Mayor 
Johnson was secretary. Nicholson closed 
an animated speech in favor of war with this 
peroration: "We have assembled here to- 
night for tlie purpose of determining wheth- 
er we will give it our support in the 
mighty struggle in which it is about to 
enter. This, my countrymen, is the awful 
subject for deliberation, and on such a sub- 
ject can there be any difference of opinion? 
Shall we suffer any matter of local con- 
cern to withhold us from a cause like this ? 
Is there an American heart that does not 
pant with resentment? Is there an Amer- 
ican sword that will not leap from its scab- 
bard to avenge the wrongs and contumely 
under which we have so long suffered? No, 



78 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



my countrynien! it is impossible! Let us 
act with one heart, with one hand; let us 
show to an admiring world- that however 
we may differ among ourselves about some 
of our internal concerns, yet in the great 
cause of our country the American people 
are animated by one soul and by one spirit." 

The resolutions adopted by the meeting 
were of the most radical order. They were 
favorable to preparation for war. The 
spirit of the assemblage was indicative of 
the undaunted determination of Baltimore, 
which was gloriously maintained through- 
out the N ar, until the foeman was driven 
from her doors to take refuge on board his 
ships. 

The Federal Republican opposed the war. 
Its editor u^ed vigorous language and 
brought upon himself the fury of a mob 
that destroyed his paper. After an interval 
of weeks he resumed its publication on 
Charles street. Anticipating another mob 
visitation, he armed his office with his 
friends, among whom were Generals Henry 
Lee and James H. Lingan, officers of the 
Revolution, and the eminent lawyer, David 
Hoffman. 

The mob on the outside and the armed 
men inside the office were brought face to 
f:.ce. The authorities marched the office 
garrison to jail under the promise of pro- 
tection which was not afforded. The jail 
was broken open on the evening of July 
27th by the connivance of the keeper and 
Gen. Lingan was killed. Gen. Lee and 
others were brutally wounded. Prior to 
this a Dr. Gale was shot and killed by 
the firing of a gun from the Charles street 
house. 

The October election returned Lowery to 
the Legislature by a vote of 2,835. Barney 



received -,523 and Pechim 1,406. For 
Congress, McKim polled 2,999 ^"d Little 
2,146, while Moore brought up the rear 
with 1,788 votes. City electors and Presi- 
dential electors were chosen as also the 
Councilm.en of the First Branch. The city 
electors re-elected Mayor Johnson his own 
successor, and the Presidential electors 
were favorable to Madison, who received 
2,624 votes to Clinton's 81 J. The General 
Assembly elected Levin Winder, Governor. 

1813. 
Barney and Donaldson were elected to 
the lower branch of the Legislature. The 
former received 2,355 votes and the latter 
1,939. Mr. Hughes had 1,373 votes. This 
was Donaldson's last election, save to fame. 
Before another was held he lay dead on the 
North Point battlefield. 

1S14. 
In the Congressional election of this year 
William Pinkney had 2,516 votes, Moore 
2,408 and Howard 1,284. Barney and Kell 
were elected to the Legislature and Johnson 
was again elected Mayor. 

1815. 
L'pon the conclusion of the war in 18 15, 
the majority of the people realized that the 
minority had long been in control of the 
State Government. One man in certain 
counties exercised political privileges equal 
to ten men in certain other counties. This 
inequality was forcibly illustrated in the fact 
that Annapolis and Baltimore had each one 
elector of the Senate. The counties were 
respectively allotted two; Annapolis con- 
tained 260 voters, Baltimore 5,000. At an 
election held in 1815 seven counties and 
two cities having a majority of 9,000 voters 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



were represented by 32 members. A minor- 
ity of twelve counties had 48 members. The 
realization of this fact kindled in Baltimore 
an irrepressible agitation, which did not 
ceare until a remedy had been effected. 
Stewart, who had 2,580 votes, and Hughes, 
who received 2,496 votes, were elected to 
the lower branch of the General Assembly. 

1816. 
A bitterly contested election was con- 
ducted in the fall of the year 1816. The 
Federalists had no resources but their party 
battle cry, and with a nerve that proved 
them courageous they arranged themselves 
in line and advanced gaily to the fray. 
Their opponents were in the possession of 
the patronage of both the State and United 
States Governments. This early campaign 
opened in the dead of winter, when fire-side 
logs were blazing on the hearth. Those 
who believe polluted elections are controlled 
by corruption of modern origin will be 
startled to learn that the opponents of the 
Federalists transported voters from their 
preponderating voting districts to those 
where the Federalists had slim majorities 
and thus overcome them. A number of 
United States troops were dispatched from 
Baltimore to Annapolis to vote for corpora- 
tion officers of that town. The scheme 
failed in consequence of their inability to 
reach the ancient city six months prior to 
the election. In Baltimore money was bar- 
tered for votes. Papers, pamphlets and 
publications, thick as leaves in autumn, and 
teeming with perversions of the truth, were 
scattered broadcast by both parties. The 
tide of defamation reached its highest 
flood. Under such benign and civilizing 
influences Smith had 5,326 votes for Con- 



gress; Peter Little polled 3,974 and Mr. 
Stansbury 3,337 votes. Stewart by a vote 
of 3,688 and Kell by one of 3,636 were sent 
to the General Assembly. The members 
of the electoral college elevated George 
Stiles to the Mayoralty. 

1817. 
This was a rare year; unanimity pre- 
vailed. Messrs. Thomas Kell and E. G. 
Woodyear were without opposition in their 
election to the Legislature. The election of 
the members of the First Branch of the 
Council does not seem to have disturbed 
the smooth surface of the political sea. 
Verily, how delightful it was to behold such 
heaven-born unity. Such calms are always 
ominous; clear weather means foul weather 
(it presages the coming storm). 

1818. 
At the election held in 1818, the anti- 
Federalists voted the soldiers stationed at 
Fort McHenry, and also the sailors and 
marines on board the United States ves- 
sels. They were furnished with ballots, 
marched to the polls and exercised the pre- 
rogatives of freemen with all the vim of 
qualified citizens. A sergeant distributed 
the ballots while the soldiers were on pa- 
rade. During the contest made to give 
Baltimore a larger representation in the 
Legislature, the Federalists opposed that 
measure. They maintained that it would 
concentrate the power of the State in the 
city of Baltimore. The anti-Federalists or 
Democrats in that place, v.-ere styled "Jaco- 
bins," in consequence of their revolutionary 
conduct and disregard of law and order on 
election days. They were charged with 
being one-third foreigners attached to the 
governments of their nativity, whose object 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



in obtaining a residence in this country was 
to obtain riches, which the disturbed con- 
dition of Europe in consequence of the 
Napoleonic wars, rendered impossible. The 
Federalists maintained that the contest was 
between the city and counties for su- 
premacy, and that the potential question 
which every voter going to the polls should 
put to himself is, "Shall I vote for the man 
who will assist in effecting changes which 
will pass the great agricultural communities 
into the clutches of merchants, bank specu- 
lators, brokers, the lottery office, keepers of 
the fair grounds and the mob of Balti- 
more ?" 

Such questions have had all time for their 
birth and are not new as some political phil- 
osophers, who have developed in the pres- 
ent era, have supposed. The Democratic 
party at that day was severely arraigned for 
monopolistic tendencies and their adversa- 
ries were in return denounced by them in 
the following vigorous manner: "Shall I 
give my support to those who will lower the 
honor, the dignity and independence of the 
cultivators of the soil ?" 

There were so many persons announcing 
themselves candidates for the First Branch 
of the Council this year that the editor of 
the Federal Gazette cried out to them to 
spare hnu and the space in his paper; he 
positively declined to print any further an- 
nouncements. Kell and Breckenridge were 
sent to the Legislature, receiving respect- 
ively 3,739 and 2,986 votes. The city was 
now divided into twelve wards and entitled 
to twenty-four members of the First Branch 
and twelve members of the Second Branch 
01 the City Council. The electoral college 
continued Stiles as Mayor. Smith and Lit- 



tle were elected to Congress without oppo- 
sition. 

1819. 

General Andrew Jackson reached Balti- 
more February 27; he was received with 
great eclat. The Mayor called on him, ac- 
companied by the Council, and his Honor 
made an address to which "Old Hickory" 
responded. 

In the fall Legislative contest, Mr. Mont- 
gomery, by a vote of 3,166, and Mr. Breck- 
enridge, by a vote of 1,741, were privileged 
to represent Baltimore in the Legislature. 
1820. 

The Congressional election resulted in 
sending General Samuel Smith and Peter 
Little to Congress and Barney and Ken- 
nedy to the Legislature. Of the candidates 
for Mayor, Montgomery received for that 
office 3,319 votes, and Johnson 2,917 votes. 

A question which assumed importance 
as early as 1816 in Legislative session was 
comprehended under the head of "The Jew 
Bill." Only a few people were affected by 
it, at that time there being not over one 
hundred and fifty of that nationality resid- 
ing in the State. They were politically pro- 
scribed and could neither vote nor hold 
places of public trust. 

1821. 

The usual election of two members from 
each ward took place in the fall of this year 
for the First Branch of the City Council, 
and for members of the General Assembly. 
For the latter office Kennedy received 4.958 
vote3 and Barney 4,564. They were both 
elected over opposition. 
1822. 

Smith, by a vote of 5,558, and Little, by a 
vote of 5,143. were returned to Congress. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



81 



Kennedy and Purviance were elected to 
the Legislature. The electors favorable to 
Montgomery for Mayor received 3,500 
votes and those favorable to Johnson 3,518 
votes. 

The question of removing the disabilities 
of the Jews would not down. A bill for 
that purpose was introduced in the Legis- 
lature of this year and passed. Under the 
Constitution before it could become a law 
it needed confirmation by the next succeed- 
ing Legislature. It was in its inception an 
unpopular proposition. Of forty members 
v.r.o voted for the bill only sixteen were 
returned to the Assembly of 1823. The 
measure developed ultimately into a popu- 
lar one. In Baltimore City delegates nomi- 
nated for the Legislature were required to 
avow themselves upon it. Finally on Sat- 
urday, i^'ebruary 26, 1825, the "Jew Bill," 
or a bill to alter the Constitution so as to 
relieve from political qualifications certain 
persons on account of their religious opin- 
ions, again passed. It was successful in 
the House by a vote of twenty-six for to 
twenty-five against, fifty-one of the eighty 
members responding to the roll call. On 
its final ratification by the Assembly in the 
fall of 1825 the vote in its favor was forty- 
five and the negative vote thirty-two. Mr. 
John ^^anLear McMahon was the author 
of the bill; he interested himself in the 
measure, and the association of his distin- 
guished name with it, and the influence he 
personally exerted in its behalf, was largely 
the bias that ensured its success. The He- 
brews in Baltimore have grown in w-ealth 
and influence ; they have not made the 
€vent a ceremonial one, nor have they hon- 
ored. Mr. McMahon who honored them- 



selves, with a statue of bronze, such as his 
eloquence, learning and skilfulness in the 
law entitle him to receive. 
1823. 

Stewart, by a vote of 2,906, and W. G. 
D.Worthington, by one of 2,736, were 
elected to represent the city in the lower 
popular branch of the Legislature. Twen- 
ty-four new members from the twelve wards 
of the city were chosen to seats in the First 
Branch of the Council. 
1824. 

The election this year was one of import- 
ance. The Jackson Presidential electors 
were elected over the Adams electors. The 
highest vote polled in the city was for 
Cloud, Jackson's elector. His vote was 
3,904; Winchester, his associate, had 3,903. 
Messrs. Warner and Dorsey, the Adams 
electors, had each 3,004 votes. 

The two Congressmen elected from the 
city were Little, by a vote of 6,270, and 
Barney, by one of 3.502. Benjamin C. 
Howard and J. S. Tyson were sent to the 
Legislature. For Mayor the Montgomery 
electors defeated those of Johnson by 339 
majority. The two branches of the Council 
were also elected; the First Branch by the 
people and the Second Branch by the elec- 
tors chosen for that purpose. 
1825. 

Howard and Tyson secured from the peo- 
ple a renewal of the right to represent them 
in the Legislature. A vote was taken in 
the Twelfth Ward for and against the pub- 
lic school system. Sentiment came near 
being unanimous. Out of 621 votes polled 
only fourteen were unfavorable. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



1826. 

SmalFs electors for Mayor this year re- 
ceived 4,841 votes and Montgomery 2,646 
votes. J. S. Tyson and J. Stucke were 
elected to the Legislature, and Peter Little, 
by a vote of 4.750, and John Barney, by a 
vote of 4.467, were returned to Congress. 
Among the twenty-four First Branch Coun- 
cilmen elected were Solomon Etting and 
Joshua L Cohen, Israelites. They were the 
first of their nationality to be so honored in 
Baltimore. 

1827. 

George H. Stewart, by a vote of 4,078, 
and John Y. L. McMahon, by a vote of 
4,303, were elected to the General Assem- 
bly. They ran on the Jackson ticket and 
stood for the cause of that great soldier. 
In the following year they were again re- 
turned. Small was elected Mayor over 
Mosher. The two Jackson electors, Sell- 
man and Howard, were elected respectively 
by a vote of 4,783 and 3,150. 

The Council had on the 20th of March 
passed an ordinance for the registration of 
all qualified voters of the city of Baltimore, 
which was the first law of its character in 
Maryland. When submitted to the Mayor 
he approved of it. The wrong course was 
pursued when, in 1830, it was repealed, by 
an ordinance approved January igth of that 
year. 

1S30. 

In the legislative contest of this year Bal- 
timore elected to the lower house of the 
General .Assembly Mr. Hunt, who received 
4,471 votes, and Mr. Nicholas, who received 
4,268 votes. They were elected as Jack- 
sonians over Mr. Stewart, who polled 4,087 
votes, and Mr. Finlcy. who had 3,902 votes. 



The defeated candidates were designated on 
their ticket as anti-Jackson. 

In the fall of this year Mr. Small was 
elected Mayor, receiving 4,844 votes to 
3,824 cast for his opponent, Mr. Barry. 

1831. 

The anti-Masonic convention met in Bal- 
timore on the 26th day of September; it 
was the first convention held to nominate 
a President, and was composed of one hun- 
dred and twelve delegates, who assembled 
in the Athenaeum. Its work was speedily 
accomplished. William Wirt, who had a 
fondness for being a citizen of Virginia and 
then of Maryland, was at the moment of his 
nomination bona fide of Maryland. On the 
ticket with him was Amos Ellmaker, of 
Pennsylvania, nominated for the Vice Pres- 
idency. This movement was. more serious 
than the one that nominated St. John and 
Daniel for the same places at a later date. 
It actually received the seven votes of \'er- 
mont in the electoral college. 

The National Republican party, or Whig 
party, met in convention in Baltimore De- 
cember the I2th, Gov. Barber, of Vir- 
ginia, presiding. There were present one 
hundred and forty members. Henry Clay 
was unanimously nominated for President, 
and on the T4th John Sergeant, of Penn- 
sylvania, received the selection of his run- 
ning mate for the Vice-Presidency. The 
previous year Mr. Clay was in Baltimore; 
he came by the steamer Patuxent; when 
he landed on the wharf there was a dense 
crowd present and the cheering was loud 
and enthusiastic. Mr. Clay was spirited of? 
to Barnam's, on the porticos of which he 
often stood and addressed vast crowds. 
The following day, from 1 1 to 2 and from 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



7 until 9, he was called upon by the masses. 
A constant throng passed before him. 

In the contest for seats in the National 
House of Representatives Benjamin C. 
Howard and Mr. Worthington were elected 
by the Jacksonians. They received the fol- 
lowing vote: Howard, 4,625; Worthington, 
4,261. 

1832. 

General Jackson, whilst serving out his 
first term, had announced that he would be 
a candidate for re-election, and his party 
friends made no opposition to that arrange- 
ment. A National Democratic Convention 
was thought to be necessary only to deter- 
mine upon a candidate for the Vice-Presi- 
dency. With an eye single to that purpose 
the convention assembled in Baltimore, on 
May 1st, avowedly to nominate Van Buren, 
of New York, for the second place. The 
convention adopted the two-thirds rule as 
necessary to a choice, and that nile has 
since governed nominations of lilvc charac- 
ter in National Democratic conventions. 

During the sessions of this particular con- 
vention they were divided between being 
held in the Athenaeum Club and Warfield's 
Church, located in St. Paul street near Sar- 
atoga street. This building was afterwards 
put to a better use than its consecration to 
any political party could ordain, by its dedi- 
cation to the education of female youths, 
under the tutelage of the gifted Nathaniel 
C. Brooks, who resides in Philadelphia, an 
alien to Baltimore, where his useful and 
brilliant poetical and educational life was 
spent. In the fall election Messrs Jenkins 
and Harper were sent to the Legislature. 
Hunt, Jacksonian, by a vote of 5.269, beat 
Small, anti-Jacksonian, who received 3,532 



votes. Jackson for President had 5.025 
votes and Clay 4,248 votes. Thursday, the 
29th day of December, Baltimore citizens, 
regardless of party, met at the call of the 
Mayor to consider the ordinance of nulli- 
fication adopted by the South Carolina Con- 
vention. Mayor Jesse Hunt was called to 
the chair. On motion of Judge R. B. Ma- 
gruder William Patterson and Robert Oli- 
ver were selected vice-presidents and E. L. 
Finley and J. S. Nicholas secretaries. The 
president in a speech stated the question at 
issue between South Carolina and the Fed- 
eral Government administered by President 
Andrew Jackson. A series of resolutions 
was offered by Hon. Isaac McKim; they 
recited that "the peace, safety and inde- 
pendence of these United States depend es- 
sentially on the preservation of the Union, 
and the support of the Constitution and 
form of Government established by the peo- 
ple, the only legitimate source of power and 
authority;" that "certain proceedings char- 
acterized by unjustifiable violence and based 
on a mistaken and rash policy have taken 
place in the State of South Carolina, which 
threaten disunion, all the horrors of civil 
war, and eventually the destruction of 
the finest fabric ever erected to liberty." 

"The President of the United States has 
issued his proclamation, denouncing such 
proceedings as unconstitutional and illegal, 
so far as they assume a paramount author- 
ity to nullify an act of Congress, to inter- 
rupt the collection of the public revenue, 
and to dissolve the sacred bond of our 
Union." 

"An expression of public opinion at this 
momentous crisis is proper and becoming 
a free people ;" and it was resolved "that the 
proceedings of the State Convention of 



84 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



South Carolina, and the poHtical principles 
avowed in the extraordinary and unprece- 
dented document, styled 'an ordinance,' are 
disapproved by this meeting as tending to 
disturb the harmony of Government, men- 
acing the integrity of the Union, violating 
good faith, and impairing if not destroying, 
the prosperity of the Union;"' "that we high- 
ly and entirely approve the opinions and 
sentiments avowed in the proclamation of 
the President of the United States. In this 
important public act we recognize the wis- 
dom of the statesman, the firmness and in- 
flexible integrity of the patriot, and the deep 
feeling of solicitude becoming a Father of 
his Country, in the existing crisis of diffi- 
culty and danger — with him we proclaim 
The Union must be preserved;" "that the 
Union party of South Carolina has earned 
and deserves the high distinction of fearless 
and true patriots — tlieir course is honorable 
and must lead to success, supported, as it is, 
by the approbation of all good citizens, who 
liave not been artfully drawn into the de- 
stroying vortex of nullification nor enlisted 
under the banner of mad ambition." 

.A. committee to consider and report upon 
the resolutions was selected by the chair- 
man ; he named the following representative 
Baltimoreans: Gen. George H. Stewart, 
Isaac McKim, Judge N. Brice, Judge R. B. 
jMagruder, Gen, S. C. Leakin. Talbot Jones, 
P. Laurenson, Luke Tiernan, Col. \V. E. 
Stewart, Charles Howard, of John Eager, 
John E. Stansbury and William George 
Read. The committee recommended the 
adoption of the resolutions without amend- 
ment and that a copy be transmitted to the 
President and published in the city papers, 
and it was unanimously so ordered. 



1833. 

Henry Clay was a frequent visitor to Bal- 
timore; its prominent citizens were his 
friends and delighted always to entertain 
him. On such occasions he avoided public 
receptions. On the 8th of October he 
reached the city, and was tendered a public 
dinner, which he declined, but received a 
number of citizens who called. 

The election in the fall of this year was 
for Congress. Upton Heath, in the Fourth 
Baltimore City district, received 2,805 votes 
and Benjamin C. Howard 2,592 votes. 

The vote in the five wards of the city, 
apart of the Fifth district, resulted in Mc- 
Kim, Democratic candidate, receiving 2,049 
votes, and Stewart, Whig candidate, receiv- 
ing 1,678 votes. 

1834. 

Greater reverence was paid public men 
then than is customary now. Hero worship 
was pronounced and worth possibly more 
inspiring. Saturday, April 19th, four promi- 
nent public men, well-known in the annals 
of the county, Messrs. McDuffie, Preston, 
Binney and Webster, reached Baltimore. 
They were escorted by five thousand en- 
thusiastic citizens to the Exchange and to 
Barnam's, rival hotels. Each of the gentle- 
men being called upon for that purpose, 
made speeches. 

The 23d of April Monument Square was 
filled to its utmost capacity -with a concourse 
of people which was phenomenal. It was 
a curious episode that took place. Former 
supporters of President Andrew Jackson, 
differing from him as to his policy and his 
protest to Congress, had ceased longer to 
follow his political fortunes and were pres- 
ent to give expression to their sentiments of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



85 



disapproval. Gen. William ilcDonald was 
the presiding officer. The orators who 
spoke in turn were John P. Kennedy, 
Charles G. Harper, Joshua Jones and John 
V. L. McMahon. The resolutions sus- 
tained the Senate and were pronounced for 
the formation of a State Whig organiza- 
tion. The supporters of Gen. Jackson 
were not at all pleased with either the dem- 
onstration or what they termed the apostasy 
of some of their leading lights, of whom 
there were a greater number than those who 
addressed the meeting. The disorderly re- 
sorted to violence and an attempt was made 
to break up the meeting, which was unsuc- 
cessful, and those undertaking to do it were 
driven out of the square. The following 
evening a renewal of violence occurred, 
which caused the young Whigs to form a 
military association on South street. The 
Mayor and his posse, by timely action, sup- 
pressed the rioters. 

R. B. Taney, former Secretary of the 
Treasury under President Jackson, after re- 
turning to Baltimore on the nth of July, 
was met on the outskirts of the city by two 
hundred persons, who escorted him to the 
Columbian Garden. Here was assembled 
a multitude which was addressed by Mr. 
Taney, Mr. Benton and Mr. Allen, a Con- 
gressman from Ohio. A heavy storm of 
wind and rain suddenly made its appear- 
ance; the awnings over the tables were 
swept away and the company drenched. 
Mr. Benton was in the midst of his speech 
when the storm descended. 

The Baltimore "Republican," in its issue 
of Saturday, May loth, under the head of 
"Attention," published the following proc- 
lamation: "Those young men of Baltimore 
who are willing to pledge life, fortune and 



sacred honor in the support of their patriotic 
Chief Magistrate, against the lawless course 
of a factious Senate, are requested to as- 
semble on Thursday evening next, the 15th 
instant, at half-past 7 o'clock, at the Colum- 
bian Gardens. The object of the meeting 
will be explained in an address, from a 
friend, to the cause of equal rights and uni- 
versal suffrage." The meeting was a large 
one, whereat resolutions were passed in sup- 
port of the administration of President Jack- 
son and denunciatory of the Whig Senate. 

The 7th of May a Jackson Republican 
Convention in the city of Baltimore issued 
a call for an administration mass meeting 
in Monument Square on the evening of that 
day. Col. Upton S. Heath organized the 
meeting and William Frick was chairman. 
The resolutions were laudatory of Gen. 
Jackson s administration and condemnatory 
of the Whigs. Col. Benjamin C. Howard, 
Samuel Brady, William George Reed, John 
Nelson and Col. Heath were the orators. 

In October the Whig party issued an ad- 
dress signed by Hezekiah Niles, S. H. 
Barnes, Isaac ]\Ionroe, Robert Purviance 
and William P. Dunnington, in which oc- 
curred these sentences: "Thousands of 
citizens became alarmed at the desperately 
daring encroachments of the President. 
The noble experiment we are accomplish- 
ing in the science of government must make 
us become the laughing stock of nations. 
I will it or I forbid it, says the king. 'I 
take the responsibility,' says the President." 

The Jacksonians issued an address signed 
by William Krebs, Benjamin C. Howard, 
Elijah Stansbury and John F. Haas; in it 
they said Jackson had no desire to over- 
throw American institutions and his life was 
a refutation of that assertion. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



The Whigs elected Joseph Gushing and 
John Jones to the General Assembly this 
year. Gushing had a vote of 5,660 and 
Jones of 5,530, a total of 11,190, to a Demo- 
cratic total of 10,562. For Mayor Jesse 
Hunt received 5,468 votes and Mr. Small 

4>4i5- 

1829. 

A Fczv Editors in Politics. 

Samuel Barnes, editor-in-chief of the 
"Ghronicle," published in the twenties of the 
present century, had a fondness for political 
discussion. Such articles were potential 
with a certain class of his readers. He was 
an enthusiastic Whig, and his political ar- 
ticles favorable to his party doctrines were 
dry and caustic; some people thought him 
even morose and misanthropic on account 
of his extremely luminous nose, which 
caused those who did not know him to sup- 
pose that he was intemperate. It was quite 
the reverse; Mr. Barnes was a very ab- 
stemious man. His misfortune was caused 
by the bite of a rat; the nose became in- 
flamed and he was disfigured for life. 

Billy Pechim, a popular man in his day, 
could write a scathing political article, rasp- 
ing his adversaries in the columns of the 
"American." When appearing on the hust- 
ings and indulging in speech he was ultra 
in character denouncing and decrying his 
opponents, his shrill clarion voice penetrat- 
ing a long distance and thus drawing a 
crowd, who good naturedly stood amused at 
his violent gesticulations. 

Doctor Edward J. .\lcock was editor of 
the "Jefiferson Reformer;" he has been 
characterized as "'a man of attractive man- 
ners and brilliant etlucation, though a vio- 
lent and headstrong politician." The editor 



was merciless with his pen, and apprehen- 
sive that his severity in the treatment of his 
political adversaries might endanger nis 
life. He supported with zeal and enthu- 
siasm the administration of President An- 
drew Jackson. "His feelings frequently 
burst the bounds of control." Finally he 
published "a severe philippic" and in "some 
allusions to the family of the Stuarts," gave 
offense. A young member of that family 
sent him a challenge, which was declined, 
for the reason that he was near-sighted. 
Young George Stuart, the challenger, one 
night, when Alcock was seated in his ofifice, 
on North Gay street, shot him, inflicting a 
fatal wound. Alcock was a member of the 
Marion Rifles, commanded by the poet, 
John H. Hewitt; he was buried by the com- 
pany with military honors. 

William Lloyd Garrison, in 1829, was a 
resident of Baltimore; he was a member of 
an anti-slavery society which organized at 
that time in this city. It established a paper 
edited by Benjamin Lundy. Garrison was 
a contributor to its columns, and in one of 
his articles he charged Francis Todd, of 
Newburyport, of acquiring wealth by an in- 
human traffic in flesh and blood. A suit 
for criminal libel was instituted by Todd 
against Garrison in the Griminal Gourt of 
Baltimore. Garrison, after trial, was found 
guilty and Judge Nicholas Brice imposed 
a fine of fifty dollars and costs, and in de- 
faidt of payment Garrison was sent to jail. 

The "Minerva" taunted him forbecoming 
a voluntary inmate of prison, saying "if he 
had not the money in his pocket to pay his 
fine, he could easily have raised it among 
his friends." His only cause of incarcera- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



87 



tion "being failure to comply with an order 
of court was not of itself a mandate for im- 
prisonment." 

Garrison issued a reply, ending with this 
paragraph: "I understand that his Honor, 
Judge Brice, opines that Mr. Garrison is 
ambitious to become a martyr; to which I 
beg leave to reply, that if the suspicion of 
his Honor be correct, he is equally am- 
bitious to collect the faggots and apply the 
torch." 

Garrison shortly afterwards found a 
friend to serve him in Arthur Tappan, who 
paid his fine and costs so that he was re- 
leased, and being threatened with violence 
left the State. The issue prominently pre- 
sented by Garrison did not leave with him; 
it showed itself in 1836, when the reforming 
of the Constitution of the State was dis- 
cussed before the people. Apprehensions 
existed that if a convention was called the 
relations between master and slave might 
be more liberally defined. To prevent fu- 
ture abolition agitation a constitutional pro- 
viso was inserted, declaring "that the rela- 
tion of master and slave in this State shall 
not be abolished unless a bill for that pur- 
pose shall be passed by unanimous vote of 
both branches of the General Assembly. 
It was further provided that it should be 
published three months before a new elec- 
tion, and unanimously confirmed by the 
succeeding Legislature." A further re- 
quirement was that full compensation 
should be received by the master for his 
slave. Such a result was unquestionably 
brought about by the efforts of Lunday, 
Garrison and their contemporaries in the 
cause of the liberation of the slave. The 
divinity of slavery and the fanaticism that 
afterwards characterized its pretensions had 



not yet become deep seated. Conditions 
were provided in the bill for emancipation, 
difficult of attainment and intended to fa- 
vor the slave master; nevertheless in them 
was the recognition of the right to liberty, 
and private manumissions were numerous. 
Slavery in Maryland was not regarded fa- 
vorably for a long period of time after the 
Revolution; and in Baltimore City the pro- 
portion of slaves to its white population was 
less than in any one of the slave-holding 
sections of Maryland. 

The temper of the people of Baltimore, 
with whom were associated a few philan- 
thropic persons residing in the counties, is 
best illustrated by the establishment of the 
Maryland Colonization Society, incorpo- 
rated in 1832. On the 24th of March there 
met in Judge Brice's office in the court 
house George Hoffman, John Gibson, Nich- 
olas Brice, who had pronounced the penalty 
of the law upon Garrison in the libel case 
of Todd; Peter Hoffman, Charles Howard, 
Thomas Elliott, Luke Tiernan, Moses 
Sheppard, Solomon Ettinge and John H. 
B. Latrobe. George Hoffman was presid- 
ing officer and John H. B. Latrobe secre- 
tary. Previous efforts had been made to 
establish colonies on the western coast of 
Africa for the settlement of emancipated 
blacks. A branch society was formed in 
Maryland, but, being subject to a national 
society, the relations of the two were not 
harmonious. Independence and a separate 
colony were therefore resolved upon. 
There was a large free black population and 
an annual appropriation of twenty thousand 
dollars was granted by the Legislature. 
Three commissioners were to represent the 
State in the management of this trust. Set- 
tlers were yearly sent to Cape Palmas. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



where the colony was located, and a regular 
packet sailed between it and Baltimore. 

At a subsequent meeting of the board 
Dr. James Hall was selected as an agent 
of the society to superintend the location 
and management of those willing to move 
to Cape Palmas, and John Hersey as his 
assistant. Father Hersey, as he was fa- 
miliarly called, was a plain-garbed Metho- 
dist evangelist, who wore hooks and eyes 
in place of buttons on his coat; he would 
eat but simple fare, fasting on Fridays. He 
slept on a straw bed and was rigid in his 
devotional duties. He was the offspring of 
parents of good antecedents and when a 
young man embarked in business, losing 
all his money in the venture and thereby 
was burthened with creditors; he preached 
far and near with great success and signal 
ability; wrote numerous works and from 
the proceeds of their sale, finally, late in life, 
paid off his entire indebtedness. In early 
years, when financial reverses overtook him, 
he made a vow to sacrifice all personal com- 
fort until his last dollar of indebtedness was 
paid. He had difficulty in finding those who 
represented his one remaining unpaid cred- 
itor; they were his children, living in des- 
titute circumstances in New York City. He 
settled with them in full, both principal and 
interest, and wrote in his diary, "Thank 
God, John Hersey is now a free man." 

Mr. Latrobe first met Mr. Hersey in his 
house on Mulberry street, where Mr. Her- 
sey was escorted by Moses Sheppard, who 
introduced him. Before Hersey would en- 
ter upon the subject of assistant agent in 
Liberia he insisted on prayer; he and Mr. 
Latrobe knelt, while Moses Sheppard, with 
his face showing disapprobation for mixing 
religion with business, inclined his head and 



body forward, his hands resting upon his 
cane, which he firmly clutched by the head. 
Hall and Hersey sailed from Baltimore in 
the ship Ann on the 24th of November, 
1833, with eighteen emigrants on board; 
they were Joshua Stewart, twenty-four 
years of age; Louisa, his wife, twenty-three 
years, and their infant son, Joseph, one 
year; James Stewart, nineteen years; Par- 
nially Delworth, fifteen years; William 
Connell, twenty-five years; Francis, his wile, 
thirty-one years, and Charles, their son, two 
years; all of whom were from the city of 
Baltimore. The others were from Fred- 
erick county; their names were: Jacob 
Gross, forty-five years, and Rosanna, his 
wife, thirty-three years, accompanied by 
their children, Clarisa, ten years, Margaret, 
eight, Nancy, five, Caroline, three, and 
Roasana, eight weeks old. The comple- 
ment was made up by Nicholas Thompson, 
forty years, and Oden Nelson, nineteen 
years. The ship reached Cape Palmas the 
6th of February, 1834, and an enterprise, 
that proved subsequently a failure, was in- 
augurated. It was a novelty of the times, 
conceived for a good purpose, but imprac- 
ticable. The movement was fanned into a 
flame like similar ones by agitation con- 
ducted by the press, in which Lundy and 
Garrison were no small factors. 

Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe, in sketching 
the life of Garrison, gives this incident: 

"The articles in Garrison's paper, how- 
ever, attracted the attention of a little, ob- 
scure, old man, a Quaker, who was labor- 
ing in the city of Baltimore for the cause 
of the suffering slaves with a devotion and 
self-sacrifice worthy of the primitive Chris- 
tians. 

"Benjamin Lundy, a quiet, persistent, 




O-^.^^^,.^^ •Z^-4'^^it 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYL4ND. 



89 



drab-clothed, meek, old man, one of those 
valiant little mice who nibble undismayed 
on the nets which enchain the strongest 
lions, was keeping up, in the city of Balti- 
more, an anti-slavery paper which was read 
only by a few people who thought just as 
he did, and which was tolerated in southern 
society only because everybody was good- 
naturedly sure that it was no sort of matter 
what it said. 

"Benjamin, however, took his staff in 
hand and journeyed on foot up to Benning- 
ton, Vt., to see the man who wrote as if he 
cared for the slave. The strict Baptist and 
the meek Quaker met on the common 
ground of the cross of Christ. Both were 
agreed in one thing; that here was Jesus 
Christ, in the person of a persecuted race, 
hungry, thirsty, sick and in prison, with 



none to visit and relieve, and the only ques- 
tion was, would they arise and go to His 
help. 

■'So Mr. Garrison went down to the city 
of Baltimore to join forces with Benjamin 
Lundy. 'But,' as he humorously ob- 
served, 'I wasn't much help to him, for he 
had been all along for gradual emancipation, 
and soon as I began to look into the matter 
I became convinced that immediate aboli- 
tion was the doctrine to be preached, and I 
scattered his subscribers like pigeons.' " 

Garrison was imprisoned in the Baltimore 
jail in a cell once occupied by a man hanged 
for murder. "He wrote sonnets on the wall 
of his prison." When discharged from it he 
renewed his fight against slavery, making 
his name renowned as one of its most for- 
midable assailants. 



CHAPTER V. 

Events from 1835 to 1859 ; or, A Preface to the Debate of Arms. 



The summary that follows is a narrative 
of events that succeeded one another in reg- 
ular succession without doing more than 
rousing the feelings of partisanship. If the 
days of nullification and the war with Mex- 
ico be excepted, there is left only the rival- 
ries of contending parties. While it is 
strictly true that the era was broad in its 
partisanship, it was insidious, and its subtle 
poison was distilling itself through the 
veins of our national life. The epoch can 
properly and appropriately be characterized 
as the preface to the debate of arms that 
woke the heroism of the people to deeds 
of sublime daring. 

The decline and fall of the memorable 
Whig party and the failure of its pacific 
measures to stay the oncoming wave of 
blood; the rise of Americanism, to live a 
brief and troubled day, and to hide itself 
in its shroud, while fast in its wake rolled 
the chariot of red-handed war, which the 
"Union party" could not check or stop, will 
not be passed over carelessly by those who 
peruse these pages. 

1835- 

The 20th of May the National Demo- 
cratic Convention met in the Fourth Pres- 
byterian Church, Baltimore. Martin Van 
Buren was nominated for President and 
Richard M. Johnson for Vice-President. 

Andrew Stevenson, of Virginia, was 
chairman of the convention; his address 
was graceful, fluent and conciliatory. A 
committee was appointed to draft and pub- 



li^h an address to the people of the United 
States, embodying the cardinal principles 
of the party. It was composed of Silas 
Wright, of New York ; Upton S. Heath, of 
Maryland; Jared W. Williams, of New 
Hampshire ; Robert Strange, of North Car- 
olina, and Samuel A. Cartwright, of Mis- 
sissippi. 

The committee informed the convention 
that it would be unable to report the address 
in time for its adoption, so it was author- 
ized to issue it after its adjournment. In 
August the address made its appearance; 
it was long and cumbersome, much too 
long for a campaign document ; it deplored 
sectional animosities and the hostile opin- 
ions of those opposed to slavery. On this 
subject appeared this sentence: "Congress 
has no right to interfere with the domestic 
relations of master and apprentice in Massa- 
chusetts or master and servant in Virginia 
any more than they have to meddle with 
similar social relations in Great Britain. 
France or Spain." 

Jesse Hunt having resigned the mayor- 
alty in consequence of the Bank riot, it was 
necessary to elect a successor to him; it 
was also the year of congressional election. 
Gen. Samuel Smith was the Democratic 
candidate for Mayor and Moses Davis the 
Whig candidate. Benjamin C. Howard and 
Isaac McKim were the Democratic nomi- 
nees for the House of Representatives and 
C. R. Stewart and James P. Heath the Whig 
candidates, and George H. Stewart was an 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



91 



independent candidate. The last named 
gentleman in his tour of the city complained 
of the rough usage to which he was sub- 
jected. He issued an address to the public 
in which he charged that disorders and riots 
had prevented his addressing town meet- 
ings in the Bel Air and Lexington markets, 
and to rebuke such manifestations he sum- 
moned the friends of law and order to meet 
in Monument Square Friday evening, Oc- 
tober 2d, at seven o'clock. 

At the municipal election Smith received 
5,190 votes and Davis 1,611 votes. 

At the congressional election October 
5th Howard had 5,622 votes, McKim had 
5,599, Stewart had 4,910, Heath had 4.960 
and George H. Stewart had 189. 

1836. 

Gen. William Henry Harrison reached 
Baltimore Thursday afternoon, September 
22d, from Washington. Accompanying 
him was a delegation of citizens of Balti- 
more. From Carroll's bridge a procession 
of people on horseback escorted him to the 
place at which he joined the main body of 
processionists on Pratt street. After a line 
of march through Pratt, Bond and Balti- 
more streets, the Eutaw House was reached, 
where the General was entertained during 
his visit. He was received on arriving at 
the hotel by Judge Hanson, who delivered 
a speech of welcome, to which the General 
responded. 

The question of representation in the 
Legislature, and the inequality of the then 
existing system, was again agitated. Dis- 
cordant elements were united in one pur- 
pose and a convention was proposed of re- 
formers without distinction of party, to be 
held in the citv of Baltimore. When the 



convention assembled on June 6th it was 
found that Baltimore, Harford, Cecil, Mont- 
gomery, Frederick, Washington counties 
and Baltimore City were represented. The 
convention issued an address calling upon 
the people to send delegates to the State 
Legislature who were pledged to introduce 
and support a bill for taking the sense of 
the voter on reforming the Constitution of 
the State, through a constitutional conven- 
tion. The Assembly of 1835 passed an act 
directed towards enlarged representation in 
more populous districts, which required 
confirmation at the ensuing session of the 
Legislature in order to become a law. The 
act provided for two additional delegates in 
Baltimore City. Carroll county was carved 
out of Frederick and Baltimore counties, 
giving four more representatives to the 
western section of the State, which had the 
effect of encouraging the reformers in their 
demands. 

Interest in the absorbing question inten- 
sified. September 15th an election was held 
for members of the Electoral College, who 
should chose a State Senate. It resulted in 
the election of twenty-one Whigs and nine- 
teen \'an Buren electors, known in the 
Democratic parlance of the times as "the 
glorious nineteen." At the date fixed for the 
meeting of the Electoral College at An- 
napolis it was unable to assemble, in con- 
sequence of the absenteeism of the "glorious 
nineteen." They declined to take their seats 
unless promised in advance that eight mem- 
bers of the Senate should be selected friend- 
ly to the reforms at issue. The Whigs re- 
fused pledges in advance, and a deadlock 
ensued which lasted until November the 
19th. Joshua Vansant and others, who rep- 



92 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



resented Baltimore, were active in their ob- 
structive tactics. 

The adjourned reformed convention was 
reassembled in Baltimore November i6th; 
it resolved eloquently and adjourned to 
meet in Cambridge at a later date. The 
General Assembly was convened and con- 
firmed the acts of the previous session re- 
lating to reform; increasing representation 
in Baltimore City to four delegates. In the 
election of representation from the city to 
the Legislature the Whigs polled 5,502 and 
the Democrats 5,793 votes. Smith, Demo- 
crat, was elected Mayor over Small, having 
a vote of 5,261 to Small's 4,651. The Presi- 
dential vote resulted in Van Buren receiv- 
ing 5,740 and Harrison 5,630 votes. 

1837- 
In March the Legislature passed a law 
ultimately leading to the granting of most 
of the desired changes. The power of elect- 
ing the Governor was vested in the people; 
the Senate was reconstructed; one member 
was assigned to each county, and one to 
Baltimore City to be elected by popular 
vote; Baltimore City was given five mem- 
bers of the House of Delegates, and it was 
provided that after 1840 counties having a 
population of 35,000 should be entitled to 
elect six delegates, and Baltimore City was 
vested with the same privilege. The elec- 
tion for members of Congress this year de- 
veloped considerable acrimony. Benjamin 
C. Howard and Isaac McKim were the 
Democratic candidates and John P. Ken- 
nedy and Charles S. Ridgely the Whig can- 
didates. The Democrats charged Kennedy 
with political apostasy, and being an attor- 
ney hired by the banks and the author of a 
resolution stopping specie iiaymcnts, and 



causing the interests of Baltimore to be im- 
paired by the construction of a canal from 
Havre de Grace to Philadelphia. He was 
also charged with denouncing gold and sil- 
ver and with being pledged to rag money. 
It was said of Ridgely that he was the au- 
thor of a gag law and numerous other de- 
vices and schemes; an echo of Kennedy and 
a tool of the bank aristocracy. 

The Whigs retorted. McKim was ar- 
raigned for being a silent member of Con- 
gress; it was said he got up one day to 
leave the house when his eye met the speak- 
er's, and the Speaker recognized him, "the 
gentleman from Maryland." He wanted no 
recognition, but managed to say "Mr. 
Speaker, I move to adjourn." The House 
had only been in session a short while and 
the motion did not prevail. 

Both Howard and McKim were severely 
criticised in the usual style fashionable dur- 
ing such campaigns. It was "a Roland for 
an Oliver" throughout the entire struggle. 

The vote stood in the twelve wards of 
Baltimore City, that being the number 
then existing, Howard, 6,062 votes; Mc- 
Kim, 6,031; Kennedy, 5,794; Ridgely, 5,- 
732 votes. 

1838. 
The first Democratic State Convention 
met in Baltimore May 31st. The result of 
its choice for the Gubernatorial nomination 
was William Grayson, of Queen Anne 
county. The Whigs opposed him with John 
L. Shelly. The campaign was energetically 
conducted by both parties. After the 
votes had been polled in the city, a crowd 
composed of persons belonging to each of 
the parties gathered before the newspaper 
offices on Gav street and awaited the an- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



93 



noiincement of the result. Loud cheering 
and some hisses were indulged in. There 
was but one outcome of an exhibition of 
hostile feelings to be anticipated, and it oc- 
curred at II o'clock — a most desirable hour 
for the police. A brisk fight took place; 
stones and brick bats went flying through 
the air and many persons were wounded. 
The interest in the result of the election was 
kept up in such a manner until after the 
nocturnal hour of 2 o'clock a. m. The City 
Guard then appeared and informed the gen- 
tlemen present, who were anxious to know 
who had been elected by the people, the 
first Governor of Maryland, that it was time 
to go home; that they would be furnished 
the information next morning by the news- 
papers. Accordingly, in no good humor, 
the crowd took to its heels, and when it 
learned the result, it was ascertained that 
Grayson had in the city 6,074 votes, and 
Shelly 6,191 votes. 

During its session this year, the Legisla- 
ture passed an act requiring a registration 
of voters in Baltimore City. It was sub- 
mitted to the voters for approval or rejec- 
tion and adopted by a majority of 52 votes 
out of a total vote of 13,316. Those not 
voting were counted in favor of the meas- 
ure, which gave it an apparent majority of 
716 votes. The mode of its adoption se- 
cured its repeal the 5th day of January, 
1840. 

1840. 

May the 1st the Young Men's Whig Con- 
vention, composed of delegates from the 
several States of the Union, assembled in 
Baltimore. The city was crowded with visi- 
tors and accommodations were not to be 
had at a premium, hundreds could not find 
shelter. The day of the great parade Balti- 



more street from Paca street to Jones' Falls 
was swarming with a dense crowd. At 10 
o'clock the procession moved. Mayor 
Leakin and Daniel Webster were in a ba- 
rouche at the head of the line. The dele- 
gations of the several States carried ban- 
ners which were saluted by cheers. There 
were such devices as stags horns, antlers, 
beaver traps, log cabins and coons. Hun- 
dreds of men had on hunters' shirts and ex- 
hibited the rusticity of frontier life and its 
perils, faithfully, as far as appearances could 
do so. 

The grounds of the Canton race course 
was the objective point of the procession. 
Hard cider was liberally dispensed along 
the route and at the grounds where the 
meetings took place. 

Twenty thousand men were called to or- 
der at Canton, the Rev. Henry Bascom, a 
friend of Clay, supplicated the Throne of 
Divine Grace. The appearance of the mul- 
titude was that of a large army drawn up 
in front of its commander. The stand be- 
fore which the audience stood was beauti- 
fully decorated. During the Rev. Mr. Bas- 
com 's prayer, heads were uncovered and 
bowed in reverence. 

The incomparable Daniel Webster; the 
magnetic Henry Clay, the compromiser; 
the famed John Sargeant, William C. Pres- 
ton; the eccentric Henry A. Wise and other 
distinguished gentlemen inspired the audi- 
ence until it went wild and rent the air with 
acclaiming sounds. 

During Mr. Clay's visit on this occasion 
or some other one, George R. Richardson, 
the eloquent lawyer, was selected to make 
an address of welcome and introduce him 
to the people from the portico at Barnum's 
Hotel. ]\Ir. Richardson suffered himself to 



94 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



become frightened at the august presence 
of the great man and was unable to speak. 
After Mr. Clay made his speech, he turned 
to Mr. Richardson and said. "Why, Mr. 
Richardson, what was the matter with 
you ?" 

The National Democratic Convention 
met in the city the 5th of May, at the As- 
sembly Rooms. Martin Van Buren was 
nominated for President. The convention 
adjourned without naming the nominee for 
Vice-President, leaving that important of- 
ficer to the Democracy of the States for 
their selection. 

The Whigs in the October State election 
met with exhilirating success. So elated 
was the State Whig Committee, located in 
Baltimore City, over the result that it is- 
sued an address to the voters of the State, 
calling it a "signal and unexpected triumph 
which had crowned their efforts." The 
committee claimed "an overwhelming pre- 
ponderance of Whigs in the Legislature, by 
so large a popular majority as to deprive 
the Democrats of the slightest hopes of suc- 
cess in the final result in November." 

The House consisted of ninety-nine 
members, of which the \Vhigs elected sixtv 
and the Democrats nineteen. The Senate 
consisted of twenty-one members, the 
Whigs returned fifteen and the Democrats 
six. 

The 23d of October a further address was 
put forth iiy the Whig Committee. It 
closed: "Remember, to relax now is to in- 
cur defeat and to forfeit all honors and ad- 
vantages of our past success. It is the last 
charge: Let the whole Maryland Line ad- 
vance in solid column and in the language 
of the hero who was never beaten, 'The day 
is ours.' " 



Dufif Green, a self-willed and eccentric 
newspaper man, an advanced courier of 
the National American party, who edited 
the "Pilot," in the issue of his prospectus 
for his paper, expressed sentiments which 
did not meet with popular approval. He 
served notice of his intentions after the elec- 
tion was over to continue these utterances, 
especially "as to religious sects." The 
Whig Committee fearing his avowals might 
embarrass their party, issued an address in 
which they said, "General Green has an un- 
doubted right to take such a course as his 
own judgment may approve." The com- 
mittee had protested against his doing so, 
as a Whig party organ, and went on to an- 
nounce their previous action. He had been 
repeatedly requested "not to do so; we now 
emphatically declare that the Whig party is 
not in any way, or to any extent, responsible 
for what has heretofore been published in 
the 'Pilot' on the subject of 'Catholicism 
and Naturalized Voters,' " and "will not be 
responsible for what General Green may be 
pleased hereafter to do." 

A stirring Presidential campaign had fol- 
lowed the nominations of both parties. In 
Baltimore, from beginning to end, they 
worked to their uttermost. It was a closely 
contested struggle. The Democrats won 
by a majority of 31 votes. Partisans neg- 
lected business during the campaign, and 
excitement and enthusiasm were at their 
height. Lyceums, places of amusement 
and recreation were neglected under the 
commotion electioneering created. On the 
3d of November, after nightfall, a collision 
took place between the rivals. The Whigs 
were at their usual place of assembling in 
front of the "Patriot" ofifice when a fire 
alarm sounded and the engines passed on 



HISTORY OF BALTIMOEE, MARYLAND. 



95 



their \va\- to it. On their return from Old 
Town, the firemen were stopped by the 
dense crowd when they undertook to force 
their way througli it. They met with op- 
nosition, and a battle with brick-bats was 
waged. A number of people were injured. 
The Mayor made a public address of the 
usual pacific character on such occasions, 
and peace was restored. At the fall election 
for President the city gave Mr. Van Buren 
7.326, and Gen. W. H. Harrison 7,295 
votes. 

1S41. 
^^'iIliam C. Johnson was the nominee of 
the Whigs and voted for by them at the 
election of this year for Governor. He was 
opposed by Francis Thomas, the Demo- 
cratic nominee. The result of the battle 
was for the former 6,386, and for the latter 

7435- 

1842. 

At the municipal election Solomon Hil- 
len. Democrat, received 7,296 votes, being 
elected over Mr. Small, his Whig competi- 
tor, who polled 2,853 votes. 

1843- 
Daniel Webster was tendered a dinner in 
Baltimore the i8th of May by merchants of 
the city. It was sumptuously gotten up by 
the proprietor of the Exchange Hotel. 
Around the festive board was that talent 
and wealth for which the city was famous. 
Mr. Webster, when responding to the toast 
allotted to him, referred to our agricultural 
pursuits ; to our commerce on the seas ; our 
manufactures in the shops and the necessity 
of tarifif protection to the products of our 
home industries. In commerce we had 
rivals, but not superiors, and we should 



guard all our energies by perpetually pro- 
tecting them. 

The election for members of the Legisla- 
ture this year in the city resulted in a Whig 
vote of 6,564 and a Democratic vote of 
6,484. 

1844. 

May 1st the Whig Convention assembled 
in the city of Presidential nominating con- 
ventions, holding its sessions in the Univer- 
salist Church. Great men made burning 
speeches, and Henry Clay, doomed never to 
be President, was once more placed in 
nomination for that high office. Theodore 
Frelinghuysen was elected as the nominee 
for \ ice-President. 

May the 2d was surrendered to a civic 
procession and a mass meeting held on the 
Canton race course grounds, under the au- 
spices of the Young Men's National Whig 
Convention, which assembled contem- 
poraneously with the nominating conven- 
tion. The decorations on Baltimore street, 
down which the procession passed, were 
on a magnificent scale. An arch stood at 
Baltimore and Hanover streets, and one 
other at Calvert street. The ship Tarift 
was full rigged and manned with National 
banners flying. Implements of husbandry 
were represented and flags waved along the 
entire line. One banner, more artistically 
beautiful than all others, was of silk, having 
on it a perfect likeness of Henry Clay. It 
now hangs suspended in one of the rooms 
of the Maryland Historical Society. 

When Canton was reached, the nomina- 
tions were ratified. Daniel Webster was 
the lion of the meeting and cheered to the 
echo. Berrier, Thomas Ewing, John J. 
Crittenden, Metcalf Reynolds, George 
Evans, of Maine; Reverdy Johnson, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Thomas Yates \\'alsh, of Baltimore, and 
Clayton Botts; each in his turn was re- 
warded with the greatest gift an audience 
can bestow upon those who inspire it — 
spontaneous applause. 

May the 27th the Democratic National 
Convention assembled in the city. The ses- 
sions were held in the Odd Fellows' Hall 
on Gay street. James K. Polk, of Tennes- 
see, was its nominee for President. Silas 
Wright was selected for the second place on 
the ticket, which honor he declined with 
thanks, and in doing so refused the Vice- 
Presidency. Mr. Wright was replaced by 
George N. Dallas, of Pennsylvania. 

The 27th of May, at Calvert Hall, a hand- 
ful of Tylerites, whose chief had been ig- 
nored by the Whigs, whom he had aban- 
doned, and by the Democrats who needed 
far more available material than existed in 
Tyler's construction, nominated that states- 
man for re-election. He does not appear 
to have been a factor in the ensuing con- 
test, as this one act was his appearance and 
exit. 

The State Whig Committee was unusu- 
ally strong during this Presidential contest. 
Among those composing it were the follow- 
ing Baltimoreans: William Schley, George 
R. Richardson, Samuel H. Taggart, 
Thomas Yates Walsh. William H. Gat- 
chell, John P. Kennedy and others, who 
were perhaps not so well known, but were 
of the highest standing in the community 
where they resided. The conmiittee issued 
an address July 3, 1844, to the voters of the 
State, in which they said: "The accumulated 
confidence of our countrymen with the un- 
wavering steadiness, the calm courage, the 
indomitable perseverance w^ith which the 
great Whig party of the Union has stood to 



its principles, under the extraordinary vicis- 
situdes which it has been doomed to en- 
counter, is a proud heritage. The occur- 
rences in the career of the Nation through 
which the Democracy have piloted us is 
humiliating history. The offspring of Ty- 
lerisni, it bears the mark of its paternity 
throughout, nor are its features mended by 
the new squint thrown into them by the in- 
fusion of Calhoun nullification." The 
threat of disunion was asserted to be held 
out to enforce the preponderance of a new 
issue. Mr. Polk was declared to be "a fit 
representative of the movement of imme- 
diate annexation." He was also arraigned 
and identified as a supporter of Mr. Cal- 
houn in opposing the protection system, 
and the policy of distributing among the 
States the proceeds of public land sales. 
The question of the annexation of Texas 
was deplored as a bad precedent to be 
hurled into a political canvas. The commit- 
tee charged that their opponents "had 
sought to turn to party purposes and action 
unfortunate occurrences in Philadelphia 
and other places, where differences arose 
between native born and naturalized citi- 
zens, mingled more or less with differences 
of religious opinions and observances. It 
may be sufficient to say that with these 
things we have nothing to do. They do not 
belong to the sphere of political contro- 
versies. The rights which the Constitution 
guarantees to naturalized citizens we would 
guard as sacredly as those which are the 
birth-right of the native born citizen; and 
as for the undisturbed enjoyment of re- 
ligious belief, it is hardly to be expected 
that anything would be countenanced in 
Maryland that would infringe upon this 
holy right of conscience." 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



97 



The address discussed the policy of the 
Whig party; its protective system and 
sound tariff for revenue, "adequate to sup- 
ply the Treasury abundantly with money," 
and also the purpose of the party "to sus- 
tain»the interest of domestic labor against 
the sinuous competition of pauper labor 
from abroad." 

On the subject of the National currency 
the address was equally explicit, declaring 
"that the Government should have the con- 
trol over it to such an extent ag the sound- 
ness and safeness of the public convenience 
demand." 

At the November election, Mr. Clay re- 
ceived in the city of Baltimore 8,413 votes, 
and Air. Polk had 8,887 votes. Pratt, 
Whig, for Governor, received 7,968 votes, 
and Carrol, Democrat, 9,190. James O. 
Law, Whig, for Mayor, polled 7,971 votes, 
and John G. Davis, Democrat, 8,468, at the 
previous election in October. 

The dawn of a movement was nearing 
which was to diversify American politics by 
a novelty unrivaled and unprecedented. 

The American party had existence in 
Baltimore as early as November 5th, 1844. 
The Baltimore "Clipper" announced that it 
intended to support the principles of the 
American, Republican or native American 
partv. 

1845. 

May the 5th a city convention of Na- 
tional Americans was held. May 13th an 
address to the public was issued. The ob- 
ject of the party was set forth to be the 
correction of prevailing abuses : the extirpa- 
tion of foreign influence in American af- 
fairs; the prevention of fraud and .America 
for yVmericans. 

The 29th of August the American party 



nominated its first ticket in Baltimore. Its 
nominees were; For Congress, Fourth 
Congressional District, a Mr. Duncan; for 
the House of Delegates, David Taylor, 
Joseph Breck, John C. Holland, David 
Parr and Josiah Balderston. The Ameri- 
can candidate for Congress received 1,147 
votes; John P. Kennedy, the Whig candi- 
date, had 4,962 votes, and William Fell 
Giles, the Democratic candidate, was the 
recipient of 5,804 votes. Had Mr. Ken- 
nedy received Mr. Duncan's vote, he would 
have been elected over Mr. Giles by 395 
majoritv. Probably he could not have ob- 
tained it, as the American party was com- 
posed of both former Whigs and Demo- 
crats. 

In the city a Temperance ticket was 
nominated for the lower House of the 
General Assembly. At the election it re- 
ceived 212 votes. On the general result in 
the city, the Democrats elected their Con- 
gressman, the sheriff and the delegates. At 
the election held under the management of 
wards there were from twelve to twenty 
councilmen in consequence of increased 
population. The Democrats returned 
seventeen out of the twenty members com- 
posing the First Branch, and nine of the 
ten in the upper branch. 

1846. 

At the election held on the 17th day of 
October, 1846, one of the issues before the 
people was the question of holding the ses- 
sions of the Legislature biennially. Balti- 
more gave a majority of 694 against the in- 
novation. The State secured the adoption 
of the measure by registering a majority in 
its favor of 4,655 votes. 

The Whigs scored a triumph in the city, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



securing both branches of the Legislature. 
Charles M. Keyser, Whig, for Senator, ob- 
tained over Joshua Vansant, Democrat, a 
majority of one vote, out of a total of 14,- 
871. A subsequent recount increased his 
majority to three votes. 

Col. Jacob G. Davis, Democrat for 
Mayor, was elected over Aaron R. Lever- 
ing, Whig, by 106 votes. 

1847. 
In 1847, Philip Francis Thomas, Demo- 
crat, was elected Governor; his majority in 
Baltimore City over his Whig opponent, 
William T. Goldsborough, was 1.566. 
Goldsborough. although supported by the 
Whigs, declined to acknowledge his alle- 
giance to that party. He was clearly an 
independent, disclaiming all party attach- 
ments, and appearing before the people 
without one-sided political opinions. L: 
the Congressional contest McLean, Demo- 
crat, received 7,649 votes, and John P. Ken- 
nedy, Whig, 7.108 votes. 

1848. 

A State Convention of tne friends of Gen. 
Zachary Taylor, presided over by Alexan- 
der Randall, was held in Baltimore April 
26, 1848, in the Law Building. The gen- 
tlemen composing it professed to have pre- 
viously belonged to both the leading par- 
ties. They were influential and many of 
them of intellectual caliber. This so-called 
State Conventinn "took time by the fore- 
lock," and without delay nominated their 
favorite for President. 

This convention comi^letely ignored tar- 
iff, finance, admission of Te.xas. war with 
Mexico and all other political questions, as 
no longer those of prominence. Thev is- 
-sued a s])irited address, ambitiously to the 



people of the United States, in which they 
said: "The only remarKable thing that char- 
acterizes this movement of ours consists, 
we may presume, in this, viz: That we have 
met together in our representative capacity, 
as citizens, in the exercising of the rights of 
citizens without regard to party restrictions, 
and being of the opinion that Gen. Tay- 
lor is the only man who can unite the 
moderate men of all parties, and thus pre- 
pare the country for the severe ordeal 
through which our institutions may have to 
pass in the course of approaching events, 
we have chosen, without waiting for the 
permission of hasty conventions to act upon 
that conviction, and to unite our country- 
men, who may upon reflection adopt the 
same views and resolve to act in conjunc- 
tion with us." The convention was cer- 
tainly the first to nominate Gen. Taylor. 

The National Convention of the Demo-, 
cratic party, met in Baltimore in the Uni- 
versalist Church, May 22, 1848, and nomi- 
nated Gen. Lewis Cass for President and 
Gen. William O. Butler for Vice-President. 

Gen. Samuel Houston, in the interval be- 
tween the temporary and permanent organ- 
ization of the Convention, was loudly called 
upon to make a speech. He finally com- 
plied and defended the constitutional right, 
the morality and justice of the war with 
Mexico. Andrew Stevenson, of Virginia, 
was selected president of the convention, 
which proceeded vigorously to business. 
Mr. Humphreys, of Maryland, had intro- 
duced a resolution which was under discus- 
sion, declaring that a majority of all the 
votes of the convention, as regulated by the 
electoral votes of the several States, should 
be sufficient to nominate candidates for the 
1 'residency and Vice-Presidency, and that 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



99 



such nominations afterwards receive the 
unanimous votes of the convention, when a 
panic was created by a crashing noise in the 
left gallery. The auditors began to disperse 
in the midst of great confusion. Some per- 
sons in the gallery in their eagerness to es- 
cape climbed down the posts which sup- 
ported it. Those who were seated under- 
neath the gallery hastily vacated their seats. 
One person leaped to the floor below. The 
alarm, it was afterwards learned, was caused 
by the breaking of the back of a pew, al- 
though a few doubting Thomases main- 
tained that the gallery had settled two 
inches. What they said had its effect and 
the gallery was closed. The convention 
lasted five days and ended in a blaze of en- 
thusiasm. It was followed by the holding 
of a ratification meeting in the square, and 
the usual amount of campaign oratory. 

The nominations of Gen. Taylor and Mil- 
lard Fillmore, made by the Whig National 
Convention, were received with delight in 
Baltimore. Tuesday evening, June 20th, a 
public meeting was held in Monument 
Square. Daniel Webster had promised to 
be present, but was prevented by indispo- 
sition and the advice of a physician to take 
care of himself. Hugh Burkhead presided. 
J. Morrison Harris and Robert W. Thomp- 
son, of Indiana, made the great speeches on 
the occasion. 

The 28th of August presented a strange 
scene to the gaze of Baltimoreans. A Free 
Soil Convention met in Union Hall at 
noon. It was composed of twelve persons. 
There were no plaudits ; no bands of music 
nor waving of flags. At i o'clock a tem- 
porary organization was effected, with Dr. 
John Rose in the chair and J. J. Wolcott 
and W. Lee secretaries. The declaration 



of principles of the Free Soil party was read 
and several persons subscribed their names 
approvingly thereto. The convention then 
adjourned until 4 o'clock. When it reas- 
sembled thirty persons were in the room. 
It first proceeded to elect permanent of- 
ficers. David Gambril, of Frederick City, 
President: Dr. John Rose and Robert 
Gardner, of Baltimore City; Edmund H. 
Lewis, of Baltimore county, and George W. 
Buck, of Prince George's county, Vice- 
Presidents. The secretaries were J. E. 
Snodgrass, J. J. Wolcott and Edwin 
Thomas. A State Central Committee, con- 
sisting of Dr. John Rose, John N. Buck, 
Darius Thomas, T. H. F. Lanford, Robert 
Gardner, William Gunnison, E. B. Cun- 
ningham and William Shepherd, was form- 
ed. Mr. Clayton, of Easton, A/'a., in his 
speech made an attack on slavery. Elec- 
tors-at-large were named. They were 
David Gamble, of Frederick; Dr. R. F. 
Allen, of Kent county, and J. Hampton 
William3, of Baltimore City. All other 
electors were to be announced by the State 
Central Committee. 

The Whig State Central Committee, all 
of whom, as usual, were Baltimoreans, had 
among others composing it during the year 
the names of Isaac Nevitt Steel, Thomas 
Swann, Isaac Monroe, J. P. Kennedy, 
Trueman Cross, Stephen Collins, George 
Brown, J. H. Duvall, George E. Sangston, 
O. C. Tiffaney, John Pickell, William 
Chestnut and J. Morrison Harris. 

November 2, 1848, they issued an address 
from which the following is extracted: 
"You have been told that General Taylor is 
a mere military chieftan without the requi- 
site capacity or experience for the exalted 
station to which the people would desire to 



100 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



elevate him. It is true that his life has been 
spent in the active service of the camp. He 
has grown grey in the faithful performance 
of duties which no man could have dis- 
charged with more ability than himself. 
But who has witnessed his past career, bril- 
liant and successful as it has been, who 
would hesitate to place himself under the 
guidance of such a leader. During the long 
life of varied and reasonable public duty an 
honest man has yet to appear who would 
detract from the spotless purity of his 
name." 

The result of the election in Baltnnore 
City was, that Taylor received 10,406 votes ; 
Cass, 10,990 votes, and Van Buren (the 
Free Soil candidate) 71 votes. In the four 
years' growth of population since the 
Presidential election of 1844, neither party 
increased its vote to any appreciable ex- 
tent to the disadvantage of the other. 

1849. 

At the State election, held in the fall of 
1849, in se.eral of the counties of the State, 
the Whigs and Democrats united their 
forces under the name of Reform. In Bal- 
timore both parties were pledged to a new 
State Constitution. The Democrats elected 
their ticket by an average majority of 2,118 
for the House of Delegates. There was also 
an election for members of Congress this 
year, held Tuesday, October 4th. In the 
Fourth District Robert M. McLane was the 
Democratic candidate, he received 7,276 
votes, which elected him over John R. Ken- 
ly, who polled 6,326 votes. 

In the Third District, composed of the 
16th to the 20th wards and Baltimore, 
Howard and Carroll counties, Edward 
Hammond, the Democratic candidate re- 



ceived over Mr. Gre>^ majority in Balti- 
more City of 1,056 votes. 

The Court House clique was active at 
this juncture. It was a junta of leading 
lawyers who confederated to control the 
policy of the Whig party, and to shape its 
ends for usefulness. 

1850. 

At the election in Baltimore for Governor 
in 1850, Enock Lewis Low, Democratic 
candidate, received a majority of 2,759 
votes, and John H. T. Jerome, Whig candi- 
date for Mayor, had a majority over Ma- 
bury Turner of "JJJ votes. 

It wdc the practice of both parties to 
"coop" voters and supply them with 
whiskey and conduct them from polling 
booth to polling booth and vote them as 
often as convenient to do so. It was the 
practice of those having charge of the alms- 
house to permit the inmates to be conduct- 
ed to the "coop" and incarcerated in readi- 
ness for their itinerary on election day. The 
Democrats usually had the advantage of the 
almshouse vote. One poor unfortunate 
about this period died in the "coop;" un- 
daunted by the presence of a lifeless body 
the keepers of the place took his remains to 
a medical dissecting room and there sold it 
for five dollars and used the proceeds in 
rum for courage and solace on election day. 
1850. 

At the election held in 1850, the man- 
agers advanced a step further; they 
"cooped," as previously, and kidnapped as 
well. This was done by capturing their op- 
ponents and imprisoning them in some se- 
cure place and keeping them there until the 
polls were closed. Some of the most promi- 
nent citizens of the town were subjected to 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



101 



such an indignity and afterwards laughed at 
for their misadventure. The Mayor of the 
city had a hairbreadth escape. The "coop- 
ers" sought to capture him on the day of 
the election prior to his voting, and only the 
fleetfootedness of his horse enabled him to 
escape their clutches. 

1851. 

The new State Constitution was adopted 
on June 4th, and Baltimore City was di- 
vorced from Baltimore county, and its 
legislative representation increased to ten 
uclegates. 

The Congressional campaign was a lively 
one in the fall of this year. Thomas Yates 
Walsh, Whig, received in the Fourth Dis- 
trict 6,683 votes, defeating William Pinkney 
Whyte, who received 6,454 votes. 

In the Third District Lynch, Independ- 
ent, had in the city wards 1,333 votes, and 
Hammond, Democrat, 2,210 votes. 

1852. 

The National Democratic Convention as- 
sembled in the J*Iaryland Institute in Balti- 
more, June I, 1852, to nominate candidates 
for Presiuent and Vice-President. Its ses- 
sions were intensely exciting. Congress 
adjourned to enable Senators and represen- 
tatives to leave their seats in the National 
counsels and be present at the deliberations 
of the convention. The city was filled with 
the strong men of the Democratic faith not 
members of the convention, but present for 
consultation. 

On the third day the convention com- 
menced balloting for a nominee for Presi- 
dent, and forty-nine ballots were taken, 
when Gen. Franklin Pierce, who had seen 
service in Mexico, was nominated. William 



R. King, of Alabama, received the nomina- 
tion for Vice-President. 

June i6th the Whig National Convention 
assembled in the Maryland Institute, and 
on the fifty-third ballot nominated Gen. 
Winfield Scott for President, and William 
A. Graham, of North Carolina, for Vice- 
President. 

The evening of the 30th of June, a mon- 
ster meeting of the Whigs was held in Mon- 
ument Square. The Mayor presided with 
a list of Vice-Presidents headed by Thomas 
Yates Walsh. They were there to ratify 
the nomination of Scott and Graham. 
Twenty thousand persons attested by their 
presence their enthusiasm for their candi- 
dates. Numoers at a mass meeting were 
not conclusive factors as subsequent events 
demonstrated. 

The 29th of August, 1845, the Native 
American party placed its first ticket be- 
fore the public. Scott was the last of the 
Whig candidates for the Presidency. Clay 
and Webscer, its illustrious leaders, were 
dead before another nominating convention 
took place and Whiggery died with them. 
The Whig organization was a patriotic cir- 
cumstance of the past, worthy of the regrets 
and the tears that were shed over its fate. 
The Democratic party was the gainer by its 
dissolution. Reverdy Johnson, J. Nevit 
Steel, Severn Teackle Wallis, Thomas 
Yates Walsh, Charles H. Pitts, Richard D. 
Merrick, William H. Gatchel and many 
other Baltimoreans, whose names adorned 
the city's history, passed over into active 
membership of the Democratic party. 

Throughout the years of the Whig party's 
existence in Maryland, it was composed of a 
membership not hostile to slavery, but dis- 
posed to yield the olive branch to the Dem- 



102 



HISTORY OF BALrTIMGRE, MARYLAND. 



ocracy: the sensitive champions of the right 
to hold in chains the colored man. The 
defenders of the "peculiar institution" 
charged the Whigs with being in league 
with the abolitionists and all their cam- 
paigns were vocal with such assertions. 
The agitation of the slavery question en- 
tered into every Congressional election and 
continued to do so until the hour when the 
clock of destiny sounded its doom. 

1852. 
In the afternoon of July 26th, a conven- 
tion of the free colored people of the State 
met at Washington Hall, on Ploughman 
street. Its object was to consider the con- 
dition of the free colored people and to ad- 
vance the improvement of their race status. 
James A. Handy was temporary chairman 
and James H. Walker temporary secretary. 
Disorder prevailed, caused by the action of 
many delegates who opposed the call, fear- 
ing hostility to their race would result in 
consequence. The auditors were out of har- 
mony with the managers, and when some 
dissenting delegates asked permission to 
withdraw, they applauded with shouts of 
"That's right." It was reported that the 
Colonization Society had suggested to the 
convention to aid its scheme of sending im- 
migrants to Liberia. This rumor caused 
the withdrawal of several delegates who left 
the convention. John H.Walker secured the 
floor and held it for one-half hour, dur- 
ing which time he emphatically denied the 
accusation. He declared the convention 
was held to inquire into the most feasible 
plan for improving the actual and intellect- 
ual condition of the colored race. If it was 
found this could not be effected on Mary- 
land soil, then the en(|uiries would be ex- 



tended to those counties to which the col- 
ored people were advised to immigrate, and 
inducements for such immigration would 
be examined and reported to the people. 
If, then, they saw fit to leave their homes 
and repair to those distant lands they could 
do so with a certain knowledge what would 
be their condition on reaching there. 

Order was out of the question, and a riot 
seemed imminent. A dozen delegates were 
speaking at the same time. Rev. Darius 
Stokes, pastor of a Baltimore colored con- 
gregation, was saved from the clutches of 
the mob; ten or twelve of its ringleaders 
were arrested and then the convention to 
prevent further disorder adjourned for the 
day. 

The 27th, it resumed its labors with Wil- 
liam Tasky permanent president. The 
morning session was consumed in discuss- 
ing the advisability of charging an admit- 
tance fee, but the proposition was dropped. 
A committee was selected on a platform of 
principles adopted, whereupon the conven- 
tion adjourned until 2 o'clock. When the 
convention reassembled a preamble accom- 
panied by a series of resolutions was before 
it for discussion. The resolutions were dis- 
cussed singly and two of them adopted; all 
the other resolutions with the preamble 
were laid on the table. Progress was re- 
ported and the convention adjourned. 

The 28th, the third day of the conven- 
tion, dawned. It met and recommended to 
the committee on a platform that they re- 
port a resolution in favor of immigration to 
Liberia. A discussion was precipitated; 
there were those of the opinion that such 
an expression as the voice of the convention 
would have a salutary influence on the col- 
ored people, and after investigation, incline 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



103 



them favorably to a new home in a foreign 
clime. And there were others who were 
not in sympathy with this view; they be- 
lieved such a position would be demoraliz- 
ing. Several of the speeches showed talent, 
research and a familiarity with the subject. 

The motion was laid upon the table and 
the following preamble and resolutions of- 
fered by John H. Walker as a substitute and 
as the platform were adopted with but a 
single negative vote. 

Whereas, The present age is one emi- 
nently distinguished for enquiry, investiga- 
tion, enterprise and improvement in physi- 
cal, political, intellectual and moral sciences, 
and 

Whereas, Among our white neighbors 
every exertion is continually being made 
to improve their social and moral condi- 
tion, and develop their intellectual facul- 
ties, and 

Whereas, It is a duty which mankind 
(colored as well as white) owe to themselves 
and their Creator to embrace every oppor- 
tunity for the accomplishment of this men- 
tal culture and intellectual development and 
general social improvement; and 

Whereas, We, the free colored people of 
the State of Maryland, are conscious that 
we have made little or no progress in im- 
provement during the past twenty years, 
but are now sunken into a condition of so- 
cial degradation which is truly deplorable, 
and the continuing to live in which we can- 
not but view it as a crime and transgres- 
sion against our God, ourselves and our 
posterity; and 

Whereas, We believe a crisis in our his- 
tory has arrived when we may choose for 
ourselves degradation, misery and wretch- 
edness on the one hand, or happiness. 



honor and enlightenment on the other, 
merely by pursuing one of two paths which 
are now laid before us for consideration and 
choice; may we not, therefore, hope that 
our people will awaken from their lethargic 
slumbers and seek for themselves that fu- 
ture course of conduct that will elevate them 
from their present position and place them 
on an equality with the other more ad- 
vanced races of mankind. May we not 
hope that they will consider seriously the 
self-evident proposition that all men are 
created equal, and endowed by the Creator 
with the same privilege of exerting them- 
selves for their own and each other's bene- 
fit; and 

Whereas, In view of these considera- 
tions, and in order to commence the great 
and glorious work of our moral elevation 
and of our social and intellectual improve- 
ment, we are of the opinion that an organi- 
zation of the friends of this just and holy 
cause is absolutely necessary for effecting 
the object so nuich to be desired, and we 
are therefore 

Resolved, That we will, each and every 
one, here pledge ourselves to each other and 
to our God, to use, on every and all occa- 
sions, our utmost efforts to accomplish the 
objects set forth in the foregoing preamble; 
and that we will now and forever hereafter 
engraft this truth in our prayers, our hopes, 
our instructions to our brethren and our 
children; namely, that degradation is a sin 
and a source of misery, and it is a high, an 
honorable and a blessed privilege we enjoy 
— the right to improve ourselves and trans- 
mit to posterity, happiness instead of our 
misery — knowledge instead of our ignor- 
ance. 

Resolved, That while we appreciate and 



104 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



acknowledge the sincerity of the motives 
and the activity of the zeal of those who, 
during an agitation of twenty years, have 
honestly struggled to place us on a footing 
of social and political equality with the 
white population of the country, yet we 
cannot conceal from ourselves the fact that 
no advancement has been made towards a 
result so desirable, but that, on the con- 
trary, our condition as a class is less de- 
sirable now than it was twenty years ago. 

Resolved, That in the face of an emi- 
gration from Europe, which is greater each 
year than it was the year preceding, and 
during the prevalence of a feeling in regard 
to us, which the very agitation intended for 
good has only served apparently to embit- 
ter, we cannot promise ourselves that the 
future will do that which the past has failed 
to accomplish. 

Resolved, That we recognize in our- 
selves the capability of conducting our own 
public afTairs in a manner at once creditable 
and well calculated to further among us 
the cause of religion, virtue, morality, truth 
and enlightenment — and to acquire for our- 
selves the possession and enjoyment of that 
elevated refinement which so much adorns 
and beautifies social intercourse among 
mankind, and leads them to a proper appre- 
ciation of the relations existing between 
man and Deity, man and his fellow-men, 
and man and that companion whom God 
has bestowed upon him to console him in 
the hour of trouble and darkness, ov enjoy 
with him the blessings that heaven vouch- 
safes occasionally to shower upon our path- 
way through life. 

Rksoi.vI'D. That in a retrospective sur- 
vey of the past we see between the while 
and colored races a disparity of thought. 



feeling and intellectual advancement which 
convinces us that it cannot be that the two 
races will ever overcome their mutual pre- 
judices toward each other sufficiently to 
dwell together in harmony, and in the en- 
joyment of like social and political privi- 
leges, and we therefore hold that a separa- 
tion of ourselves from our wdiite neighbors, 
many of whom we cannot but love and ad- 
mire for the generosity they have displayed 
towards us from time to time, is an object 
devoutly to be desired and the consumma- 
tion of which would tend to the mutual ad- 
vantage of both races. 

Resolved, That comparing the relative 
advantages afforded us in Canada, the West 
Indies and Liberia— these being the places 
beyond the limits of the United States to 
which circumstances have directed our at- 
tention — we are led to examine the claims 
of Liberia particularly, for there alone we 
have been told that we can exercise all the 
functions of a free republican government, 
and hold an honorable positon among the 
nations of the earth. 

Resolved, That this convention recom- 
mend to the colored people of ]\Iaryland 
the formation of societies in the counties 
of the State and the, city of Baltimore, who 
shall meet monthly, for the purpose of rais- 
ing the means to establish and support free 
schools for the education of our poor and 
destitute children, and for the appointment 
each month of a person whose duty it shall 
be to collect such information in relation 
to the condition of colored emigrants in 
Canada, West Lidies, Guiana and Liberia, 
as can be obtained by him from all avail- 
able sources; which information shall be 
brought to these monthly meetings above 
alluded to and read before them for the 



"^■^ 




^£. 



C4y/Cg,^ 



/^^. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



105 



instruction of all in order that when they 
are resolved, if they should so resolve, to 
remove from this country to any other, 
they must know what will be their wants, 
opportunities, prospects, &c., in order to 
provide beforehand for any emergencies 
that may meet them on their arrival in their 
new homes. 

Resolved, That as this subject is one of 
great importance to us and the considera- 
tion of which, whatever may be the result, 
cannot be put aside, we recommend to our 
people of this State to establish and main- 
tain an organization in regard to it, the 
great object of which shall be enquiry and 
discussion which, without committing any, 
may lead to accurate information and that a 
convention like the present one composed 
of delegates from the respective counties in 
the State and from Baltimore City, ])e held 
annually at such times and places as may be 
hereafter designated. 

Resolved, That in thus expressing our 
opinions, it is not our purpose to counsel 
emigration as either necessary or proper in 
every case. The transfer of an entire peo- 
ple from one land to another must neces- 
sarily be a work of generations. Each in- 
dividual now and hereafter must be gov- 
erned by the circumstances of his own con- 
dition, of which he alone can be the judge, 
as well in regard to the time of removal as 
to the place to which he shall remove; but 
deeply impressed ourselves that sooner or 
later removal must take place, we would 
counsel our people to accustom themselves 
to the idea. 

Resolved, That this convention recom- 
mend the ministers of the gospel among the 
free colored population of Maryland to en- 
deavor, by contributions from the congre- 
7 



gations and by other means, to raise funds 
for the purpose of forwarding the benevo- 
lent object of educating the children of des- 
titute colored persons of this State; and 
that they also impress upon the minds of 
their hearers the benefit which would neces- 
sarily result from the development of their 
intellects and the bringing into fullest use 
those mental powers and reasoning facul- 
ties which distinguish mankind from the 
brute creation; and that this be requested 
of them as a part of their duty as ministers 
of our Lord and Saviour, Jesus Christ. 

A committee of five was appointed to 
draw up a memorial to be presented to the 
Legislature asking that they "be apprised 
beforehand of any action it might take in 
regard to the free colored people of Mary- 
land." The resolution passed and J. H. 
Walker, J. A. Handy, William Perkins, 
Thomas Fuller and Daniel T. Ross were 
named for the purpose. The committee 
may have discharged its functions but there 
is no record that the Legislature ever ap- 
prised beforehand either the committee or 
anybody else butr themselves of their pur- 
pose, as suggested. 

After the appointment of an Executive 
Committee charged with attending "to all 
matters affecting colored interests" within 
the State, the convention finally adjourned. 

This was Mayoralty year. The candi- 
date of the Whigs was Mr. France and of 
the Dem.ocrats Mr. Hollins. 

The election resulted in Gen. Scott re- 
ceiving 9,558 votes, Pierce 14,035 votes, 
France 8,981 votes and Hollins 1,265 votes. 

1853- 
The Whigs re-nominated Thomas Yates 
Walsh for Congress. He was opposed by 
Henry May, the Democratic candidate. 



106 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Mr. May, in his canvass, vigorously as- 
sailed the record of his opponent in Con- 
gress, which had been of the most honor- 
able and distinguished character. A vote 
which Mr. Walsh had given to establish a 
line of steamers from New York to a for- 
eign port in Europe furnished the text. It 
was charged that he should have sought to 
have had Baltimore made the terminus. 

October 19, 1853, Mr. Walsh addressed a 
mass meeting of his supporters at the cor- 
ner of Madison and Eutaw streets. 

It was an able address in which, re- 
ferring to his past political career, he said: 
"I retired from the arena of politics to the 
practice of my profession thinking I had 
finally abandoned political life, but two 
years ago I was most unexpectedly nomi- 
nated for the representation of the Fourth 
District, and I was solicited by a large body 
of citizens to accept the office of their rep- 
resentative in the hall of the Federal Legis- 
lature. I succeeded, but no personal exul- 
tation was mingled in my feelings of satis- 
faction at that success. Death had scat- 
tered those whom it woujd have most re- 
joiced." 

On the subject of a protection tariff, JNIr. 
Walsh said: "I believe our native indus- 
tries ought to be protected. There were 
indications of a tendency to do justice to 
the mechanical portion of the population. 
Our navies and merchant marine are now 
equipped with Russian hemp which has 
driven our own rope makers out of the 
market. Is this unpardonable condition of 
things to be permanent? President Jack- 
son had advrcated the protection policy for 
materials requisite for national defense." 

In tiie campaign, Henry Winter Davis 
made his first appearance on tlvj Baltimore 



stump. Tuesday, November 4th, he was 
advertised to speak with Mr. Walsh, R. T. 
Merrick and William H. Traverse in the 
Fourth Ward. He subsequently spoke at 
other meeting. 

Both Mr. May and Mr. Walsh were able 
men, foemen worthy of one another's steel. 
They conducted active canvasses. The re- 
sult was May's election, he receiving 5,630 
votes to 5.300 votes cast for Walsh. 

A Governor was elected at the same time, 
Bowie, the Whig candidate, receiving in the 
city 8,327 votes, and Ligon, Democrat, 
10,876 votes. 

In Baltimore the supporters of the Maine 
Liquor Law made a successful fight on that 
line, electing ten delegates by 964 majority. 
Their platform was warm with words de- 
nouncing the manufacture, sale and con- 
sumption of intoxicating liquors. The dele- 
gates chosen were pledged to extirpate the 
traffic by remedial and effective legislation. 

1854. 
In the fall of 1854 the National American 
party nominated a straight ticket for the 
municipality of Baltimore. Samuel Hinks 
was the candidate for jMayor. He was op- 
posed by William G. Thomas, the Demo- 
cratic nominee. The religious sentiment 
and fervor of the community was violently 
roused and hostility to the Roman Catholics 
was bitterly engendered. Hinks was elect- 
ed by 2,744 majority. The National Amer- 
icans secured fourteen members of the First 
Branch and eight members of the Second. 

1855- 
In the election of members for the First 
Branch of the City Council in 1855, the 
Democrats carried Baltimore by 1,029 ma- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



107 



jority. Fraudulent elections of the grosser 
order had not yet held high carnival. 

1856. 

In October, the Mayoralty election oc- 
curred. Thomas Swann, a millionaire and 
a gentleman of high social position, was the 
American cafididate for Mayor; he was 
elected over Robert Clinton, the Demo- 
cratic candidate, by 5,067 votes. The elec- 
tion was the scene of disturbance, and great 
disorder prevailed. It was charged that il- 
legal voting was practiced unblushingly. 

October 17th, the National American 
party assembled in Baltimore. Its sessions 
were held in the Maryland Institute. Mil- 
lard Fillmore was chosen its nominee for 
President, and Andrew Jackson Donaldson 
for Vice-President. At the election held in 
November, Baltimore recorded for Fill- 
more 16,900 votes, and for Buchanan 9,870 
votes. Fremont, the Republican candidate, 
received 214 votes. 

A battle royal took place in the Bel Air 
market house. The redoubtable Eighth 
Ward Limerick club marched to the Sixth 
Ward to participate in conducting the elec- 
tion. The boys there wanted no assistance 
and with guns and cannon they drove the 
invaders in the market house, where a 
systematic battle was kept up until dark. 
One cannon was captured by the Limerick 
contingent, but tumbled off the wheels 
while being hauled away. The Sixth Ward- 
ers were much exposed during the battle 
but kept up their aggressions. Throughout 
the city episodes of a similar character took 
place. Eight persons were killed and one 
hundred and fifty wounded. Those unpen- 
sioned warriors have never been applicants 
for a bounty. A squad of police marched 



to take the Eighth Warders prisoners but 
were themselves captured and finally pa- 
roled and released without exchange. 

1857- 

The American party held a nomination 
convention in Baltimore, at Temperance 
Temple, July 23rd, A. R. Sellers, of Calvert 
county, presiding ofificer. James B. Ricand, 
of Kent; Wm. H. Purnell, of Worcester; C. 
C. Cox, of Talbot, and Thomas Holliday 
Hicks, of Dorchester, were the Guberna- 
torial candidates in nomination. Seven bal- 
lots were taken, the last with the following 
result: Ricard, 47; Purnell, i; Hicks, 48. 
Previous to announcing the vote. Dr. Jar- 
ett, of Harford, changed his vote to Hicks, 
giving him a majority. The convention ad- 
journed until half-past three, when Mr. 
Hicks appeared before it accepting the 
nomination, and in doing so, he said: ''Tt 
did his very soul good to talk about the 
doctrine that 'Americans should rule Amer- 
ica.' He understood that a groom had 
been singled out for the nag that they had 
this day selected, but neither whip nor spur 
would be necessary for the animal they had 
put on the course." Wm. H. Purnell was 
nominated for Comptroller; Daniel H. Mc- 
Phail for Lottery Commissioner, and W. L. 
W. Seabrook for Commissioner of the Land 
Ofifice. Mr. Hicks reached his home at 
Cambridge by the steamer Kent, which was 
decorated with flags. As it glided down 
the river and bay it was loudly cheered 
by passing steamers. When at Cambridge, 
a cannon planted on the wharf belched forth 
its welcome. The entire population of the 
town escorted him to the court house, 
where a reception was held. 

The Democratic Convention met in the 



108 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Maryland Institute Thursday, July 30th, 
and was presided over by Wm. T. Hamil- 
ton. Col. John C. Groome, of Cecil coun- 
ty, was nominated for Governor; Joshua R. 
Nelson, for Lottery Commissioner; James 
Murray for Commissioner of Land Office, 
and Bradley T. Johnson, Comptroller. The 
Fourth District American Congressional 
Convention assembled August 12th and 
nominated Henry Winter Davis for Con- 
gress. At the municipal • election held in 
Baltimore, October 13th, the American 
ticket was elected with the exception of the 
Council candidate in the Eighth Ward. 
It received 11,898 votes to 2,000 votes for 
the Democratic ticket. The "American" of 
the 15th said that the election was a 
mere mockery of the elective franchise, ac- 
companied by riot and bloodshed. The 
fighting men of both parties were out. 
Peaceable citizens abstained from the polls; 
naturalized citizens were not allowed to 
vote in some of the wards, and a native 
citizen could not vote in the Eighth, in 
the last named ward, a serious riot took 
place in wliich one police officer was killed 
and another wounded. In consequence of 
the disorder. Governor Watkins Ligon or- 
dered the major general of the militia to 
hold himself in readiness to preserve order 
on the November election. His authority 
was disputed by Mayor Swann and a 
lengthy correspondence ensued between 
them. The Mayor was sustained by the 
legal opinion of Milton Whitney that per- 
sons enrolled and acting under the Gov- 
ernor's proclamation were not protected 
from individual responsiblity to the crim- 
inal law for ofTenses conmiitted by order of 
any officer in command, which opinion was 
concurred in bv Frederick Pinknev, and a 



further opinion of Grafton Dulaney, Wm. 
Price and Thomas S. Alexander. The Gov- 
ernor notwithstanding the counter opinion 
of Reverdy Johnson and others, was com- 
pelled to revoke his orders calling out the 
militia. Special police was appointed by 
Mayor Swann for the preservation of peace. 
Notwithstanding this there was much disor- 
der which they were unable to quell. Mr. 
Hicks received 16,237 votes for Governor 
against 6,616 votes for Mr. Groome. J. 
Morrison Harris, in the wards of the Third 
Congressional District received 6,741 votes 
against 3,519 votes for William Pinkney 
Whyte. Henry Winter Davis, in the Fourth 
District, received 9,492 votes against 3,073 
polled for Henry P. Brooks. 



A reform movement developed itself in 
the fall of this year, but the time was not 
ripe for its expansion and assured success. 
Th-: candidate of those associated in this 
cause was Col. A. P. Shutt, for Mayor. 
Early in September, 1858, they proclaimed 
their platform of principles, arraigning the 
dominant party for its violence. Col. Shutt, 
during the existence of Whiggery, had fol- 
lowed the fortunes of "Harry of the West." 
Since its demise he had remained without 
the pale of parties. In his acceptance he 
asserted: "The citizens of adjoining places 
are afraid to come to this city to transact 
business and their wives do not wish them 
to do so, fearing they may suffer violence." 
Mr. Swann having been re-nominated, in 
acknowledging the compliment, maintained 
that the percentage of lawlessness was not 
greater in Baltimore City than in other mu- 
nicipalities of its size. He was re-elected 
the I3tli o. October by a rcturn-jd majority 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



of 19,149. So farcical was the performance 
that at noon of election day Col. Shutt 
withdrew from the contest and called on his 
friends to desist from further attempts to 
exercise the elective franchise. A curious 
feature in t.iis election was, that the Fourth 
Ward gave Mr. Swann 2,507 votes out of a 
poll of 2,866 votes, and the Eighth Ward 
returned a majority of 3,307 votes for Col. 
Shutt. The latter was reported to have re- 
ceived 4,859 votes in the city, of which 3,428 
were represented to have been cast in one 
ward, leaving 1,430 votes as the sum total 
of ballots cast in the other wards for Mr. 
Shutt. Disorderly proceedings were ram- 
pant in all the wards. The American 
ticket was marked on the back with a blue 
checkered stripe. Those who did not vote 
it were easily recognized. Stuffing the bal- 
lot box by men and boys was a mere pas- 
time. For this outrage the American party 
has always been condemned. 

Such a rankorous growth could not 
longer be permitted. The 15th of Novem- 
ber subsequent to the election the City Re- 
form Association met and issued an indig- 
nant address, setting fortlr its future plans 
and purposes. 

1859. 
In the campaign ensuing, sledge hammer 
blows were given by reformers that roused 
the public to action. The Baltimore Amer- 
ican espoused their cause and as always 
happens in such a crisis, some of the most 
influential men in the American party co- 
operated with the reformers for its over- 
throw. Ten thousand people assembled in 
Monument Square on the 8th of September, 
William Woodward, presiding officer. The 



President and Vice-President, according to 
the adopted resolutions, were instructed to 
appoint a committee of twenty of Balti- 
more's representative citizens, one from 
each of the wards, and they, at an early day, 
were to nominate candidates without regard 
to party; the best, most reliable and compe- 
tent in the community. 

JMayor Swann was invited to co-operate 
with the Reformers and throw his social 
and ofhcial influence with them. He de- 
clined and continued steadfast with his 
party friends. 

The American party held a meeting in' 
Monument Square November 2d. A pro- 
cession of clubs marched through the 
streets of the city and filed into the crowded 
square where the meeting was in progress. 
Fire works and cannon were discharged. 
The Blood Tubs had the right of the line, 
One of their transparencies represented the 
operation of dipping the head of a voter in 
a tub of blood. The "Acdrns," the "Live 
Oak Club" and the "American Pioneer 
Club" had cannon which they fired ofif from 
furniture wagons. The "Rough Skins" of 
the Third Ward; the "Red Necks of '76;" 
the Ashland Club of the Sixth Ward, and 
clubs from the Seventh Ward; the "Spar- 
tan Band," of the Eighth Ward; the United 
American Club;" the "Black Snakes" of 
the Eleventh Ward, with a motto, "Swin- 
dled but not Conquered;" the "Thunder 
Club" of the Sixteenth Ward; the "Tigers;" 
the "Decatur;" the "Enbolt Club," of the 
Seventeenth Ward, and the Alount Clair 
Club, of the Eighteenth Ward, were 
among those in line. The latter club had a 
blacksmith's forge on wheels with men at 
work making awls. "The Regulators," of 



no 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



the Tenth Ward, appeared with Citizen 
Crab Ashby at their head, mounted on a 
mettlesome black steed. He was marshal 
of the club and wore a blue r.nd pink satin 
sash, and held in his hand an awl about 
four feet in length: he proceeded to the 
speaker's stand, by riding rough shod 
through the audience, who gave way at his 
approach, and from a large chandelier he 
suspended his awl over the heads of the 
speakers. When he had retired the awl was 
removed. The stand had as ornamentation 
American flags with the inscription, "Henry 
Winter Davis, Fourth District, Union for 
the Sake of the Union, Baltimore City, O. 
K., J. Morrison Harris, Third District, Pro- 
tection to American Labor," and in the cen- 
tre was the picture of a swan, emblematical 
of Thomas Swann, one of the great political 
leaders of that party. 

United States Senator Anthony Kennedy 
spoke of it "As a glorious demonstration 
and those who "were present were doubtless 
influenced by the same motives which en- 
livened and enkindled the party in 1856, 
they were now called upon to act with the 
same vigilance and to make the same efforts 
that were then made as great and important 
issues would probably grow out of the pres- 
ent campaign. They were not dismayed by 
party misrepresentations or personal malev- 
olence. The American party had the same 
high aims to animate them, the same du- 
ties to perform; the same cardinal virtues 
to develop and the same great platform 
to uphold. They had indeed great national 
princij)lcs to carry out, and to do this all 
sectional strife, squatter sovereignty and 
alien suffrage must needs be repudiated. It 
was in defense of great national principles 
that thev were called once more to rallv 



around the great national standard of the 
party. The American party stood up for 
the rights of the States; the Union of the 
States for the sake of the Union, and for 
protection in the fullest sense to the rights 
of American citizens throughout the 
world." 

Henry Winter Davis commenced his 
speech by saying: "The grand army of 
Americans is marching for the fifth time to 
victory. They were not about to engage in 
battle against a new enemy, but an old 
enemy disguised in a new uniform and 
called by new names ; it had new lieutenants 
in front and old generals behind. Why, 
then, should Americans fear? They had 
smitten them in 1855, and in 1856 they had 
fought and conquered them in the disguise 
of independent candidates, and now it was 
neither Independents nor Democrats, for 
their opponents had revived and dug up the 
.dried bones of the old court house clique 
and arrayed them for the conflict. There 
were the foreign legions for their left wing, 
the old Democrats in the centre and on the 
right the old line Whigs who had helped to 
elect James Buchanan, with a few renegade 
Americans to keep them company." 

"The Reformers had declared war and he 
was ready for it, and no child's play, either. 
If they called the leader of his party a dema- 
gogue, he would return the compliment and 
say tnat they surpassed that. Come out on 
election day, not for the purpose of vio- 
lence, but to put it down and to see that 
the laws are observed." 

At the October election the Refonners 
carried the Eighth, Tenth, Twelfth, Four- 
teenth and Nineteenth Wards, notwith- 
standing the asserted bad faith of the muni- 
cipal authorities. The November election 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



followed for Comptroller, members of Con- 
gress and of the Legislature. At 2 o'clock 
the Reformers abandoned the field except 
in the Eighth Ward, where a native Ameri- 
can always experienced the same difficulty 
in voting that the Democrats did in the 
other wards. 

The 17th of November, a Reform con- 
vention was held. Severn Teackle Wallis 
called it to order and nominated George M. 
Gill, president. A committee on elections 
was selected to collect evidence of fraud and 
violence used at the late election and to 
present it to the Legislature. The commit- 
tee was composed of William Henry Norris, 
Philip Francis Thomas, L Nevitt Steele, S. 
T. Wallis and Nelson Poe. 

The committee collected a mass of ex- 
parte statements in relation to the Novem- 
ber election, it evidencing a lamentable con- 
dition of affairs. Adam B. Kyle was struck 
at the polls and raised his stick to resent 
the blow when he was surrounded by a 
crowd who struck him and fired pistols at 
him. His brother George, who had been 
shamefully set upon in a similar manner, 
went to his assistance, firing into the crowd. 
When within a few feet of Adam, he saw 
him fall, and as he did so, place his hand to 
his groin. He was mortally wounded and 
died that evening. 

Mr. Wallis, in his testimony, described 
how the Tenth Ward polls we.tf taken pos- 
session of by "Know Nothing" rioters, who 
assaulted Democratic voters with bricks 
and firearms, holding the place and permit- 
ting access only to those whom it was their 
pleasure to allow to vote. 

Mr. Charles D. Hinks described Gregory 
Barrett in action, drawing his pistol and 
firing it five times. When he was tired of 



toying wuth the pistol he called for rifles, 
raving and swearing that he would take the 
blood of Reformers. It did not appear that 
the rifles were produced or that Gregory 
killed any one. A man named McGonni- 
gan, a curious name for a native American, 
who was one of the "Rip Raps," swore that 
no Reformer should vote unless he was 
dead, and the suffrage was exercised over 
his body. 

The old practice of "cooping" seemed to 
have been restored; indeed it is doubtful if 
that well recognized and methodized plan 
of campaign procedure knew an interrup- 
tion up to this period. John Justus Ritzus 
related how he and several others were 
conducted by a mysterious winding from 
one house to another until they were led 
into a dark room and kept there a few min- 
utes; how several persons were cruelly 
beaten when discovered making an effort 
to escape; how they w^ere searched and 
articles on their persons taken from them; 
how they were pushed and tumbled down 
into the cellar and found themselves in a 
dark hole full of men with one soHtary can- 
dle; how they were kept cooped and finally 
separated into parties of threes and fours, 
given the American ticket and led up to the 
polls and compelled to vote it. Ritzus had 
a varied experience; he voted sixteen times. 
He changed his clothing seven times with 
other cooped individuals. The captain 
changed clothes with them. They were 
driven around in omnibuses packed full and 
voted ad libitum. Specific cases of cruelty 
w^ere given. Crab Ashby was said to have 
set fire to the beard of an old German by 
the use of a lighted candle, burning the 
beard entirely off the poor man's face. 



CHAPTER VI. 



Events from iS6o to iS66 ; or, The War and Its Trail. 



In the succeeding pages events of thrill- 
ing interest will be narrated. A nation in 
the throes of war presents the highest op- 
portunity for its people to exhibit the love- 
liness of virtue and the abomination of vice; 
the elevation of a lofty spirit of patriotism 
and the degeneracy of national character. 

The United States, in its great conflict, 
escaped as a people the loss of prestige; it 
came out of the struggle purified and 
healthier for the conflict. The succeeding 
pages invite attention not to the way in 
which men fought but spoke. In the ad- 
dresses will be perceived the feelings that 
prevailed at the all critical hour when the 
fate of the Union lay trembling in the bal- 
ance. 

This chapter includes the aftermath of 
the war properly characterized, in the rec- 
ord of the years 1865 to '66. 
i860. 

The Legislature which assembled this 
year was Democratic and several measures 
presented by the Reform committee were 
enacted into laws. Among them were the 
police law, the election law and the jury law. 

A movement was early made in the 
House of Delegates to expel! the delegation 
from Baltimore. They were Charles C. 
Krafift, Thomas Booze, Robert L. Seth, 
George R. Berry, P. C. Crowley, Robert A. 
McAlister, Thomas M. Smith, Robert Tur- 
ner and Marcus Dennison. These gentle- 
men made a vigorous defense of their rights 



to seats and it was not until the last day of 
the session that they were declared vacant. 

The police bill resulted in changing the 
personell of the force. George P. Kane 
was made marshal instead of Marshal Her- 
ring, and it was speedily transformed into an 
organization whose sympathies were Dem- 
ocratic. 

Mayor Swann, on the passage of the sev- 
eral reform bills, disputed their legality and 
was vested by the Council with authority 
to test the constitutionality of the police 
bill. The commissioners of police named 
in the bill Charles Howard, William H. 
Gatchell, Charles D. Hinks and John W. 
Davis, after subscribing to their oath of 
office, applied to Judge Robert North Mar- 
tin, of the Superior Court, one of the most 
learned and impartial jurists of his time, for 
a mandamus to compell the surrender of the 
station houses and their equipments. Judge 
Martin upheld the constitutionality of the 
act, which was affirmed by the Court of 
Appeals. 

.\t a mass meeting of the Union party 
held in Carroll Hall, Tuesday, April 13th, 
William Price said: "Henry Clay gave the 
assurance thrt a time was coming when 
a Union party would be organized to op- 
pose a corrupt and profligate administra- 
tion. It is fit and appropriate that on this 
day such a party should assemble; for it 
is the day on which the eye of that great 
man first saw the light of heaven and his 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



113 



prophetic vision predicted the coming of 
this hour." 

John P. Kennedy: "It is the birth- 
day of Henry Clay; it is well to begin work 
on the fairest day of the vernal season. The 
effulgent rays of the sun had gilded the 
horizon in the early hour of the morning 
and would set in glory. A fit emblem of 
the man who was born on that day. It 
was a fortunate omen to meet on such a 
day and rally around the Constitution and 
express their veneration for that sacred 
document. But three or four months had 
passed since the whole land was in agita- 
tion, when men talked of a dissolution of 
the Union, and even the gloom of that mo- 
ment had not yet passed off into unclouded 
happiness. Men still had a feeling of mis- 
trust for each other." 

/. Morrison Harris: "A period in the 
history of our country had arrived when 
men must look around them. As the mari- 
ner who goes to sea in fair weather and 
suddenly finds a storm raging around him, 
and prepares to meet it, just so it has been 
with this American people. The great ship of 
State has been hitherto sailing in safety, but 
fanaticism, foul and black, has raised a 
storm which it could alone engender, and 
this noble ship of State is sailing in a sea 
of agitation, and it behooves the people, the 
great American people, to say, peace, peace 
be still." 

In the evening a meeting was held in 
Monument Square, at which Robert W. 
Thompson, of Indiana, spoke. He said: "I 
would rather be stricken dead than east a 
vote for any man who would dare to assail 
the Union." 

Zcbiilon B. Vanee, of North Carolina: 
"The Democratic party could not save the 



Union. They could not spare the time to 
save the spoils. They say the only way to 
save the Union is to join the Democratic 
party. I would sooner have the biggest 
awl in Baltimore run in me than do such a 
thing. How is it that the only party that 
can save the Union is the oiie always talk- 
ing about dissolving it?" 

Horace Maynard: "Persons talk of dis- 
solving the Union — of a peaceable dissolu- 
tion of it. The thing is impossible — the 
overthrowers would be crushed out in the 
attempt." 

Thomas Szvann: "I am not one of those 
who believe this Union will be dissolved. 
I do not think it is in the power of politi- 
cians to effect such an end. Our existence 
as a nation is not to be counted by days, 
but I trust by centuries." 

Wednesday, May 9th, the National Con- 
stitutional Union Convention met in Balti- 
more at the Presbyterian Church, Fayette 
and North streets. The platform adopted 
recognized no political principles other than 
"The Constitution of the Country," "The 
Union of the States" and "The Enforce- 
ment of the Laws." The convention pledg- 
ing itself "to maintain, protect and defend, 
separately and unitedly, those great princi- 
ples of public liberty and national safety 
against all enemies at home and abroad; be- 
lieving that thereby peace may once more 
be restored to the country, the just rights 
of the people and of the States re-estab- 
lished and the Government again placed in 
that condition of justice, fraternity and 
equality which, under the example and con- 
stitution of our fathers has solemnly bound 
every citizen of the United States to main- 
tain "a more perfect Union, established jus- 
tice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for 



114 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



the common defense, promote the general 
welfare and secure the blessing of liberty to 
ourselves and our posterit)'." 

A more thoroughly patriotic convention 
never assembled. It consisted of delegates 
of national reputations. The oratory was 
of a high order and abounded in love for the 
Union. Excellent speeches were made by 
Mr. Girard, of New York; William L. Shar- 
key, of Mississippi; Andrew Jackson Don- 
aldson, of Tennessee; Washington Hunt, 
of New York; the president of the conven- 
tion, Mr. Bowie, of Maryland; Mr. Inger- 
soll, of Pennsylvania; Mr. Hilliard, of Mas- 
sachusetts; Governor Brown, of Tennessee; 
Mr. Watson, of Mississippi; Hill, of 
Georgia; Thompson, of Indiana, and Mr. 
Henry, of Tennessee, the last named a 
grandson of Patrick Henry, who proved to 
have inherited the fire and eloquence of his 
ancestor. The following extract is from his 
speech: "I cannot fight under any banner 
upon the earth than that which looks to 
the glory, the honor, and perpetuity of our 
glorious country as one whole country. 
The revolutionary blood that beats and 
throbs in my veins would prevent me from 
bearing aloft any other banner. There is 
a cry that comes to me from the battlefields 
of the Revolution. It comes! It is ringing 
in my ears! It is in the air that is around 
me! It comes from the bloody field of 
Guilford! It is the cry of my father's blood 
that appeals to me from the ground; the 
blood that was shed upon the field of Guil- 
ford— to be true to the Union. I intend 
to obey that voice and respond to that senti- 
ment." 

Mr. Henry showed himself to possess a 
keen sense of the humorous a,s the follow- 
ing extract will i)rovc: "The other dav I 



saw some of the delegates returning from 
Charleston, and I declare to you that I 
never saw a more broken down and des- 
ponding set. They were tired, sleepy and 
disheartened, and I may say without any 
figure of speech, they were 'unwashed.' I 
said to them: 'Gentlemen, what upon the 
earth is the matter with you now? What 
has happened to you ?' 'Oh,' says one man, 
'Our National Democracy is broken up, 
and the lamentations of the whole world, I 
reckon, will attend it.' 'Oh, yes,' said I, 'I 
shed oceans of tears over the result.' They 
looked to me like the broken columns of 
Napoleon's army when they returned dis- 
comfitted from Moscow.' " 

He closed his speech with this perora- 
tion: "When I came to this beautiful city, 
I went to visit the Washington Monument. 
I was not satisfied to stand upon the ground 
and look upon his form up in the clouds, 
but I went up two hundred and fifty steps 
until I got as near as I could to George 
Washington himself. I wanted to get close 
up to him — I wanted to reillume my fires of 
patriotism from his glorious countenance 
and beaming eye — and I thought when I 
saw him standing there with that paper in 
his hand, that it was his farewell address to 
the American people, and I thought I heard 
the marble lips say to me: "Do all you can 
here in Baltimore to save the Union." 

"I thought I saw the inspiration every- 
where upon his countenance — whether upon 
canvas or in marble — whether upon the 
sideboard of the common tavern, or in the 
creations of Stuart; I thought I saw upon 
his countenance an approving smile that 
seemed to sanctify our deed and hallow our 
enterprise. I heard as distinctly as I ever 
heard anv word uttered, "Frown down all 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



115 



attempts to sever the Union and to break 
the cords that bind us together as one peo- 
ple." This is the glorious mission you 
are called upon to discharge; this is 
the glorious undertaking that has brought 
us here. Our cause is right; our cause is 
just, and in the language of one of Mary- 
land's best and most glorious patriots, now 
dead, upon whose grave the tears of a na- 
tion have been shed — he who, from his pri- 
son ship upon your own waters saw the 
enemy, and looked forth anxiously to see 
if the flag of the Union still floated from the 
battlements of your fort — in his language 
I will say: 

" Conquer we must, for our cause it is just, 
And this is our motto, in God is our trust." 

The convention nominated John Bell, of 
Tennessee, for President, and Edward Ev- 
erett, of Massachusetts, for Vice-President. 
In the evening of the day of their nomina- 
tions, a ratification meeting was held in 
Monument Square. A large platform had 
been erected, on which were patriotic dev- 
ices and at each end portraits of Clay and 
A\^ashington. The center of the stand was 
adorned with an arch on which was 
mounted the coat of arms of the several 
States. In the center of the arch was a 
representation of the American Eagle; flags 
waved round it, while the Goddess of Lib- 
erty crowned the arch surrounded by a 
halo of glory. 

The square was crowded by a mass of 
human beings, many of whom could not ap- 
proach within hearing distance of the stand. 
Senator Anthony Kennedy presided. Henry 
Fuller, of Pennsylvania; Robert W. Thomp- 
son, of Indiana; Baillie Payton, of Tennes- 
see: Zebulon B. Vance, of North Carolina; 
Johnson, of Virginia; Suitzter, of Missouri; 



Ridgway, of the Richmond Whig, and Gar- 
net, of Virginia, in succession entertained 
the audience nearest them. The Presby- 
terian Church received the overflow to the 
extent of its capacity. Thomas Swann pre- 
sided, and introduced Andrew Jackson 
Donaldson, of Tennessee. "He had no 
doubt that the people of the United States 
would be perfectly satisfied with the nomi- 
nations and would rally round their stand- 
ard with glad enthusiasm and in such a 
manner as to spread terror in the ranks of 
those whose chief aim was to dissolve the 
Union. He was sure if Gen. Jackson were 
alive he would rebuke the spirit of faction 
and again declare that "the Union it must 
be preserved." For thirty years he had 
lived with the sage of the hermitage, a 
purer patriot or a more thoroughly hon- 
est man never lived. He should ever feel 
grateful to Maryland and to Baltimore for 
the support they gave to Fillmore and Don- 
aldson in 1856." Parson Brownlow and 
Mr. Kendrick, both of Tennessee, closed 
the speaking. In the church it was Ten- 
nessee's evening, as all the orators were 
from that State. 

The Democratic nominating conven- 
tion at Charleston had adjourned to meet in 
Baltimore June i8th. It re-assembled at 
the Front Street Theatre. At 11 o'clock 
Caleb Gushing appeared on the platform at 
the hour for the meeting and thirty min- 
utes later called the convention to order. 
The States of South Carolina, Georgia, 
Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, 
Arkansas and Texas were not called. They 
had seceded at Charleston. The question 
that perplexed the convention was the ad- 
mission to their seats of other representa- 
tives. It was claimed bv several members 



116 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



that those who left could return and by oth- 
ers that right was strenuously denied. It 
was proposed that no delegates could be 
seated who would not pledge himself to 
abide by the action of the convention. A 
debate lasting six hours was conducted 
with acrimony. Excitement within and 
without the convention was at fever heat; 
madness ruled the hour; dispassionate judg- 
ment took its flight; those whom the Gods 
would destroy were violently mad. Slavery 
in the Southern States received its vital 
wound in Baltimore. At night excited men 
had possession of the pavements ; they filled 
the hotel corridors and stood on the cor- 
ners of the streets and discussed and quar- 
relled. Cabals were in session and intrigues 
darkened counsel and confounded wisdom. 
Two sets of meetings were addressed by 
Democratic speakers, who were as rad- 
ically apart as the gold fields of Alaska are 
from the tea gardens of China. 

The next morning the contesting dele- 
gations were referred to the Credentials 
Committee. The committee divided and on 
the fourth day of the session two differing 
reports were made to the convention. The 
majority was favorable to the seating of 
the Douglas delegates in the place of the 
seceders from Louisiana and Alabama, and 
of individual delegates from other States. 
The minority warned against such admis- 
sions and a quarrel instead of a discussion 
ensued. The bone of contention was shown 
to be the greed of slavery to obtain the van- 
tage ground and to hold it. Fierce speeches 
of great vehemence were made by its advo- 
cates. One of the delegates from Texas 
was a dealer in slaves and thus expressed his 
belief: "Slavery has done more to advance 
the prosperity and intelligence of the white 



race, and the human race, than all else to- 
gether. I believe it founded upon the law 
of nature and upon the law of God." He 
gloried in being a slave dealer and thought 
he should "live to see the day when the 
doctrine" he "advocated would be the doc- 
trine of Massachusetts and the North." He 
was mistaken, as yet the roll of Georgia 
slaves has not been called by Mr. Toombs 
beneath the shadow of Bunker Hill Monu- 
ment. 

On the 22d the majority report was 
adopted and the seats of the seceders were 
occupied by Douglas men. Virginia, rep- 
resented by thirty-seven delegates, with- 
drew. North Carolina, California and Ore- 
gon united with the Mother of States. Ken- 
tucky and Tennessee had not deliberately 
lost their heads and waited a while longer 
in retirement before doing so, consulting 
what course was most expedient. Scattered 
members from the Maryland ai;«i Missouri 
delegations were ready to join the bolters 
and finally accomplished that feat. The 
scene was dramatic and far more of a his- 
torical poi-traiture than it has thus far been 
represented. No scene in that theatre was 
ever half so tragic. Said Mr. Smith, of Cali- 
fornia, when on the eve of leave taking: 
"This convention has properly been held in 
a theatre, and upon that stage a play has 
been enacted this evening that will prove a 
tragedy of which the Democratic party will 
be the victim." The convention adjourned 
for the day, but night witnessed the con- 
tinued commotion which its proceedings 
had provoked. Under the gas lamps per- 
spiring men raised the tumult of their voices 
in a storm of discussion. 

The next morning an explosion that 
shook tlie nation was heard when the con- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



117 



vention was called together; the chairman, 
Caleb Gushing, and others from Massachu- 
setts seceded. Benjamin F. Butler was of 
the number; he excused them for their con- 
duct by saying: "We put our withdrawal 
before you upon the simple ground, among 
others, that there has been a withdrawal, 
in part, of a majority of the States; and fur- 
ther (and that perhaps more personal to my- 
self) upon the ground that I will not sit in 
a convention where the African slave trade 
— which is piracy by the laws of my coun- 
try — is approvingly advocated." Those ut- 
terances produced a sensation far different 
in character from the radical sentiments 
that at that time had been expressed. 

David Todd, of Ohio, took the chair. 
Quite a sprinkling of Southern delegates 
who were in favor of Mr. Douglas' doc- 
trine of non-intervention and popular sov- 
ereignty remained. Several of them made 
speeches in which devotion to slavery rather 
than to the Union was predominant. 

Of the one hundred and ninety-four and 
one-half votes cast on the second ballot for 
a Presidential nominee, Stephen A. Douglas 
received one hundred and eighty-one and 
a half. On motion of Mr. Hoge, of Vir- 
ginia, he was declared the unanimous nomi- 
nee. The convention and the galleries 
frantically yelled, shouted and cheered. 
The band struck up "Hail to the Chief;" for 
a long while the shouting continued. It 
greeted a politically dead gladiator who lay 
lifeless in the Coliseum at the feet of the 
Lion of Secession. 

Senator Fitzpatrick, of Alabama, amid 
shouts of approval, was nominated for the 
Vice-Presidency. In two days' time he re- 
tired from the ticket. Herschel V. John- 
:Son, of Georgia, was substituted in his stead. 



Was it an omen of the fearful overthrow 
awaiting the Democratic party, when from 
the centre of the floor one hundred and 
fifty delegates sunk below? The Creden- 
tials Committee had made its report when 
that event happened. The floor fell three 
feet and threw the settees and those on them 
into one wedged mass; they extricated 
themselves and fled. 

Let us peep into the Maryland Institute 
and see what is going on there. Another 
chapter in convention history is being 
prepared. Two preluding chapters they 
may be called of a volume of subsequent 
ones which were written in pages of blood. 

The delegations from Louisiana and Ala- 
bama, which were refused admission to the 
Douglas Convention, and the seceding dele- 
gates from that body, began their sessions 
Saturday, the 23d of June. The roll call 
was answered by New York, Vermont, Vir- 
ginia, North Carolina, Maryland, Georgia, 
California, Oregon, Florida, Alabama, 
Louisiana, Missouri, Texas, Mississippi, 
Massachusetts, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ar- 
kansas, Delaware and Pennsylvania, Caleb 
Gushing president; he informed them that 
their purpose was to organize "the true Na- 
tional Democratic Convention." Delegates 
whose purposes were the same as those in 
the convention assembled, who had been 
elected to one proposed to be held at Rich- 
mond, were invited to and accepted seats in 
this convention. The minority report made 
at the Charleston Convention and repudi- 
ated was offered and adopted.' It set forth 
the slavery ideas prevailing among "the fire- 
eating" wing of the Democratic party. 
George B. Loring, of Massachusetts, nomi- 
nated John C. Breckenridge, of Kentucky, 
for President: he had ei<rhtv-one ballots 



118 



^ 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



and ^Sanuiel S- Dickinson twenty-four. 
Breckenridge was unanimously nominated, 
Mr. Dickinson being withdrawn. Joseph 
Lane, of Oregon, was selected the nominee 
for the Vice-Presidency. 

The speeches delivered during the ses- 
sions of the convention were inflammatory 
appeals, unhealthy in tone and influence. 
One by the gifted and eloquent Wniiam 
L. Yancey was especially rancorous and 
productive of harm. It closed the proceed- 
ings of the convention. 

The partisans of Breckenridge and Lane, 
after their nominations, held a ratification 
mass meeting in Monument Square. The 
speakers' stand presented a brilliant aspect. 
On an arch of canvas lighted with gas from 
behind was this inscription: "The Gallant 
Defenders of the Constitution and the 
Union and of the Equality of the States," 
on each end of which was full length por- 
traits of the candidates. Another motto 
was "Equal protection for the citizens of the 
States." 

Six or seven thousand persons were in 
the square. No processions marched to the 
meeting; it was an enthusiastic gathering 
of earnest voters. J. Mason Campbell pre- 
sided; in his short address he made the 
following hit, which was greatly relished: 
"The opposition was nothing but a giant. 
I am not afraid of giants, especially when 
they were little giants, like Douglas. Breck- 
enridge's name is Jack, and from time im- 
memorial Jack had always been a giant 
killer, so there is not much to fear from 
Douglas while Jack is in the field." 

Humphry Marshall, a gentleman of port- 
ly stature, delivered a vigorous speech ; he 
said among other things: "The present 
development in Northern politics of the 



abolition element is a most serious obstacle 
to the peace and prosperity of the country." 
He regarded "the position of Judge Doug- 
las in no other light than a tender to the 
Lincoln locomotive." He believed tne 
slave States should take a firm stand or they 
would "be provincialized." He was "a non- 
intersectionist." The disregard of that doc- 
trine was the cause of all the trouble in the 
party. "The question of going into a ter- 
ritory with or without slaves, of the med- 
dling or non-interference of Congress in the 
matter, had given rise to nearly all the dif- 
ferences between the two branches of the 
party." "Shall the South submit to any- 
thing like this? To the people here assem- 
bled I will put this question and ask if they 
will submit to it? [Cries of "No! No!"] 
"This, then, is the issue — the only issue — 
and you have assured me of the position 
you occupy in the premises." 

Ex-Govcrnor Enoch Louis Lozu evoked 
the memories of the place where the meet- 
ing was held, saying: "Once more I have 
the honor to stand in a spot consecrated not 
only by the memories of the illustrious men 
whose patriotism is inscribed upon yonder 
marble' monument, but which is connected 
still more sacredly because it has been for 
more than a quarter of a century past dedi- 
cated to the gathering of the people when 
consulting upon the destinies of their coun- 
try." "I would be false to my heart, I would 
belie the everlasting truth of nature, if I 
concealed the profound and inexpressible 
sorrow that I feel this night at the thought 
of having for the first time in my life to ad- 
dress a divided Democracy." 

"If asked why I do not support Douglas, 
why I cling to the other wing of the party, 
it is because in the vSouthern section of the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



119 



party I find a united South. The entire Pa- 
cific and all the sound North were in the 
same ranks. Like Caleb Gushing, like Hal- 
let, the framer of the Cincinnati platform; 
like Benjamin F. Butler, like Franklin 
Pierce and like Daniel S. Dickinson. We 
love the power of the party, we would love 
to keep it united, but we love the Constitu- 
tion, as interpreted by Judge Taney, far 
better. That being the case, if part we 
must, in God's name, then let it be in peace. 
You stand by your favorite man — we stand 
by no man but by the Constitution." 

"So long as Northern fanaticism can arm 
men, and squatter sovereignty prevails, 
where, I ask, is the territory that a Southern 
man can inhabit. A Southerner moves from 
his home into a territory where a squatter 
principle prevails, a county where the squat- 
ter on the public lands is entitled to regu- 
late slavery. What chance, I ask, has he? 
There is not a man within the sound of my 
voice who does not know, under this state 
of things, that the Southern man could not 
compete with Northern abolitionism. The 
result would be that citizens of one section 
would be excluded from the common prop- 
erty of the Nation." 

"I am no disunionist, but I now announce 
and let it go abroad that I repudiate com- 
promise forevermore. I say that a people 
who compromise principle after principle 
will soon have no rights to lose. I am in 
favor of coming back to first principles and 
taking the Constitution alone for our guide. 
The South has never been sectional; she 
has always stood on the Constitution, ex- 
cept when it was compromising her consti- 
tutional rights." 

"Douglas says that the Kansas-Nebraska 
act states clearly his principle of non-inter- 



vention, but I say the principles of that act 
are in the Cincinnati platform and mean 
this — that Congress shall not establish or 
exclude from any territory or State slavery." 

A distinguished lawyer of Maryland says 
that he argued this case before the Supreme 
Court and that certain matters, now at is- 
sue, were not included in the record, but 
he forgets that Judge Taney anticipated the 
objection, and says it is not outside the rec- 
ord. I hold that any man present, who has 
the power to understand anything, can take 
up Judge Taney's opinion and understand 
it as well as any lawyer in the land." 

"What does the Judge say ? That no Af- 
rican is a citizen of the United States within 
the meaning of the Constitution. Aye, and 
the Court goes further, and when the ques- 
tion was presented as to whether or not the 
party was entitled to freedom and to citizen- 
ship, having been by his own confession a 
slave, and removing into free territory, then 
the question arose as to the constitutionalit} 
of the Missouri line, and the Court decided 
that Congress could not exclude the prop- 
erty of any citizen from any Territory, and 
that there could not be found in the Con- 
stitution any clause giving any less protec- 
tion to slavery than to other descriptions ot 
property. And if the Constitution recog- 
nizes slaves as property, no tribunal acting 
under it could dare to maintain that it was 
not. Hence no power, either legislative, 
executive or judicial, has the right to draw 
any such distinctions between States of the 
same confederacy." 

"Is it not then decided that squatter 
sovereignty is an absurdity? If Congress 
has no power to extend slavery, surely a 
territorial legislature, a creation of Con- 



120 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



gress, cannot exercise powers not vested in 
the creator." 

Senator Lczuis T. IVigfaU, of Te.xas, in his 
speech said he was "a Union man." To the 
last part of it he asked who would go into 
Lincoln's Cabinet from the South. He was 
proceeding to state who when a voice called 
out, "Henry Winter Davis." "Yes," re- 
sponded the Senator, "you have one man;" 
a voice suggested two, and named Reverdy 
Johnson as the other person who would go 
into Mr. Lincoln's Cabinet. Mr. Wigfall 
proceeded to mention John Minor Botts, of 
Virginia; Pierce Soule, of Louisiana, and 
Sam Houston, of Texas, as gentlemen who 
would accept such honors. Continuing, he 
said, "There are, doubtless, a few others 
who would have the hardihood to outrage 
public sentiment." A voice suggested John 
Bell, of Tennessee, at which there were 
hisses. "Yes," repHed the speaker, "and 
John Bell, of Tennessee. They would prob- 
ably accept because by doing so they would 
go to Washington, for they could scarjzely 
stay at home without securing a coat of tar 
and feathers in the service of such an ad- 
ministration." 

The Senator closed his speech with the 
following paragraph: "But, fellow-citizens, 
if we lose this election, I tell you that trou- 
blesome times are at hand. We may then 
have a L^nion, but not a Union of thirty- 
three States. [A. voice: "No, never."] I 
believe that the success of the Democratic 
party is the only means of saving this Union, 
and I further believe that without the suc- 
cess of the Democratic party it will be a 
ITnion not worth saving." 

The Douglas wing of the Democratic 
party assembled in Monument Square the 
evening of July 9th to ratify their nomina- 



tions for the Presidency and Vice-Presi- 
dency. From eight to twenty thousand per- 
sons were present. Patriotic mottoes such 
as "The Federal Union it must and shall be 
preserved" were displayed in burning let- 
ters. Henry May was chairman of the meet- 
ing. Reverdy Johnson, Lambert Gittings, 
Thomas M. Lanahan, Dr. Milton N. Tay- 
lor, Robert T. Banks, Robert J. Brent, A. 
Leo Knott, Robert H. Carr, Henry F. 
Garey, Amos F. Musselman, S. J. K. Handy 
and William S. Reese were among a nota- 
ble list of vice-presidents. 

Mr. May closed his address with this in- 
vocation: "We are worshipers at the shrine 
of the LTnion, of the Union of the United 
States, with all its living burning pruici- 
ples. Let us carry those principles in our 
breasts and impart them to our children, 
and follow the teachings of the Father of 
our Country in his farewell address, let us 
love the Union and care for it with a zealous 
solicitude, as the palladium of our political 
liberties." 

After a patriotic speech by the Hon. John 
S. Carlisle, of Virginia, and a further one 
from the Hon. F. J. Morse, of Louisiana, 
Col. U'illiavi P. Malsby, of Frederick, was 
[iresented to the audience. Extracts are 
given from his speech. 

"It was thus the Democratic party stood 
before the country at the moment of the 
nomination of Stephen A. Douglas; a band 
of seceders then left the convention and 
made a separate nomination, their object 
being to divide and distract the National 
Democratic party. Even if the Democratic 
party had stood united and harmonious- the 
contest with the black Republicans would 
have been a severe and doubtful one at the 
best. Under these circumstances, gentle- 




y^■^^^n.:ii-^a^, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



121 



men calling themselves Democrats make 
another nomination in the name of the De- 
mocracy — they make another platform. 
Did it occur to any individual of them that 
they were contributing to strengthen the 
Democratic party in its contest with the 
Black Republicans? Was not their act 
plainly one of division and disunion? Was 
not the inevitable effort of their nomination 
to divide and distract the Democratic party 
and render it an easier victim to the fanat- 
ical party of the Xorth? The monstrous 
part of this spectacle is this. There are in 
the community in which we live scores of 
those who have heretofore lived as Demo- 
crats now combining to defeat its nominees, 
and do what? nothing more or less than the 
promotion of the election of Abraham Lin- 
coln. 

"Now, my fellow-citizens, what is this so- 
called Southern party? They call them- 
selves, I believe, the Constitutional Demo- 
cratic party. 'A rose by any other name 
would smell as sweet.' But let us look to 
the necessary results of their conduct. I 
have never understood the word 'nomma- 
tion' to mean anything else than the choice 
of the duly elected delegates. The assem- 
blage in the Maryland Institute was there- 
fore as unauthorized and bold an attempt 
as was ever undertaken in the history of 
this country. They made their nomina- 
tions and set up a platform, the main feature 
of which was Congressional intervention in 
opposition to territorial sovereignty. There 
never has been a party in this country 
claiming to be Democratic, until its inaug- 
uration by the seceders, that maintained 
this doctrine of Congressional intervention. 
It is a new doctrine in contravention of the 
platform of the Democratic party, under the 



doctrine of which they have so often march- 
ed to victory. We, as Democrats, have al- 
ways maintained that slavery shall neither 
be protected or prohibited by Congress in 
the Territories. 

"The doctrine of intervention is the 
Black Republican doctrine. They demand 
Congressional intervention to prevent the 
introduction of slavery in the Territories. 
And the Southern seceders demand inter- 
vention to protect and establish it in the 
Territories. It is a doctrine, in either case, 
calculated to hold up our beloved country 
as a victim to the spirit of fanaticism. 

"I have sought for an explanation as to 
why our Southern friends have left the 
Democratic party to follow after strange 
Gods. The only answer I have received is 
that he leaves you to go to a "united South" 
— a combination of Southern States desert- 
ing those who have stood by them at the 
North. Is there any difference, I ask, is 
there anything more objectionable in a 
united South than in a united North ? Sec- 
tionalism is as objectionable in the one case 
as the other. It is a contemptible thought 
to conceive of a united South or a united 
North — one is as objectionable to every pa- 
triotic principle and sentiment as the other 
is dangerous to the permanency of the 
Union." 

The Democratic City Convention was 
split during the Presidential contest of this 
year. There was a Douglas and a Brecken- 
ridge wing and they hurled at one another 
resolutions less harmful than had they been 
cannon balls. 

At the Breckenridge Convention in Bal- 
timore Thursday, August 9th, John Ritchie 
during his speech said: "The Bell men had 
no platform; the Republicans had a sec- 



U'> 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



tional one; the Douglas men had one of 
expediency. The only course to pursue was 
to fight for the right and submit to nothing 
wrong." 

Gen. McKaig, of Allegany: "I am sorry 
to say that in my county, Lincoln will poll 
a good vote among the Scotch and the 
Welsh." 

Bradley T. Johnson: "It is the duty of 
the true Democracy to abide by the doc- 
trines received from our fathers, to accept 
of no compromise, but if right to battle for 
those rights and maintain them." 

Barnes Compton: "The Democratic party 
cannot be killed while defending the Con- 
stitution. It is the duty of all true lovers 
of this country to come forward and subdue 
fanaticism." 

Thursday, August i6th, the Douglas 
wing of the Democracy met in convention 
in Baltimore. They decided on no com- 
promise with the Breckenridge element. 
William P. Maulsby said: "We are not en- 
gaged in battling for a forlorn hope. I for 
one trust that our efiforts will succeed in 
crushing the conspiracy at present existing 
to dissolve the Union." 

John B. Rowan, of Cecil county: "The 
reason the Breckenridge men seceded was 
a preconceived scheme of the Taney party 
to divid the Democratic party and thus ef- 
fect the election of Lincoln as a pretext for 
the dissolution of the Union." 

The Reformers were now in the saddle 
and a fair field in front of them. They held 
a meeting in the saloon of the Law Building 
in reference fo who should be Mayor and 
Councilmen. Dr. Alexander C. Robinson 
])resided. A committee of one from each 
ward was selected to report Independent 
Reform candidates. On the 29th of August 



George William Brown was announced as 
the mayoralty candidate. Thomas Swann 
declined to be the standard bearer of the 
forces he had formerly led. 

Mr. Douglas reached Baltimore Thurs- 
day, September 6th, and on the evening of 
that day spoke in Monument Square. "It 
was charged by him that Northern aboli- 
tionists and Southern secessionists agreed 
in principle. He was for burying Northern 
abolitionists and Southern secessionists in 
one grave." Charles F. Mayer, who intro- 
duced Mr. Douglas, spoke of him as "the 
missionary of the Constitution, bearing the 
flag of the Union, imperial in the wreaths 
of glorious principle and in the lustre of 
our national rank and power." 

Wednesday, September 19th, the Ameri- 
can party nominated Samuel Hindes for 
Mayor; he received for the nomination 
fifty-two votes to forty-eight cast for C. L. 
L. Leary. Mr. Hines in his speech of ac- 
ceptance said "if elected he would take a 
pride in the administration of municipal af- 
fairs with scrupulous economy." 

On Tuesday evening, September 27th, 
Henry Winter Davis spoke for two hours 
at the New Assembly Rooms. The follow- 
ing extract is taken from his speech. After 
declaring himself in favor of Bell and Ever- 
ett for President and Vice-President, he 
said: "Is the Democratic party fit to be 
intrusted with the power of the sword which 
has allowed innocent and honest American 
citizens to be shot down in the streets of 
Washington by American soldiers? Is it 
fit to be intrusted with the power of the 
sword which has converted the army of the 
United States into a posse comitatus. to 
enforce the service of process and to sub- 
ject the people of the Territories to military 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



123 



rule? Are they fit to be intrusted with the 
sword who have wielded it so weakly in 
Utah, so illegally in Paraguay? Are they 
fit to be intrusted with the power of the 
sword who forgetful of all the obligations 
of international law have fired into neutral 
vessels in the port of Vera Cruz, so flagrant- 
Jy and illegally that the very courts of the 
country had to discharge the captured ves- 
sels as not legal prize?" 

"Are they fit to be intrusted with the 
finances who in a time of profound peace 
have run up a debt of some $40,000,000 for 
the ordinary expenses of the Government 
during one year to nearly or over $80,000,- 
000; who thought the crisis of 1857 was a 
passing storm — a mere slight breeze that 
ruined the surface of our mercantile trans- 
actions and did not go to the bottom of 
them — did not turn up from its very depths 
the sea of commerce, and leave strewn all 
along the vast coast of this Republic our 
greatest firms, and wrecked irredeemably 
.by that great break up the commerce of 
the country?" 

Saturday night, October 6th, the Reform- 
ers held a meeting in Ashland Square. S. 
T cackle Wallis spoke and said: "There is 
an absence of brick bats here to-night, as 
Mayor Swann would say. I suppose I am 
down among 'the infuriated Irish.' On the 
occasion of my last speaking in this square 
a pole had been erected here in honor of 
Henry Clay and I was on that side of the 
question. Since then until now I have not 
taken much interest in politics. The various 
changes of parties left nie at sea, none of 
the parties having picked me up." He then 
proceeded to present the cause of Reform 
and Brown. 

October loth the municipal election took 



place. Brown received 17,771 votes and 
Hinds 9,575 votes. Mr. Brown was sere- 
naded, and in a speech he said: "The reign 
of terror is over and we have asserted the 
supremacy of the laws which were passed 
at the recent session of the Legislature." 

During the fall campaign of i860 a mam- 
moth procession of "Minute Men," in favor 
of "the Union, the Constitution and the en- 
forcement of the laws," and desirous of the 
election of Bell and Everett to the Presi- 
dency and Vice-Presidency, paraded the 
streets of Baltimore. There were two thou- 
sand and eighty-nine persons in line. The 
men wore capes and caps and were pro- 
vided with torches that flamed through the 
streets through which the procession 
moved. It was claimed to have been the 
largest political gathering in Baltimore 
since the Whig rally at Canton in 1840. 

Cheers rose long and loud, while notes 
of music floated on the air from the throats 
of numerous bands. Transparencies, flags 
and banners made an imposing display. 
The windows of many houses were filled 
with ladies, who waved handkerchiefs and 
showered boquets and flowers upon the pro- 
cessionists. Bells, large and small, filled the 
air with their clangor. The horses of the 
marshals had sleigh bells in profusion. 
Along the route of the procession many 
houses were illuminated; all Baltimore 
seemed to be on the sidewalks and enthu- 
siasm was unbounded. The American de- 
scribed the scene at Washington Monu- 
ment in this wise: It "was grand beyond 
the power of language to express. At an 
early hour every available position for view- 
ing the procession in the neighborhood of 
the monument was occupied and on the 
broad platform that forms the base of the 



124 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



noble column was gathered a large number 
of ladies, and from this point the view was 
exceedingly fine. The approach of the pro- 
cession, as it came gliding over the rising 
ground a few squares south of the monu- 
ment, was heralded by the glow of colored 
fires, which ever and anon shot up their 
blue and crimson rays. At first they resem- 
bled the delicate tints of the northern light, 
and then, as the coming multitude drew 
nearer and nearer, threw a broad glare over 
the living streams of gallant, manly forms 
that marched proudly on, cheered by the 
continuous plaudits of the masses of specta- 
tors that thronged the sidewalks, and the 
waving handkerchiefs and smiling greetings 
of the ladies. Soon the procession encircled 
the monument, and passed off westward 
toward Cathedral street, whilst as far as the 
eye could reach down Charles street came 
a stream of flaming torches, lighting up the 
whole thoroughfare and throwing a broad 
glare of light up to' the very summit of the 
monument, illuminating the features of the 
Father of his Country and producing a 
most striking effect." 

A mass meeting was held in Monument 
Square, presided over by the able chancery 
lawyer, Thomas S. Ale.xander. There was 
a long list of vice-presidents, selected from 
the most eminent citizens in the community. 
Mr. Alexander had never before presided 
over a political meeting. In his address he 
said: "The country wanted an adjustment 
of this difficulty upon principles satisfactory 
to the Union and to insure peace and quiet 
m all coming times. They must promote 
it by the exercise of a spirit of conciliation, 
by the election of men whose associations 
and antecedents and professions all assured 
them that the Union was the object of their 



affections and aims, and the maintenance 
of it what they lived for." 

Charles F. Goldsborough: "If Lincoln 
is elected no man can tell whether the sun 
that rises that day shall set in all his 
glory, or go down the western hills baptized 
in the blood of his country. There was yet 
within the border States a feeling true to the 
Union which would say to the North 
'stand back" and to the South 'come no 
farther,' and to the politicians who have 
been gambling with the interests of the 
country 'stand back and make room for 
better men.' When the people come forth 
it would be with a universal shout in behalf 
of the Union as it is and the Constitution 
as our fathers made it." 

A. B. Hagncr, in the course of his re- 
marks, observed: "The Presidential cam- 
paign was characterized by sectional feel- 
ing, and I do not hesitate to say that the 
Democratic party was wholly answerable 
for it. The Wilmot proviso contributed to 
this result and who but the great Union 
party could remedy it?" 

John E. Smith, of Carroll county, spoke 
in favor of perpetuating the unity of the 
States, and the inseparable relation of each 
of them to the other, and declared that "the 
Union candidates will restore the country 
to a state of quietude and peacefulness." 

There was an incident of a different cast 
in the events of the night. The first Re- 
publican procession marched through the 
streets, and the first mass meeting of that 
party in Baltimore was held in the Front 
Street Theatre. 

The torchlight procession of the. Wide 
Awake Republicans was formed at the cor- 
ner of Gay and Fayette streets ; it was com- 
posed of native born and German citizens, 
most of its personel were laboring people. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



125 



They numbered one hundred and sixty per- 
sons. Their chief marshal was ex-Coun- 
cilman William Beale, who had as his aid 
Gregory Barrett. The men in the ranks 
were provided with green capes and slate- 
colored caps with trimmings of red, and 
they had with them lighted torches. They 
proceeded in single file to the Holiday 
Street Theatre, where they were joined by 
the German Turners. The Minute Men 
were in occupancy of the square, but re- 
ceived them in silence and without demon- 
stration of any kind; conduct exhibited by 
them at other points later on in the even- 
ing, when the Wide Awakes were guarded 
by the police and followed by a derisive 
howling mob. 

In front of Marshal Kane's office the an- 
gry crowd threw stones and rotten eggs. 
The marshal of the police appeared, fol- 
lowed by fifty policemen, who made a way 
for the procession by pressing aside the 
crowd. Shriner's brass band headed the 
line, followed by a pioneer corps of thirty 
Chinese lanterns; immediately behind the 
band was borne a transparency on which 
was emblazoned the names of Lincoln and 
Hamlin. 

The procession began its march, ani- 
mated by inspiring strains of music; then 
pandemonium seemed unloosed. On Bal- 
timore street it passed through dense 
crowds, yelling and hissing, cursing, swear- 
ing, and pressing toward the men in line 
as close as the police would permit. At 
the end of the line the rabble, to the shouts 
of "Breck and Yancey forever," rushed 
along like a mad wave set in motion by an 
earthquake, showering epithets and indulg- 
ing in expressions of derision and con- 
tempt. At the comer of Charles and Balti- 



more streets the marchers were saluted with 
"cheers for Breckenridge" and shouts of 
"down with the niggers." The crowd in- 
creased and when Howard street was 
reached a rush was made for the line, with 
yells and hisses. The police resisted man- 
fully and drove the masses back. Down 
Eutaw to Pratt and thence to Charles street 
there was less hostile demonstration, al- 
though the mad crowd still followed. At 
the corner of Charles and Lombard streets 
the Wide Awakes encountered the head of 
the Minute Men's procession; they made 
an opening for them to pass down Lombard 
street. And now the disorderly element 
groaned and shouted and threw stones and 
eggs furiously; a half brick destroyed the 
only transparency borne in the line; its 
lights were not extinguished and it -was held 
aloft above the moving column. Fresh in- 
stalments of rotten eggs were produced 
every minute, even women joining in the 
violence. To the credit of the Bell and 
Everett men it can be said they uttered no 
word of unkindness nor committed a single 
act of violence. At Franklin's Lane and 
Lombard street the crowd compelled the 
Wide Awakes to make their way through 
the people on the sidewalks. After strug- 
gling through they reformed and proceeded 
on the route to the eastern section of the 
city, retracing their steps to the Front Street 
Theatre, where a Republican meeting was in 
progress. Passing a house on High street 
several women were seen with a basket 
filled with rotten eggs pelting those in the 
procession. The Wide Awakes reached the 
theatre at nine o'clock, and passed through 
another exciting ordeal; they were pelted, 
hissed and stoned until the last man had 
passed into the building. 



126 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



The meeting in the theatre was a large 
one, many ladies being present occupying 
seats in the dress circle. The second tier 
was filled by persons some of whom were 
disposed to be disorderly. The parquette 
having been reserved fqr the processionists, 
was occupied by them. 

On the announcement of William E. 
Coale as president of the meeting the as- 
sent was drowned by hisses from the gal- 
lerico. The vice-presidents were Charles 
Carroll McTavish, Edmund Smith, Dr. 
George Edward Weiss, Francis S. Corkran, 
James F. Wagner, Leopold Blumenberg, 
Dr. George Harris, W. Greenfield, James 
Bruner, Dr. William E. Waterhouse, W. 
Rapp, Daniel Donally, Dr. W. W. Handy, 
James C. Coale, John Bradwood, Dr. A. 
Wisner, H. J. C. Tarr, G. W. Martinet, Wil- 
liam P. Kimball, John Brooks, R. S. Curtis 
and M. D .McComas. The secretaries were 
Dr. Henry Risler, J. M. Grant, W. Parkhill, 
G. S. W. Sloan, W. Christopher, A. C. 
Fowler and W. E. Coale, Jr. It is needless 
to say that they received the uncompli- 
mentary hisses called forth on that consti- 
tutional occasion for the e.xercise of freedom 
of speech. 

During the delivery of the chairman's ad- 
dress he was interrupted by great hissing 
in the galleries. While he was proclaiming, 
"free speech is tolerated and like freemen 
we are permitted to utter to the world our 
sentiments," hisses and shouts drowned his 
voice. When he claimed his political rights 
as a citizen he was stormed at by a volley 
of abuse. Stung to the quick, he exclaimed : 
"I have for years been followed and am now 
followed by a pack of paid puppies, who — " 
He was not permitted to finish his sentence; 
the excitement in the galleries swept be- 



yond all bounds of decorum; hiss followed 
hiss in unbroken volume until they spent 
themselves and were succeeded by a shout 
of applause. 

TIic Rcz: French S. Evans, a local 
preacher in the Methodist Episcopal 
Church, a gentleman of culture and intel- 
ligence, of good character and standing, 
made a moderate speech, in which he said: 
"All of us are bound by the same ties to Bal- 
timore and her glorious renown." The sen- 
timent, although a good one, was hissed. 
He proceeded: "When we all look to yon- 
der shaft, raised to the memory of our coun- 
try's greatest and best — when we look upon 
that monument erected to the memory of 
those who fought and bled for liberty, is it 
any matter of wonder that we should feel 
the same patriotic emotions? We are one 
people. We must be one people, however 
we may diiifer in opinion." There were 
those in the audience who did not share in 
the patriotic sentiment ; they greeted it with 
hisses and cries of "No! No!" The speaker 
proceeded: "Can any one think of a separa- 
tion of those ties that bind us; can any man 
for a moment think of the suicidal policy 
of destroying the Government, of spreading 
devastation and internal strife, with all the 
horrors of civil war upon the greatest coun- 
try the sun shines on?" That appeal was 
met with an outburst of "Yes! Yes!" and 
more hisses. Undaunted, Mr. Evans, as 
though searching for a common ground ac- 
ceptable to all who were present, continued: 
"There are the different factions arrayed 
against each other. There are the Douglas 
men, the Breckenridge men, the Bell and 
the Lincoln men. Now which of these 
themselves are in opposition to their coun- 
try. None of them. Tliev all have their 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



127 



way of doing things. I believe as stern a 
patriotism prevails among the Brecken- 
ridge men as in other parties. I believe all 
have one common end." The disorderly 
part of the audience was determined on dis- 
agreeing, so they shouted "No! No!" and 
raised a storm of hisses. Changing his tac- 
tics, the speaker went on to say: "I stand 
here to-night to reason with you. I stand 
here as a Southern man." The declaration 
was thought to be funny and provoked im- 
mediate laughter, with a repetition of a vol- 
ley of hisses, some irreverent scamp shout- 
ing, "The old grey-headed ." His next 

sentences being met with similar interrup- 
tions, Mr. Evans folded his arms and pa- 
theticaly exclaimed, "Father, forgive them; 
oh ! forgive them, they know not what they 
do." A renewal of the disorderly scenes 
followed. The speaker persisted in getting 
off his speech to its finish; he went on to 
say: "You cannot make me angry, I will 
not reply to you in harsh terms." Then, 
after uttering a few more sentences, he 
came to a dead halt for several minutes. A 
rotten egg had been thrown from the up- 
per lobby through a half opened door and 
instead of falling upon the head of the 
speaker, as was intended, it struck upon one 
of the columns supporting the third tier 
and broke, splattering over a large number 
of people, who upon the instant scattered 
as if a uomb had exploded. The disorderly 
hissed and shouted. The speaker attempted 
to go on. His remarks for several minutes 
could not be heard, and when he sought to 
resume he was interfered with by coughs, 
laughter, shouts and the blowing of noses. 
At this hour the Wide Awakes entered the 
building, greeted with groans and "bahs" 
for "Lincoln" and "down with the Wide 



Awakes." The galleries groaned and the 
Wide Awakes cheered, shouting aloud to 
drown the hisses. Finally the rivalry died 
out and Mr. Evans attempted to resume 
his address, but was unable to go on. He 
asked them to look at his grey hairs, but 
was answered by the question, "Is your 
sister white?" Exhausted and disgusted 
he gave up the struggle and retired. 

The Hon. E. Joy Morris, of Philadelphia, 
next ran the gauntlet, when hisses and 
groans were indulged in. Cheers for Breck- 
enridge and Lane rang through the build- 
ing; three groans for Lincoln were given; 
there were cries of "Woolly heads and nig- 
gers" in the pit. The Wide Awakes, goaded 
to madness, started to invade the galleries 
where the disorderlies were stationed, but 
abandoned the movement. The Brecken- 
ridge contingent in the house were deter- 
mined to suppress the speaking, and for 
ten minutes they succeeded in their pur- 
pose. At the end of that time Mr. Morris 
succeeded in uttering a few further sen- 
tences, when shouts and jeers broke forth 
again. A. C. Williams, a Wide Awake who 
enjoyed a reputation among the old volun- 
teer firemen as a man of grit and personal 
courage, appeared on the stage and cried 
out to his comrades: "On 'em and turn 'em 

out. Put every out." With a shout 

the Wide Awakes leaped over the barriers 
out into the lobby; the Breckenridgites 
swarmed downstairs and the advance guard 
of both parties became engaged. Williams 
was early disposed of, being pitched down- 
stairs. The police stationed themselves be- 
tween the contesting parties, when with 
shouts and imprecations the combatants re- 
tired to their former positions. Williams 
had an inconsistent career in politics; dur- 



128 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



ing the Union war he was pronounced in 
his advocacy of it, and usually a member of 
his party's conventions. He held office un- 
der Governor Swann and followed him into 
the Democratic fold, and died a member in 
good standing in that organization. 

Mr. Morris made one more ineffectual ef- 
fort to be heard; his gesticulations could be 
seen, but his voice was inaudible. A cry 
arose, "Wade in Republicans;" Gregory 
Barrett and four others, Barrett flourishing 
a revolver, leaped into a stage box. The 
police were again successful in quelling the 
movement; they cleared the upper galleries. 
The lobbies were occupied and hootings re- 
commenced. Mr. McTavish undertook to 
be heard; he was called "a d — d English- 
man" and commanded to sit down and hush 
up. A song service was introduced, when 
the police drove every person in the build- 
ing outdoors but the Wide Awakes. It was 
a late hour and no further effort was at- 
tempted at speech-making. And this is the 
history of the first effort of the Republican 
party to hold a public meeting in the city 
of Baltimore, in behalf of "free speech, free 
soil and free press." 

The Wide Awakes returned to their 
headquarters, Gay and Fayette streets. 
Stormy scenes would have taken place but 
for the intervention of the police. When 
the line was broken, cheers were given for 
Lincoln and Hamlin, and the members dis- 
persed. 

A union, or Bel! and Everett mass meet- 
ing was held Saturday, November 3d. John 
V. L. Findlay spoke, and in the course of 
his remarks said: "By next Tuesday the 
Breckenridge party will be dead, and on 
that day we will place this epitaph on its 
stone, 'Here lies the Democracy, it lied 



during life, and here still it lies. The party 
was so discredited and dead, that even 
Spauldin's glue, which has the merit of hav- 
ing mended a dog which had been cut to 
pieces could not again cement its shattered 
fragments." 

/. Monison Harris: "There is a black 
cloud hanging over our country like a pall 
which will give great trouble if Lincoln is 
elected. If Breckenridge is elected there 
will be a continuance of the agitation, but if 
Bell should be elected the whole country 
will have cause for rejoicing." 

At the Presidential election in Baltimore, 
Bell received 12,619 votes; Breckenridge, 
14.850 votes; Douglas, 1,502 votes, and 
Lincoln, 1,084 votes. 

Wednesday, November 26th, a Palmetto 
flag was displayed by the Southern Volun- 
teers' Association at the Liberty Engme 
House. It was unfurled amid hisses and 
groans. The association was pledged to 
go to the assistance of South Carolina 
when that State should secede. Mr. Frank 
Panncl Brooke made a speech, in which he 
said, "That a force of at least five thousand 
brave souls should be organized at once, 
and in a little while it would amount to fif- 
teen thousand, to resist the invasion of the 
peoples rights." 

Saturday night, December ist, Robert 
C. Barry delivered a speech concluding as 
follows; "The light of the sun on his bright 
passage from the golden portal of the 
Orient until he sinks amidst the gorgeous 
radiance of declining day, streams on no 
land more lovely, more blest with every- 
good perfect gift than ours. By the conse- 
crated memories of the past, by the blood 
of our patriotic fathers that has fertilized, 
bv their dust that has hallowed to us this 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



129 



soil of liberty, I conjure each one and all, 
at all times and under all circumstances, to 
use every fair and honorable effort to ad- 
vance its interests and elevate its destiny. 
Let us pledge each to the other 'our lives, 
our fortunes and our sacred honors,' that 
in the hour of National darkness and Na- 
tional danger, if need be, the blood cham- 
bered in our hearts shall flow in one com- 
mingled stream in defense and preservation 
of our liberties and the Federal Constitu- 
tion, the rock whereon is builded the glor- 
ious fabric of our National prosperity, 
greatness and union." 

Hon. A. H. Handy, a native Marylander, 
who had located in Mississippi, was ac- 
credited by the Governor of that State to 
call on the Governor of Maryland, in ad- 
vocacy of concerted action between all the 
Southern States. Governor Hicks declined 
to receive him. Mr. Handy visited Balti- 
more, and on the night of December 19th, 
i860, delivered an address to fifteen hun- 
dred people in the Maryland Institute. On 
the rostrum were Zenas Barnum, Beal H. 
Richardson, William G. Harrison, George 
W. Herring, William D. Hughes, William 
H. Purnell, William Nelson and Coleman 
Yellott. Mr. Harrison presided. Mr. Han- 
dy was received with three cheers. The 
purport of his speech was "that he had been 
appointed by the State of Mississippi a com- 
missioner to the State of Maryland to coun- 
sel with the authorities in the present crisis. 
Not for the purpose of rousing or exciting 
the feeling of the Marylanders upon the 
great questions pending. His father and 
grandfather were Marylanders and he was 
born upon her soil. He wished to secure 
the co-operation of Maryland and Missis- 
sippi to defend those sacred institutions left 



by the fathers to the people of the South. 
Mississippi, as heretofore, was for the pres- 
ervation of the Union and the maintenance 
of the Constitution. If any man said that 
Mississippi is disloyal, that man he would 
brand a libeller. Should Mr. Lincoln be 
elected the institutions of the South would 
be prostituted and subverted. In Missis- 
sippi the people believed that the institu- 
tion of slavery was ordained by God and 
sanctioned by humanity. 

"It was an institution ordained for the 
amelioration of the condition of the slave, 
and there is a moral duty imposed upon the 
slave-holder to protect his slave. Those at 
the North say slavery is forbidden by God — 
is not sanctioned by humanity, and that 
slaves cannot be held without sin. These 
ideas have long been entertained and in- 
stilled into the Northern mind until they 
now believe such teachings to be the truth. 
They have agitated the subject and de- 
nounced the institution until the country is 
shrouded in gloom. Commerce and every 
source of prosperity has been submerged 
by the 'irrepressible conflict,' which has de- 
termined that all States must either be free 
or slave. The South cannot do without 
slavery; the cotton and other interests will 
not admit of it, and we do not intend to be 
without it. 

"The project of the North is first to abol- 
ish slavery in all the new territories, at the 
military posts and in the District of Colum- 
bia. Thus slavery would be confined to the 
States where it now exists, and in a few 
years would be excluded altogether, be- 
cause the new States to be admitted as free 
will have such a preponderance, that they 
will overpower and crush out the last ves- 
tio^e of slaverv. 



130 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



"Mr. Lincoln's position is, that slavery 
shall be kept where it now is, and no one 
will be permitted to travel beyond the lim- 
its of his own State with his slaves. W« 
have as much right to sell them as we have 
to sell our horses and cows, or any other 
property. Another movement to be inau- 
gurated in Congress was, that Northerners 
shall be permitted to express their abolition 
views in Southern States — to send incen- 
diary publications throughout those States, 
calculated to incite insurrection and cause 
the slaves to cut the throats of their mas- 
ters. 

"It is not their intention to interfere with 
slavery where it exists, but they intend to 
e.xcite the minds of the slaves and make 
them so much dreaded that the States hold- 
ing them will be forced for their own safety 
to set them free. Abraham Lincoln would 
have postmasters and other officers 
throughout the South, to facilitate the cir- 
culation of those incendiary documents, 
and thus encourage slaves to rise and kill 
their masters. 

"It is argued on the other hand that Lin- 
coln has yet done no overt act, and that it 
is to be hoped he will not perform any act 
contrary to the Constitution. That he will 
not dare to carry them out. Let me tell 
you that Abraham Lincoln is a brave and 
self-willed man, and will not betray the par- 
ties that elected him upon those pledges. 
We have his promise and pledge made 
when a member of Congress, and when he 
ran against Mr. Douglass in Illinois, that he 
will do so, and his acts will be violations of 
our rights. 

"They have trampled under foot the Con- 
stitution by passing laws nullifying its pro- 
visions with regard to slaverv, and wc can 



but expect that he as their representative 
will carry them out when in the Presiden- 
tial chair. The election of Abraham Lin- 
coln is a violation of the Constitution, and 
shall we wait until he acts?" [Cries of 
"No."] "Men are already elected to exe- 
cute their laws of oppression upon you, and 
will you submit?" [Cries of "No," "No."] 

"Mr. Lincoln is approaching with the 
sword of office in his hands, and when he 
gets in, you may rest assured he will act. 
We have expostulated, prayed and be- 
seeched those people to recognize and ac- 
cord us our rights, but they have scorned 
and spoken of it only as Southern thunder. 
We of Mississippi are of one opinion that 
these things cannot longer be endured. We 
must now stand upon and demand our 
rights. 

"It is said that Congress has power to set- 
tle the question. Why, they have appoint- 
ed a committee of thirty-three, and they are 
now busily engaged in doing nothing. This 
committee consists chiefly of Northeners. 
One of them is from your State." [Hisses.] 
Referring to Henry Winter Davis. 

A scene of wild excitement ensued, sev- 
eral persons who had been intently listening 
to the speaker rose from their seats and 
cheered for Henry Winter Davis, others re- 
sponded in hisses, some one crying out 
"Oh! he is a black Republican." Cheers 
rang out for Bell all over the hall, and there 
was counter-cheering for Breckenridge, 
mingled with cries of "put him out." After 
further cheering and hissing the disturb- 
ance calmed down. 

Mr. Handy, proceeding, said: "This is no 
party matter, every son of the South was 
deeply interested in it. Some of the warm- 
est advocates of Mississippi's course were 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



131'. 



friends of ^Ir. Bell. This committee for 
the most part were black Republicans, and 
will never recognize slavery as a Constitu- 
tional right. Just put the question to them : 
Do you recognize slavery as a Constitu- 
tional right?* and they will explode imme- 
diately. There is nothing to be expected 
from them except a delay that will ruin 
the country. The fugitive slave law has 
been disregarded and set aside. They won't 
believe in it, and if they won't believe in 
Moses and the prophets, they won't believe 
in any one, though he comes from the dead. 

"Mississippi was opposed to calling a con- 
vention of all the slave-holding States. 
There is not time for it between this and the 
4th of March. Legislatures would have to 
be called together, and this could not be 
done in season. Maryland and Texas have 
difficulties in the way of an immediate con- 
vening of their Legislatures. But suppose 
the convention was called, was there any 
probability that they would agree before 
the 4th of March. Not at all. It would 
take longer time to deliberate. But there 
was a still stronger objection. It was con- 
trary to the Constitution. 

"It would be a meeting of the States held 
in the Union to deliberate on the dissolu- 
tion of the Union. This they cannot do. If 
the Union is to be broken up, each State 
must act in her sovereign capacity. They 
must go out of the Union one by one as 
they came into it. We of Mississippi do 
not see that there is to be anything gained 
by a convention of all the Southern States. 
Our views, as I present them for your con- 
sideration, are that each Southern State 
shall secede from the Union." 

At this point further disorder transpired. 
There were hissings and cheerings and cries 



of "put the black Republicans out." Then 
followed cheers for the Union; cheers for 
Governor Hicks; cheers for South Caro- 
lina, and hisses. 

The speaker resumed when the confusion 
died out, saying "he was not there to arouse 
their passions. He was in his native State 
to speak the truth and he could not be de- 
terred by hisses. If the views he presented 
were not sound ones reject them. We 
have tried all expedients to secure our 
rights which the wits of man could devise, 
but have failed. We do not take this step 
for the purpose of breaking up the Union, 
but to have our rights guaranteed. 

"Our fathers fought to make these States 
free and sovereign, and afterwards agreed 
to enter into a compact with the other 
States. This is the contract that has been 
trampled upon. We want our rights under 
the Constitution and we are determined to 
have them out of the Union if we cannot 
have them in. It is said the Constitution 
has nothing in it giving a State power to 
secede. This is true. It has nothing in 
it giving you the power to have a legis- 
lature or municipal government in \our 
city, but all powers not given to the 
General Government and enumerated in the 
Constitution were reserved to the States, 
and they have the power to resume their 
sovereign rights whenever they shall see fit 
to do so. 

"Suppose, for example, that the State of 
Maryland, for the preservation of her 
rights, should withdraw from the Union, 
would not the act of coercion to bring her 
back make her subjugated and disgraced, 
and not equal to the rest of the States by 
reason of her subjugation. Therefore, the 
act of coercion is, in itself, the destruction 



132 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



of the Union, because it destroys the equal- 
ity of the States. Permit me to say some- 
thing upon secession. We do not propose 
to go out of the Union for the purpose of 
breaking up the Union. We go out for the 
purpose of getting our rights in the Union. 
The withdrawing is to have amendments 
made by the Northern States, so that we 
may have guaranteed us our rights forever. 
We only want our rights protected, and we 
want the guarantee that they shall not again 
be trampled upon. We want them now and 
forever. If the question is not settled now 
and finally we will go out and form a pro- 
vincial government, and wait until it is set- 
tled, and then come back. If it is never set- 
tled we will stay out. We want no new 
laws, we are satisfied with the Constitu- 
tion and the Supreme Court, but we want 
those laws we have fully and faithfully en- 
forced. This is the position of Mississippi, 
and I think it is the position of Maryland. 

"If the Southern States are severed from 
the Northern States — which I hope may 
not be the case — it will be as the amputation 
of an arm to save the body. He would not 
advise Maryland, but before Mr. Lincoln 
comes into power Mississippi will be out of 
the Union. We do not intend that Lincoln 
and his myrmiilons shall have power and 
dominion over us, unless such amendments 
are made to the Constitution as will settle 
the question forever. 

'Tt has been said that if the South secedes 
she will be overrun by troops. For this we 
are prepared, as is also South Carolina, and 
if Northern men are disposed to make a 
raid upon us like the John lirown raid or 
any other, we will say to them come on. 
But before they do so wc would advise 
them to contemi)!atc the bravery of South 



Carolina troops at Cherubusco, and of the 
Mississippians at Monterey and Buena 
Vista, and then try to imagine how the sons 
of the South will stand when their homes 
are besieged an(i the lives of their wives, 
daughters and sisters are at stake." 

A. K. Handy, subsequent to the Civil War, 
returned to Maryland and settled in Balti- 
more, where he practiced law. He did not 
live a great while after his return, but died 
and was buried in his native State. 

Saturday, December 22d, a meeting was 
held at the Universalist Church on Calvert 
street to request Governor Hicks to con- 
vene the Legislature, in order that Mary- 
land's attitude in the pending trouble might 
be determined. Judge John C. Le Grand 
said: "Whether to convoke the Legislature 
is proper I know not. I entertain, myself, 
some doubts upon the subject. But 1 
will say that no man whom it would be 
safe to trust outside of a lunatic asylum 
will doubt for a moment that the times are 
full of peril and alarm, and that the time for 
decided action has come." 

Jl'illiain H. Ryan: "Maryland must be 
the great battle ground, and if Mr. Lincoln 
shall be inaugurated on the 4th day of 
March next, I see not how a disruption of 
the Government can be averted. The fear- 
ful calamity must come, but woe unto that 
man and party by whom it comes." 

Mr. William H. Norris: "The leading 
ideas of the Republican party are free 
speech, free press and free soil. The first 
meant the right of Beecher and Seward to 
go into Southern fields and preach insurrec- 
tion as a sacred duty, and the second meant 
the dissemination of documents which 
would incite a servile pojnilation to murder 
and ra]iine." 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



133 



The election was a thing of the past and 
a new era opened up. Governor Hicks re- 
fused to do the bidding of the "Peace Men ;" 
"The Neutralists" or "Secessionists." He 
had been a Whig; a Native American and 
was undoubtedly a Union man. He was 
not a Republican, nor was he a Radical, but 
a Conservative, who had owned slaves, and 
while not wedded to that institution, he 
made no war upon it. He was determined 
to keep the State out of the Southern vor- 
tex, and his conduct applauded at the North 
was denounced at the South. The "Peace 
Men," "The Neutralists" and "The Seces- 
sionists" undertook to coax, flatter, cajole 
and to drive him, and were unsuccessful at 
each turn. An unwise letter, written in a 
vein of sarcasm and irony, was used to im- 
peach his fidelity and was the justification 
offered derisively by many a speech-maker 
for his secessionism. The history of that 
letter was this: Governor Hicks at the date 
of its writing, November g, i860, was doing 
all in his power to thwart the wishes of 
those who were against the Union. Edwin 
H. Webster, a Union man, intimate with 
the Governor, wrote to him about furnish- 
ing a Bel Air military company arms. Mr. 
Webster, on receiving the Governor's reply 
regarded the answ^er as pleasantry and 
handed it to the captain of the company. 
The letter follows: 

"I have pleasure in acknowledging re- 
ceipt of your favor introducing a very clever 
gentleman to my acquaintance (though a 
Demo). I regret to say that we have at this 
time no arms on hand to distribute, but as- 
sure you that the earliest possible moment 
your company shall have arms; they have 
complied with all required of them on their 
part. We have some delay in consequence 



of contracts of Georgia and Alabama ahead 
of us, and we expect at an early day an ad- 
ditional supply, and of the first received 
your people shall be furnished." Here was 
a good place for the Governor to have 
signed his name, but he broke ofif into lev- 
ity and furnished the means of wronging 
himself by his enemies. It was not dig- 
nified for a Governor to jocosely suggest of 
the company, "Will they be good men to 
send out to kill Lincoln and his men? If 
not, suppose the arms would be better sent 
South. How does the late election sit with 
you? 'Tis too bad. Harford has nothing 
to reproach herself for." 

That communication has been character- 
ized as of murderous and treasonable im- 
port by Mr. Scharf, who must have known 
better. Horace Greeley ignorantly quoted 
it seriously. Webster, to whom it was writ- 
ten, maintained it was a jest. He was a 
steadfast Unionist; he and the Governor 
voted for Bell and Everett. In the election 
referred to by the Governor, Harford coun- 
ty cast its vote for the Union ticket. Web- 
ster was an adviser of the Governor's 
against the cabalistic Southerners. He 
subsequently commanded a Federal regi- 
ment and was a Union Congressman — a 
queer sort of a man for any one to make a 
suggestion of a treasonaf)le purpose. 

1861. 
Thursday, January loth, a mass meeting 
of the Union people of Baltimore was held 
in the Maryland Institute, at which Archi- 
bald Sterling, Sr., presided. IVm. H. Col- 
lins speaking, said: "Maryland is not our 
country, she is but a part of it, though a 
grand pageant part. She has but an area 
of 10,000 square miles, whilst our country 



134 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



contains 3,000,000. She has less than i,- 
000,000 people, whilst our country numbers 
30,000,000. The people of Baltimore know 
that our true country extends from the 
great lakes of the North to the Gulf of 
Mexico, the Rio Grande and the sunny re- 
gions of the South, and from the resound- 
ing shores of the Atlantic over lowland and 
mountains, valley and hills and plains to the 
Pacific, where we look out upon China and 
Japan. 

Augustus]]' .Bradford: "How shall Mary- 
land best act to avert the dangers of dis- 
union. Maryland is the heart of this Union 
so long as it can be preserved. Maryland, 
the Belgium of this Union, so soon as it 
shall be dissolved, her local position, the 
conservative character of her people, by a 
long and well known attachment to the 
Constitution and the Union, demand that 
they shall well consider the step that is so 
important to her weal or woe." 

Rcvcrdy Johnson: "Let it be our purpose 
and our ardent wish to take counsel with 
our countrymen, our brethren, East, West, 
North and South. Patriotism knows no 
latitudes when true to the teachings of a 
noble ancestry. It clings as we do with a 
loyal attachment to the Union of our 
fathers, which they gave and commended to 
us as the ark of our political safety. Let us 
be faithful to all the obligations which the 
I'nion imposes on States and citizens, and 
to all the rights and powers which it confers 
.on the united whole. Let us resolve that 
prudent counsel, ])atriotic efforts, gratitude 
and reverence for the great dead, and solici- 
tude for the peace, honor and happiness of 
the living and love for the countless gener- 
ations that are to follow and respect for the 
o])inion of the world, already condemning 



us in anticipation of our possible treason 
against hope, willing, anxious, resolved to 
sacrifice individual opinion, yield conflict- 
ing prejudices, frown down party, flattery, 
strife, the gratin^ voice of the demagogue 
leading to nothing but political partisans, 
drive into exile the designing traitor and in 
a patriotic and fraternal spirit resolve to 
amend what may be defective, define what 
may be doubtful in the charter of our 
liberty." 

A conference meeting of citizens was held 
in Baltimore January loth and iith for the 
purpose of ascertaining the proper position 
of the State of Maryland in the then 
crisis. Wm. Grason was elected president. 
A series of resolutions were adopted, asking 
the Governor to convoke the General As- 
sembly. In the event of his refusal, the 
committee was to prepare an address to the 
people -of Maryland, requesting them to 
send delegates to a convention to assemble 
in the city of Baltimore at the earliest prac- 
tical day. Wm. Henry Norris said in his 
speech: "They were all Unionists in the 
truest sense of the word. He wanted no 
war, nor do we want a black Republican 
master. Mr. Henry May was of the opin- 
ion that the people should take the reins 
of Government in their hands. He had an 
abiding faith that Governor Hicks would 
act with wisdom and prudence. 

A meeting was held at the Maryland In- 
stitute Friday, February 12th, Dr. A. C. 
Robinson in the chair. He said: "At a 
period of such danger to the L'nion from 
whatever source that danger flows, does 
it become Maryland to shrink from her 
duty and remain silent? Are her people 
unite and cannot talk, cowards and dare not 
speak?" 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



135 



JV. H. Norris: "Our great Confederacy 
is on the eve of dismemberment, if it has 
not already been finally disrupted. Yet at 
this time when State after State is falling 
from its Confederation, when Maryland 
might do so much to avert by her counsel, 
and her noble example, the last dreadful 
disaster, her influence has been paralyzed, 
and her high fame tarnished by an unwise 
and degrading inactivity." 

Robert M. McLane: "They have entered 
their protest through Mr. Lincoln's chief 
minister, who had from his place in the 
Senate counseled his people to fight for the 
Union as a last resort; fight with whom? 
With our brethren of the South? By the 
living God, if the Administration dare to 
bring its black Republican cohorts to the 
banks of the Susquehanna for such a pur- 
pose, that river shall run red with blood 
before the first man shall cross it. I for one 
pledge my life and my means to march with 
you to the banks of the Susquehanna, to 
forbid the passage of these invaders." 

5. Teackle Wallis: "The State of Mary- 
land, so far as the expression of the will of 
the people is concerned, was the State of 
Mr. Hicks and his clique. The Governor 
mistrusted the Legislature. If he does not 
call it together, the next best thing is for 
the people to call it. We see that six States 
have gone out of the Union. The idea of 
bringing them back by coercion is falla- 
cious." 

E. Lcivis Lome: "We only ask one thing, 
that we should be permitted to decide Mary- 
land's destiny at the ballot box; if an arbi- 
trary Governor refuses our request, we will 
raise the standard of revolt against him." 
A Maryland conference convention met 



at the Universalist Church, Calvert street, 
13th of March. The delegates had been 
elected at meetings called for that purpose 
throughout the State. One hundred and 
sixty-five accredited representatives were 
elected, not all of whom were in attendance. 
The sessions of the convention lasted two 
days, and were controlled by the ultra 
Southern sympathizers. Men of State 
prominence were J. H. Gordon, William 
Walsh, Thomas J. McKaig, James M. 
Schley, Thomas G. Pratt, Luther Giddings, 
S. T. Wallis, William H. Norris, Benja- 
min C. Presstman, Joshua Vansant, Charles 
H. Pitts, Ross Winans, Ezra Whitman, 
John C. Brune, Albert Ritchie, George S. 
Brown, Robert M. McLane, Dr. J. Han- 
son Thomas, Henry C. Dallam, T. Parkin 
Scott, W. F. Frick, John Swan, Robert C. 
Barry, Pleasant Hunter, John Merryman, 
William P. Whyte, D. M. Ferine, Daniel 
Jenifer, James T. Briscoe, Walter Mitchell, 
Dr. Jacob Showers, John C. Groom, Hiram 
McCullough, Col. Jacob Wilson, Daniel M. 
Henry, Washington A. Smith, E. Griswold, 
Bradley T. Johnson, E. Louis Low, John 
Ritchie, J. M. Kilgour, John C. Walsh, Eze- 
kiel F. Chambers. Joseph W. Wickes, Wil- 
liam D. Bowie, John Contee, Ex-Governor 
Grayson, Judge R. E. Carmichael, Isaac D. 
Jones, Levin Woolford, Chapman Billings- 
ley, Dr. C. C. Cox, George Freaner, R. H. 
Alvey, A. K. Syster and J. Thompson Ma- 
son. Several anomalies presented them- 
selves, Dr. Cox and his colleagues, of Tal- 
bot, were not to take their seats "unless a 
majority of the people of the State shall 
sanction a call of the convention." Wor- 
cester county was represented by two sets 
of delegates, one of them a Union repre- 
sentation and the other in sympathy with 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



the objects of the convention. The latter 
was admitted. J^tdge Chambers on assum- 
ing the duties of permanent president of 
the convention, spoke in part: "Much di- 
vision of opinion exists among the people 
of Maryland as to the proper course to be 
pursued in this grave emergency. But both 
parties, it must be conceded, are composed 
of able and earnestly patriotic citizens, each 
anxiously desiring to promote the best in- 
terests of the State, and neither can be jus- 
tified in justice and reason for holding in 
any less charitable or respectful considera- 
tion those differing from them in opinion." 

This convention, as I understand it, is 
called for the purpose of ascertaining — so 
far as could be ascertained by consultation 
with the representatives of all sections of 
the State — the course which is best for 
Maryland to pursue in the present crisis." 

Mr. Chambers declared himself to be "for 
the Union as long as there is a prospect of 
maintaining it." He was "for the Union 
just so long as it could be maintained con- 
sistently with the honor and dignity of 
Maryland," and did not think any reason- 
able man should go further. 

The sentiments of the convention were 
best expressed in the resolutions and the 
address to the public, which were unani- 
mously adopted. 

The resolutions were to the effect that 
Maryland "in the present crisis" should be 
represented by agents "authorized to confer 
and act with our sister States of the South, 
and particularly with the State of Virginia. 
That "authority" can only be conferred "by 
a convention of the people of the State." 
"In the opinion of this meeting, the Legis- 
lature not being in session, a full and fair 
expression of the popular will is most likely 



to be heard by a convention, called by the 
recommendation of the Executive." It was 
asserted that the Governor was inclined to 
such action in the event of the Peace Con- 
gress failing in its objects. Such contem- 
plated conduct of the Governor was ap- 
proved. And to allow him time for action, 
"the convention will adjourn until the I2th 
day of March, unless intermediately the 
State of Virginia should secede from the 
Union." In that event and the failure of 
the Governor "to call a sovereign conven- 
tion of the people of the State," that con- 
vention was to be reassembled by its presi- 
dent, to recommend "to the people of the 
State, the election of delegates to such a 
sovereign convention." It was "the sense 
of the convention that the secession of the 
seven slave-holding States" was caused "by 
the aggression of the non-slave-holding 
States, in violation of the Constitution of 
the United States." That Maryland was 
geographically so situated that it must "act 
with Virginia," and if they failed in assert- 
ing the "Constitutional rights" of their 
"citizens in the Union," then to confederate 
"with our sister States of the South." "The 
honor of" Maryland forbade that "it should 
permit its soil to be made a highway for 
Federal troops sent to make war upon our 
sister States of the South." It was the 
"opinion of" the "convention that an at- 
tempt" of the United States "to coerce" the 
seceded States would result in war and the 
destruction of the Government itself." 

The address to the people of Maryland in 
part said: "The Southern Rights, men of 
Maryland, have been persistently charged 
with being secessionists and disunionists. 
Ihis accusation is most unjust and inex- 
cusable, inasmuch as their policy has ever 




/^Mr^ 



a^^*i^=,^g^. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



137 



been clearly and frankly defined and pro- 
claimed. Immediately after the election of 
Mr. Lincoln to the Presidency of the United 
States by a sectional party — which avowed 
principles and purposes in violation of the 
Federal Constitution and hostile to the 
honor, peace and sovereign equality of fif- 
teen States of the Union — it becomes ap- 
parent to many wise and patriotic men in 
this and other border slave-holding States, 
that an eflfort would be immediately made 
by the secessionists of the cotton States to 
effect a disruption of the Confederacy. 
There was good reason, however, to be- 
heve that in Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, 
Alabama, Mississippi and Texas, a majority 
of the people were sincerely in favor of the 
L'nion, provided that the non-slave-holding 
States would immediately, by Constitu- 
tional amendments, give to the South reli- 
able assurances of protection in their rights 
of property, and a complete recognition and 
guarantee of their political equality. It was 
evident that these States designed only the 
co-operation of the border slave States. 
That such co-operation was not obtained 
is greatly to be regretted. Hence the seces- 
sionists of the cotton States were left in 
absolute control of the public sentiment, 
and succeeded in inaugurating the policy 
of separate State action, which resulted in 
separate State secession, and has culmi- 
nated in the establishment of a Southern 
Confederacy, the leading spirit of which 
now informs the country that the time for 
reconciliation has passed and all hopes of 
a reconstruction of the Government gone. 
It was precisely to prevent this calamitous 
result that the Southern Rights men of 
Maryland, as early as |ast November, most 
earnestly recommended the early election 



of a contention of the people of Maryland. 

They believed then, and believe now, that 
if Maryland had taken a decided stand her 
example would have been followed by the 
other border slave States, not one of which 
in fact has so deep an interest in this crisis 
as herself. Her geographical position — 
making her the seat of war in the event of 
collision — and her relations with the Dis- 
trict of Columbia, continue to render her 
position in this crisis one of paramount dif- 
ficulty. We were satisfied that the border 
slave States — that is, Delaware, IMaryland, 
Virginia, Kentucky and Missouri — acting 
in concert with North Carolina and Ten- 
nessee, b) calling a convention of all the 
Southern States, last November or Decem- 
ber, could have controlled the action of the 
cotton States by the adoption of a manly 
policy. If they had adopted such a basis 
of settlement as the Crittenden resolutions, 
and presented it to the North as the ulti- 
matum of the South, we believe that it 
would have been adopted; that public opin- 
ion at the North would have driven the 
leaders of the black Republican party into 
submission to a demand so clearly right and 
moderate, and that the Union would have 
been saved. Ihe co-operation of the cot- 
ton States, who were then really in the ma- 
jority, would have been enabled to stem the 
torrent of secession, which they were pow- 
erless to do in the absence of aid and en- 
couragement from the border slave States. 

At all events, even if it be possible to sup- 
pose that the Northern States would have 
deliberately rejected so reasonable an offer 
of peace and fraternity tendered by a united 
South, it cannot be considered probable 
that fanaticism would have -eturned to 
draw the sword of Civil War against fifteen 



138 



HISTORY OF BAI^TIMORE, MARYLAND. 



States and eight millions of brave and war- 
like people. Civil war would have been im- 
possible. It is untrue, therefore, that the 
Southern Rights men of Maryland desired 
the election of a sovereign convention in 
order that they might carry Maryland out 
of the Union. Their earnest purpose, on 
the contrary, was to prevent secession and 
disunion by a formidable movement to ob- 
tain such a settlement as could alone pre- 
serve the Union, and failing in that, then to 
avert the calamities of fratricidal war by a 
peaceful separation. Maryland did not per- 
form that great duty. We do not design to 
cast reflections on any who dififer from us 
in opinion. They may be honest; but that 
they have pursued a fatal policy events have 
rapidly demonstrated. 

The inaction of the border slave States 
has resulted in the secession of seven States 
and the establishment of a Southern Con- 
federacy, and what is infinitely more, dis- 
astrous to the hopes of the friends of the 
Union, it has given time and opportunity 
to the uncompromising leaders of the black 
Republican party to arouse the war spirit 
of their people, under the plausible pretext 
of enforcing the laws and protecting the pub- 
lic property, and to consolidate the masses 
of the Northern States in a determination 
to coerce the South, as indicated in the re- 
cent speeches of Mr. Lincoln; and we all 
understand that coercion is civil war. It is 
useless to argue the right or proprieties of 
coercion. There stands the fact that the 
seceded States have officially declared that 
any attempt to retake the forts or to collect 
revenue within their limitG Will be resisted 
by force of arms, and we know that such 
a war commenced in any one State will 
necessarily become general. 



Thus it happens that the peace, honor 
and safety of the border slave States are 
involved in events which they have not in- 
augurated and cannot master. Instead of 
being the arbiters of Southern destiny, they 
are now driven to accept consequences 
which they might have controlled. 

It is now, we fear, too late to remedy this 
great error, or to accomplish reconstruction 
by the instrumentality which we solemnly 
believe would have prevented disunion. 
Nevertheless, "whilst there is life there is 
hope," and we regard it as the most sacred 
duty, as it is the highest interest of the bor- 
der States, to make this last effort to re- 
establish the noble Government which was 
constructed by the genius and baptized in 
the heroic blood of our fathers. In any 
event, it is now left for them to decide their 
future destiny, if dissolution be final. In 
that case, we suppose there can be no 
doubt that the sentiment of an overwhelm- 
ing majority of the people of Maryland is 
loyally and thoroughly with the South. 
Maryland wculd never subordinate her ac- 
tion to that of any other State, yet she can- 
not forget that the power, conservative 
principles and geographical position of 
Virginia make it eminently proper, if not 
absolutely necessary, that she should unite 
her fortunes to those of that State. Vir- 
ginia will not leave the Union unless it be- 
comes impossible for her to adhere to it 
consistently with her honor, her Constitu- 
tional rights, her independent sovereignty 
and her domestic peace and safety. Mary- 
land stands precisely upon that ground. If 
Virginia is compelled to go, Maryland will 
certainly be unable to remain; because the 
interests and rights of both States are iden- 
tical. Hence the Southern Rights men of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Maryland are prepared to co-operate with 
X'irginia in all her patriotic efforts to re- 
construct the Government upon a sound 
Constitutional basis; or if the sad alterna- 
tive is forced upon them, then unite the for- 
tunes of Maryland with those of Virginia 
and the South, hoping for peace yet pre- 
pared for war, should that condition of her 
independence be ruthlessly imposed upon 
her by the fanatical cohorts of the irrepres- 
sible conflict. 

Having waited anxiously for the action 
of our State authorities, and being still anx- 
ious to obtain the sanction of official recog- 
nition, we nevertheless believe it to be the 
right and duty of the people to act for them- 
selves, with decision and promptness, in this 
crisis. Maryland, therefore, should place 
herself in position to be ready to act in con- 
cert with Virginia and the other border 
slave States at a moments warning, which 
can only be done authoritatively through 
a sovereign convention. We still hope the 
Governor will convene the Legislature 
without further delay, or advise by procla- 
mation the election of a convention; but 
should he fail to do so, we shall hereafter 
call upon the people to assert their sover- 
eign power and to decide for themselves 
the destiny of their children and their chil- 
dren's children, as their revolutionary fath- 
ers did in the face of the greatest Empire of 
Europe. All that we ask — all that we shall 
demand and insist upon — is that the people 
of Maryland may settle at the ballot box 
those great issues which no other power on 
earth has the right to decide for them." 

Henry Winter Davis, a member of Con- 
gress from Baltimore City, in an address is- 
sued January 2d, 1861, to the voters of the 
Third Congressional District, set forth the 



views of the Unionists of the city and State, 
wjjich were unfavorable to the convening of 
the Legislature or to the calling of a con- 
vention; he wrote: "There are yet men in 
Maryland who seem madly bent on revolu- 
tion; and conspirators beyond her limits 
instigate and aid their efforts. To the suc- 
cess of their schemes the convocation of the 
Legislature is essential. In securing that 
object many unite, who are strangers to 
their purposes and blind to the conse- 
quences of what they are doing — men who 
honestly think there is danger it might 
avert, or that there ought to be an agree- 
ment or understanding with Virginia, or 
who are moved by sympathy with neigh- 
boring agitators, or wish to gain party ad- 
vantages, or play a politcal game, or are in- 
terested in the corrupt and active lobby." 

"They are all the allies, conscious or un- 
conscious of the revolutionists." 

"The revolutionary agitators existing 
elsewhere in the Republic, will be aggra- 
vated by a call of the Maryland Legislature. 
It will look like sympathy with the revolu- 
tionary States. It will dishearten the friends 
of the Government of those States. It will 
inspire the revolutionists in the central 
States, now in a hopeles minority, with new 
hopes. It will tend to destroy the moderate 
feeling of the free States in dealing with the 
existing discontents. It will greatly embar- 
rass the President, who must maintain the 
authority of the laws, and is entitled to the 
individual support of the people of Mary- 
land for that purpose." 

"The halls of legislation will immediately 
become the fruit of revolutionary conspir- 
acy. Under specious pretexts the people 
will be implicated, by consultations with 
other States, by concerted plans, by inad- 



140 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



missible demands, by extreme and offensive 
pretensions, in a deeply laid scheme of sim- 
ultaneous revolt in the event of the inevit- 
able failure to impose on the free States the 
ultimatum of the slave States. Maryland 
will find herself severed from more than 
half the States, plunged in anarchy and 
wrapped in the flames of civil war, waged 
by her against the Government in which 
we now glory."' 

"In the face of such consequences what 
justification, what excuse is there for con- 
vening the Legislature?" 

"Within its Constitutional power it can 
do nothing and there is nothing for it to 
do." 

"The only danger to Maryland in the 
present crisis is that rebellious States may 
destroy the United States; and that to her is 
absolute ruin ; but against that her only and 
her sufficient security is the power of the 
United States Government, supported by 
the loyal devotion of the people outside of 
the disaffected States. Maryland cannot 
suppress revolution in South Carolina, and 
neither South Carolina nor any other State 
threatens Maryland with invasion or any 
other danger. Congress and the President 
are vested exclusively with the power to 
enforce the laws of the Union; and every 
person in Maryland, as well as in all the 
other central .slave States, is bound to obey 
the orders of the President for that purpose, 
anything in their laws to the contrary not- 
withstanding. The Legislature can there- 
fore do nothing in the matter." 

"But many persons clamor for the Legis- 
lature, in order that it may agree with Vir- 
ginia, or with other slave States on a course 
of conduct. The Constitution forbids anv 



agreement between Maryland and any 
other States for any purpose." 

"Not only does the loth section of the 
first article of the Constitution declare that 
"no State shall enter into any treaty, alli- 
ance or confederation;" but it also says 
"No State shall, without the consent of 
Congress, enter into any agreement or com- 
pact with any other State or with a foreign 
power." And act sixth declares this Con- 
stitution to be the supreme law of the land 
of Virginia, as well as of Maryland, and that 
the members of the several State Legisla- 
tures, and also executive and judicial of- 
ficers of the several States, shall be bound 
by oath or affirmation to support this Con- 
stitution." 

"Are the members of the Legislature to 
violate their oath? If not, there can be no 
Constitution. If they are, then it is not to 
preserve the Constitution, but to promote 
its destruction by revolution, that the 
Legislature is to be convened. 

The. Legislature can, within its Constitu- 
tional power do nothing. It is unconstitu- 
tional to make any agreement with Virgi- 
nia as it would be with England and 
France. 

An argument to consult, to have any 
common purpose, any concerted action, is 
expressly forbidden; for, if allowed, the 
United States might be defied by a coalition 
too powerful to be suppressed without 
arms, and the laws of the Union be enforced 
only at the hazard of civil war. The pre- 
vailing discontent, the inflamed state of 
public feeling, which now prompt men and 
States to consult, are the very dangers the 
Constitutional prohibition was intended to 
guard against. Southern States only now 
think of a coalition; but what should we 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



141 



say of a free State coalition to repeal the 
Constitutional guarantee of the slavery in- 
terest? 

A convention of the central slave States 
is equally unconstitutional, dangerous and 
needless. Whatever it can do, which is not 
unconstitutional and mischievous, can be 
better done without it. Is it to propose 
amendments to the Constitution? 

No body authorized to amend could even 
consider the proposals. 

But Congress, on the application of the 
Legislatures of two-thirds of the States, can 
call a convention of all the States, and that 
can remedy every grievance. 

Is it to secure agreement on the same 
amendments? Their representatives in 
Congress are the Constitutional representa- 
tives of the States, in the only body where 
the States are permitted to consult; and 
they can then move any amendments they 
may concur in, thought to be necessary; 
and those amendments will, under the Con- 
stitution, be formally sent for approval to 
all the States. 

Is it to agree upon demands to be made 
on the free States, on refusal of which noth- 
ing is to follow ? 

Then, why assemble it? 

But, is the purpose of it to combine the 
central slave States in demands on the free 
States, accompanied with the menace of 
revolution, in the event of their refusal to 
submit to the dictation? 

Then, the convention is a treasonable as- 
sembly to levy war for the overthrow of the 
Government. 

Such a consultation among the central 
slave States, when no voice from the free 
States will be heard, and their feelings and 
wishes will be wholly disregarded, and when 



the more extreme opinions of the slave 
States will predominate is likely to result in 
a demand of concessions wholly impossible 
to be obtained, accompanied by the implied 
pledge not to be satisfied with anything 
less; and on the refusal of the free States to 
submit to terms thus dictated without any 
consultation with them, the revolutionists 
will precipitate the whole of the consulting 
States into revolution. This, I believe to 
be the most natural result of the proposed 
consultation. I presume the revolutionists 
have not been so dull as to overlook it. 

Maryland is not ready to be entrapped. 
Her people are the best guardians of their 
own interests, duty and honor. It is for 
them now to demand of those who counsel 
a convention of the slave States to specify 
whether there are, in the words of President 
Jackson, "any acts so plainly unconstitu- 
tional and so intolerably oppressive" to 
them that they are willing to tear the Gov- 
ernment to pieces in pursuit of redress. 

If there be such acts, then convene the 
Legislature; assemble a convention: con- 
cert with Virginia measures of resistance in 
default of redress; but also let the people 
prepare their hearts for war and their fields 
for desolation and their children for slaugh- 
ter. Let them prepare for an era of pre- 
scriptions, complications and exiles. To 
be followed by anarchy and to be closed 
by the rude disposition of the sword." 

February 8th, the States Rights City 
Convention convened at the Law Building 
and debated the calling of the Legislature 
in special session. 

5". Tcacklc Wallis: "Governor Hicks as- 
sumes to act for the people without their 
authority." 

H. Clav Dallam: "Marvland's voice 



142 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



shall no longer be stifled by the usurpa- 
tions of her executive. She must declare 
in no uncertain sounds that if the crisis 
must come, that then her destinies are with 
the Southern States." 

Henry May wrote: "The course of Gov- 
ernor Hicks in denying the sovereignty of 
the people in this crisis is an abuse of pub- 
lic trust and a violation of the cardinal prin- 
ciples of free government." 

Tuesday, March 12th, the State Confer- 
ence Convention resumed its sessions in 
the city; few of its delegates were present. 
Resolutions defining the position of the 
body were presented, discussed and passed. 

On the second day of the session, a pro- 
position was reported for a Border State 
Convention; the delegates to be elected by 
Congressional Districts or State Conven- 
tions. A committee of five was appointed 
to visit the \'irginia Convention and assure 
them oi the cordiality and sympathy of 
Maryland. 

The i8th of April, a Union mass meeting 
was called for the 22nd of that month, in 
Monument Square. It never assembled. 
The exciting events of the 19th created a 
riot and an uproar that subdued every ves- 
tige of Union sentiment. At a meeting in 
Monument Square on the 19th, the Mayor, 
George W. Brown, uttered in his speech 
these words: "I do not wish my position 
misunderstood. I deplore the unhappy oc- 
currances of to-day. Disagreeing with the^ 
spirit and object of the President's call for 
troops, Maryland being yet a member of the 
United States, regularly summoned to the 
National Capitol, I have felt it my duty to 
protect them at the risk of my life." The 
last declaration of the Mayor was received 
with a storm of groans. 



William P. Preston: "Let no more 
troops pass through Baltimore." The 
crowd thundered in response, "We won't, 
indeed. Never."' 

Severn Teaekle JVallis: "If the blood of 
our brethren shed in the streets of Balti- 
more to-day does not speak to the heart of 
every man in Maryland, then the human 
voice may well be dumb." 

A Mr. Wetherd, an ex-member of Con- 
gress, in his remarks informed the palpi- 
tating crowd "that the 7th Regiment of 
New York was on the way to fight through 
Baltimore." The announcement set it wild 
and shouts of defiance caused the air to 
shake and tremble at the vehemence dis- 
played. 

Judge IVilliani L. Marshall (he was after- 
wards elected by the Unionists judge of 
the Court of Common Pleas), condescend- 
ingly announced "that he was ready to do 
whatever Mr. ]\IcLane thought he ought to 
do." 

Air. Robert 'AI. McLane was regarded as 
a warrior on the scent for rivers of blood 
and bent on extracting it from Yankee 
veins. He had let the troops slip over the 
Susquehanna without procuring a drop of 
the precious elixir. He now informed the 
town "that he stood pledged to resist the 
passage of troops through Baltimore," 
when he heard "blood was being shed in 
the streets of Baltimore," he visited the 
Mayor's office "to ofifer his services." 

And asked the Governor, whom he met 
there, whether he would lead them ? Where- 
upon the crowd showed its sympathetic feel- 
ings for that official by asking why Mr. 
McLane did not choke him? To which 
he replied, believing the Governor "intend- 
ed to place the State in an official attitude 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



143 



of honor," he had told him he stood ready 
"to fight under him as a lieutenant." 

[The name of Mr. McLane nowhere ap- 
pears in the captured roster of the army of 
the Confederate States. His postoffice ad- 
dress during the war was Paris, France.] 

At this juncture, William L. Marshall, 
the gentleman above alluded to, a Ken- 
tuckian, a brother of Thomas F. Marshall, 
and a professing Republican, in great ex- 
uberance of soul was moved to exclaim: 
"Oh! we'll fight 'em without arms. They 
ran from our stones to-day!" His declara- 
tion was greeted with laughter and vocifer- 
ous cheering. They were possibly laugh- 
ing at the remark, more likely at the man 
who made it. 

George M. Gill was about pronouncing 
one of his ponderous solemn orations when 
a body guard of citizens appeared with Gov- 
ernor Hicks. The Governor informed the 
audience "that he had ever been devotedly 
attached to the Union. The Union was 
now apparently broken, but he trusted its 
reconstruction might be brought about." 

He had stirred up the hornets; vehement 
shouts of "Never!" "Never!" groans and 
hisses darkened council and interrupted 
free speech. 

The Governor regained his breath and 
changed his tactics, resuming, he meekly 
added, "But if otherwise, I bow in submis- 
sion to the mandate of the people. [Cheers.] 
If separate we must, in God's name, let us 
separate in peace, for I would rather this 
right arm should be separated from my 
body than raise it against a brother." 

The Governor on concluding his address 
received slight cheers. He immediately 
proceeded to the Fountain Hotel. On his 
way he w^as followed by a crowd who held 



him in slight regard. Those composing it 
eyed him unfavorably but did not commit 
any overt acts. 

Governor Hicks called the Legislature in 
special session at Annapolis, Friday, April 
26th. "For the safety and comfort of the 
members, a change was made in the desig- 
nated place, and Frederick was named by 
proclamation of the Governor, dated April 
24th. While "safety and comfort" were al- 
leged, the real reason was to surround the 
Legislature by the influences of the Union 
sentiment of Frederick. 

The Know Nothing members from Balti- 
more City, in the Legislature, had been, on 
the last day of its session, deprived of their 
seats, and a special election was held to fill 
those vacancies. The Constitution required 
ten days' notice of an extra session, and the 
code three weeks' notice of all special elec- 
tions. The sherifT, by authority of the war- 
rant of the Democratic speaker of the 
House of Delegates, gave notice of the elec- 
tion. The Board of Police directed the 
holding of the polls and a revolutionary 
election in defiance of law was conducted. 

John C. Brun, Ross Winans, Henry W. 
Warfield, J. Hanson Thomas, S. Teackle 
Wallis, Charles H. Pitts, William G. Har- 
rison, Lawrence Sangston, T. Parkin Scott 
and Henry M. Morfit, a few days before the 
"called election" had been placed in nomi- 
nation by the Democratic party. On the 
day of election they received 9,249 votes 
out of a total voting population of 30,148- 
They were unopposed and took the seats 
of men in the Legislature whose title ad- 
mitting its taint was better than their own. 

The meagerness of the vote encouraged 
and emboldened the Union men of the city, 
April so.L'nion meetings were addressed by 



144 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Dr. Joseph Roberts, Baltus H. Kennard, J. 
M. Kimberly and William Price. The 
Federal appointees returned from hiding. 
Henry W. Hoffman, Collector of the Port; 
William H. Purnell, Postmaster, and 
Franklin Corkran, Naval officer, took the 
places to which they had previously been 
appointed by President Lincoln. 

In answer to an invitation of Lambert 
Gittings, W. H. C. Wright and G. L. Dula- 
ney, who^ had addressed a communication 
to Henry May, asking him to become a 
candidate for Congress in the Fourth Dis- 
trict. Mr. May responded affirmatively un- 
der date of May 13th. On the 17th of the 
same month, Henry Winter Davis was 
nominated over John P. Kennedy, the Un- 
ion candidate, to oppose Mr. May. Davis 
received in the convention 41 votes, and 
Kennedy 18 votes. Mr. Davis, in accept- 
ing his nomination, made this denial: 
"Those who charge me with having en- 
couraged rowdyism at the polls were ma- 
licious and deliberate libellers." 

An efTort was made to induce Mr. Ken- 
nedy to become an Independent Union can- 
didate for Congress. It was encouraged 
by Mr. C. C. Fulton, editor of the "Ameri- 
can" Mr. Kennedy declined, saying, "There 
are already two candidates before the peo- 
ple to distract the vote of the district — a 
decision sufficiently perilous to the hopes 
of the friends of the Union." 

May 2 1st, the Union Convention of the 
Third Congressional District reassembled 
in Temperance Temple. It had adjourned 
to enable the rival candidates for the nomi- 
nation, who were John B. Seidenstricker, 
Robert Turner, A. W. Bradford, C. L. L. 
Leary and J. Morrison Harris, to communi- 
cate in writing to the convention their views 



on the issues of the hour. Mr. Harris' let- 
ter was objected to as non-committal, and 
Dr. Brooks offered a resolution "That we 
will nominate no man for Congress who is 
not willing to uphold the Constitution and 
laws of the United States by force of arms 
or by any other Constitutional or lawful 
measures which may be deemed necessary." 

Mr. Harris had set forth in his letter "The 
idea of subjugating and holding the seced- 
ing States, I believe to be neither prac- 
ticable nor wise. While, at the same time, 
I would sustain the general Government 
against aggression and defend the Capitol 
of the country against assault." 

C. L. L. Leary, whose letter was a ring- 
ing declaration pledging himself to support 
the Federal Government in every emer- 
gency, was nominated on the si.xth ballot. 
In his speech before the Convention Mr. 
Leary said: "So long as there remains a 
single thread of the flag to hang to, there 
will I be found." 

A Maryland Union Convention, ignoring 
party lines, consisting of delegates from the 
counties and city of Baltimore, assembled 
in the latter city in the large audience hall 
of the Maryland Institute. It was com- 
posed of leading and influential citizens of 
the Commonwealth, among whom were 
Hugh Ely, Robert S. Rogers, S. Morris 
Cochran, Gen. Edward Shriver, James T. 
McCullough, William A. McKillip, J. D. 
Gough, S. A. Gray, J. B. Ricand, Anthony 
Kimmel.A. Bowis Davis, William P. Mauls- 
by, Joshua Lynch, C. L. L. Leary, James 
L. McDougal, Dr. Perry Kinneman, Wil- 
liam S. Reese, James L. Parr, Job Smith, 
Robert Turner, Rev. Fletcher E. Marine, 
William Silverwood, Benjamin Deford, R. 
S. Matthews, John W. Woods, John C. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



145 



King, Joshua Harvey, August Mathiot, J. 
Paris IMoore, Samuel T. Hatch, Robert 
Tyson, P. G. Sauerwein, John J. Danaker, 
Edmund Wolf, Henry Stockbridge, John 
E. Smith, Col. J. Merrick, James A. Gary, 
Gayson Eichelberger, Lawrence J. Brengle, 
James Cooper, Frederick Schley, Charles 
E. Trail, Thomas Gorsuch, Upton Burman, 
George Vickers, James M. Vickers, Jesse 
K. Hines, Howes Goldsborough, George 
R. Goldsborough, John S. Sellman, William 
Mead Addison, Alexander B. Hagner, Wil- 
liam L. Seabrook, Frank H. Stocket, 
George M. Russum, P. W. Downs, John 
W. Wilson, Augustus W. Bradford, Rich- 
ard J. Gettings, William B. Hill, Dr. 
Thomas Fisher, James L. Ridgley, Dr. D. 
S. Gittings, Dr. William H. Mace, John C. 
Holland, Christian Gore, Rev. John T. Von 
Bokkelin, Pleasant Hunter, William Kirk- 
wood, Malcolm Wilson, Henry W. Arch- 
er, John Silver, George W. Kenley, J. J., 
Michael, Edwin H. Webster, Samuel S. 
Moffit, William J. Jones, James W. Clay- 
ton, Alexander Evans and John B. Seiden- 
stricker. It is apparent from the forego- 
ing names that it was a representative gath- 
ering of leading citizens of standing and 
notable from the fact that it was the initia- 
tory of the organization of the Union party 
which existed in Maryland throughout the 
war. 

Hon. J. B. Ricaiid in accepting the per- 
manent presidency, in his speech said: "We 
have met in troublous times, our once 
happy country has been rent, divided, sun- 
dered ; State after State has withdrawn from 
the Union until eleven have gone from us, 
and left to the remainder the noble duty of 
doing all they can for the Constitution and 
the Union." "Let the spirit of compromise 



actuate us that we may speak words of 
peace to our distracted country. We are 
one of the old thirteen; one of the seven 
States yet composing the Union, and by our 
efforts, seconded by old Kentucky, Mis- 
souri and Delaware, peace and unity may 
yet be restored." 

The Convention adopted an address to 
the people of Maryland, written by S. S. 
Moffit, strongly denunciatory of secession 
and declaring that the violated law must 
be vindicated. The resolutions adopted 
declared that the revolution in progress 
"was without excuse or palliation;" that it 
had "in view one object — the destruc- 
tion of the Government and the division of 
our country into two or more fragments — 
and that the redress of actual or supposed 
wrongs in connection with the slavery ques- 
tion forms no part of their views or pur- 
poses." The resolutions expressed a dis- 
belief "that the masses of people" in the 
bounds of "the so-called seceded States are 
justly chargeable with the crime of revo- 
lution" and affirmed "that the people of 
Maryland are unalterably determined to 
maintain and defend the Government of the 
United States of America," and to that end 
"will support the Government of the United 
States in all legal and Constitutional meas- 
ures, the adoption of which may be neces- 
sary to resist the revolutionists in the 
States." The previous Legislature was ar- 
raigned for charging that the people of 
Maryland were "humiliated" or "subju- 
gated," that intimation was characterized as 
a "gratuitous insult to the people." The 
ninth resolution set forth "that whilst the 
people of this State will sustain the Govern- 
ment in the rnost efficient, active and thor- 
ough measures necessary for the suppres- 



146 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORB, MARYLAND. 



sion of the rebellion," yet "they will insist 
that no spirit of animosity or vindictiveness 
towards the seceded States shall enter into 
those measures. They will insist on the 
people of those States being recognized and 
treated as brethren and fellow-citizens of a 
common country, whose errors must be re- 
strained, but in a spirit of fraternal kind- 
ness, whenever and as soon as that spirit 
shall be enabled to find an opportunity for 
its ministrations." The position of the Un- 
ion men of Maryland was defined in the fol- 
lowing resolution: "While they concur 
with the present executive of the United 
States that the unity and integrity of the 
National Union must be preserved, their 
view of the nature and true principles of 
tlie Constitution, of the powers which it 
confers, and of the duties which it enjoins, 
and the rights which it secures, as it re- 
lates to and affects the question of slavery 
in many of its essential bearings, is directly 
opposite to the view of that executive. They 
are fixed in their convictions amongst oth- 
ers, that a just comprehension of the true 
principles of the Constitution forbids utterly 
the formation of polhical parties on the 
foundation of the slavery question. The 
Union men of Maryland will oppose to the 
utmost of their ability all attempts of the 
Federal Government to commingle in any 
manner its peculiar views on the slavery 
question with that of maintaining and de- 
fending the just powers of the Government. 
It is at the same time just to declare that 
these avowals are induced by a jealous anx- 
iety to avoid further difficulties and com- 
plications rather than by a conviction that 
anything to which they relate has occurred 
in the historv of the Government since the 



assumption of power by the present execu- 
tive." 

A time for holding a State Convention 
was fixed for the 15th of the following Aug- 
ust, when candidates for Governor and 
Comptroller were to be nominated and the 
President of the Convention was charged 
with appointing a State Central Committee 
of ten persons from the city of Baltimore 
and two from each county in the State. 
How long the party was to subscribe in the 
language of Mr. Schley "to the beautiful 
platitudes" which it had promulgated we 
shall see in the course of this narrative. 
Mr. Bradford, in urging the adoption of the 
resolutions, said he "was no advocate of the 
present executive of the country." He had 
"for one week occupied a room adjoining 
his, yet had never had the curiosity even 
to look at hnn," but he was "bound to 
declare that the world had witnessed no 
such statesmanlike forbearance as that 
evinced in the course pursued by the pres- 
ent administration." 

Thursday, August 15th, the Union Con- 
vention, William H. Collins presiding, nom- 
inated Augustus W. Bradford for Gover- 
nor. The vote stood Bradford, 54; Xesbit, 
20; Pearce, 21, and Weisel, I. A change 
made in the vote gave Bradford 93, when 
he was unanimously nominated. The Con- 
vention resolved "that the Constitution of 
the United States and the Acts of Congress 
are the supreme laws of the land." 

Thursday, September loth, a State Peace 
Convention met in Baltimore. I. Nevitt 
Steele, in the chair. Henry W. Archer and 
Gen. Benjamin C. Howard were contestants 
for the Gubernatorial nomination; Howard 
was successful, receiving 71 votes to 25 
cast for Archer. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



147 



September 13th, Mayor Brown and the 
following members of the Legislature were 
arrested by order of the military authori- 
ties: Ross Winans, Henry M. Warfield, J. 
Hanson Thomas, T. Parkin Scott, Henry 
AI. Morfit, S. Teackle Wallis, Charles H. 
Pitts, William G. Harrison, Lawrence 
Sangston and the following newspaper 
men: Thomas W. Hall, Frank Key How- 
ard, also Henry May, member of Congress; 
Leonard G. Quinlan and Mr. Dennison, 
delegates from Baltimore county. They 
were taken to Fort McHenry. September 
i8th, further arrests of members of the Leg- 
islature followed. They were incarcerated 
in Fort McHenry. 

Wednesday evening, October 16th, Henry 
Jl'inter Davis, at the request of a large num- 
ber of merchants, mechanics and business 
men, delivered an address at the New As- 
sembly Rooms, which was a marvel of logic 
and rhetoric. In the course of that address 
he said: "And Maryland, too, is she dis- 
loyal? ["No, no."] "There are those who 
say so in our midst; there are those who 
say so abroad; there are those in power who 
believe it, and there are those who are not in 
power, but who skulk about in the darkness 
of the alleys of this great city and carry 
whispering to the ear of power their slan- 
ders on their fellow-citizens, or spread them 
broadcast by the press all over the coun- 
try, until Maryland stands almost in as ill 
repute as if she had lifted her hand in arms 
against the Government that she adores and 
will maintain; and because of one deplor- 
able and humiliating event, the result of 
weakness in some of our rulers and of 
treachery in others, there are those in one 
great region of this country who treat the 
State of Maryland as the whole South late- 



ly treated the whole North." * * * * is 
Maryland then disloyal ? Has she ever for 
a moment, hesitated, even ? It is more than 
can be said for any other State south of 
Mason and Dixon's line, but Delaware. 
Have the people of Maryland ever hesitated 
as to the side they should take in this great 
struggle ? Did she hesitate when the com- 
missioners from Alabama and from Missis- 
sippi sought to associate her to the plotting 
of their treason. Did she hesitate when 
her Governor resolutely for three decisive 
months refused to convene her traitorous 
Legislature, lest they might plunge her in 
the vortex of rebellion ? Did she ever hesi- 
tate when cunning politicians pestered him 
with their importunities, when committees 
swarmed from every disloyal quarter of the 
State, when men of the first position sought 
him and attempted to brow-beat him in his 
mansion ? Did she swerve when they, fail- 
ing to compel him to call the Legislature, 
attempted the vain formality of a mock vote 
throughout the State to call a sovereign 
convention by the spontaneous voice of the 
traitors of Maryland? Did they hestitate 
when in almost every county, even in those 
counties which were strongly secession, at 
the election for that Convention, the dis- 
loyal candidates were either defeated or got 
votes so insignificant as to create nothing 
but disgust and laughter throughout the 
State ? Did they hestitate when that wretch- 
ed remnant of a Convention met here amid 
the jeers and the scofTs of the people of 
Baltimore at the Maryland Institute — to do 
nothing and go home? What was it that 
enabled the Governor to resist the perpetual 
applications for the convocation of the Leg- 
islature? Are we to suppose he had cour- 
age and resolution to face down and over- 



148 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



bear the will of the great majority of the 
people of Maryland ? or was it not because, 
knowing the people who had elected him, 
their temper and their purposes, he felt that 
however severe the pressure might be on 
him, where one person sought the meeting 
of the Legislature there were thousands 
who stood by him in his refusal to convene 
them." * * * * "And had Maryland been 
then as people now presumptuously assert 
that she is, Abraham Lincoln might have 
taken the oath before a magistrate in the 
corner of some magistrate's office in Penn- 
sylvania, but he would not have been in- 
augurated where his predecessors were in- 
augurated in the august presence of tlie 
Capitol of the country." 

On the expiration of Governor Francis 
Thomas' term of office as Governor in 1850 
he retired to the top of a high mountain in 
the Allegheny range beyond Cumberland, 
in consequence of domestic troubles. There 
he had built two log cabins; one of them he 
occupied and the other sheltered two men 
servants. When the Union question as- 
sumed fiery prominence he left his hermit- 
age and appeared among the people of 
western Maryland, thrilling them with his 
eloquent invocations to stand by the Fed- 
eral Government. He was nominated and 
elected to Congress, an honor he had pre- 
viously enjoyed for a period of years. 
He was invited to Baltimore to speak; his 
past prominence drew an immense turn- 
out to the Front Street Theatre, where he 
appeared on the evening of Tuesday, Octo- 
ber 29. 1861. Such [larts of his speech as 
are given are personal to himself. 

"Fifteen years of my life have been passed 
in seclusion and retirement. During that 
time events have transpired that have 



brought about the terrible calamity with 
which the country is now afflicted. Old 
party associations have been broken up and 
the people have come out under new or- 
ganizations, formed under motives and in- 
ducements that I have had no opportunity 
to understand and properly judge. 

"Yes, fellow-citizens, it was here in this 
hall that the first step in that terrific drama, 
in which we are all called to take a part, 
was taken. 

"Their purpose was too transparent; I 
never could have been a lilind tool in their 
hands to demoralize the great Democratic 
party and thus open the way for their ter- 
rific conspiracy, having for its purpose the 
destruction of our great and glorious Na- 
tion. 

"All their clamor about Southern rights 
and the protection of slavery in the Terri- 
tories was the most shallow and miserable 
pretense in the world. We were told that 
the enforcement of the fugitive slave law 
was the essential element of Southern rights 
without which a dissolution was inevitable. 

"During ten years of Congress I never 
joined in any debate on the subject of 
slavery. I always shunned it as a subject 
for demagogues, and clearly forsaw that it 
was introduced for the purpose of bringing 
about the designs of disloyal ambition. And 
I contend that this is a war of ambition— a 
war of plunder — a war for the destruction 
of the very institution we are called upon 
to draw our swords to defend. 

When they ask me to sympathize in their 
rebellion because those engaged in it are 
slaveholders, I loath with contempt the im- 
putation of pecuniary motive conveyed by 
the plea. They might as well ask me to 
s\mpathize with them because they own 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



149 



horses. I am a Marylander and a slave- 
holder, but whilst I glory in being a Mary- 
lander I also glory in the revolutionary re- 
nown of our ancestors. I glory in the re- 
sult of their labors, because I am a citizen 
of this great Nation, with no sectional affini- 
ties, and no local animosities. My proudest 
title is to be considered an American citizen. 

Although prepared myself for this rebel- 
lion, I ought not to be surprised that many 
Marylanders did not see the catastrophe. 
Being able to stand at the standpoint I have 
now reached, and looking down through 
the vista of the past, I hope it will not be 
tiresome to my hearers for me to . repeat 
some of the reasons that impelled me long 
since to look forward to the consummation 
of the unholy purposes of these dema- 
gogues. 

Full twenty years since, when occupying 
my seat in the House of Representatives, 
I was surprised one morning after the as- 
sembling of the House to observe that all 
the members from the slave-holding States 
were absent. Whilst reflecting on this 
strange occurrence, I was asked why I was 
not in attendance on the Southern caucus 
assembled in the room of the Committee of 
Claims? I replied that I had received no 
invitation. 

I then proposed to go to the committee 
room to see what was. being done. When 
I entered I found that little cock sparrow, 
Governor Pickens, of South Carolina, ad- 
dressing the meeting, and strutting about 
like a rooster around a barn-yard coop, dis- 
cussing the following resolution, which he 
was urging on the favorable consideration 
of the meeting: 

"Resolved, That no member of Con- 
gress representing a Southern constituency 



shall again take his seat until a resolution is 
passed satisfactory to the South on the sub- 
ject of slavery." 

I listened to his harangue, and when he 
had finished I obtained the floor, asking to 
be permitted to take part in the discussion. 
I determined at once to kill their treason- 
able plot, hatched by Calhoun, the Cataline 
of America, by asking questions. 

I said to Mr. Pickens, "What do you pro- 
pose we shall do ? Are we to tell the people 
that Republicanism is a failure? If you are 
for that, I am not. I came here to sustain 
and uphold American institutions — to de- 
fend the rights of the North as well as the 
South — to secure harmony and good fel- 
lowship between all sections of our com- 
mon country. 

They dared not answer these questions. 
The Southern temper had not then been 
gotten up. As my questions were not an- 
swered, I moved an adjournment of the 
caucus sine die. Mr. Craig, of Virginia, 
seconded the motion and the company was 
broken up. 

We returned to the House and Mr. In- 
gersoll, of Pennsylvania — a glorious pa- 
triot, then as now — introduced a resolution 
which temporarily calmed the excitement. 

I am not afraid to address a Maryland au- 
dience, and to express my peculiar views on 
this exciting subject, even here in Balti- 
more. In all this question of slavery I 
boldly assert that the South has been the 
aggressor; not the people of the South, but 
the demagogues of the South. 

I stand where Mr. Clay stod when he 
said, "So help me God, I will never vote for 
the introduction of slavery in a territory 
where it does not exist," and there I will 
ever stand so long as I have power to give 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Utterance to my sentiments. I may be called 
a black Republican, an Abolitionist, but I 
care not. When I was charged in western 
Maryland as being unsafe, as being an 
Abolitionist, I was the owner of sixteen 
slaves. Why, sir, the puny fellows who 
thus assail me if blacked would not have 
sold for as much as some of my little black 
boys. 

The principles on which I place myself 
have been sanctioned in western Maryland, 
and even from my boyhood have I main- 
tained them. They have been vindicated by 
the people selecting me as their representa- 
tive in Congress by 10,000 majority, given 
by a generous and confiding people, who 
on the same enunciation of these opinions 
chose me as the chief magistrate of Mary- 
land. 

The secessionists of this State in control 
of its Legislature have in a most non-pa- 
triotic manner, sought to cripple the Gen- 
eral Government. I am favorable to the 
utmost exercise of all the powers of the 
Government to prevent such aims." 

The address was of two hours duration, 
and took a wide range, discussing all ques- 
tions prominent at that time as National 
issues. 

During the Gubernatorial canvass a meet- 
ing was held in Monument Square Monday 
evening, November 4th. irUliaiu H. Col- 
lins presided. His fatherly speech is given: 
"People of the city of Baltimore — of all 
political parties, who are in favor of the 
Constitution of the United States and the 
Union of all the States thereunder, as the 
grand and master principle, to the promo- 
tion and perpetuation of which all political 
<l\icstions and opinions are to be held in 
strict subordination — I am here by your 



side, with life and fortune. In this strug- 
gle, honor cannot be lost, though life and 
fortune may; for honor and love of country, 
like the twins of Siam, walk hand in hand, 
bound together by indissoluble ties. 

In my younger days the country was di- 
vided into two grand old parties, one led by 
Clay and Webster, the other by the fiery 
courage of Andrew Jackson. In those days 
there was no question about the Union. 
All were for it. On this question those 
great leaders occupied common ground. 
When the Union was assailed the two great 
parties and their leaders stood shoulder to 
shoulder, forgetful, for the time, of all other 
issues. In reverent homage to this high 
example, we now propose to plant the 
standard of our country on this ancient 
and sacred platform. We invite all Breck- 
inridge and Douglas Democrats, who are 
faithful to the ancient Democratic creed, 
'Our Union it must be preserved.' We 
invite the old line Whigs, the more modern 
Americans, and all others, without destruc- 
tion of party name, who are for the Consti- 
tution and liberty — and Union now and for- 
ever one and inseparable — to unite with us 
in one common efTort to revive and restore 
the fading patriotism of our people, and to 
plant our country once more in the bonds of 
a common brotherhood, with her founda- 
tions resting deep and sure on the rock of 
the people's love. These are our objects; 
and he who can serve our country best and 
loves her most, let him be our leader, no 
matter where he lives, or by what name he 
may heretofore have been known. 

Our object is to maintain the unity of our 
Government in the full extent of its Consti- 
tutional powers; to remove all just causes of 
complaint on the part of our people, whether 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



151 



in the South or the North, in the East or 
the West ; to strike dead the hydra of aboli- 
tion and secession which is seeking to se- 
duce the loyalty of our people as did the 
serpent the innocence of our parents in the 
Garden of Eden; to win back, in a council of 
all the States of our Union, the affections 
of those who are discontented by every 
just, generous and brotherly concession. 

Let no one propose to divide this, our 
country. Broad as is its area, and various 
as are its climate and productions, we are 
one people — bound together by the ties of 
common interest, blood, language, religion, 
laws and history. She was not the mother 
who consented to divide the living child. It 
was the counterfeit who said "Let it be 
neither mine nor thine, but divide it." The 
ear of the Hebrew King caught the tones 
of nature and he wisely decided that she 
was the mother who said "O, my Lord, give 
her the living child and in no wise slay it." 

We have always been one people. In 
our Colonial days, in our revolutionary 
struggles, in the days of the old articles of 
confederation, in the declaration and sub- 
sequent acknowledgment of our independ- 
ence, under the present Constitution, we 
have always been one people. He who seeks 
to divide this people seeks to divide that 
which God has joined together by indis- 
soluble ties. 

To the people of Baltimore, who, thirty- 
five years since, received me a flaxen-haired 
youth, and who have ever treated me with 
a kindness and indulgence far beyond my 
merits, until I am now a worn and shattered 
man; to the people of the Eastern shore, 
the home of my ancestors from the early 
period of its settlement, where, on the 
waters of the Pocomoke, the Annamesex, 



the Monokin and the Wicomico, my young 
thoughts took their earliest form, where my 
affections, without a shadow of subsequent 
diminution, became bound up in my coun- 
try, whose history and early struggles it 
was my delight to study, whose future gran- 
deur was shadowed forth to my young im- 
agination to an extent scarcely equal to the 
records of her history since; to the State of 
Maryland, not the less dearly loved because 
it embraces these, the cradle of my youth 
and the home of my manhood; to these 
dear objects of my love — subject and sub- 
ordinate only to the sacred homage I owe 
to my country — the heart of the old man 
turns with an affection not so fresh but 
stronger and truer than in the days of his 
youth. 

Bound as I am to the State of Maryland 
by every tie that can rivet human affection, 
I thank God that her safety and honor, in 
my best judgment, can only be maintained 
in the Union; thank God that I am not 
called on by that higher and holier alle- 
gience to my country, which I acknowledge 
and will ever pay, to sacrifice the welfare of 
the State of jMaryland on the altar of my 
country's safety. 

To the people of Baltimore, to the people 
of the Eastern and Western Shores, I here 
declare my deep conviction that your only 
safety is in the arms of the Union, under the 
Constitution. At the same time I choose — 
for the sake of the rising generation, and 
in the humble hope that the words I now 
utter may rest in the memory of some of 
you after my heart has ceased to beat — to 
say to you now, that in my poor judgment, 
American patriotism claims for our country 
a higher, holier, wider and more lofty alle- 
gience than that we owe to the State of our 



152 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



birth. Our country! Our Union! It is 
our glory, our strength, our shield, our sup- 
porter, our protector, and when I contem- 
plate its grandeur, I feel that my poor heart, 
when it gives its first deepest, truest and 
most reverential homage but feebly repays 
the unmeasured blessings it bestows. 

"Allow me, fellow-citizens, to express my 
profound acknowledgments for the honor 
conferred by appointing me to preside over 
this meeting and to give utterance to my 
most fervent prayer to the Almighty God 
that he may be pleased to stand by us in 
these our terrible trials, as he did by our 
fathers in the days that are past, and that 
we may once more present to the world a 
noble example of Constitutional liberty, 
resting for its support on the affections of 
a people always faithful and loyal to the 
Constitution and the Union." 

Augustus W. Bradford, the Union party 
nominee for Governor, said: "To be nomi- 
nated for chief magistrate of the State was 
an honor," but as far as personal considera- 
tions were concerned, he neither desired or 
solicited it. The office was surrounded by 
cares, responsibilities and difficulties that no 
man would seek; the circumstances of the 
times alone induced him to accept the nomi- 
nation. 

From his youth up he had been taught to 
reverence the country in which he lived 
second only to that of the Deity, and he 
could not, if it was in his power, prove rec- 
reant to his duties in that respect. He had 
been taught to attribute all the blessings 
and privileges which the people of the coun- 
try enjoyed to the spirit of the Constitution 
and the importance of the Union of the 
States. It was a school in which all had 
received their political education, not only 



those native to the soil, but those of all 
lands finding for the first time in their lives 
political protection for themselves and their 
interests. 

He denounced the cunningly devised fa- 
ble of the secessionists as being more cruel 
than was even practiced by the ambitious 
tyrants of the Old World. Such were the 
great benefits of the country in the New 
World that the people scarcely knew they 
had a Government, and such was the confi- 
dence the Government had reposed in the 
people that it had scarcely ever resorted to a 
strong exhibition of its power. But a new 
policy of statesmanship had sprung up, and 
it was based upon a sort of individual com- 
bination to plunder the Government, to 
seize the public property, to rob and im- 
prison the people, and to declare that State 
sovereignty was superior in every respect to 
that of the whole country. Tiiere were acts 
of gross usurpation which should be con- 
demned and reprehended by every man. 

It was not necessary to go beyond the 
bounds of Maryland for illustrations of the 
ruinous eflfects of secession. The old flag 
which had been baptised in blood and can- 
onized in the War of 1812 had been repudi- 
ated on the 19th of April, under the edict 
of a few miserable politicians. The patri- 
otic men of Massachusetts were cowardly 
assailed on their march to the Capitol. Some 
of the men who voted $500,000 for the de- 
fense of the city and $200,000 for the pur- 
chase of arms to prevent the passage of 
Government troops through the city, were 
now daily preaching peace, and praying at 
night that the morning's sun would witness 
the triumphal entry of JefT Davi» into Bal- 
timore. 

The South fostered a spirit of aristocracy. 




Jh^.(/iu^/4^/c/i. 



^//^ 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



153 



the very bane of a true Democratic form of 
Government, and that unholy ambition was 
the cause of secession. 

Let Mr. Pratt and his aristocrats attempt 
to despise these men as mudsills of society, 
posterity will write them down as the heart 
of the Union. It had been alleged that 
Maryland would follow Virginia. Follow 
her? No, never! xA.bandon the Union? 
No! for in that Union she has advanced to 
such a degree of prosperity, her inhabitants 
enjoying such protection that they never 
would think of abandoning the glorious old 
flag. 

Rcvcrdy Johnson: "Our path is clear to 
remain faithful to duty and honor. To stand 
by with unfaltering attachment to the Un- 
ion." 

October 9th, the Union Councihnen were 
elected by a vote of 9,250. At the election 
in November, Bradford, Union candidate 
for Governor, received 17,722 votes to 3,347 
in the city, recorded for Howard. The re- 
mainder of the Union ticket was elected by 
similar majorities. 

Hon. John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, 
arrived in Baltimore and stopped at the 
Eutaw House, where two thousand of his 
friends collected with a band and serenaded 
him in the evening, after which he was 
called upon for a speech. Mr. Brecken- 
ridge appeared upon the eastern portico of 
the hotel and was enthusiastically received. 
When he attempted to speak, the crowd 
which had increased rapidly, showed signs 
of turbulence. There were, cheers for the 
Union, for "General Scott" and for "Henry 
Winter Davis." The friends of Mr. Breck- 
enridge loudly cheered him, the cheers last- 
ing several minutes. Upon their conclu- 
sion, he returned his thanks for the honor 
10 



paid him, and then referred to the position 
of Maryland, whose citizens had again and 
again been outraged in their dearest Consti- 
tutional rights, and in all respectful in- 
quiries as to the charges against those who 
had been suddenly torn from their homes 
and families, nothing but contemptuous re- 
sponses were returned. "Do you," he 
asked, "call this liberty?" [Cries of "No, 
no," with hisses and shouts of "Oh, dry up, 
you traitor," &c., &c.] 

Resuming, Mr. Breckenridge claimed 
that he was "pleading not the cause of the 
rich and the powerful but of the poor and 
the weak." [A voice: "You lie and you 
know it," followed by general hisses.] 

The speaker suggested that those who 
did not desire to hear him need not con- 
tinue present. This sentiment was cheered 
by a part of the audience and hissed by an- 
other portion of it. The two elements set 
in motion towards each other and the po- 
licemen engaged in using their espantoons. 

Mr. Breckenridge said: "Those who m- 
terrupteJ him with opprobrious epithets and 
with hisses, were poor fellows who were 
tightening the degrading fetters that bound 
them," which was the signal for renewed 
cheering and hissing, followed by more dis- 
turbance. 

"You poor fellows may hiss me," said the 
speaker, "but your children will bless me." 
[Here a voice exclaimed: "Oh! go to South 
Carolina and be d — d to you." This propo- 
sition was discounted by vehement cheers 
for John C. Breckenridge. The police and 
the crowd who were creating the disorder 
made a rush toward the crowd who were 
cheering, when several men were severely 
beaten by the police.] 

Mr. Brcckcnridzc: "If vou don't intend 



154 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



to allow me to speak, then disperse the 
crowd. I did not volunteer to address you, 
remember. If I did not know that the 
squad of men now disturbing this assem- 
blage were no exponents of the sentiments 
of the people of Baltimore, I should despair 
of your city. Since the times when Consti- 
tutions were designed as limits to des- 
potic power, nothing so outrageous as those 
enacted by the administration had ever oc- 
curred. Liberty existed before the Consti- 
tution was formed, and whenever the issue 
is presented between that on the one hand, 
and a mere form of government on the 
other, the form would perish but the prin- 
ciple would survive." 

At almost every sentence the speaker was 
interrupted with cheers and hisses; there 
were cheers for Jefiferson Davis and cheers 
for Gen. Scott. A large number of men 
suffered at the hands of the police, so that 
Mr. Breckenridge sorrowfully exclaimed: 
"I feel personally responsible for the poor 
fellows so rudely treated. I grieve to think 
any one should be hurt on my account." 
The audience shouted "Go on Mr. Breck- 
enridge," and then three cheers were pro- 
posed and given for "Jeff Davis," and the 
"Southern Confederacy." A fight took 
place, which had the elTect of thinning out 
the crowd, the timid ones making a stam- 
pede. 

Mr. Breckenridge: "It is evident the dis- 
turbers are but few in numbers. Are they 
afraid to hear a Senator speak words of 
truth?" The inquiry was met by personal 
allusions not complimentary to the speaker, 
which were replied to by persons in the 
crowd, "Oh! never mind them: they are 
from the almshouse and the jail: they are 
the Dodge police." These cries were re- 



plied to in this wise, "You had us on the 
19th of April, now we have got you." "Re- 
member the week of terror." 

Mr. Breckenridge: "1 have attentively 
watched the faces of those around me to- 
night, and I feel bound to say that this dis- 
turbance has been occasioned by a handful 
of men carrying sticks and wearing brass 
badges. Here, as in the United States Sen- 
ate, I will enter my protest against the 
usurpations of the administration, and I 
trust in God that the day is near at hand 
when the evil career of these bad men will 
receive a summary check." He then re- 
tired into the reception room, where he was 
surrounded by his friends. Loud calls were 
made for Mr. Vallandingham, who declined 
to appear. 

1862. 

A Union meeting was held Monday, July 
28th, in ]\Ionument Square. Governor 
Bradford presided, and in the course of his 
speech said: "It is hardly necessary for me 
to tell you that there are continually lurking 
in our midst those who are constantly look- 
ing for some means to aid, comfort and as- 
sist those now seeking to crush us. The 
rebels who openly avow themselves com- 
mand your admiration, but the private, 
skulking, conspiring traitor, the moral 
guerilla of this war, is the most despicable 
of all traitors, without the courage to fight 
for his own country, or any other." The 
Governor spoke of his efiforts to raise four 
regiments for the United States service, and 
said: "I have assurances that when these 
four regiments are completed, they shall 
form a Maryland brigade with a Maryland 
man in command." 

Henry W. Hoffman hoped that the Union 
men throughout the State would realize 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



155 



the fact that the time had arrived for decided 
operation; there was a class of quasi Union 
men who were clamorous for the Constitu- 
tion as it was. 

William H. Collins: "The Government 
has called for more troops in order to put 
down rebellion. It wants additional sol- 
diers in order to replace those lost in and 
about the Chickahominy." 

Christopher C. Cox: "In such a contest 
there can be no neutrality. Every man is 
either a friend to the Government or aiding 
the insurrection." He closed with this 
peroration: "Be thou enthroned above that 
banner. God of battle, guard it with thy 
lightning, fan it with thy breeze, avenge it 
with thy thunder, may it advance as now, in 
a cause holy as thy light, may the hand 
that would dare pluck one star from its 
glory be palsied, may treason fall blighted 
beneath its shade." 

One of the resolutions proposed a test 
oath to be administered by the military 
authorities to the disloyal, who were to sub- 
scribe to it or be sent South. 

Wednesday, August 20th, Gen. Cochrane, 
was the guest of the municipality of Balti- 
more and made a speech in Monument 
Square, in the evening at a meeting pre- 
sided over by Mayor Chapman. Gen. 
Cochrane's speech was devoted to his prison 
e.xperiences in the South, in favor of prose- 
cuting the war, and defending his Irish fel- 
low-countrymen from sympathy with the 
South. He was followed by Richard O 'Gor- 
man, who discussed the subject of secession. 
Patrick McLoughlin, of the Baltimore Bar, 
called on his Irish fellow-citizens "to rally 
to the defense of the Union and the Con- 
stitution." 

At a meeting of the Union State Central 



Committee, Wednesday, August 26th, Mr. 
Swann was elected chairman of the commit- 
tee and Mr. J. V. L. Findlay secretary. 

Mr. Sivann spoke, saying: "Repelling 
again and again all claims on the part of 
the general Government, or any State Gov- 
ernment, to interfere in our domestic con- 
cerns, and deeply sympathizing with the 
holders of slave property, whose interests 
have become so seriously compromised by 
the existence of this war, I cannot but in- 
dulge the hope, that the impartial counsel 
we may give to the subject, will receive the 
consideration to which it is so eminently 
entitled. 

1863. 

The members of the Unconditional Union 
State Central Committee held a meeting 
Wednesday, September 29th. This body 
was appointed by virtue of resolutions 
passed by the Union League State Conven- 
tion. They were the radical element of the 
Union party, and the advocates of uncon- 
ditional emancipation. William B. Hill was 
elected president, John Needles secretary, 
and Henry W. Hoffman treasurer. An ad- 
dress was issued to the people of Maryland, 
urging them to vote for the ticket which 
the State Convention had placed in the 
field. 

Friday, September nth, the Union State 
Central Committee issued an address to the 
people of the State, signed by Thomas 
Swann, John P. Kennedy, Columbus 
O'Donnell.John B. Seidenstricker, Thomas 
C. James, George Manly, Augustus M. 
Price and John V. L. Findlay, in which they 
expressed themselves conservatively on the 
subject of the extinction of slavery. They 
said: "The only regular and Constitutional 
method of dealing with a subject like this 



156 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORfi, MARYLAND. 



is by direct appeal to the people, in the mode 
which they have chosen to indicate. Any 
effort to participate in a speedy settlement 
of the question, unless by common consent, 
is hardly likely to receive the countenance 
of any large portion of our citizens either 
for or against slavery in Maryland." The 
views set forth in the foregoing address 
condemned the advocates of peremptory 
emancipation, and declared "that Maryland 
would never consent to be driven by vio- 
lence, in the regulation of her domestic 
concerns." 

Tuesday, September 15th, the Uncondi- 
tional Union party issued an address to the 
people of the State, which was signed by 
William B. Hill, Henry W. Hoffman, Hor- 
ace Abbott, James E. Dwindle, S. F. 
Streeter, John A. Needles, Robert Tyson, 
Milton Whitney, William H. Shipley and 
William H. Baltzell. There was no dodg- 
ing the question with bated breath, but the 
planting of themselves firmly on the policy 
of President Lincoln on the subject Jt 
emancipation, and favoring the proposition 
for a State Convention. 

The 23d of June Henry H. Goldsborough 
was nominated for Comptroller and William 
L. W. Seabrook for Commissioner of Land 
Office by tne Unconditional Union party. 
The address to the people pronounced 
"slavery already dead, and that only the 
skeleton was left. The sooner the skeleton 
is removed tiie better it will be for the true 
interests of the State and Nation. At the 
same time, we are fully persuaded that this 
can only be accomplished by at once bring- 
ing the people face to face with it, in the 
election of such men only as are willing to 
discharge their whole Constitutional duty, 
by accepting their full measure of respon- 



sibility in calling a Constitutional Conven- 
tion at the earliest moment practicable." 
The address was lengthy, and in details 
bristling with points unanswerable. The is- 
sue between the Unconditional and Condi- 
tional Union parties had now becom.e a 
wide gulf. The Conditional Union men 
pruned the regular ticket of the names not 
satisfactory to them and nominated Reverdy 
Johnson, Jr., for Judge of the Circuit Court 
against William Daniels, who was the can- 
didate of the Unconditional Union party. 
William Alexander had been regularly nom- 
inated for Judge by the City Convention, 
but being objectionable to both factions of 
the party, they made nominations against 
him. 

The evening of Wednesday, October 
28th, a meeting of Unconditional Unionists 
was held in Monument Square. The 
bright gas jets over the stand formed these 
words, "The Union, Emancipation, Golds- 
borough." The Eighteenth Ward had a 
transparency on which was emblazoned: 
"Freedom dawns in Maryland. We go for 
emancipation. There is but one Union 
ticket." The Washington Union League 
bore a transparency at the head of their 
line, on which was inscribed: "Slavery de- 
grades labor. No fellowship with Treason. 
No parley with Traitors." 

Joliii Lee Chapman presided. 

Henry Winter Davis: "We have pre- 
sented resolutely the question of emancipa- 
tion, and on the 4th of November twenty 
thousand majority will ratify in advance the 
opinion of the people of Maryland. 

"Three years ago Abraham Lincoln re- 
ceived in the State of Maryland only about 
2,000 votes ; now his administration receives 
a support of three-fourtlis of all the people 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



157 



in Maryland, receives the unanimous sup- 
port of every loyal man in Maryland, and 
stands opposed by no one but the traitors 
of Maryland, and now instead of being a 
small fragment of your population, strug- 
gling for recognition, we have to state that 
the administration is supported by the whole 
body of the people of Maryland, and the ad- 
ministration recognizes those people as its 
supporters." 

Other speakers on this occasion were S. 
P. Chase, D. F. Claudy, of Louisiana; 
James A. Garfield, William B. Kelly, Sam- 
uel Galloway and Hon. John Covode, H. 
H. Goldsborough, Unconditional Union 
candidate for Comptroller, defeated S. S. 
Mofiitt, Conditional Union candidate, re- 
ceiving in the city 10,545 to 367 for MofStt. 
Edwin H. Webster, Union candidate for 
Congress in the Second Dist., had no oppo- 
sition; his vote in the seven lower wards 
was 4,436. Henry Winter Davis, in the 
upper Baltimore district, was elected with- 
out opposition by a vote of 5,965. John L. 
Thomas, Jr., regular Union party nominee, 
defeated J. V. L. Findlay for the ofifice of 
States Attorney, the former receiving 8,709 
and the latter 1,905 votes. The vote for 
Judge of the City Circuit Court was: Dan- 
iels, Unconditional Union Independent can- 
didate, 3,168; Johnson, Conditional Un- 
ion Independent candidate, 1,315; Al- 
exander, regular party nominee, 6,109. The 
"American" in commenting upon the result 
of the election in its issue of November 5th 
said: "Maryland yesterday proclaimed it- 
self a free State. The vote for Goldsbor- 
ough was the test on speedy emancipation, 
and Baltimore has given a vote so nearly 
unanimous on the question, so far as the 
loyal voters are concerned, leaving no room 



for doubt, after the aggregate result in the 
State. A Legislature largely in favor of 
emancipation, and three at least of the five 
Congressmen are avowed emancipation- 
ists." This same paper editorially stated: 
"The candidates for Judge of the Court 
and States Attorney were elected, they have 
the gratification of knowing, however, that 
they owe us no thanks for their success." 

1864. 

April the ist of this year a meeting of 
those favorable to a Constitutional Conven- 
tion was held in the Maryland Institute. 
Henry Winter Davis said: "We have made 
our nominations; our enemies have made 
theirs ; and the question is, which of the two 
are to fill the seats of the convention? Are 
we to have a convention opposed to eman- 
cipation, and trust to the moral power of 
the coercion of the popular vote to compel 
them to discharge their duties? Or shall 
we have a convention composed of the gen- 
tlemen we have nominated, who go there 
for the purpose of executing the will that 
the people have expressed, and who, when 
they get there, will have the manliness and 
the resolution to act up to the duties that 
have been prescribed for them? That and 
that only is the question. * * * * 

"The slavery interest, of course, strug- 
gles vigorously to maintain its domination. 
It has been heretofore your master as well 
as the master of the slaves. One-fourth of 
the people of the State have ruled it by the 
existing Constitution. They have used 
their power to take to themselves the lion's 
share of our political honor and to cast upon 
you the ass's share of every political bur- 
den. The political power has been down in 
the rotten borough counties of St. Mary's, 



158 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Charles, Calvert, Prince George's, Anne 
Arundel, and over in Somerset, Talbot and 
Queen Anne's. Their slaves have been ex- 
empt from equal taxation. 

"Their laws have compensated slavehold- 
ers everywhere for their slaves when they 
forfeited their lives by violation of the law. 
The taxes have been imposed upon the city 
of Baltimore; the taxes have been imposed 
upon the northern and western portions of 
the State. The laws have been passed at 
the dictation of the southern portion; the 
burthens have been borne by the northern 
portion. In the south, south of the Patap- 
sco river and south of the Sassafras river, 
you have about one-fourth of the white pop- 
ulation of the State, and you have one-half 
of all its political power." 

Tuesday, June -th, the National Union 
Convention met amid unbounded enthusi- 
asm in the Front vStreet Theatre, and nomi- 
nated Abraham Lincoln for President and 
Andrew Johnson for Vice-President. When 
Lincoln was first a candidate for the high 
ofSce to which he was elected, a small band 
of his followers were suppressed in their 
efforts to express their preference for him 
in that place. At noon Edwin D. ^Morgan, 
of New York, chairman of the National 
L^nion Executive Committee, called the 
convention to order and nominated Rev. 
Robert J. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, presi- 
dent pro tem. The reverend gentleman sev- 
eral years previous was the pastor of the 
Presbyterian Church on the corner of Bal- 
timore and Lloyd streets. William Denni- 
son, of Ohio, was subsequently made per- 
manent president. Some of the greatest 
men of the Nation were members of that 
convention. It was two days in session and 
spent the greater part of its time over con- 



testing delegates and the admission of dele- 
gates from Southern States. Glowing 
speeches were made and genuine outbursts 
of true eloquence were heard. The plat- 
form was pronounced for maintaining the 
Union; punishing rebels; in favor of the 
extirpation of slavery within the limits of 
the L^nited States; extending thanks to the 
soldiers and sailors who had defended the 
flag, and promising what has since been 
fulfilled to the letter, that to them "the Na- 
tion owes some permanent recognition of 
their patriotism and their valor, and amp'e 
and permanent provision for those of their 
survivors who have received disabling and 
honorable wounds in the service of the coun- 
try; and that the memories of those who 
have fallen in its defense shall be held in 
grateful and everlasting remembrance." 

Other planks in the platform approved 
and applauded "the practical wisdom," "un- 
selfish patriotism" and "unswerving fidelity 
of Abraham Lincoln" in discharging the 
duties of his high ofifice; his Emancipation 
Proclamation and the employment of slaves 
as soldiers and demanding for them the laws 
and usages of civilized nations; the fostering 
of foreign immigration and the speedy con- 
struction of a railroad to the Pacific; that 
the faith and credit of the Nation must be 
kept inviolate and declaring that the people 
of the United States "can never regard with 
indifference the attempt of any European 
power" to overthrow a Government on the 
Western Continent. 

Lincoln received the votes of all the 
States for nomination — four hundred and 
eighty-three — save the twenty-two votes of 
Missouri, which were cast for Gen. Grant. 
They were transferred to Mr. Lincoln he- 
fcire the vote was announced. Two ballots 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



159 



were necessary for the selection of the Vice- 
Presidential candidate. On the last ballot 
Andrew Johnson received four hundred and 
ninety-four votes, Daniel S. Dickinson sev- 
enteen, and Hannibal Hamlin nine. The 
convention accepted an invitation to visit 
Patterson Park Hospital, where over one 
thousand wounded soldiers from all the 
loyal States of the Union were being cared 
for. Thanks were expressed to the Mayor 
and City Council of Baltimore "for the ex- 
cellent arrangements they had made for the 
accommodation and comfort of the conven- 
tion." 

It will be observed that the convention 
met not as a Republican convention, but as 
the National Union Convention. During 
the war the Republican party was so called; 
it included men of distinctive opinions on 
all other subjects but the paramount pur- 
pose of maintaining the Union. 

The evening of the day on which the con- 
vention adjourned sine die, a ratification 
meeting was held in Monument Square. A 
prominent motto was, "The Heel of the old 
Flag Stafif shall Bruise the Rattlesnake's 
Head." Mayor John Lee Chapman pre- 
sided. Thomas Swann was the first speaker, 
followed by Parson Brownlow, Horace 
Maynard and the Rev. Mr. Gaddis, of Ohio. 
Brownlow four years previous had been in 
the Bell and Everett Convention; he had 
declared his intention to have his coffin so 
constructed that openings would be at its 
head and foot, so that if "a secessionist or 
an abolitionist came in at one end he could 
go out at the other." His political advance- 
ment to Republicanism was the natural out- 
come of being a Unionist. 

Mr. Swann, among other things, had this 
to say: "Abraham Lincoln is the first, last 



and only choice of the Union party of the 
State of Maryland. We mean to support 
him because the rebellion commenced with- 
out provocation under his administration, 
and we desire it shall terminate before any 
one else is permitted to hold the place which 
he now holds so acceptably to the people." 
"It cannot be denied that negro slavery 
has been the cause of this rebellion." "A 
practical emancipationist, I have endeav- 
ored to keep pace with the public judgment, 
which has been progressive ever since the 
war commenced." "In Maryland slavery 
has fallen by the hands of the rebellion. 
Maryland is virtually a free State now, and 
will be free by a vote of her people in a very 
few days. As well might we tamper with 
the force of a mighty torrent as to under- 
take to curb the determination of the people 
upon the subject of slavery." "The doom 
of slavery is fixed, and the shackles will be 
stricken from the hands of every bondman 
within the limits of this free country." 

The Legislature provided for a Constitu- 
tional State Convention, which assembled 
in June of this year. After a session of 
eighty-nine days, the new Constitution 
abolishing slavery was on the 27th of Au- 
gust ordered to be submitted to a vote Oc- 
tober I2th for ratification or rejection. By 
one of its features the Maryland soldiers in 
the Federal service, in the field, were per- 
mitted to exercise the right of suffrage un- 
der provisions providing for the taking of 
their vote. 

Baltimore City, under the new Constitu- 
tion, had its representative basis in the Gen- 
eral Assembly fixed at three Senators and 
eighteen delegates. 

The Unconditional LTnion Convention on 
the 23d of June nominated Archibald Ster- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



ling, Jr,. as its candidate for Mayor of Balti- 
more. John Lee Chapman on the same day 
by another body of Unionists was placed 
in nomination for that office. September 
22d the Unconditional Union men of East 
Baltimore held a meeting on Broadway and 
Eastern avenue. The resolutions adopted 
were favorable to the election of Lincoln 
and Johnson and denounced the nomina- 
tion of McClellan and Pendleton as a 
method to embarrass the Government and 
prevent its restoration to its rightful au- 
thority. They declared that the new Con- 
stitution received their cordial support, and 
the principle of emancipation was dearest 
to their hearts. John Lee Chapman was 
held to be the regular nominee of the party 
and not Archibald Sterling, Jr., the nominee 
of D. H. Hoopes and the men who sympa- 
thized with him. They declared that Reverdy 
Johnson in supporting the Copperhead can- 
didate nominated at Chicago, does not as- 
tonish that portion of the people of Mary- 
land who know him best. Thomas Swann 
made a speech setting forth the reasons why 
the new Constitution should receive the 
support of every true Union man. 

A Maryland Democratic Convention met 
in Baltimore September 29th at the New 
Assembly Rooms. Oden Bowie called the 
convention to order. He observed: "There 
were two roads on either of which they 
could travel. One is through a relentless 
war of subjugation and extermination, and 
the other is by the peaceful counsels of the 
Democrats of the country." The nomina- 
tions of McClellan and Pendleton for Presi- 
dent and Vice-President were heartily ac- 
quiesced in. The platform of the party was 
approved. The electors were named and 
the oath prescriijed by the convention to be 



taken by all voters before voting for the 
adoption or rejection of the new Constitu- 
tion was denounced as illegal. 

During the interval between the submis- 
sion of the new Constitution and its adop- 
tion by the people a wordy warfare for and 
against it was carried on in the columns of 
the different newspapers, participated in by 
the leading minds of the State. 

On the night of October 10, 1864, the 
supporters of Lincoln and Johnson, and the 
proposed new Constitution of the State 
abolishing slavery, met in Monument 
Square. Gen. John R. Kenly was the chair- 
man of the meeting. He delivered the fol- 
lowing address: 

FcUoiv-Citizcns of Baltimore: "I thank 
you for the distinguished honor you have 
conferred by calling me to preside over this 
meeting. I esteem myself especially for- 
tunate that a kind Providence has permit- 
ted me to be in your midst at this time, to 
unite with you in freeing our State from 
the blight of slavery, and to assist you in 
your efforts to re-elect that honest citizen, 
that fearless and incorruptible patriot, Abra- 
ham Lincoln, to the Presidency of the 
United States. I am proud of this oppor- 
tunity to express to you, my own fellow- 
citizens of Baltimore, that I stand now 
where I stood nearly four years ago in your 
midst, to uphold \yith you this Federal Gov- 
ernment of the people, and to stand to the 
death by the man of the people, Abraham 
Lincoln. To aid you, my fellow-citizens of 
Maryland, in ridding yourselves of slavery, 
I shall cast my vote for the adoption of the 
Constitution about being submitted for your 
suffrages. I shall do so because by the 
adoption of this Constitution we shall re- 
lieve our State of the blighting influences 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



161 



of that institution, which has ever been a 
curse and a hindrance to the prosperity and 
happiness of those people in whose midst 
it has existed. As long back as I can re- 
member, I have been a consistent and con- 
scientious opponent of slavery, and there 
are some in your midst who can bear tes- 
timony to this fact; and if I can, by any act, 
aid in removing this blight from the people 
of Maryland I shall consider it more praise- 
worthy ana manly than any other political 
act of my life. 

"Some fourteen years ago this square was 
filled with citizens of Baltimore, agitated by 
the discussion of a question somewhat simi- 
lar to the one before you. A new Consti- 
tution was about to be submitted to the 
people: parties were divided; all was con- 
fusion so far as party organization existed, 
because there was one element in that pro- 
posed new Constitution which shook old 
prejudices, and hence broke up old parties. 
The main feature of that new Constitution, 
the Constitution under which we now live, 
was the abolition of imprisonment for debt. 
Most of my old party, most of my profession 
differed. I cared for nothing else than that 
feature. I looked to that through all the 
intricacies, and all the doubts, and all the 
influences of the wise men, and the distin- 
guished lawyers, who were appealed to at 
that time. I looked to that. I voted to 
adopt that Constitution because it abolished 
imprisonment for debt. And can any man 
doubt, entertaining the views which I did 
then, that I would now do other than vote 
for the abolition of slavery? May God grant 
that we may be as successful in our efforts 
at this time. 

"Another object of this meeting is to re- 
elect Abraham Lincoln and to give him a 



worthy coadjutor in Andrew Johnson. The 
suppression of this rebellion and the main- 
tenance of the authority of the Federal Gov- 
ernment over the entire Nation will be, in 
my judgment, fully accomplished with the 
gallant army which we have in the field, by 
the re-election of Mr. Lincoln to the Presi- 
dency of the United States, for "the last 
ditch" of the rebellion is the hope of the 
defeat of our ticket and the election of the 
nominees on the Chicago platform. Rebels 
in arms in the Southern States, those not in 
arms in the Northern States, aye, and every 
opponent of the Federal Government, are 
now by every specious and varied pretext 
directing their efforts to prevent the elec- 
tion of Mr. Lincoln. 

"These are not the only classes that know 
that the election of Mr. Lincoln will not 
alone crush the rebellion, but will give peace 
to this country. I beg leave to refer to a 
few extracts from the last confession of Mr. 
Jefferson Davis made a few days ago in 
Macon. He regretted that he was meeting 
the people in a time of adversity, and he 
called their attention to the absolute neces- 
sity of sending him more troops; his lan- 
guage is remarkable as coming from him, 
because it exposes that which I and thou- 
sands of others knew to be true, but which 
has ever been ignored by the press of the 
Rebel States. He spoke thus: [The Gen- 
eral read from the speech of Mr. Davis, that 
two-thirds of his soldiers were absent, sick 
and wounded, but most of them without 
leave.] It appears then from this despond- 
ent language that two-thirds of their army 
was away — two-thirds, mark you. Some 
were sick, some were wounded, but most of 
those two-thirds were absent without leave. 
There are at this time a hundred thousand 



162 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



men waiting for you to give them peace 
by the re-election of Mr. Lincoln. Come 
forward then, my fellow-citizens of Mary- 
land, drop and forget all your private feuds, 
all your sectional differences. Come up, 
shoulder to shoulder, and keep step once 
more, as you have heretofore done, to the 
music of the Union, and on November next 
you will give the homage of free Maryland 
and her electoral vote to Abraham Lincoln 
and Andrew Johnson." 

A letter of Mr. Lincoln's, which has been 
forgotten by the public, dated from the Ex- 
ecutive Mansion, October lo, 1864, and 
addressed to Henry W. Hoffman, was read. 
"A convention of Maryland has framed a 
new Constitution for the State; a public 
meeting is called for this evening at Bal- 
timore to aid in securing its ratification by 
the people; and you ask a word from me 
for the occasion. I presume the only feature 
of the instrument about which there is se- 
rious controversy is that which provides 
for the extinction of slavery. It need not 
be a secret, and I presume it is no secret, 
that I wish success to this provision. I de- 
sire it on every consideration. I wish all 
men to be free. I wish the material pros- 
perity of the already free, which I feel sure 
the extinction of slavery would bring. I 
wish to see in process of disappearing that 
only tiling which ever could bring this Na- 
tion to Civil War. I attempt no argument. 
Argument upon the question is already ex- 
hausted by the abler, better informed and 
more immediately interested sons of Mary- 
land herself. I only add that I shall be 
gratified exceedingly if the good people of 
the State shall by their votes ratify the new 
Constitution." 

The vote on the Constitution in Baltimore 



was for the adoption 9,660, and against 
2,079; Chapman, for Mayor, 11,334; Ster- 
ling, 3,284. 

The Union Convention met in Baltimore 
Tuesday, October i8th, and nominated 
Thomas Swann for Governor. He was 
made the unanimous choice of the party. 
Christopher C. Cox for Lieutenant Gover- 
nor received sixty-two votes against forty 
for Capt. William Frazier. Mr. Swann, the 
nominee of the convention, had announced 
that no matter who saddled the horse of 
emancipation, he meant to ride it. He ap- 
peared before the convention and declared 
"that not the least of our causes for thank- 
fulness and congratulation, when we shall 
have emerged from the war in which' we 
are now engaged, will be that Maryland 
will find herself in the category of free 
States. 

One of the resolutions adopted congratu- 
lated the Union men of the State that Rev- 
erdy Johnson had left them and was with 
the traitors to his country; that the opinion 
lately announced by him, which was to the 
effect that any one could take the oath pre- 
scribed by the new Constitution and violate 
it without perjuring himself, was a pretext 
of the rebel voters of the State to swear to 
wilful perjury. 

Friday, October 21st, Charles E. Phelps 
was nominated for Congress by the Union 
Convention in the Third Congressional 
District. John V. L. Findlay, Baltis H. 
Kennard and John P. Kennedy were placed 
in nomination, all of whom were subse- 
quently withdrawn, excepting Col. Phelps, 
who was nominated by acclamation. In ac- 
cepting the nomination he maintained that 
he "had always looked to the Constitution 
with reverence and its test should be his 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



16a 



guide. It became necessary, however, in 
treating with those who had disregarded all 
the principles and rights under the Consti- 
tution, in tearing that instrument to pieces, 
that precedent should be made and followed 
too, and that recourse should be had to the 
highest law, the safety of the people; that 
when danger to the great cause was threat- 
ened, and the old paths entirely covered 
from view, that it would be necessary to 
press on, even out of beaten paths. He 
should support Lincoln and not McClellan, 
for the country would be in an ignominious 
position should McClellan be elected Presi- 
dent. He had been in favor of the move- 
ment having for its object the framing of 
the new Constitution. In peace he was 
a conservative, in war a radical." 

The nominee of the Democratic party for 
Governor was Ezekiel Chambers and for 
Lieut. Governor Oden Bowie. Afthe elec- 
tion on November 8th Abraham Lincoln 
received in Baltimore 14,826; McClellan 
2,890. Webster, for Congress, in the lower 
seven wards, 6,233 votes; Kimmell, Demo- 
crat, 1,136. In the Third District Phelps 
had 8,468; A. Leo Knott, Democrat, 1,648; 
Swann received for Governor 14,446, Cham- 
bers 2,337; Co.x, for Lieutenant Governor, 
14,725, Bowie 2,827. 

The Democracy was totally wrecked. 
Its leading members were in retirement and 
out of politics. A few men sought to ele- 
vate its banner and keep it floating to the 
winds. A young lawyer, since dead, An- 
drew J. Wilco.x, and associated with him, A. 
Leo Knott, William Kimmel and others 
guided its destinies in these its darkest 
hours. 

1865. 
At the election in Baltimore, Tuesday, 



November the 7th, John L. Thomas, Jr., 
Unionist, who was nominated to succeed 
Webster, appointed Collector of the Port of 
Baltimore, received in the seven lower 
wards for Congress 2,040 votes, and Wil- 
liam Kimmel, Democrat, received 54 votes. 
The vote as cast was 5,504 in the twenty 
wards of the city; 10,842 were registered 
and 5,338 did not vote. 
1866. 

The Constitution of 1864 disqualified 
from the exercise of suffrage those who 
sympathized with the Southern States in 
their rebellion against the Government of 
the United States. 

Soon after the inauguration of Thomas 
Swann as Governor he conceived the idea 
of repealing that part of the Constitution 
disfranchising certain citizens. This was 
then the issue in the State. 

On Wednesday, January 24th, a conven- 
tion met in Baltimore, presided over by 
Montgomery Blair, favoring the repeal of 
the registry law of Maryland. As a result 
of its deliberations an address was issued 
to the people in favor of restoring to their 
political rights those who had been disfran- 
chised. A committee was appointed to 
visit Annapolis to urge on the Legislature 
the repeal of the objectionable Constitu- 
tional proviso. The committee waited on 
the Legislature on January 26th. 

Mr. Blair made a lengthy address, and 
Mr. Pilkington, of Baltimore City, moved 
a resolution of censure, which was laid on 
the table. 

On Friday, February 2d, the City Union 
Convention met at Temperance Temple and 
adopted a series of resolutions opposed to 
the repeal of the disfranchising provisions 
of the State law. 



164 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Mr. C. Herbert Richardson moved to 
endorse the votes of Francis Thomas and 
John L. Thomas in the House of Repre- 
sentatives, and disapproving of the vote of 
Charles E. Phelps, on the subject of fixing 
the basis of representation, which was 
adopted. This resolution, with others 
passed, were presented to Governor Swann 
by a committee appointed for that purpose. 
The Governor regarded one of them as re- 
flecting upon himself. 

A meeting favorable to the policy of An- 
drew Johnson was held in Baltimore Mon- 
day evening, February 26th. It was at- 
tended by the friends of Governor Swann 
and the Democrats. A new party was pro- 
posed to be known in Maryland as the 
Democratic Conservative party. Lieuten- 
ant Governor C. C. Cox presided and led 
ofif in a speech unlike those he had hereto- 
fore delivered in his active political career. 
Of the other Baltimore speakers, there were 
William Price, John M. Frazier, Speaker of 
the House of Delegates, and I. Nevitt 
Steele. The tone of the speeches was laud- 
atory of President Johnson, for his policy 
towards the Southern States, on the sub- 
ject of their readmittance into the Union, 
and of the attitude of Governor Swann in 
determining to overthrow the disfranchis- 
ing provisions of the Registration Law. 

The Union party was now divided into 
two wings, the Swann wing having allied 
itself with the Democrats, while the Simon 
pure Unionists met the counter movement 
of their opponents and formed the Repub- 
lican party. 

A meeting for such a purpose was adver- 
tised in the Baltimore American on the 28th 
of February, to be held in the Front Street 
Theatre, Thursday evening, March 2d. The 



call was addressed to "those who voted for 
Abraham Lincoln," and who wished "to 
support the loyal men of the Nation, 
through their representatives in Congress," 
and to "provide terms of admission for the 
rebellious States." By this movement the 
Unconditional Union party passed out of 
being in Maryland, and for a second time 
the Republican party was ushered into ex- 
istence and became a permanent organiza- 
tion in this State. 

Those who were its sponsors at its second 
birth were William J. Albert, J. H. Stick- 
ney, Coates and Brothers, E. M. Keith, 
George B. Cole, Joseph M. Gushing, J. B. 
Eastman, Henry James, George A. Pope, 
Henry W. HofTman, George C. Maund, 
William Daniel, R. H. Stirling, James Ca- 
rey Coal, Alexander Murray, H. M. Hut- 
chinson, E. Merrifield, John A. Nedles, 
George Rost, R, Stockett Matthews, C. 
Herbert Richardson, Henry Stockbridge, 
William B. Hill, Dr. W. R. Way, F. C. 
Meyer, Charles Crozier, Oliver M. Disney, 
William Abbott, H. Katz, Joseph S. Lynch, 
John S. Blades, William H. Hebden, 
Thomas A. Bean, John W. Randolph, An- 
drew W. Denison, Robert Tyson, John J. 
Jacobson, Marcus Dennison, A. Stirling, 
Jr., Gen. Francis Segel, Orlando F. Bump, 
Henry W. Drakely, Michael Warner, John 
L. Reed, George L. Perry, George A. Miles, 

E. F. M. Faetz, H. Richardson, C. W. Dun- 
lap, WiUiam M. Marine, Christian Bartell, 

F. Taylor Darling, J. Clayton, Joseph E. 
Pilkington, W. G. Smithers and Son, Wil- 
liam Schauffner, Daniel Holiday, John B. 
Hays, William Fensley, John Hughes, Wal- 
ter Mo.xly, Jr., H. C. Larabee, John C. 
Graham. Joseph J. Madhouse, Daniel Plow- 
man, George G. Stevens, William T. Price, 



HISTORY or BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Sdgar T. Taylor, Caleb B. Hines, Jehu B. 
Askew, John T. Graham, Patrick H. Mc- 
Gill, Clemens Lamping and Henry C Deni- 
son. 

1866. 
Mr. Cox and his committee, March ist, 
presented President Johnson the resolutions 
of the meeting of his friends in Baltimore, 
and on the evening of that day Front Street 
Theater was filled with the shouts of Repub- 
licans, William Daniel called the assemblage 
to order and William J. Albert presided. 
There were seventy-two vice-presidents, 
among whom were Gen. Franz Sigel (at 
that time a citizen of Baltimore); Michael 
Warner, Henry W. Drakely, Marcus Deni- 
son, William H. Cathcart, William Adreon, 
Alfred Mace, R. Stockett Matthews, W. B. 
Hill, J. H. Stickney, Mitchel B. Fields, 
Henry Stockbridge, Gen. A. W. Denison, 
Samuel M. Evans, J. B. Askew, Archibald 
Sterling, Jr., S. T. Hatch, J. T. Randolph, 
William Daniel, Randolph Norwood, Jos. 
M. Gushing, W. M. Marine, Anton Weis- 
kettle, William SchnaufTer, E. F. M. Faetz, 
C. Bartel and Joseph J. Mailhouse. 

The resolutions recognized Congress as 
the law making power and called for the 
punishment of those who had been en- 
gaged in treason and approved Governor 
Swanns position on the Registry Law of 
the State and announced their belief that he 
would uphold it. 

Senator Crcszvell spoke, caying: "Con- 
gress will endeavor to impose such terms 
upon the admission of rebels as will insure 
their loyalty and protect the loyal people." 
Senator Trumbull, Congressman McKee, 
of Kentucky, Senator Nye and Hon. John 
L. Thomas, Jr., spoke. The latter gentle- 
man said: "Is it right to the loyal millions 
that the people who went into rebellion 



should receive all the benefits of the Union 
until they can give to us some guarantees 
of future peace and security?" 

Tuesday, May ist, the Executive Com- 
mittee of the Union party, held a meet- 
ing in the Post Ofifice Building. Those 
present were W. H. Purnell, the Postmas- 
ter, and chairman, who called the meeting. 
Thomas H. Mules, Robert M. Proud, Wil- 
liam Price, E. H. Price, Samuel M. Evans, 
L. Blumenberg, John V. L. Findlay, Wil- 
liam Thomson, W. Kimball, J. L. Thomas, 
Jr., and J. M. Frazier. 

Mr. Findlay introduced a series of resolu- 
tions, one of which "endorsed the restora- 
tion policy of Andrew Johnson as wise, 
patriotic and Constitutional, and in har- 
mony with the loyal sentiment and purpose 
of the people in the suppression of the re- 
bellion." Another resolution "believed Mr. 
Swann in accord with" the resolution and 
pledged support of his Administration. 

Those resolutions caused counter-resolu- 
tions. Mr. Thomas introduced one in rela- 
tion to a repeal of the Registration Law and 
opposing it, and moved its adoption as a 
substitute for Mr. Findlay's. 

Mr. Evans presented a resolution deny- 
ing the right of the Committee to lay down 
a party platform, and ordering the calling of 
a State Convention. 

A general discussion occurred, and it was 
ascertained that the body was divided radi- 
cally. A State Convention was refused by 
a vote of 4 in its favor to 8 against it. Those 
in the affirmative were Evans, Thomas, 
Proud and Kimball. The Registry Law 
resolution of Mr. Thomas was defeated by 
a vote the same as the previous one. 

The reconstruction policy of Congress 
and the endorsement of Governor Swann's 
administration was disposed of by Evans 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



and Company voting for the Congressional 
method and against the Swann resolution. 
The other eight held to their views with 
equal tenacity and voted for Johnson, 
Swann and Democracy. 

In the "American" of May 4th appeared 
an address to the people of Maryland signed 
by Thomas, Evans, Proud and Kimbal, 
charging that the Democrats were engaged 
in overthrowing the Registration Law and 
that the President and Governor were in 
sympathy with them, and calling on the 
people of the State to organize and pre- 
vent it. 

May I2th a card appeared in the "Ameri- 
can" under the signature of Governor 
Swann endorsing the course pursued by 
Purnell, Price, Findlay, Blumenberg and 
those other gentlemen who acted with them 
and deploring the attacks on President 
Johnson. 

May 24th the Unconditional Union Con- 
vention endorsed and sustained the recon- 
struction policy of Congress, and demand- 
ed the rigid enforcement of the Registration 
Law of Maryland, and pledging its support 
to the convention called for the 6th of June, 
recognizing in the call for it the reason 
which induced the policy of emancipation 
that made Maryland a free State. 

The followers of Governor Swann and 
President Johnson met on the same even- 
ing and endorsed the jiolicy of both of these 
statesmen. They jilacetl themselves on 
record as opposed "to any and all of the 
wiles and hybrid schemes by which parti- 
san agitators are seeking to retain or secure 
political power by using the negro as a bat- 
tering ram against our securities and in- 
alienable rights." 



The Unconditional Union Party of the 
State met in the Front Street Theater on 
June 6th, Mr. David Scott, of Cecil county, 
in the chair temporarily. 

Mr. Archibald Stirling: "There are some 
people who have left the Union Party for 
its good, and this convention is here to-day 
to say that the men who adopted the new 
Constitution, the men who elected Abraham 
Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, that the 
Union men of the State stand to-day where 
they have always stood, and if there is any 
difference it is because some people have 
deserted it. We do not intend to go either 
to the Democratic party, the Andrew John- 
son party, or any other party, except the 
great National Union Party, and if Andrew 
Johnson don't stand on our platform it 
must be because he has left us." Senator 
Ohr, of Allegheny, was made permanent 
president of the convention. 

He said: "It is not for us to submit to 
rebel dictation, but it is for us to dictate, 
what are the issues and what is to be their 
fate." 

Resolutions were passed in favor of main- 
taining the Registry Law, and a State Cen- 
tral Committee was constituted and ap- 
pointed. 

June 2 1st a mass meeting was held of the 
friends of Johnson and Swann in ]\Ionu- 
ment Square. One of the mottoes that em- 
Ijlazoned the stand was "No affiliation with 
Rebels or Radicals." 

Mr. Szi.'anu said: "I wish to be under- 
stood as standing between those who are 
endeavoring to force universal negro suff- 
rage on the one side, and the support of 
disunionists on the other." 

July 2ist the Conservative Convention 
met in the new assembly rooms. Mr. Pur- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



167 



nell called the meeting to order. He said: 
"A portion of the Union State Central 
Committee endeavored to drag us into the 
trail of men who are prostituting the prin- 
ciples of Free Government for the purpose 
of securing and perpetuating partisan 
power. They have endeavored to divide 
the Union party of the State, and have par- 
tially succeeded. The blood be upon their 
heads." 

John Frazier was made president of the 
convention. He said: "That the people of 
this country will stand by Andrew Johnson. 
The bolters from the State Central Commit- 
tee are favorable to negro suffrage." 

Montgomery Blair: "What are the guar- 
antees upon which the Republicans desire 
power, there is a little bit of negro in the 
case. A little while ago I was a black Re- 
publican, I am progressing and getting 
white rapidly." 

After the adjornment of this convention 
it was ascertained that the large majority of 
its delegates held places under President 
Johnson in the Federal offices of Maryland. 

A Democratic City Convention met in 
Baltimore August 6th, and it endorsed the 
policy of Andrew Johnson. Of Governor 
Swann it said : "He merits our earnest com- 
mendation for having unmasked the fallacy 
of the radical faction in this State, for the 
zealous support of the President's policy 
and for the spirit of impartial justice he has 
manifested in regard to the execution of the 
Registry Law." The Registry Law was 
declared to be "oppressive and unjust, 
which must be submitted to while on the 
statute book, but which should be re- 
pealed." The invitation of the State Union 
Convention to co-operate with them in 
sending delegates to the Philadelphia Con- 
vention, was adopted. A Democratic State 



Convention met in Baltimore August 8th, 
which strongly endorsed "President John- 
son and his conciliatory policy and nomi- 
nated delegates to the Philadelphia Con- 
vention, commonly known at the time as 
a Peace Convention. 

The Unconditional Union Convention 
met in Baltimore August 15th, George W. 
Sands in the chair. The policy of Congress 
was endorsed and it was resolved to sustain 
the Registry Law. Robert Bruce, of Alle- 
gheny, was nominated for comptroller. 

The nominees of the Unconditional 
Unionists for Congress in the Baltimore 
districts were John L. Thomas, Jr., in the 
Second, and Joseph J. Steward in the 
Third. 

At a convention of Conservatives, held 
Augtist 31st, Charles E. Phelps, was re- 
nominated for Congress in the Third Dis- 
trict, defeating George W. Herring for the 
nomination by a vote of 51 to 14. 

September 7th Mr. Phelps accepted the 
nomination in a speech in which he said: 
"In connection with the diseases that 
trouble men, the Radicals may catch their 
malady, the Johnson epidemic, after No- 
vember, and perhaps die by it." Mr. Phelps 
charged that his opponent, Mr. Stewart, 
was in favor of negro ascendancy and white 
degradation." He then asserted: "I have 
never been a Republican, I am not a Demo- 
crat, and I do not expect to be. I believe 
in Republican principles, and though the 
majority must rule, the minority must be 
heard." 

In the "American," Tuesday, September 
nth, appeared an address of the Boys in 
Blue to the public, denouncing "Conserva- 
tives and Copperheads," and endorsing 
"Congress," and proclaiming "that the sol- 
diers and sailors of Maryland would be 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



found in the front line of the battle contend- 
ing foot to foot and hand to hand with 
traitors." It was extensively signed. 

A soldiers' convention was called of those 
who believed in President Andrew John- 
son's policy of reconstruction for the pur- 
pose of sending delegates to the convention 
which was to assemble in Cleveland. Gen. 
John \V. Horn was made chairman of the 
meeting. He said: "They had put down 
one rebellion, and now another was loom- 
ing up, and he saw no difference between a 
rebellion at one end of the road and 
another at the other end. They must put 
down the latter and administer a rebuke to 
those engaged in it, to be felt from one end 
of the country to the other. The resolu- 
tions applauded President Johnson for ad- 
hering to his policy unaltered by threats 
and denunciations. 

Col. Phelps in a speech declared "That 
he believed that the danger to the country 
came from the North, where it was least 
likely to be looked for. No one should be 
frightened by the cry of rebel sympathizers 
and Copperheads." One hundred dele- 
gates were elected to the Cleveland Con- 
vention. 

September 13th a meeting to unify the 
Unconditional Union men of the seven 
lower wards was held in the Third ward. 
Hon. John L. Thomas: "God has made the 
white the superior race, and he who fears 
the social or political advancement of the 
negro degrades himself." 

IV. M. Marine: "The restoration of the 
party to power of which Andrew Johnson 
is high priest, would be to the impairment 
of the Union. Johnson and Swann in their 
leagued betrayal of the Union party fmd 
themselves in harmonious accord." 



The convention of the Boys in Blue on 
the 19th of September was an enthusiastic 
concourse of ex-Federal soldiers. They 
mustered in strength to offset the three 
hundred that formed the previous Johnson 
soldiers' convention gathered together un- 
der the direction of Gen. Horn, a brave and 
accomplished Federal officer. Col J. K. 
Pangborn, of New Jersey; Gen. Franz 
Sigel, of Baltimore, and Capt. L. M. Haver- 
stick, editor of the "Baltimore County 
Union," delivered addresses at the conven- 
tion. Party fealty seemed to be the only 
object of the convention after the passage 
of patriotic resolutions and the making of 
speeches it adjourned. 

Sturdy Gen. Andrew W. Dennison, im- 
passive as a statue, uttered this sentence, 
closing his speech: "Organize in your dis- 
tricts, in your counties and in your wards. 
In your precincts organize! Organize! And 
then, in October and November, when you 
see the enemy advancing, let a glad shout 
ring out of "up boys and at them." 

Gen. Sigel: "The time has come when we 
must speak boldly. When we see the 
President of the United States with all his 
vast powers attempting to make himself the 
umpire of ti»c issues of the day it becomes 
the duty cf the people to hold the balance of 
power." 

In the October election, John Lee Chap- 
man, Unionist, received for Mayor 5,392 
votes, and Harvey, Democrat, 2,601 votes. 
At the November election John L. Thomas, 
Jr., in the seven lower wards, obtained 2,- 
869 votes, and Stevenson Archer 3,026 
votes. In the upper wards of the city 
Joseph J. Stewart, Republican, received 4,- 
596 votes, and Col. Charles Phelps, Con- 
servative r.nd Democrat, 5,548 votes. 



CHAPTER VII. 

Events 1S67 to 1874 inclusive, Comprising a Period of 

Democratic Supremacy. 



In 1866 the election was adverse to the 
Union party and it was dislodged from 
power. By the Constitution of 1867 the 
Democrats entrenched themselves in place 
and remained fortified without serious at- 
tack until 1874. 

The Republican party was unpopular in 
consequence of its advocacy of colored 
education and the bestowal upon the col- 
ored man of the right of suffrage. It made 
small impress upon public sentiment. Im- 
perceptibly, as time passed, the embers of 
dislike and prejudice on the part of the 
calm thinking Democrats, inch by inch 
gave way, and hostility was engendered to 
the continuance of the reigning party in 
power. The story which this chapter un- 
folds relates to the years of Democratic 
ascendancy, when it held sway unchecked 
and unfettered in the city of Baltimore. 
1867. 

The Democrats opened an early cam- 
paign this year. On the evening of Sep- 
tember loth they were massed in Monu- 
ment Square. Governor Swann was now 
an oracle of that faith; he delivered an ad- 
dress on the ratification of the new Consti- 
tution; on national affairs and the Radicals, 
whom he charged with dividing the coun- 
try. "No State could be kept out of the 
Union. The moment you recognize the 
right of Congress to separate one vState, 
11 



that moment you break up the Union. Ten 
States are transferred from the Anglo- 
Saxon to the negro race. That issue is pre- 
sented." 

A Baltimore City Republican Conven- 
tion charged with the nomination of candi- 
dates for Judges of the Supreme Bench, 
Sheriff and other municipal and State 
officers, was held Saturday evening, Octo- 
ber the 5th. 

The proceedings of the convention 
proved interesting from the fact that Robert 
North Martin, judge of the Supreme 
Court, had declined to be a candidate for 
further judicial honors, having been legis- 
lated out of the judgeship of the Superior 
Court of the city under the new State Con- 
stitution of this year. In disgust he retired 
to private life. 

Judge Martin was a native of the Eastern 
Shore. He had been sent to Congress when 
twenty-five years of age, and early in life 
was promoted to the bench. He ranked as 
a great and impartial judge. He was ec- 
centric and unsociable, recognizing only a 
few acquaintances. In early life a false and 
cruel pride caused him to insist upon his 
brother fighting a duel, in which he was 
killed. The offense was slight and an hon- 
orable adjustment possible. The death of 
his brother darkened the remaining days of 
the judge, whose life and personal conduct 



170 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



has liad no parallel in the romance of ec- 
centricity. 

Judge Martin was personally disliked 
but judicially popular. The universal wish of 
the Bar was for his retention on the bench. 
He had been a Democrat, but during the 
war was an uncompromising Union man. 
He decided the first case testing the con- 
stitutionality of the legal tender act, up- 
holding it. When passing upon the various 
prayers submitted to him, he grew eloquent, 
and his metaphors were finely wrought. He 
spoke "of the plumes of the Nation dragged 
in the mire of secession, compelling Con- 
gress to resort to the measure to save the 
existence of the Union." Ex-Governor 
Bradford, of New York, who was engaged 
in the trial of the case, on his return home, 
gave it as his opinion that "there was not 
such a clear-headed judicial mind in all New 
York State as Judge Martin." 

Before the date for holding the conven- 
tion, Judge Martin was prominently men- 
tioned for nomination. It was thought he 
might be elected on the Republican ticket, 
as he had refused the Democratic profifer of 
selection in their convention. The Judge, 
to prevent the further consideration of his 
name by his Republican friends, published 
a card of declination. The convention met, 
and for Chief Justice of the Supreme Bench 
he was placed in nomination. The Ameri- 
can report of what transpired stated: 
"William M. Marine nominated Judge 
Robert N. Martin, and moved to make the 
nomination unanimous." 

Sanniel T. Hatch said that before having 
this motion put he wished to have some one 
there present vouch for Judge Martin's Re- 
jniblican princi]>les. The party had already 
had too much of taking things for granted, 



and a crisis had now come when no one 
who did not- stand fairly on the platform of 
the party should be put forward as a candi- 
date. 

Henry C. Harris (a colleague of Mr. 
Marine from the Fourth ward) said that he 
believed every delegate there present was a 
true man or else he would not have been 
sent there, and he thought that the gentle- 
man's remarks were an insinuation upon 
the gentleman who had nominated Judge 
Martin. 

Mr. Hatch disclaimed any such intention. 

Mr. Marine said that personally he could 
not speak of Judge Martin's politics. Dur- 
ing the war he had been a Union man; he 
was opposed to the judiciary system of the 
new Constitution. Since the close of the 
war he had refused to admit rebel lawyers 
to practice in the Superior Court; after the 
Court of Appeals had decided in these law- 
yers' favor. Judge Martin had doubted his 
own power to admit them. In a case in- 
volving the legality of the legal tenders of 
the Government, Judge Martin had charged 
most eloquently on behalf of the contention 
of the Government. 

The motion to make Judge Martin's 
nomination unanimous was lost by two 
votes. Mr. Marine withdrew his name; the 
only hope for his acceptance was thought 
to be in his unanimous nomination. Col. 
Faetz nominated Gen. John R. Kenly, 
and a delegate renewed the nomination of 
Judge Martin. Kenly received 66 votes and 
Martin 34 

The nominees of the convention were for 
Chief Judge, John Iv. I\.enly; Associated 
Judges, Hugh L. P.ond. John C. King, 
George C. Maund and William Daniel 
Bond declined, being subsequently nomi- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



171 



nated for Governor, and Cornelius L. L. 
Leary was substituted. 

William Alexander, who was one of the 
retiring judges elected by the Union party, 
and whose service on the bench was 
popular, became a convert to the Demo- 
cratic theory in politics. He was a 
candidate for renomination as judge of the 
Circuit Court of Baltimore City, before the 
Democratic judicial nominating conven- 
tion, receiving only a few votes. That Con- 
vention nominated for Chief Judge of the 
Supreme Bench Thomas Parkin Scott, and 
for Associated Judges George W. Dobbin, 
Henry F. Garey, Campbell W. Pinkney 
and Robert Gilmor, Jr. Robert T. Banks, 
Democrat, was opposed by Gen. Andrew 
W. Denison, Republican, for Mayor. 

Tuesday evening, October 22, a mass 
meeting wa^- held by the Republican 
supporters of Bond for Governor and Deni- 
son for Mayor, at the square bounded by 
North, Holiday, Fayette and Lexington 
streets. The foundation walls of the pres- 
ent City Hall, then in course of erection, 
were on a level with the streets, and a plat- 
form was laid over the entire space. The 
stand stood near the corner of Fayette and 
North streets, facing east, and the audience 
packed every inch of available room. 

Archibald Stirling, Jr., presided. He 
said in the course of his speech: "The ban- 
ner which we carry to-night covers neither 
turncoats (an allusion to Governor Swann), 
nor traitors. It does not cover the man we 
have placed in power, who has turned to 
cringe at the feet of rebels. The little band 
of voters in this city, consisting of nine or 
ten thousand men, stand ready to vote their 
principles. During the war the Union men 
kept the city and State in peace, and every- 



body, friend and foe of the flag, slept calm- 
ly under the protection of a loyal police." 

Judge Hugh L. Bond, arraigned the 
convention held at Annapolis: "It had left 
the Legislature to say whether the common 
people should have any education or not. 
The Republican party advocated free edu- 
cation to all. In every engineering work in 
this State, where scientific ability was to be 
employed, we had to take a man educated 
out of the State, or get one from abroad, and 
the reason of this was that Maryland was 
without free public schools. The Republi- 
can party pledges itself that they shall be 
had. In Charles county, in 1790, there were 
ten thousand negroes and the same number 
of whites, and now there were only four 
thousand eight hundred whites in the coun- 
ty; unable to find employment, many per- 
sons had moved away. In Baltimore there 
was work for ten thousand men to do, and 
twenty thousand men to do it. What was 
to become of the children of these men? 
The Republican party said 'educate them.' 

"Every citizen had a right to bear arms, 
and yet an order had been issued similar to 
those issued in April, 1861, depriving men 
of their rights. If the authorities could not 
suppress a riot without resorting to illegal 
means, they ought to resign and let some 
one have their offices that could." 

Gen. Adam E. King: "The party would 
give the ballot to the negro because he was 
a man. Equal rights before the law was 
the party's platform. It had been the cry of 
every struggling Nation since the world be- 
gan. More than two hundred years ago, 
a soldier in one of the fruitless struggles for 
liberty lay dying upon the shore of the 
ocean, and with the last remnant of his 
strength he traced upon the shifting sands 



172 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



the words 'Liberty and Brotherhood.' The 
soldier died, but the motto lived and has 
come down to us through all the changes 
of time to be the motto of the Republican 
party." 

R. Stockett Mathezvs: "We come here to 
address ourselves to your intelligence. We 
belong to a party that places its heart 
against the bosoms of the liberty loving 
people of all climes. We leave to the other 
side the effete and obsolete issues of the 
past. We do not belong to that class of 
people who make a living by digging up 
dead bodies and selling them. The Repub- 
lican party is a living thing of the present. 
In the beginning of that party its advocates 
were stoned and driven from the rostrum, 
and yet the party grew. War broke out 
and it prospered. 'It struck a barren 
treasury and money poured forth; it stood 
upon the sea shore and called for a navy, 
and its sails whitened the sea;' it stood upon 
the mountains and called for troops, and 
their tread shook the country. No epoch 
poet can speak of the glory of the party be- 
fittingly for all it has done. And yet the 
rebels of this State say it is dead. They 
could not kill it with the bayonets of their 
soldiers, nor can they dig its grave by their 
ballots. It stands to-day stronger than 
ever, because all the traitors have left it, 
and the dog (a reference to Governor 
Swann) has returned to his vomit. Let 
them raze your school houses to the 
ground, they know well each is an army 
full of weapons to destroy them. To finish 
their work and do full service to the devil, 
they should not only oppose education, but 
should t:^:u- down the churches and destroy 
not er.ly the common school system, but 
also the conunon church svstcm. The 



Democrats might as well try to back up the 
waters of the Chesapeake until they over- 
flow the Blue Ridge as to try to crush out 
the Republican party in this State. It may 
be a fight of one hundred years, but we will 
win. Democrats could not lead and de- 
ceive the people of Maryland, when all over 
the world men were putting the crystal gob- 
let of liberty to their lips." 

Gen. Hollcn Richardson: "When I came 
to Baltimore two years ago there were not 
one hundred red-hot Radicals in the State, 
now there is a legion." 

Balfiis H. Kcnnard: "Ask the Democrats 
who saved the country, and in candor they 
must answer, the Republican party. Dur- 
ing the war Democrats turned up their 
noses at L^nion men holding the offices, now 
they are willing to take them by means of a 
revolution." 

William M. Marine: "Henry Winter 
Davis in his grave clothes we idolize. 
Thomas Swann in his Gubernatorial robes 
we despise. One was a true, courageous 
leader, sincerely honest; the other, a cha- 
meleon without fixed political principles. 
Swann and his adherents are dwellers in the 
enemy's camp. We who are the followers 
of Henry Winter Davis are an army of 
thirty thousand honest advocates of uni- 
versal manhood suffrage in this State; de- 
termined to contest every inch of ground 
with our opponents. We are not to be dis- 
mayed by temporary defeats. The Republi- 
can party is composed of men who have 
done the work of a century in a year, by 
striking the shackles from the limbs of the 
slaves. We have i)laced ourselves squarely 
upon our platform of principles, and we 
will fight it out on this line, not if it takes 
all siunmcr, but if it requires from now un- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



173 



til the dawn of eternity. We will unfalter- 
ingly move on, constantly pressing upon 
the heels of our enemy, until our advancing 
columns shall be greeted with the plaudits 
of victory. 

"It is a source of pride to me that I am 
a member of Maryland's grand army of 
freedom. There is not here a black face 
that is not an index of as honest a heart 
as those possessed by the responsible Po- 
lice Commissioners, who issue oppressive 
proclamations without warrant of law. I 
favor the enfranchisement of the blacks not 
because their votes are desirable, but be- 
cause it is a great matter of right. Our 
grand army of freedom is marching on to 
victory, and the question for Maryland to 
determine is, will it join in this forward 
movement, which is bound to triumph, no 
matter what conclusion may be reached by 
the majority of the people of this State at 
the coming election. 

"The policy of inaction on our part must 
not prevail because we are in a minority. 
Now is the time to press the fight in earnest. 
We must call to our aid the courage and 
conviction that guided us safely through 
the Civil War. When Mr. Lincoln issued his 
Emancipation Proclamation, dissatisfaction 
prevailed and the Democrats were success- 
ful in the elections that followed. Think 
you on the subject of opposition to emanci- 
pation they could carry the country now? 
No sane man will say so. When there shall 
be an ending of the discussion of the ques- 
tion of universal manhood sufifrage, we shall 
behold written upon the tablets of leglisla- 
tion a higher law than any the country has 
heretofore known, which shall give to all 
men, not alone the right of liberty, but of 
the ballot for its protection." 



Shortly after the foregoing meeting 
another was held by the Republicans in 
Hollins' Hall. The principal speech was 
delivered by Gen. John R. Kcnly. He con- 
cluded as follows: 'T am unequivocally in 
favor of giving the colored man the right of 
suffrage, and in making him eqiial before 
the law, because it is right, because it is just, 
and because I believe in the brotherhood of 
man. I believe that if situations were re- 
versed and the whites had been the slaves 
to the blacks, that there would have been 
found those of that color who would have 
fought to free the whites. I hold that tax- 
ation without representation is as much 
tyranny now as it ever was; that the pay- 
ment of taxes and good behavior constitute 
a claim to citizenship which, if denied by a 
community, indicates a want of intelligence 
and a lack of Christianity unworthy a civil- 
ized State. And why with these views some 
of our friends may ask, do you oppose ac- 
tion which may give the ballot to the col- 
ored citizen of Maryland? I answer: Be- 
cause in caring for the rights of the colored 
man I do not want to infringe upon the 
rights of the white man; because I want the 
colored man when he gets the ballot to get 
it with the friendship and not the enmity of 
the white ; and because I love peace, and be- 
lieve to attempt to force the white people of 
this State to accept the interference of Con- 
gress would be unwise, and fraught with 
evil to our whole people. The evil is that 
our white fellow-citizens do not understand 
the colored, for it is their misfortune that 
there are black fools as well as white ones. 

"Men of Maryland, native born Mary- 
landers, you know our colored people well; 
you know that their women nursed and 
waited upon your mothers and your sisters 



174 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



tenderly and watchfully without money and 
without price; you know that the hands of 
colored women have smoothed the dying 
pillow, moistened the parched lips, wiped 
the clanmiy brow and closed the eyes of 
your kinsmen and friends. You know this 
in your hearts, and that many of the play- 
mates of your childhood, the companions 
of your boyhood and the friends, yes, the 
friends of your manhood, are yet to be 
found among the colored men of Maryland. 
Who among you, yea of the bitterest foes 
of the peace of his country, that has not at 
least one friend a negro; one man of color 
whom he is glad to meet when misfortune 
befalls him, and in the warmth of whose 
grasp he does not feel a friendly and help- 
ing hand? Yet you, individually, are lend- 
ing your countenance and support to the 
enemies of your country in maltreating and 
robbing your friend, in cruelly degrading 
and punishing him because, in the Provi- 
dence of God, he is now a free man. Is this 
worthy a white man? No; it is shameful; it 
is cowardly; it is base in you thus to use the 
power you hold on the prejudices of the 
masses, to abuse those who wish to con- 
tinue your friends as they have been from 
childhood." 

Gen. Kenly's speech was received with 
respectful attention, but it was apparent 
that his audience did not agree with many 
of his utterances. The point of disagree- 
ment was his opposition to Congressional 
action in behalf of colored suffrage. 

George C. Mauud voiced the general sen- 
timent present when he said: "Negro suf- 
frage was a logical consequence of our vic- 
tories, and any man who was unwilling to 
acquiesce in it was ungrateful to God for the 
victories that had been achieved. The ques- 



tion with the people of the United States 
should be, 'shall these people who ofifer to 
perform all the duties of citizenship be de- 
barred from the privileges of citizenship?' " 

Robert Lyon Rogers spoke in a similar 
strain. He derided the men who when rebel 
banners were gleaming in sight of the Capi- 
tol talked about Constitutionality. The 
negro had been declared a citizen, liable to 
pay taxes and do military duty, and it was 
injustice to deny him the rights of citizen- 
ship. Congress should pass a law giving 
him suffrage. 

Mr. Marine succeeded Air. Rogers, and 
ridiculed the idea that this is a white man's 
Government, and declared that all men, 
white and black, should "enjoy the right of 
suffrage," sentiments endorsed by Col. 
John C. Holland, the last speaker of the 
meeting. 

At a Democratic mass meeting held in 
Monument Square Friday evening, Novem- 
ber 1st, Joshua Vansant presided, and gave 
the key-note of the meeting: "The political 
issues before the country were whether this 
Government should be what our fathers 
made it, a Government of white men or 
what the fanatics would have it, a Govern- 
ment solely for the benefit i f the black inan. 
The Republicans would not only make the 
negro the equals of the white man by en- 
franchising hi:u, but they would disfran- 
chise the white man and subvert the Con- 
stitution of the United States." 

The election resulted in the Democratic 
judges of the Supreme Bench being elected 
with the remainder of the Democratic tick- 
et. The Democratic judgeship candidates 
received upwards of 18,000 votes. The Re- 
publicans nearly 5,000. The other candi- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



175 



dates polled a similar vote with their asso- 
ciates on their respective tickets. 
1868. 

The Republican State Convention met in 
Baltimo'-e May 14th. John E. Smith was 
president. It was called to elect delegates 
to a convention to nominate a Presidential 
ticket at Chicago, and to select a State elec- 
toral ticket. 

Mr. Smith, on taking the chair, spoke of 
"Swann and Johnson" as "twin traitors." 
Referring to Gen. Grant's name having 
been hissed at a Democratic meeting in 
Baltimore City, he said, " 'twas a copper- 
head that hissed." 

John A. J. CrcszJkll claimed to have been 
"among the first to advocate Emancipa- 
tion," also that he had "long ago espoused 
the cause of manhood suffrage." He de- 
fended himself from assaults and said he 
was like the breast-plate of the ancient 
knight, the more his record is rubbed the 
brighter it will shine." He spoke warmly 
of nominating Gen. Grant whom he styled 
"£ man of deeds and not of words." 

Gen. Hollen Richardson, a Wisconsin 
soldier, who had settled in Baltimore after 
the war, where he resided a few years prior 
to returning to his native State, said that 
while in favor of manhood suffrage he 
thought as "it had been recently defeated in 
several of the great States of the North, 
they should be silent upon the subjectj 
Maryland should not attempt to dictate a 
platform to the Republican party." 

While Gen. Richardson was speaking, 
George W. Sands read a telegram from An- 
napolis announcing the second defeat of 
Governor- Swann in his effort to be made a 
United States Senator. The Convention 
went wild over the news. 



Thei v.as a contest ever the seats of 
the Baltimore City delegation. The con- 
testants were headed by Hugh L. Bond. 
The Committee on Credentials reported fa- 
vorably to seating the contestees and in- 
viting the contestants to seats in the Con- 
vention. A minority report was submitted 
to admit both delegations, privileged to cast 
one vote, to be divided between them. 
Pandemonium unloosed itself during the 
discussion on the two reports. A vote be- 
ing taken, the majority report was adopted 
by 67 yeaF to 13 nays, whereupon Judge 
Bond and his rejected delegates accom- 
panied by Dr. W. R. Wilmer, of Charles 
county; Joseph F. Carter, of Howard coun- 
ty; James H. Larcombe, Charles E. Cofifin 
and Thomas Quinn, of Prince George; B. 
F. M. Hurley and a few others, withdrew 
from the Convention, which proceeded, 
however, as though nothing unusual had 
occurred. The committee presented its 
resolutions and they were adopted. The 
reconstruction. measures of Congress were 
endorsed; the principles of impartial man- 
hood suffrage approved, and the lessening 
of taxation through economy recommen3ed. 

Gen. Grant was pronounced to be in full 
accord with the loyal people of the country 
and the man for the times ; he was endorsed 
by the Convention for President. The dele- 
gates to the National Convention were to 
vote as a unit and employ all honorable 
means to secure the nomination of Gen. 
Grant for President and Mr. Creswell for 
Vice-President. 

The defeats of 1867 were characterized 
as reversing the triumph at Appomattox 
and Republicans throughout the State were 
exhorted to an efficient canvass. 

John A. J. Creswell was eulogized as the 



176 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



choice of Maryland for the Vice-Presidency. 
His identification with the cause of human 
freedom; his services in Congress and his 
fideHty and sagacity were dwelt upon. 

The Republicans of Maryland, it was pro- 
claimed, sustained Congress in bringing 
Andrew Johnson to the bar of the Senate 
for transgressions against the Constitution 
and degradation of his high office. Con- 
fidence was expressed in Benjamin Wade, 
who, in the event of Johnson's removal, 
would be his successor. 

Doctor Wilmer's resolution, that dele- 
gates to the Chicago Convention shall em- 
phatically announce in the platform that im- 
partial manhood suffrage is a cardinal prin- 
ciple of the party to be advocated in theory 
and practice throughout the Union, was re- 
jected, whereupon the Doctor retired. This 
Convention witnessed John A. J. Creswell, 
through the advice of James W. Clayton, 
co-operating with its controlling spirits 
Charles C. Fulton, editor of the Ameri- 
can; John L. Thomas, Jr.; R. Stockett 
Mathews and their allies. It caused a tem- 
porary break in the political relations exist- 
ing between Mr. Creswell, Judge Bond, 
Archibald Stirling, Jr., and Henry W. HofT- 
man. 

The Bolters Convention met in the New 
Assembly Rooms, Dr. Wilmer, of Charles 
county, temporarily in the chair. Eight 
counties were without representation; there 
was a sprinkling of colored delegates pres- 
ent. Judge Bond, Louis P. Fiery and Fred- 
erick Schley declined to address the Con- 
vention. Gardiner Weiner, a colored dele- 
gate from Baltimore county, was induced 
to say something. He charged boldly for 
manhood suffrage, saying: "There were 
some Republicans wlui had faltered and 



they were milk and water men." It was 
"necessary to have a stronger beverage" 
and he wanted "vinegar and water mixed 
with molasses, to stimulate such people to 
action." 

Judge Bond, on being made permanent 
president, said: "We come here to re-or- 
ganize, and we would take in those other 
gentlemen if they are earnest Republicans 
and keep them out if they are not. So far 
as the party is concerned, we intend to make 
the negro an active participant and don't 
propose to insult him by making him a con- 
sulting member." 

The resolutions as adopted set forth, 
among other things, tliat the Constitution 
of Maryland is anti-Republican, denymg 
political rights to one-third of the loyal pop- 
ulation and granting franchises to thou- 
sands who were in armed rebellion and be- 
cause of its unjust representation in the 
Legislature without regard to wealth, pop- 
ulation or territorial extent. Hailing with 
unbounded satisfaction the impeachment of 
Andrew Johnson, the great apostate and 
disturber of the Nation's peace. Lauding 
Benjamin Wade as a faithful statesman who 
would see the laws impartially executed. 
Tendering to Edwin M. Stanton acknowl- 
edgments for his firmness in resisting execu- 
tive usurpation and commending his dis- 
charge of his difficult duties. Proclaiming 
Gen. Grant their only choice for the Presi- 
dency, the country needing him to complete 
in peace what he won in war. A direct slap 
was made at Mr. Creswell in the last reso- 
lution; therein it was declared "that in view 
of the sad experience of the last three years" 
it would be best "that the Vice-Presidential 
candidate should not be taken "from a slave 
or a border State." Especially not from a 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



177 



State "ridden over by rebels," who cannot 
aid the party by its vote. The second place 
is due to one of the Northern States and 
Benjamin F. Wade ought to be the Vice- 
Presidential candidate. 

A delegation was sent to the Presidential 
Nominating Convention and an electoral 
ticket named. At night a mass meeting 
was held, at which not one of the adver- 
tised drawing cards was present. At Chi- 
cago the Creswell-Fulton combine were 
recognized and the Bolters returned home 
and withdrew their electoral ticket. 

In the October election, the First Branch 
of the Council was returned unanimously 
Democratic. The Grant Republican elect- 
ors received 9,052 votes and the Seymour 
electors 21,593 votes. In the seven lower 
wards the Republican candidate for Con- 
gress received 3,290 votes and Stevenson 
Archer, Democrat, 7,758. In the Third 
District, Adam E. King, Republican, re- 
ceived 5,608 votes, and Swann, 12,961. 



The white friends of colored suffrage 
were numerically stronger in Baltimore 
than they had proven to be for colored edu- 
cation. In an evening near the close of 
the year 1869 a meeting of colored Repub- 
licans was held at Douglas Institute, at 
which A. Ward Handy presided. R. 
Stockett Mathews and William M. Marine 
were the invited speakers. Mr. Mathews, 
in consequence of family affliction, was not 
present. 

Mr. William AI. Marine: "No danger 
need be apprehended by any one that evil 
will befall our interests in consequence of 
African suffrage being consummated. No 
large body of people whose hereditary lot 



is cast with us and is politically inseparable 
from us, can be deprived of the right to vote. 
In order to make ours an exemplary Re- 
public, and one worthy to take the lead 
among the nations of the world, there must 
be no race or color restriction, but univer- 
sal suffrage. Our political principles arc 
adopted in other climes. You make the 
black man a citizen of the United States 
and he will be respected as such the world 
over, and the starry folds of our flag his 
certain assurance and protection." 

Rev. Henry M. Turner, of Georgia: "I 
want the colored man to be clothed with 
political as well as civil rights and if the 
Nation does not do it, so help me God, I will 
never fight for it again. If the thirty mil- 
lion of white people in this country are 
afraid to cloth the four million colored peo- 
ple with the right to vote, they had better 
tell them at once they are afraid of them. 
The white father who would cause his ofif- 
spring to be tainted in color, and then deny 
him his rights, despised his children and 
could not go to heaven." 

The fall elections were for Council, 
Comptroller, Sheriff and members of the 
General Assembly. Both branches of the 
Council were unanimously Democratic. 
The result for Comptroller represents the 
vote polled. Levin Woolford, Democrat, 
received 13,642, and ^^'illiam A. IMcKillip, 
5-237- 

1870. 

On the evening of the 22nd of February 
the colored State Central Committee met in 
Douglas Hall and adopted the following 
several resolutions; 

"Whereas, The fifteenth amendment to 
the Constitution of the United States has 



178 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



been ratified by more than the requisite 
number of States ; therefore 

Resolved, That we feel grateful to an 
overruling God and the National Republi- 
can party (His agent) for conferring equal 
political rights on all American citizens by 
securing the adoption of said amendment; 
that while we acknowledge a sense of grati- 
tude for this sacred right, yet we feel it was 
one which was always guaranteed us under 
the Constitution of the United States and 
Declaration of Independence — a right 
which we should have enjoyed from the 
earliest history of our Government to the 
present period; 

Resolved, That we fully endorse the Ad- 
ministration of President U. S. Grant, who 
country on the glorious success of the 
amendment, regarding it as the greatest 
blessing ever conferred upon us aside from 
our physical freedom. In consideration 
thereof, we call upon the colored people of 
Maryland to acknowledge this blessing by 
assembling in Baltimore City, May 4th, 
1870, to celebrate the adoption of the fif- 
teenth amendment in grand procession and 
in other festivities. 

Resolved, That we fully endorse the Ad- 
ministration of President U. S. Grant, who 
so fearless and terribly in earnest in the 
war, is yet to-day the embodiment of peace, 
the conservator of public justice, the firm 
friend of equal rights and the hope of the 
loyal millions. 

Whereas, The colored man is now a 
legal voter in Maryland. He is occupying 
eminent and influential positions under 
President Grant's administration; also in 
the District of Columbia and in all of the 
States South. His vote secured the loyalty 
of those States to the Republican party. 



It is through this colored vote of 45,000 or 
50,000 that the Republican party of this 
State will be redeemed from Democratic 
rule. It is to the colored men that the 
white Republicans are looking to keep this 
new voting element intact, and to organize 
them preparatory to a vigorous campaign. 
That the local Federal offices occupied in 
this city came indirectly through the vote 
of the South and the prospective colored 
vote of Maryland ; therefore, be it 

Resolved, That even in the considera- 
tion of the above facts, not a single influ- 
ential appointment has been made by col- 
ored Republicans in any of the local Fed- 
eral department. 

Resolved, That we, the representatives 
of the people of Maryland, in State Con- 
vention assembled, do earnestly request the 
chiefs of departments here to appoint col- 
ored men to positions in keeping with the 
progress of the National Republican party. 
We ask this as a measure of wise policy, 
to encourage the active workingmen who 
are doing all they can to build up the party 
and invigorate their race. To keep down 
suspicions of selfishness, we ask that it be 
done. That colored men are like white 
men, they want encouragement, too. 

Resolved, That this State Convention 
do fully and unequivocally endorse the ac- 
tion of the committees who waited on Hon. 
John L. Thomas, consisting of Samuel M. 
Evans, Doc. H. J. Brown, Wm. M. Marine, 
Esq.; A. Ward Handy, Esq.; Col. William 
U. Saunders, N. C. M. Groom, Esq.; E. R. 
Petherbridges, Esq.; V. C. S. Eckert, Esq., 
and all others who advocated the principles 
enunciated in the above resolutions. 

Resolved, That the above committee did 
not demand the removal of Republicans, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



179 



but did request, and shall continue to re- 
quest, the appointment of a respectable 
number of colored men to positions. 

Resolved, That the committee shall 
never cease its labors until we shall have 
Maryland Republicanism in practice as well 
as theory. That it is not our province to 
say how these appointments should be 
made, for that is the prerogative of the heads 
of departments. 

Whereas, The bone sinew, the laboring 
men of the State, are but poorly paid for 
their incessant toil, therefore, 

Resolved, That we deem it necessary 
that they should form labor unions in each 
county for mutual protection and support. 

Resolved, That it is the duty of every 
land owner or employer to have colored 
men hired under them; to see that they re- 
ceive fair living wages for their labor. 

Whereas, Our people, from the fact of 
being held as slaves, are poor; therefore be it 

Resolved, That it is one of the duties 
of our people to labor and economize their 
means until they secure for themselves and 
children land, homes and education, with- 
out which we are but mere ciphers, and 
subjected to some extent to the caprice and 
dogmatism of others. 

Resolved, That colored men know their 
rights and know their friends up to whom 
they look for justice. The day is fast ap- 
proaching when, with their ballots, they will 
compensate those who remembered them. 

Resolved, That we are opposed to a dis- 
solution of the Colored Republican State 
Central Committee until we are taken into 
full political fellowship in the party, official 
and otherwise; that we believe in Republi- 
canism in practice and not in theory; that 
we place the power of dissolution in the 



hands of the Colored Executive Committee 
whenever, in their judgment, they may think 
a proper recognition is made. 

Resolved, That we recommend to the 
consideration of colored people the Na- 
tional Freedmen's Savings Bank, No. 12 
South Gay street, as one of the safest banks 
in the country into which the colored peo- 
ple of the city and State should deposit 
their moneys. 

Resolved, That two thousand copies of 
these resolutions be printed for distribution 
and 

Whereas, We have waited patiently for 
an expression of sympathy by our Govern- 
ment in behalf of the Republic of Cuba; and 

Whereas, We have silently regretted the 
unfavorable action of many of our cham- 
pions of freedom, thereby retarding the at- 
tainment of their heaven-born rights ; there- 
fore, be it 

Resolved, That we, the State Central 
Committee, representatives of the colored 
citizens of Maryland, in Convention assem- 
bled, petition the Congress of the United 
States, in behalf of the Republic of Cuba, 
as follows: 
To THE Honorable, the Senate and 

House oe Representatives of the 

Congress of the United States: 

We, the colored citizens of Maryland, 
moved by the suffering of many t^iousand 
of our colored brethren, the freedmen of 
Republican Cuba, do petition your honor- 
able body, who have so kindly regarded and 
provided for the freedmen of the United 
States to give such timely aid to the Cuban 
patriots and freedmen who share in their 
sufferings as may bring relief, by putting 
an end to Spanish tyranny in their island. 

Furthermore, we petition in behalf of 



180 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



those colored brethren who still groan in 
bondage under cruel Spanish masters. They 
are branded with hot irons with the letters 
of their master's names. Thev are treated 
worse than their cattle — tormented to con- 
fess crimes of which they are not guilty, and 
are then put to death in the most horrible 
manner. 

The Spaniards have ever been the leaders 
of slavery and the slave trade. The Cuban 
planters have long wished to emancipate 
their slaves. F'or this they have suffered 
persecution from the Spanish Government 
until they resolved to achieve their inde- 
pendence, and on the loth day of April, 
1869, the Cuban Congress adopted the Con- 
stitution, the twenty-fourth article of which 
is as follows: "All the inhabitants of the 
Republic of Cuba are absolutely free." 

We therefore humbly petition your hon- 
orable body to extend friendly aid to the 
freedmen of Cuba, and the bondsmen under 
Spanish masters by assisting the patriots to 
free the island from Spanish rule and slav- 
ery, both of the blacks and whites, in duty 
bound, we will ever pray, &c. 

Whereas, There is crimination and re- 
crimination between certain colored Repub- 
licans; and 

WiiERKAS, This political crimination is 
working against consolidation of the col- 
ored working Republicans ; 

Resolved, That we ask these aspirants 
for leadership to settle their personal dif- 
ferences between themselves and not to 
create any political dissensions in the work- 
ing Republicans of the State. 

Resot,ved, In the words of the immortal 
Andrew Jackson, "By the Eternal," we, the 
colored workingmen, will stump this State 
in our own interest if these aspirants do 



not seal their pledge of consolidation by 
stopping their recriminations. 

The new voters did not tire of the novel- 
ties of meetings. There was a constant re- 
currence of them. A large one was held at 
the Broadway Institute, ratifying the adop- 
tion of the fifteenth amendment of the Con- 
stitution of the United States. Edington 
Fulton presided, with forty-three white and 
colored vice-presidents. There were eleven 
secretaries and eleven sergeants-at-arms. 

Mr. Fulton, in his speech, admonished 
the newly enfranchised voter that he should 
remember that exercising the suffrage 
"brings new duties, new responsibilities and 
perhaps new perils." He exhorted him to 
"prepare to meet them fairly, fully and hon- 
estly," saying: "The right of citizensaip 
which we white Republicans have asked the 
law to give to the colored man must be 
granted also by us, individually, without any 
grudging, in no half-way sense, but willingly 
as a matter of right and justice. And the 
colored citizen, who will soon be called 
upon to exercise the right of suffrage, must 
remember that the Republican party has 
contended for its rights against many ob- 
stacles, under many discouragements, and 
that, though we have won the field, we have 
still to make sure its defense against a pow- 
erful and vigilant enemy. He will need to 
bring to the exercise of his new duties, cour- 
age and forbearance, steadfastness and pa- 
tience, and above all, an abiding confidence 
that the Republican party, whatever may 
be the hesitancy or timidity of individuals 
belonging to it — means to remain true to its 
principles and true to the rights of all men." 

Archibald Stirling, Jr., said: "He never 
had been scared off in times past by the 
talk of negro equality, so nuich feared by 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



the Democratic politicians. He was not 
afraid of any man on the globe getting 
ahead of him. If a man could do so, let 
him do it. He trusted when they next met 
it would be to congratulate each other that 
Maryland was governed by the Republican 
party with the offices held by both blacks 
and whites." 

Dr. Henry J. Brown, a colored man, 
urged that the claims of his race to posi- 
tions should be recognized to a certain 
extent. The colored man desired educa- 
tion for his children and would not be sat- 
isfied with a modest recognition. Sambo 
had gone from the cornfield to the Senate 
chamber. 

Col. William U. Saunders, colored: "The 
Republican party enters upon a new career 
of glory reinforced by a half million of 
those whose representatives did not hesti- 
tate to snatch liberty and the fruits of vic- 
tory from Lee at Appomattox — reinforced 
by a quarter million of men, not one of 
whom would vote for the Deriiocratic 
party." 

A. Ward Handy, colored: "We know 
what our sufferings have been in the past, 
in chains and bound. No black man has 
a right to cast a ballot except it be for the 
Republican party, which, when we were in 
the water was the only party to throw a 
rope to us. If any one attempts to stop 
the consolidation of the black element of 
the party from the white he had better 
stand from under or he will be crushed." 

William M. Marine: "The present status 
of the colored race is hopeful; they are 
marching toward the promised land; they 
have left Egypt and passed over the Red 
Sea. Their Moses was Abraham Lincoln, 
who, like the Israelitish leader, had his Pis- 



gah on which he was fated to die. The 
Emancipation Proclamation is still a pillar 
of fire and is leading onward. Andrew John- 
son is not Joshua but a political renegade, 
expelled from this camp." 

On the evening of January 14th, a meet- 
ing was held at Douglas Institute, ratify- 
ing an effort made to unite Republicans 
throughout the city and States. 

Mr. William M. Marine: "The day of 
shaking among the dry bones of the ante- 
diluvian anti-progressive Democracy of 
Maryland is at hand and lo! the graveyards 
are yawning. One after another the diffi- 
culties in the path of the onward march of 
Republican triumph in Maryland are being 
removed. The storm of denunciation which 
v.-as unmercifully showered upon the men 
who advocated the principles of universal 
franchise has now somewhat abated. It was 
a great tornado and the heavens were very 
black and the whole scene dreary enough 
to appall the bravest. To-night this meet- 
ing declares that the colored element of this 
State is consolidated within the lines of the 
Republican party; that differences are ex- 
tinguished; that the ranks stand unbroken; 
that voting is a prelude to securing proper 
legislation in the perpetuation of freedom; 
that such an end is to be obtained by a co- 
operation with the friends of emancipation 
and not with its foes. I am not in favor 
of universal suffrage because it will make 
the Republican party stronger, but for the 
higher reason, justice and the public good 
demand it. 

"The Republican party in this State has 
done what it consistently could do in the 
past for colored citizens. That more has 
not been accomplished is due to the fact 



182 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



that the odds have been overwhelmingly 
against us. Give us strength surpassing 
that of the Democratic party and we 
will not inquire why the fifteentli amend- 
ment should be defeated. Nor will we 
ask what rights are denied the negro 
when we know that he is not permitted a 
fair chance in the race of life, and is in all 
respects by the legislation of the party in 
power in this State, regarded as a distin- 
guished jurist of Democratic faith once de- 
cided, as 'having no rights that a white 
man is bound to respect.' " 

Dr. H. J. Brozvn was trustful "that every 
colored man will march to the polls and cast 
a Republican ballot when the amendment 
shall be adopted. Governor Bowie had 
filled a paragraph of his message with 
sophistry regarding the colored citizen. He 
writes such words believing he cannot be 
induced to vote the Democratic ticket. 
There is an intuition in the mind of the col- 
ored man which teaches him who are his 
friends. Governor Bowie has commented 
on the number of colored people in the 
penitentiary; who is to blame for that? It 
is partly owing to the fact that the Demo- 
cratic and rebel policemen frequently ar- 
rest colored people when they do not ar- 
rest white people for similar causes." 

Col. William U. Saunders: "There are 
some gentlemen who still retain their old 
fogy notions respecting the necessity of 
the black code. There are others who 
think that possibly in the future the col- 
ored vote will be divided, and that the Dem- 
ocratic party will receive the support of a 
large portion of that vote. Among these 
T think will be Governor Bowie, whose 
views on the subject made up portions of 
a long-winded document." 



On the ratification of the amendment and 
its being ofificially announced by President 
Grant, a large mass meeting of colored citi- 
zens was held April 7th, at the corner of 
Howard and Little Montgomery streets. 

Capt. Perky R. Lovejoy: "The hours 
of slavery's nights were numbered when 
Abraham Lincoln issued his Emancipation 
Proclamation; the day of freedom dawned 
clearly over the landjwhen the fourteenth 
amendment gave to all the protection of 
the courts and equality — before the law; but 
the glorious sun of liberty rose up high in 
the heavens only when the fifteenth amend- 
ment proclaimed a full recognition of man- 
hood, with the power of the ballot-box to 
maintain it." 

Judge Hugh L. Bond said "that if he did 
not believe that God had made of one blood 
all the nations of the earth he would trem- 
ble for the result. But believing in the 
universal brotherhood of man, he knew that 
no colored man was better than a white 
man of the same capacities, and no white 
man was better than a colored man, except 
as he had the opportunities of making him- 
self better. No white man, if he is igno- 
rant, is better qualified to vote than a black 
man equally ignorant. He should insist 
tliat before the black man takes a promi- 
nent part in the administration of the Gov- 
ernment, he must be educated. The Dem- 
ocratic orators talk a great deal about the 
common people. Under the fifteenth 
aiuendmcnt, the rights and privileges of all 
men would l)e so guarded, there would be 
such an equality of advantages, that there 
would be no common people. All classes 
would participate in the common benefits. 
The colored people up to this time have 
had no advantages. They had not even 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



had the privilege of talking with people of 
much sense. The first thing they must do 
is to get education, and how are they to 
get it except through the common schools 
of the State?" 

The Judge referred to his difficulties in 
finding the place of meeting. At last on 
Howard street, a man told him to keep 
straight on, and he would find the place. 
"The colored people have started on a new 
and untried road. For years they were 
grouping in dark alleys and devious and 
crooked ways, until they finally reached 
emancipation. Now, since the fifteenth 
amendment has been adopted, they have got 
to Howard street, and all they have to do is 
to keep right straight on. How are yon 
going to walk? That is a question you 
must answer for yourselves. No act of As- 
sembly can help you. Everything you arc 
to be hereafter must be the work of your 
own hands. You must start from the plane 
of the fifteenth amendment and make your- 
selves whatever you have the capacity to be. 
Every white man must do the same. We 
cannot pass an act of Congress to make 
men seven feet high. He has to eat mush 
and potatoes and grow seven feet high. 

"Before long the Democratic politicians 
will be after your votes. That party is like 
a shark that desires gudgeons. An Eastern 
Shore paper contained an article in which 
it was proposed to divide the colored vote 
with whiskey. The writer was as much in 
need of a school as any of the colored peo- 
ple and rather more in need of a church. 
If the negro voter is above the Democratic 
party; if his political walks are on a higher 
plane; if he has better and nobler aspira- 
tions, let's credit him with them, but 
here is a man who proposes to drag 



him down to his own level by giving him 
whiskey. No matter how far the Republi- 
can party overstepped the law in the stormy 
times gone by, and grasped men by the 
throat who were striking at the Nation's 
life, sometimes without legal warrant, there 
was always a tone of moral feeling about 
its ways and methods; but this man pro- 
poses to debase you with whiskey. Spurn 
such a man as you spurn the cup he offers; 
shun him as you would the enemy of your 
life and soul. 

"He did not believe that it was a duty to 
whip everybody who was a rebel in 1861. 
If a rebel comes into court and pleads the 
statute of limitations, we will allow him the 
benefit of the statute. If the man who after 
emancipation took a cart load of little negro 
children to the Orphans' Court and had 
them bound to him and they were brought 
before that fanatical Judge Bond and set 
free — if that man comes into court and says 
he is not the man, all right; give him the 
benefit of his denial. 

"If the Republican who, in 1867, said that 
Judge Bond was a fire brand and disor- 
ganizer of the party, when he asserted that 
the safety of the Nation demanded the en- 
franchisement of the colored man, comes in 
and repents, we will all say, welcome! with 
the proviso, however, that he is soundly 
converted. If he is willing to come in on 
our platform, let him come. Let us have 
a meeting for the conversion of sinners. 
Now is the day of salvation. 

"We must have a good school system. 
Better provide for education than build rail- 
roads in Virginia. If we must build them, 
let it be to Leonardtown. I can go to 
Omaha before you can get to Leonardtown 
by the quickest route. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



"The Bill of Rights says 'the right of the 
citizen to bear arms shall not be infringed.' 
The Board of Police Commissioners passed 
a law forbidding you to bear arms — not the 
Commissioners. They have no more right 
to pass a law — but the Board of Police 
Commissioners. They have no more right 
to prohibit you from bearing arms than 
wearing a hat. It is the privilege of every 
man to bear arms if he don't disturb the 
peace. Ihe black people have as much 
right to organize for the defense of the State 
as the white people. The colored people 
had more important duties to perform, how- 
ever, than to walk around the streets with 
muskets; there were matters of industry and 
education to engage their attention. 

"The moment you show yourself worthy 
of citizenship by supporting none but good 
men for office, that moment nine-tenths of 
the barriers will be removed that now stand 
in the way of the full exercise of your rights. 
There will be hardships endured. Some 
men will be knocked down for attempting 
to exercise the rights of a citizen ; some will 
lose their places; but this is a part of the 
price that must be paid. We all must suf- 
fer; we all have suffered, as the men who 
have gone before us have suffered and died 
on the battlefield. Whoever suffers in this 
cause will be a martyr and the blood of the 
martyrs is the seed of the church. Exercise 
your privileges then with manly determina- 
tion, and although you may suffer at first, 
victory will come at last." 

John H. Butler, colored: ''In 1850 the 
Fugitive Slave Law was passed and an at- 
tempt was made to start all the people of 
the country on a hunt for negroes. Thank 
Almighty God, the negro hunt is over. 
When the slave owners of the South at- 



tempted to found a Confederacy on the 
cornerstone of human bondage, they did 
not know that they were lighting the fires 
that were to burn until the love of liberty 
glowed in the bosom of every black man." 

William M. Marine: "The elevation of 
your race to higher conditions of manhood 
will be greatly aided by the church and 
the school house. We want in the future a 
cessation of agitations whose hate keep 
alive discord and fanaticism. Act conscien- 
tiously, so that your progress and advance- 
ment may insure to the permanent good of 
our common country." 

So important an event as the adoption of 
the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution 
of the United States could not be passed 
over by the colored people of the city of 
Baltimore with local meetings. A great 
demonstration was arranged for the 19th of 
May, in ^Monument Square. Numerous 
important personages were invited, includ- 
ing the President and Vice-President and 
the President's cabinet and other prominent 
statemen and chieftains. Frederick Doug- 
las was there. It was his first public ap- 
pearance to speak in Baltimore. The stand 
at the hour of the opening exercises fell 
and its occupants were thrown in layers on 
top of one another. Douglas and Creswell 
went down together. No one was injured. 
The meeting was addressed from the bal- 
cony of Gilmore's Hotel. 

In November, 1870, at the Congressional 
election, the colored citizen for the first 
time voted in Maryland. Seven wards in 
the eastern section of Baltimore City were 
part of the Second Congressional District, 
while the thirteen upper wards constituted 
the Third District. On Thursday, Septem- 
ber 1st, William M. Marine was nominated 





J.^^e/z/'A^UA , 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



187 



in Convention at the Broadway market hall 
by the Republicans of the Second District 
over Edwin A. Abbott, by a vote of 65 for 
Alarine and 35 for Abbott. In the prima- 
ries of the party, he had defeated ]\Ir. Ab- 
bott and John T. Ensor, both of whom had 
combined in one common cause. The vote 
in the primaries of the seven wards was 
Marine, 2,313; Ensor, 571; Abbott, 293. 
Ensor's name was not presented to the Con- 
vention, the Seventh District of Balti- 
more county, of which county he was a 
resident, having pronounced against him 
with the city wards and Harford county. 

In the Third District, R. Stockett Ma- 
thews and Adam E. King contested the 
honor of the nomination. In the primaries, 
Mathews had 2,802 votes, and King 2,142. 
A "locking of horns" took place in the Con- 
vention. Major William H. Weigel was 
placed in possession of the chair through 
the adroitness of Samuel T. Hatch, who re- 
fused all demands for recognition and put 
the motion to make Weigel chairman, and 
decided the result in his favor. Dr. Wil- 
liam J. Nichols claimed to have been elected 
and after a stormy scene, Archibald Stir- 
ling, Jr., moved an adjournment. Weigel 
submitted the motion and although two- 
thirds of the delegates voted no, he de- 
clared the yeas had it, and with the King 
contingent left the hall. The Mathews men 
remained and organized themselves as the 
Convention and adjourned. The dispute 
was settled by the State Central Committee, 
and resulted in Matthews' and King's with- 
drawal and the nomination of Washington 
Booth. 

An active canvass was conducted. Mr. 
Marine explained in one of his speeches the 
attention paid the colored voter. He said: 



"It is well known that the uneducated con- 
dition in which our colored friends found 
themselves as the result of their not here- 
tofore having participated in discussions of 
party politics, had required more attention 
to them than was usually paid to voters. 
This was necessary to prevent their being 
deceived and to enable them to discharge 
the duties of citizenship in accordance with 
their own desires. Nor is this work ended. 
The white voter, who has often much to 
learn in politics, will not begrudge the col- 
ored man the same privilege he exercises 
himself, especially not when it consists only 
in ascertaining how to protect his own 
rights." 

The largest meeting of Mr. Marine's 
campaign was held at Jackson Square. 
From the west side of the Square to Broad- 
way, bounded by Fairmount avenue and 
Fayette street, was, at the time the meeting 
was held, vacant ground. The main stand 
was in pro.ximity to the Square; a stand 
for German speakers was near to Fayette 
street. Both stands were elaborately deco- 
rated with gas-jets, flags, chandeliers, Chi- 
nese lanterns and similar decorations. At 
the German stand the tri-colored banner of 
the North German Confederation was dis- 
played. 

A procession marched through the prin- 
cipal streets. "Mr. Marine's name was the 
subject of many puns." "Marines have be- 
come good sailors;" "Marines are not to 
be terrified by Archers;" "Sixth Ward Ma- 
rine Corps;" "We believe in universal suff- 
rage, and we want no man to sufTer without 
cause;" "Result of the Democratic Admin- 
istration in Maryland — $40,000,000." The 
Seventh Ward delegation had a banner or- 
namented with a picture of a street car, on 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



whicli was the company's advertisement: 
"Colored Persons Admitted into This Car." 
"Democratic Judges are SpirituaHsts — 
They receive Dead Men's Votes on Elec- 
tion Days." 

Ex-Mayor John Lcc Chapman presided 
at the main stand. In the course of his re- 
marks, he said: "I want you to remember 
that the City Hall will cost five times what 
a Republican Administration contracted to 
have it built for; that railroad interests 
amounting to millions have been sacrificed; 
that your police force is costing more than 
twice what it did under Republican rule; 
that nearly all the leading positions filled 
by the Democratic party under the present 
city government are receiving double the 
pay annually that they received under Re- 
publican rule." 

During his speech the ex-Mayor spoke 
of an investigation of his administration, fol- 
lowing his having been legislated out of of- 
fice by a committee appointed for that pur- 
pose. It resulted in nothing being un- 
earthed against him, but discoveries were 
exposed of Democratic indiscretions in the 
sale of city stock, whereupon the committee 
"dropped the curtain, fearing a more hid- 
eous evil." 

Hon. John M. Langstou elaborated the 
following points in his speech: "The Re- 
publican party has given practical signifi- 
cance and force to the cardinal doctrines 
of our declaration of independence; it has 
secured the accomplishment of the great na- 
tional purposes announced by the fathers of 
the American Government in the Constitu- 
tion of the United States. These purposes 
are set forth in the preamble of the Consti- 
tution itself, as follows: To form a more 
jicrfcct Union. To establish justice. In- 



sure domestic tranquility. Provide for the 
common defense. Promote the general wel- 
fare and to secure the blessings of liberty 
to ourselves and posterity. The Republi- 
can party has accomplished the abolition of 
slavery; it has enfranchised the colored 
American; it has put in his hand the ballot; 
to fix the abolition of slavery, the citizen- 
ship of the negro, and to render the denial 
to him of political powers, an impossibility, 
it has secured the adoption of the Thir- 
teenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amend- 
ments of the United States Constitution ; to 
secure the immediate and entire respect of 
these rights and powers so lately guaranteed 
in this manner to the freedmen, it has en- 
acted what is known as the enforcement 
bills." 

7?. Stockctt Mathews directed his re- 
marks incidentally to the charge against Mr. 
Marine, that he was too young to represent 
the District in Congress. He referred to 
that section of the Constitution of the 
United States which declares that a man 
must have attained to the age of twenty-five 
years before he is eligible to a seat in the 
lower house of Congress. Said Mr. Ma- 
thews: "We hear but one objection against 
Mr. Marine and that is, he is too young 
for the nomination. Other men have been 
nominated and sent to Congress not older 
than he who were a match for some of the 
oldest members. He has attained to the 
Constitutional age and if he is too young, 
the founders of the Government were mis- 
taken in their opinions as to a man's ca- 
pacity at the age of twenty-five. 

Mr. Marine spoke as follows: ".'\bra- 
ham Lincoln, standing upon the battlefield 
at Gettysburg, surrounded by the graves of 
eleven hundred loyal soldiers who fell upon 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



189 



that historic ground to perpetuate our Un- 
ion, summed up in those brief, yet expres- 
sive, simple words, the ground work of the. 
Republican party's faith, when he declared 
'that the Nation shall, under God, have a 
new birth of freedom, and that governments 
of the people, by the people, and for the 
people, shall not perish from the earth.' 

"In that memorable yearof 1776, the birth 
of freedom dawned upon this Continent; 
during the intervening years to 1850, 
slavery changed the spirit of the Govern- 
ment from its original intendment. Neither 
the Whig nor Democratic parties had the 
wisdom to shape legislation so as to correct 
abuses that for an unbroken series of years 
were constantly creeping into and becoming 
a part of the fundamental law of the land. 
The Republican party came forth a re- 
former, 'that the Nation under God might 
have a new birth of freedom.' There were 
abuses to correct — a longer continuance of 
them assured anarchy. It is true, the rights 
of one portion of our citizens were guar- 
anteed them; but another class of people 
were oppressed. To liberate and elevate the 
down-trodden, establish free speech, free 
soil and a free press, untrammel thought 
and maintain a Government of liberty, reg- 
ulated by law, were the high missions of 
the Republican party; the pledges made by 
it in its origin have all been kept and faith- 
fully executed. It has done more than main- 
tain fealty to party principles. It has not 
swerved in allegience to the Federal Un- 
ion. Can our Democratic opponents say 
so much for themselves? 

"Democracy in Maryland, as expounded 
by our opponents, means not only anti-pro- 
gression, but slavery in a qualified form. 
Our statute books have their pages encum- 



bered with a multiplicity of laws unequal in 
operation, and dispensing with an illiberal 
hand the privileges of the State. On the 
bases of cast and color the rights of some 
men are withheld, to add to the preroga- 
tives of some others. The gentlemen who 
have made; those who have interpreted, and 
those who have executed the laws of Mary- 
land for three years past, have used but 
one volumj of precedents; their guide has 
been the dusty, antiquated old book that 
was used by the Democratic politicians of 
the last century; its pages are filled with 
the ideas of a dead age. The results of such 
an influence upon the men who govern us 
is working disastrously to the State. 

"It is a fact that Democratic legislation 
was never liberal in its operations. In the 
days of slavery its enactments were framed 
in the interests of an aristocracy who held 
in bondage the spirit and bodies of a peo- 
ple to enrich themselves. When, since the 
origin of that party, has it ever devised a 
measure to promote the interests of the peo- 
ple? What prominent improvement in 
this Nation exists to testify to the advance- 
ment and wisdom of Democratic legisla- 
tion? Under their administration of the 
Government sectional issues were fostered 
and encouraged; immigration and progress 
hindered in their onward march to the west- 
ern territories, within whose boundaries 
Democratic legislation inhaled the foul 
breath of slavery. The adventurous pioneer 
who succeeds by toil, kept from them, if in- 
formed that the peculiar institution 'was 
established within their jurisdiction.' He 
could not succeed where slave labor ex- 
isted; he would not hazard the chances of 
success by such experiment. We hear to- 
day a clamor throughout the land emanat- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



ing from Democratic sources, charging the 
RepubHcan party with having legislated in 
the interests of the black man, and having 
overlooked more readily our white citizens. 
This charge is easier made than sustained. 
The Democratic party in power busied 
themselves in securing the interests of the 
slave holder. To do so, they sacrificed 
school systems and internal improvements; 
they abandoned all thought about the in- 
terests of the great masses. Republican 
legislation has endeavored to correct the 
evils Democratic misrule instituted. It is 
not amazing that what Republicanism has 
done in the interests of the masses is dis- 
tasteful to the so-called aristocracy. So long 
did that class influence the Government in 
the exercise of illegal power to build up for 
themselves success in their schemes to the 
ruin of other interests, that now they cannot 
appreciate the change in internal condi- 
tions. 

"The Republican party has not deprived 
any one of his prerogatives under the funda- 
mental organism of the land; it has de- 
prived a class of the power of controlling 
the liberties of another class, who are en- 
titled to the protecting shield of the Gov- 
ernment. 

"The spirit of Democracy, infused into 
National legislation, has permeated in a 
more disastrous form the management of 
our State concerns. In Maryland, the only 
true Republicanism we have is derived 
more from the Constitution of the United 
States and the legislation of Congress than 
from our present State Constitution and the 
laws passed in pursuance thereof. Every 
advanced liberal sentiment found in the 
State Constitution of 1867 is drafted from 
the Constitution of 1864, the work of the 



Unionists: or placed there by compulsion 
in consequence of the passage of the Thir- 
teenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth amend- 
ments to the National Constitution. The 
Democratic party has never accomplished 
a single act in the line of advancing human 
rights. How are they conducting affairs? 
Your internal school system is a farce; only 
for three months in a year, in Baltimore 
and Harford counties, parts of this Congres- 
sional District, are the school house doors 
open for the reception and tuition of schol- 
ars. You have game laws discriminating in 
favor of land owners and against the poorer 
class of toilers who heretofore have main- 
tained themselves and their families by gun- 
ning at the mouth of the Susquehanna. So 
onerous is this last law' that the gunners 
of Havre de Grace find their occupations 
so interfered with that they contemplate 
with dread the approaching winter in their 
unprepared state to resist its rigors. They 
dare not enter a boat and proceed to the 
middle of the Susquehanna and shoot game 
that belongs in common to all citizens. The 
Democratic Legislature of Maryland, at its 
last session, has given the exclusive privi- 
lege to do so to the land owners on the line 
of that waterway, and to the sportsmen who 
come from outside localities to indulge 
themselves in the pleasures of gunning. 

"A committee was sent the other day to 
request Governor Bowie to divide the oyster 
fleet and send one part of it to look after 
the depredators of the oyster beds and the 
other half to be stationed so as to protect 
inviolate the sanctity of the game law. If 
our gallant navy could be rendered as zeal- 
ous in enforcing the laws of the State for 
which it was purposely created, as it has 
been serviceable in the transportation of the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



191 



race horses of the Governor from Annapolis 
to Baltimore, that they might competitively 
appear on the track at Pimlico, it would be 
worthy of the objects of its creation. 

"Fellow-citizens, we have had enough of 
the reign of the Democratic party in Na- 
tion and State. Does not the high rate of 
taxation in our Commonwealth indicate 
that there should be a change in the admin- 
istration of our affairs ? JNIany persons are 
unconscious of the transformations that 
have been taking place in the past ten years. 
The Nation has been redeemed from old 
forms and ceremonies. We may as well ac- 
cept the results wrought by the revolution in 
political events recentlyas accomplished and 
irrevocable facts, and regard the political 
regeneration of the Republic as a purifica- 
tion of the States. Heresies which have been 
swept from existence by national fiat must 
be permitted to sleep the sleep of death. 
The South no longer is in a position to 
dictate what shall be governmental policy. 
Its right to do so was forfeited by nurturing 
and developing — rebellion. Nor can cap- 
tious resistance to the law, as it is consti- 
tuted, do more than cause agitation and 
prevent tranquility. The adherence to er- 
roneous political theories, allowing their 
spirit without substance to be engrafted into 
legislation for compromise and temporary 
make-shifts has passed beyond the suffer- 
ance of this generation. When such facts 
are recognized, political sentiment now ex- 
isting in Maryland, and bequeathed to this 
age as a remnant of slavery, will cease, and 
we shall have a new birth of freedom. The 
Democrats evince some alarm at the prac- 
tical workings of their creed and are giving 
forth to the public explanations of what 



they do mean which may satisfy themslves 
but not the great body of the people. 

"At a mass meeting of our opponents in 
this section of the city the other night, ref- 
erence was made by Governor Swann to the 
decline in the shipbuilding industry. If 
that branch of trade alone had suffered, bad 
as its results are felt, we might- forgive the 
offense. It is not one craft or profession 
that is affected; all alike are impaired. And 
why? Not as Mr. Swann says, by reason 
of the odious tariff breaking up the indus- 
try. The war of the rebellion has had more 
to do with its prostration than all other 
causes. The prejudices of our politicians 
and people have prevented its revival by 
their course of folly and stupidity. When 
the Union party held power in Maryland 
our prosperity was greater in every depart- 
ment of trade than at any ticre in the same 
number of years previous. The moment the 
Democrats attained to office — in the first 
year of their reign — a change commenced 
for the worse, and to-night the material and 
commercial interests of Baltimore are more 
thoroughly impaired than tliey were twelve 
months ago. The reason is apparent. A 
State and its chief metropolis which are 
yearly accumulating their public debt and 
burthening their people by increased taxa- 
tion, until the amount paid into their treas- 
uries by their citizens is unprecedented 
either in our country or Europe, cannot ex- 
pect prosperity. You may go North and 
West, yea into the South, where the blight 
of war seared rock and dell, but you cannot 
find a State that taxes its people propor- 
tionately at the same ratio as is done in 
^Maryland. It is a subterfuge to say the 
tarifT has caused the measure, when it is ap- 
parent sectionalism has produced the re- 



192 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



suit. We had a tariff before the war; under 
it shipbuilding reached its highest prosper- 
ity. Both Mr. Swann and Mr. Archer were 
strong protectionists at one time. Of course 
they are looking out to protect themselves 
politically now, and the doctrine of tariff 
is not preached in Democratic pulpits; 
hence the necessity for a change of their 
opinions upon that subject. 

"Fellow-citizens, in the conscious sat- 
isfaction that our cause is right, let us move 
on in the good work in which we have been 
engaged and add one more brilliant chap- 
ter to the history of Maryland. Let it be 
that we shall commence to rid the Common- 
wealth of its governing incompetents by 
changing the political complexion of things 
on the incoming 8th of November. Mary- 
land then can claim a place with the States 
of the Union who are thoroughly in accord 
witn national sentiment; then will free ideas 
expand within our borders; our unrivaled 
water power, where no hum of machinery is 
now heard, will be occupied with factories; 
the wilderness places of the State shall be 
transformed into habitations desirable for 
the homes of men; our mineral resources 
will be developed, our agricultural interests 
protected; railroads built to run through 
sections of our State at present difficult of 
access to and from our great metropolis; 
and they shall pour the fruits of agricul- 
tural toil into the markets of Baltimore. 
With a reduction in the present rate of taxa- 
tion, prosperity can be looked for again; 
but until there is a change in existing city 
and State administrations and measures our 
Maryland will continue to be more pitiable 
than she was in the dark days of slavery. 
Left to develop her resources, they will with- 
out outside aid forever remain an unfruitful 



treasure. There has not been a spirit of ac- 
tivity and enterprise manifested by the na- 
tive born citizens of Maryland sufificient to 
cause our' State to appear advantageously 
in the ranks of her sister States. We have 
wealth in the bowels of the earth untouched, 
and it will not be of any service until the 
reign of the Democratic witches is dispelled. 
That can only be done by the people refus- 
ing longer continuance in power of a party 
that reached place by prejudice and retains 
its hold upon it by sectionalism and abuse 
of their opponents, misrepresenting their 
sentiments, and resorting to devices un- 
worthy of those claiming the suffrages of 
the people of a free Republic. I trust the 
day is not far distant when an end of these 
things will greet us." 

The Republican supporters of Mr. Wash- 
ington Booth held a large meeting in Ex- 
change Place, Monday evening, October 
17th. It was preceded by a procession 
which paraded the streets and arrived at 
Exchange Place shortly after the meeting 
was opened. There were numerous devices 
and transparencies. Among the blazoned 
banners were the following: "We cast our 
ballots as we cast our bullets," "God hath 
made all men of one blood," "John Brown's 
soul is still marching on," "We remember 
Fort Follow," "For Congress, Washington 
Bootli," "Henry Winter Davis, his princi- 
ples still live," "The safeguards of liberty — 
the ballot box, the jury box, and the wit- 
ness box." 

At the r.iain stand Charles C. Fulton pre- 
sided; he said of Governor Swann; He "has 
been to Maryland what Andrew Johnson 
was to the Nation; his defeat will therefore 
be hailed all over the land as a national tri- 
umph. ***** 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



193 



"Mr. Swann has accomplished nothing, 
and has no more influence than if his seat 
was occupied by one of Mrs. Jarley's wax 
figures. He votes with Morrissey, Wood 
and Brooks, and occasionally helps to re- 
tard legislation. He speaks his pieces to 
empty benches, prints them and draws his 
pay." 

Air. Washington Booth, among other 
things, said: "One principal question at is- 
sue in this election is, whether this Third 
District shall continue to be represented by 
a delegate who, Avhile he declares that he 
did not go to Washington for the purpose 
of opposing Gen. Grant, yet seeks a re-elec- 
tion because of such implied opposition and 
in fact, though claiming the votes of the 
Democrats, does not represent the Demo- 
cratic party. For it is not the nomination 
by a party, or by a part of a party calling 
itself the whole, that confers the representa- 
tive character upon the nominee. And no 
true Democrat will admit that the gentle- 
man who has been declared the nominee of 
that party in this district is by any political 
antecedent or opinions or course of life, or 
the different doctrines he has at different 
times maintained and enforced, entitled to 
be considered a Democrat or the represen- 
tative of that party. The doctrines and 
practices of the Democratic party are com- 
pletely at variance with the doctrines which 
my opponent upheld and especially from 
the practices which secured him political 
prominence. He opposed the Confederates, 
whom the Democrats sustained. He up- 
held the war for the Union and was against 
the South, which war the Democrats op- 
posed. He declared that the reconstruc- 
tion of the Southern States should be made 
exclusivelv on the basis of continued lovaltv 



during the Rebellion and wished to exclude 
those whom he then called rebels from suf- 
frage because they had been in the Confed- 
erate service — the very men by whose votes 
he now hopes to be elected. But there is 
another gulf between the Democratic party 
and any representation of it by my oppo- 
nent, too deep and too broad, and of too 
long standing to be bridged over or con- 
cealed by any management in securing their 
nomination. The Democratic party has al- 
ways sustained the right of the immigrant 
and naturalized citizen to vote and hold of- 
fice. That party has :Llways emphatically 
proclaimed itself the friend and upholder 
of the extension of suffrage to the foreign 
born citizen. Now what is the record of my 
opponent on these points? Surely I need not 
remind my German born fellow-citizens, or 
those whom Mr. Swann called 'infuriated 
Irish of the Eighth Ward,' of what was said 
and done by him in that respect. He was 
first elected to office because he opposed, 
and by reason of the fact that he prevented, 
them from voting. How then does he rep- 
resent the Democratic party? But another 
and far more important question than the 
choice of persons involved in this election 
for us is whether we in Maryland shall con- 
tinue to occupy the political position now 
held by the State, or whether we shall place 
ourselves among those whose ideas and 
policy direct the measures and shape the 
good fortune of the Republic. Are we to 
continue among the inactive, the opposers, 
the breakers down, or to enroll ourselves 
among those who accept progress and what 
has been achieved and who endeavor to go 
on to still better things. Shall this district 
be represented in the next Congress by one 
who in a helpless minority is powerless for 



194 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



our good, without the advantage that must 
accrue to the district from influence or a 
voice among the powers that be, or will you 
send there a representative of and among 
the majority upholding the administration, 
not opposing it, and who would from that 
fact necessarily secure those practical ad- 
vantages and real results to our commerce 
and harbor, which are the things all men 
desire here. Which of these two consid- 
erations will be the best for our city?" 

John A. J. Creswcll said: "We have seen 
our best friends, whose only sin was that 
they had been true to their country, driven 
from every office of honor and trust and a 
universal Democratic saturnalia established 
from Allegany to Worcester. We have 
been mercilessly excluded from all partici- 
pation in State or local government. The 
power of our enemies being supreme, we 
have been as perpetually quarantined from 
public favor as though we had been cursed 
with an ineradicable plague spot. To make 
our ostracism endurable by comparison 
witli our other sufferings, they have sys- 
tematically proceeded to plunder us of our 
property. Under Democratic management, 
corruption has rioted and fattened in the 
city and State, and with insatiate greed has 
continually demanded that the burthens of 
an already insupportable taxation should be 
still further increased. Powerless as we 
have been to redress our wrongs, we have 
yet in all our adversity preserved our or- 
ganization intact, waiting hopefully for the 
good day when, recruited and reanimated, 
we should again be able to respond with 
confidence and exultation to every call that 
our much abused and long suffering people 
might make upon us. At last we know 
that tho time of our deliverance is fast ap- 



proaching. The aurora that heralds the 
coming of that auspicious day now glad- 
dens our eyes as it warns us that the present 
is the time for action. Adopting the 
most liberal sentiments and forgetting past 
differences, we should open our ranks to 
receive cordially every good soldier of every 
race or creed who will join heartily in the 
great war before us. We should extend 
our line until it shall stretch in compact and 
unbroken array from the mountains to the 
sea. 

"If thus inspired and organized, when the 
appointed day of battle shall be announced 
we may confidently unfurl our old beloved 
flag with its lately obscured stars glittering 
with reillumined lustre and here upon the 
soil of our ^laryland we may crown it anew 
with the glorious insignia of victory, bravely 
and magnanimously won." 

R. Stockett Mathews uttered these senti- 
ments: "Every man should have adequate 
opportunities to grow up to the full stature 
of manhood — to the cultivation of every 
moral faculty and the employment of every 
intellectual attribute for his own good and 
the welfare of his race. When God created 
manhood He exhibited the perfection of His 
creative power, and every act of moral re- 
striction which has desecrated that work 
has to that extent opposed the intention of 
the Creator. The creation was designed to 
reflect the benevolence and love of the Su- 
preme Omnipotence, from the cradle to the 
grave. 

"That A\ ; are a black man's party is upon 
the face of it a self-evident falsehood; ours 
is a national party, founded upon the prin- 
ciples that thrilled the hearts and nerved 
the arms of our forefathers, when they be- 
gan their glorious work and established 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



195 



American liberty as the utmost altitude 
which mankind had then reached in their 
efforts to crystalize human aspirations, hu- 
man happiness and freedom into institutions 
of law and order. 

"The Democracy has forced us to do 
right in the sight of God and man, in spite 
of ourselves. They compelled us to adopt 
the Thirteenth Amendment, by virtue of 
which slavery was abolished throughout 
the country. Then came the Fourteenth 
Amendment and the capstone was laid up- 
on our national temple when the Fifteenth 
Amendment became the irreversible edict 
of the American people that ours should 
be a Nation of freemen without a slave. 

"Wake up, people of Maryland! Wake 
up, I say! and feel that there is something 
worth living for, even in Maryland! Let 
us cast aside superstition, ignorance, preju- 
dice, pride and aristocracy. Down with 
aristocracy and let the common man, the 
poor man, the masses of the people, enjoy 
the richest blessings that the Government 
can bestow." 

Gen. Adam £. King, among other se- 
rious. and humorous things, spoke the fol- 
lowing: "Every officer in the State, from 
the Governor down to the most pitiable 
loafer, that wears the livery of Thomas 
Swann, is a Democrat." He said "the navy 
of Maryland drifts listlessly away and allows 
the bold oystermen of Virginia to gobble 
up our citizens, put them in prison, carry off 
their vessels as prizes to their own ports, 
where stranded on the sandy beach their 
sails idly flap in the autunaa wind and the 
October suns open up ghastly seams in 
their hulls. 

"When the Virginia fleet bore down on 
the oyster craft of Maryland the captain 



and his officers retired below decks to their 
cabins, exclaiming, "All is lost! All is lost — 
but our salaries!' " 

"If oysters could run races Governor 
Bowie would take interest in them, but oys- 
ters have no legs and horses have." 

A combination mass meeting of the Dem- 
ocrats favorable to the election of the Hon. 
Stevenson Archer in the Second and 
Thomas Swann in the Third Congressional 
Districts was held in Monument Square on 
the evening of Monday, October 31st. 
There was a great outpouring of people and 
the procession was a lengthy one. It pre- 
sented an impressive scene; a flame of fire 
far as the eye could reach lit up the ranks 
of men in marching columns. There were 
bands of music, floats, designs and displays 
of lighted boxes ad libitum. Some among 
the numerous mottoes on a sea of trans- 
parencies were as follows: "The sons of old 
Ireland ever true to the Democratic party," 
"We want no ]\Iarines in Baltimore," "No 
Grant wanted here, we have no presents to 
give," "Sailors wanted no Marines; Up in 
a balloon — Billy Marine," "The Hon. Ste- 
venson Archer will once more save Mary- 
land," "An old sailor before a Marine any 
time," "The arrows from our Archer's bow 
will carry terror to the common foe," "The 
best Government the country ever had — 
tell that to the Marines, old sailors won't 
believe it," "The arrows of the Archer will 
stick among the corruptionists of the radical 
Congress," "Our Swann, the Limerick boys 
say he must go back to Congress," "The 
Limerick boys will make Wash. Booth's 
coffin," "Ballots against bayonets," "Cres- 
well says his allies will carry the Fourth and 
Fifth Districts; he may tell that to the 
young Marines, but not to old soldiers," 



196 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



"Swann for President in 1872," "Wanted — 
honest officials— apply at the Custom 
House." This last motto was strangely 
enough on several of the transparencies and 
referred to the irregularities of two promi- 
nent officials. "The white Swann of Mary- 
land," "Tom Swann gave us our liberty and 
it is for white men to preserve it," "We want 
no amalgamation in Maryland," "The doom 
of Washington Booth has been written by 
a quill plucked from our Swann," "The only 
hope for Washington Booth, Mount Hope," 
"Booth cannot go to Washington for a seat 
is engaged for Tom Swann," "When will 
General Grant's Cabinet be completed? 
Echo answers, 'when.' " 

The Governor of the State, Odcn Bowie, 
was presiding officer of the meeting. The 
resolutions passed denounced unsparingly 
the administration of President Grant; they 
declared his policy "a crime so heinous in 
morals and law as to merit the most indig- 
nant condemnation and the severest rebuke 
that a free and enlightened people can in- 
flict." 

Sfariison Archer said: "It is for us to 
think of the living present, and so to act as 
to secure the liberties of the people, now 
so deeply endangered. The first and grav- 
est issue that confronts us is the Fifteenth 
Amendment. It is now law — a part of the 
Constitution; not a part which our fathers 
gave us, but still a part, and we Democrats 
who have always adhered to the Constitu- 
tion and laws will not now reject it or seek 
to evade it. 

"How does the Fifteenth Amendment 
apply in the State of Maryland ? Maryland 
has registered 38,000 of the negro race ; the 
Democratic majority last fall was 31,000; 
our majority for Governor was 40,000, and 



it is for you now to say whether the Demo- 
cratic party will poll 40,000 majority to over- 
come this 38,000. 

"The Republican party did not give the 
negro the right to vote for any affection it 
had for him. No, they made him a voter to 
crush the Democratic party; but when the 
negro finds out his strength he will crush 
the radical party. 

"What friendship had the radicals for the 
negro in 1864? Why did they not give him 
the right to vote then ? They had no such 
intention in 1864 or 1866. They all declared 
to me if they believed their party had any 
such intention they would vote the Demo- 
cratic ticket. 

"The negro will turn on the radical party 
yet, in this and every other Southern State, 
because he will have the penetration to dis- 
cern by bitter experience, if no other way, 
his friends from his foes. The negro can- 
not long believe the radical party his friends. 

"The Chinese Empire numbers upwards 
of four hundred and fifty millions of beings, 
and from these hordes the radicals wish to 
swamp us with a system of slavery as bad, 
if not worse, than the worst forms of negro 
slavery known to us. They surround the 
negro with protection against intimida- 
tion and every sort of coercion; do they 
protect the white laborer and mechanics in 
Massachusetts from their avaricious mas- 
ters, who seek to intimidate them into allow- 
ing Chinese to eat up and deprive them of 
the legitimate fruits of their honest indus- 
try?" 

Hon. Thomas S-c^'auii said: "The demon- 
stration of the evening might well be de- 
scribed as an outpouring of the white men of 
Baltimore. I have resided in this city for 
more than a half of a century, and I have 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



19T 



been a good deal mixed up with the affairs 
of the city and State, but I have never be- 
fore witnessed such a scene as this one to- 
night. My views on national affairs have 
been very well ventilated. In other sections 
of the city and throughout this State I have 
spoken of the outrages and abuses heaped 
upon the people by the Administration. I 
have been the subject of attack by Post- 
master General Creswell. For weeks that 
distinguished radical, who has hung like 
a barnacle to the administration of Gen. 
Grant, has hounded me through the city 
and State. He had come to Baltimore for 
the purpose of making war upon her people 
and upon the best interests of the city. He 
liad come here to marshal his negro crowd 
of voters and with attempts to overawe the 
Democracy with threats of what the Presi- 
dent woula do with his soldiers. I have the 
best feelings for the negroes; he will do well 
enough and behave himself if let alone by 
the radical disorganizers, who only care for 
his vote." 

Excitement prevailed during the canvass ; 
it was remarkable that no breaches of the 
peace occurred. Arrangements to preserve 
order were amply provided for under the 
National and State latvs. 

The vote in the seven lower wards of Bal- 
timore City was: Marine, Republican, 4,- 
835; Archer, Democrat, 8,859. I" the 
Third Congressional District Booth, Re- 
publican, received in the thirteen upper 
wards 10,414; Swann, Democrat, 15,137. 
The strength of the colored vote was in the 
upper wards, which gave Mr. Booth a larger 
proportionate vote than that received by 
Mr. Marine. 

The tickets used in the Second District 
by the Republicans had printed on them the 



bust of Abraham Lincoln, which has con- 
tinued the party emblem, and above it the 
words, "Republican Ticket;" beneath were 
the additional words, "With malice towards 
none — with charity for all." Below the bust 
was the name of the district, the candidate's 
name and date of election. The Democratic 
ticket was headed, "White Man's Ticket." 
Below it was an eagle perched upon a rock ; 
in its back a streamer, on which was in- 
scribed the word "Constitution." In the 
left hand corner was a moving train ; in the 
right a plow and a sheaf of garnered wheat; 
below was a line which read "For Con- 
gress, 2d Congressional District," and un- 
derneath it another line, "Hon. Stevenson 
Archer." 

The Baltimore American said editorially 
of the result: "The prejudice which is en- 
tertained against the voting of the colored 
people contributed more to our defeat than 
all other causes combined. The negro has 
proven to be an element of weakness and not 
of strength, and it will take time to educate 
tiie masses up to an appreciation of the 
justice of his enfranchisement." 

1871. 
Wednesday evening, October 23d, a 
Democratic mass meeting favorable to the 
election of Joshua Vansant for Mayor took 
place in Monument Square. Mr. Vansant 
declared his devotion "to the Constitution 
of the United States, as it was handed down 
by the patriots, statesmen and sages of the 
Revolution. The days of the radical party 
should be numbered and they not many, 
because it was necessary to restore the 
economy of the Government and to reassert 
the principles that underlie the Constitu- 
tion and the glory of the people. The pres- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



ent administration treated the Southern 
States as a barbarous power would treat 
their conquered provinces." 

The Mayoralty election was held Wed- 
nesday, October the 25th. Mr. Yansant 
was opposed by Charles Dunlap, Independ- 
ent and Reformer, who polled most of the 
Republican vote. Vansant received 18,311 
votes and Dunlap 10,973. 

1872. 

Horace Greeley, Democratic candidate for 
President, delivered an address at Pimlico 
Fair, Thursday afternoon, October loth. 
On the evening of that day he was sere- 
naded at the Carrollton Hotel and made a 
speech. A letter of welcome from Mayor 
Vansant and a special commitee of the City 
Council was presented to Mr. Greeley, after 
which he said: "People dififer radically in 
ideas. It was this difference which led to 
the Civil War. 

"They fought it out gallantly and when 
the end came I was very anxious that peace 
should be restored as speedily as possible. 
My life since then has been given to this 
work. I have been most grossly abused 
for the efforts I have made to procure a last- 
ing peace. The country should be cemented 
together by reconciliation, not by subjuga- 
tion. Peace is only war in another shape 
unless the country is reconciled on this ba- 
sis. It cannot be done at once. If it takes 
years to accomplish it people must not be 
impatient. I do not judge harshly those 
wlio differ with nie in opinion. I think 
them honest. I have been anxious that this 
people should be in heart united, and they 
will be some day. The time will come when 
we shall hold conventions to exult at the 
consummation of this result. Those who 



fought against the Union were gallant men, 
but they were mistaken. Let us be friends 
again." 

The mass meetings held in Baltimore 
during the campaign were spiritless on the 
part of the Democrats. Those of the Re- 
publicans were more lively and energetic. 
The Democrats held their last grand rally 
in Monument Square on the night of Thurs- 
day, October 31st. The principal speaker 
was William Pinkney Whyte, who excused 
Democrats voting for Mr. Greeley on the 
ground "that the wisest statesmanship is 
that which forgets the past and uses the les- 
sons learned to mould the future for those 
who may come after them." The speaker 
further said: "Let us accept the circum- 
stances of to-day as they are. It makes no 
difference what Horace Greeley was, we all 
know what he is now, and we take him be- 
cause the radicals have always taught us 
that he was honest; because he has been 
honest enough to come out of bad company 
and join the Democrats." The Republi- 
cans held their last meeting of consequence 
in Monument Square, Friday night, No- 
vember 1st. Hon. Henry Wilson, of Massa- 
chusetts, said he had "been held up as an 
enemy to the South, but he had never had 
an unkind word towards that section." 
Postmaster Crcsivcll said he "was once a 
Democrat, but he thanked no man to re- 
mind him of those the five meanest years 
of his life. He was amazed to see that gal- 
lant old party that had carried the flag of 
the country through all its wars with for- 
eign States with success and glory, which 
once had a Jefiferson and a Jackson, who 
left as a legacy to it the immortal words, 
'The Union— it mustand shall bepreserved," 
now led by Horace Greeley and Charles 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Sumner, who had taken a bail bond of it 
to keep the peace." As for him, Hke the 
French knight, he would pass it by without 
a blow, but with a prayer that more kindly 
elements would shed their influences on it." 
The vote in Baltimore City resulted: 
Greeley, 24,702 votes, and Gen. Grant, 19,- 
523 votes. William O'Brien, Democrat, de- 
feated Robert Turner, Independent, in the 
Third Congressional District by a vote for 
the former of 9,675 over 8,346 for the latter. 
In the Fourth District Thomas Swann re- 
ceived 12,148 votes and Elias Griswold, In- 
dependent, 10,916 votes. 

1873. 
The contest this year was waged in the 
city of Baltimore between the Reformers, 
who nominated Mr. David Carson for 
Alayor, and the Democrats, who renomi- 
nated Joshua Vansant. The Republicans 
made no nominations; a part of that organi- 
zation, under the leadership of Collector of 
the Port, Washington Booth, supported Mr. 
Carson. The city campaign had no life in- 
fused into it. Several meetings were held, 
but were poorly attended. The election 
took place Wednesday, October 22d. Car- 
son received 12,657 votes and Vansant 22,- 
75 1 . A Reformer was elected from the First 
Ward to the First Branch of the City Coun- 
cil ; the others in both branches were Demo- 
crats. 

The Republicans nominated a regular 
State ticket for Comptroller and Clerk of 
the Court of Appeals. They were voted for 
November 4th. At the same time the clerks 
of the various courts, the sheViff, city sur- 
veyor and members of the Legislature were 
elected. Otis Spear, Reform candidate for 
Clerk of the City Court, died two days prior 



to the election; he received 8,389 votes, 
though dead. 

In Baltimore City Henry Goldsborough, 
Republican candidate for Comptroller, re- 
ceived 13,637 votes, against 28,221 cast for 
Levin Woolford. 

Postmaster General Creswell, in a po- 
litical speech, referred to the rottenness and 
corruption existing in municipal affairs, an 
attack which elicited a vigorous reply from 
Governor IVhyte, who paid his respects to 
the Postmaster General in this manner: "If 
brass should be made a legal tender and 
Creswell be used up, the national embar- 
rassments for want of currency might be 
speedily cured. Creswell's speech in the 
New Assembly Rooms recalled to many an 
aged negro the old Mississippi song of 

" 'Wheel about, and turn about and do just so, 
And every time you jump about, you jump Jim 
Crow.' 

"Monbaddo has said that man is such an 
imitative animal that he must have been at 
one time a monkey, and it seems very likely 
now that Maryland will imitate Ohio. The 
Custom House army and reform recruits 
will scarcely be able to stop it. This bal- 
loon party will be torn into more tatters 
than Inskip's tent. The Reform party, 
swaddled in the Custom House and nursed 
by the United States District Attorney, is 
an infant that will not live long." 

The Governor said "a boy had been sent 
to a doctor's shop; he got scared at a skele- 
ton and ran across the street. The doctor 
called the boy back, but he kept running 
away, saying, 'You are the same old skele- 
ton, only you have clothes on.' We have 
now the Custom House Radical party with 
its Reform clothes on." 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



1874. 

On Tliursday, September 17th, Thomas 
Swann was again nominated for Congress 
in the upper Baltimore district, and William 
J. O'Brien in the lower one. The chairman 
of the convention announced Mr. O'Brien 
nomination for the Forty-fifth Congress, 
when it should have been the Forty-fourth. 
Mr. O'Brien's opponents amused them- 
selves by saying there was no Democratic 
nomination for the Forty-fifth Congress. 

In the upper Baltimore district the Re- 
publicans nominated John R. Cox and in 
the lower James S. Suter for Congress. 
Neither of the candidates were speech- 
makers. It was in all probability as dull 
a political campaign as ever was held in 
modern times. The Democrats did not hold 
any grand rallies, and only one was held 



by the Republicans. That meeting was on 
Friday night, October 30th, in the New- 
Assembly Rooms. Mr. R. Stockett Ma- 
thews, in the course of his speech, said, "no 
one had seen an explanation of the creation 
of the floating debt of $3,000,000 that we 
were called on to fund. Who can tell of 
the costs of that monstrous City Hall, with 
its monstrously ugly dome? Who can tell 
of the bills paid to the most aristocratic up- 
holsterer outside of New York? Who can 
tell why it was necessary to increase the 
taxes in Baltimore, which are already oner- 
ous? The streets are badly paved and but 
for the rains of heaven the city would be 
decimated by pestilence." 

At the election in November Swann had 
10,024 votes and Cox had 6,910 votes. 
O'Brien had 9,287 votes and Suter had 
4.834. 



CHAPTER VIII. 



Events from 1875 to 1895 Inclusive; or, Reformers and Republicans 
IN Alliance Defeating the Democratic Party. 



The dissensions in the Democratic party 
on the subject of bossism and corruption 
made a serious break in its ranks. The dis- 
senters, led by men of influence, of whom 
were ex-Confederate soldiers, raised the 
standard of revolt against the regulars in 
the cause of good government, and allied 
themselves with the Republicans. The 
facts as succeedingly presented exemplifies 
that there is no peril in a false ballot that 
can overtake the State, when the masses 
are incorruptible. 

This chapter sets forth the dislodgement 
of the Democratic party from power and 
the installation of the Republican party in 
its place, after defeats and discouragements 
without a parallel in the history of local 
politics. 

The first serious attempt at reform in 
State and municipal methods was inaugu- 
rated in Baltimore this year. Tuesday, Sep- 
tember 7th, a meeting of Independent Dem- 
ocratic ana Conservative voters was held in 
the Masonic Temple, H. Clay Smith pre- 
siding. He submitted a statement of the 
enormous increase in taxation, declaring 
there was a demand for reform in every 
branch of municipal government. John S. 
Rccsc said: "The object of the meeting is to 
rebuke the leaders of the Democratic party 
because they have nominated men for the 
ofifice of the Citv Council, and the Legisla- 



ture of the State, who by common and uni- 
versal consent are utterly unfit." Mr. Reese 
asked, "Who is the Democratic party?" 
when a voice answered, "Thomas Swann," 
amid laughter and applause. 

Skipwith VVilmer: "We are tired of see- 
ing men intrusted with the management of 
the finances of the State whom we would 
not trust around the corner with a five dol- 
lar bill." 

Judge William P. Malsby: "The Demo- 
cratic Conservative party has been in con- 
trol of the State since 1866." Here he was 
interrupted by some one saying, "And they 
always will be," to which he replied: "I trust 
for my country's sake they always will be, 
but for my country's and party's sake that 
it will no longer continue under the present 
leadership." 

Henry M. Warfield was nominated for 
Mayor of Baltimore by Reformers and en- 
dorsed by Republicans. A committee ap- 
pointed by the State Republican Conven- 
tion met a similar committee appointed by 
Reformers, and J. Morrison Harris was 
agreed upon as nominee for Governor, S. 
Teackle Wallis for Attorney General, and 
Edward Wilkins for Comptroller. 

The campaign was aggressive on the part 
of both parties. The Democrats nominated 
for Governor John Lee Carroll; Attorney 
General, Charles J. M. Gwinn: Comptroller, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Levin Woolford, and Mayor of Baltimore, 
Ferdinand C. Latrobe. The first grand 
rally of the Democrats was held Friday, 
September 17th. Hon. Reverdy Johnson 
presided. He was on account of blindness 
unable to read his speech, which act was 
performed for him by J. A. McClure. 

The speech was a defense of the nominees 
and of the right to organize rings, which 
constituted the first division of his remarks. 
His second division was "the particular ob- 
jection to Mr. Carroll is that he is a Roman 
Catholic." On that point Mr. Johnson 
said: "But what is the rehgious faith whose 
followers would consign to political servi- 
tude. It is the religion of Jesus. Every 
Roman Catholic believes in it as firmly as 
any one belonging to other religious sects. 
They have different mode of worship. So 
have other sects. But the essentials of the 
faith are conmion to all. They believe in 
the divinity of Jesus, in the Trinity and the 
Atonement. Let all Christians believe in 
those essentials of faith. Have Catholics 
ever failed to be good citizens?" 

The third part of Mr. Johnson's speech 
was a defense of the municipal government. 
His closing paragraph was: "Do, then, as 
I am sure you will, roll up such majorities 
for your candidates as was recently done by 
your Democratic associates in California 
for theirs, thus carrying dismay and assur- 
ing a signal defeat to the enemies of the 
dominant party and satisfying the good men 
of all parties that our institutions will be 
preserved from farther encroachment and 
enlightened liberty maintained." 

John Lee Carroll closed his speech with 
these sentences: "Who can deny that the 
administration of our laws has been faith- 
ful and impartial, that the credit of the State 



has been firmly maintained in the midst of 
financial storms, that education has been 
dispensed with a liberal hand, and that or- 
der and good government have everywhere 
prevailed." 

Mr. Joint V. L. Fiiidlay defended Mr. 
Latrobe and I\Ir. Carroll from the imputa- 
tion of belonging to a ring. He said: 
"When it becomes necessary to nominate 
candidates in secret, by a body or council 
selected in secret, the genius of free Amer- 
ica will no longer rule. What weapon shall 
we use to fight this enemy with, who screens 
himself with darkness ? Hatched in the re- 
cesses of the jungle, its origin is stamped 
with the primeval curse. The Republicans 
and Potato Bugs had nothing to say in 
support of reform when the Louisiana out- 
rage was being perpetrated, when Sheridan 
marched rough shod through the Legisla- 
ture of that State. What has been the re- 
sult of Republican reform ? Bankruptcy in 
the South and panic and failures in the 
North. This is the reform these men have 
given us with which to start the new cen- 
tury. I prefer to follow under the lead of 
the illustrious descendant of Charles Car- 
roll, of Carrollton. After investing the col- 
ored citizens with the right to theatres, ho- 
tels and graveyards, they put them in cir- 
culation stamped on one side with the God- 
dess of Liberty and on the other with the 
American eagle. They taught them to save 
money and built them a bank of Seneca sand 
stone in Washington. Soon the millions 
flowed in from the cotton-fields of the South 
and from the toiling colored people all over 
the country to the institution built of the 
primitive rock and watched over by the eye 
of the Christian statesman. The reformers 
then took this fund and divided it among 



I 



^ 





HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



205 



themselves. The Republican party to re- 
form the land ; if the Republican party re- 
forms itself it will have enough to do. 

"The American claims credit for the Re- 
publican party's administration of affairs of 
the city and State in 1864. It was the Union 
party; the Republican party was not in 
power in this city and State in 1864. In 
May, 1866, the party split — one portion 
coalescing with the Democratic Conserva- 
tive party and the other with the Republi- 
can party. Therefore the credit claimed 
must be divided between the Republicans 
and that large portion of the Union party 
that joined with the Democrats. 

"The radical party never had an existence 
in this State until the Fifteenth Amendment 
was adopted. Before that it was only a ring 
of Federal office holders. In 1866 they ap- 
propriated $20,000 of the city's money to 
corrupt the Legislature of the State and 
made an assessment of $15,000 more on the 
salaries of all the office holders for the same 
purpose. The cry is for reform. Then let 
it begin where it belongs. Let new life be- 
gin where death took its start. Begin at 
Washington; until it is purified it will be 
useless to attempt any reform. Remember 
this, Democrats, and inscribe it on your 
banners that a vote for the bugs is a vote 
for the rads." 

Mr. F. C. Latrobe railed against secret 
organizations, exclaiming: "Why not come 
out in the open light of day and let us know 
what oaths and obligations you require of 
your candidates before admitting them to 
your lodges. They are initiated and then 
nominated, and then you tell us the veil of 
secrecy is thrown aside. Give us the names 
of the members of your supreme council — 
give us the tests required of your candidates 



— let us know who and what is the power 
that crouches in the corner as soon as the 
door is thrown open." 

A merchants' meeting in support of the 
reform ticket was held in the ]\Iasonic Tem- 
ple, Tuesday evening, September 28th. Mr. 
W. W. Spencc, the president, made a speech 
and read a report of a committee of twenty- 
five citizens who submitted tlie State Re- 
form ticket. 

/. Morrison Harris, the Reform Guberna- 
torial candidate, said: "Now, gentlemen, I 
come before you clothed by your kindly act 
with responsibilities of gravity and moment 
and I am ready to assume their weight earn- 
estly and honestly and as fully as my ability 
will permit, to justify your confidence in my 
discharge of them. You are going to test 
in this State that great omnipotent, demo- 
cratic principle of the right of the many and 
not of the few. We are going to teach the 
individuals who have been manipulating to 
their interest and your wrong, the adminis- 
trative government of this city and State, 
that behind them has ever sat and is now 
rising in its might their masters. 

"Men who heretofore have been most 
literally antagonistic in political opinions 
and contests are coming together in honest 
and patriotic and all powerful union for the 
purpose of vindicating the rights of the peo- 
ple against administrative corruption and 
fraud." 

Mr. S. T cackle Wall is forw'arded from 
New York where he was being treated for 
throat disease, a lengthy letter, which was 
read. He expressed himself caustically on 
one point in Mr. Reverdy Johnson's 
speech. Mr. Wallis wrote: "I am not a 
Catholic, and consequently have no per- 
sonal interest in vindicating the rights of 



206 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Catholics. The demagogism that bids for 
CathoHc votes is quite as despicable in my 
eyes as that which panders to anti-Catholic 
intolerance. 

"Since 1867 the Democratic party has 
been practically reigning without opposi- 
tion. It has made and marred what it has 
pleased to make or mar. 

"People who have hitherto regarded vot- 
ing the ticket as almost the first duty of man 
have begun to talk seriously of invading its 
sacred precincts and striking ofif the names 
of nominated knaves." 

Hairy M. Warfichi: "This blending to- 
gether of all classes and interests of our fair 
city augurs well for the successful issue of 
the reformation that is at hand. The ring 
Democracy has flaunted until the sturdy, 
the solid men of Baltimore, in their power, 
aye, in their majesty, have risen to displace 
them from their ruining rule. For the in- 
terest of our city we cast aside former dif- 
ferences and joining hands we protest at the 
ballot box against ring rule, against its 
broken promises of the past, even against 
the promises of the future." 

At a meeting held Thursday, October 
1st, in Monument Square, Col. Wilkins 
made this brief speech: "I will not detain 
you long. The great reform party of Mary- 
land having nominated me as their candi- 
date for the office of Comptroller, I appear 
before you this evening to express my 
thanks for the distinguished honor. Liv- 
ing as I have under my own vine and peach 
tree, cultivating their fruits for a livelihood, 
I have had no thought or care for tlic 
graces of oratory, and I will not attempt a 
speech. But I do, in all sincerity, pledge 
myself, if elected, to discharge the duties if 
tlie office faithfully and honostlv, and I will, 



to the best of my ability, endeavor to secure 
reform and retrenchment in the expendi- 
tures of the State." 

On the same evening the Democrats held 
a meeting in the Maryland Institute. Wil- 
liam Pinkney Whyte, made the following 
pointed allusion to Mr. Wallis: "But the 
gentleman who professing certain strong 
political views, yet enters into association 
with the fag end of all parties and assents 
to a coalition with the enemies of his own 
party, with men holding political opinions 
widely at variance with his own and 
representing an organization as demoral- 
ized and corrupt as ever wielded power in 
the National Government, all allied for the 
common purpose of defeating the party to 
which he claims adhesion — such a gentle- 
man can inspire no confidence among re- 
flecting men, no matter how pretentious he 
may be in the assumption of a severe public 
virtue or in the monopoly of all the decency 
of political society. 

"He may shoot his Parthian arrows, poi- 
soned with venom, at his associates whom 
he deserts, but a child may see and ap- 
preciate from the bitterness of his invective 
that he carries with him into the camp of 
the enemy the anger of a Tartar rather 
than the spirit of a Luther." 

Mr. Carroll, under date of September 
30th, addressed a letter to Mr. Wallis, say- 
ing: "In your letter of acceptance as a 
candidate for Attorney General, you have 
seen fit to say that under the combinations 
of the late Convention, no candidates could 
escape the pledges, the compromises and 
influences without which their nomination 
could not, and would not, have been ef- 
fected. I look upon this statement as di- 
rectly assailing my integrity and honor, and 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



207 



the fact that its personal application is at- 
tempted by innuendo does not lessen the 
gravity of the assertion." The letter con- 
cluded by asking Mr. Wallis to verify his 
statement or stand convicted as a slanderer, 
who has refused to spare the wanton injury 
he has attempted to inflict. 

Mr. Wallis replied by letter, under date 
of October ist, saying: "Your letter of 
September 30th has just reached me by this 
morning's mail. Until you shall see fit to 
make suitable apology for the grossness of 
the language which you have so far for- 
gotten the commonest proprieties among 
gentlemen as to use in it, you will be pleased 
to consider this the only personal notice 
which I think it deserves." 

Mr. Wallis, under date of October 9th, 
issued an address to the voters of Maryland, 
in which he reciprocated Mr. Whyte's com- 
pliments. After moralizing on the true 
spirit of reform, he said: "I am quite aware 
that this view of human and political nature 
is utterly repudiated by that eminent moral- 
ist, Mr. Pinkney Whyte. In the delightful 
discourse which was read by that illustrious 
person at the Maryland Institute, he treated 
the very suggestion of it as an evidence 
of my innate depravity. But I meant to 
speak only of the rule in humanity and not 
the exception. I had only in my mind the 
"common run of men' — those who live and 
move in the plane of average intelligence 
and virtue. I know that they — and I as 
one of them — sin ninety and nine times 
daily; whereas, hardly a day passes that 
Mr. Whyte does not find himself compelled 
like Mr. Pecksniff to lay sudden hold on 
something heavy, to prevent himself as- 
cending into Heaven. * * * * jf i,g },jj 
ever suspected that the election of Mr, Car- 



roll as Governor could by possibility have 
the remotest influence in promoting his own 
re-election to the United States Senate, we 
all know that he would have taken ofif his 
coat (which, I believe, is his usual way of 
serving his country) to secure the nomina- 
tion of Mr. Hamilton, merely to win the ap- 
plause of his own conscience. I submit, 
therefore, that he is too far above what I am 
treating of to know anything about it." 

The election returns in Baltimore gave 
Latrobe, over Warfield, 2,567 majority for 
Mayor. Harris had 21,853, and Carroll 
36,959 votes for Governor. Wallis had 22,- 
588 and Gwinn 36,835 votes for Attorney 
General. 

1876. 
The reform excitement of 1875 was car- 
ried into the Presidential election of 1876. 
Hays and Wheeler were the Republican 
candidates for President and Vice-Presi- 
dent, and Tilden and Hendricks their Dem- 
ocratic opponents. In the Second Con- 
gressional District, William Kimmel was 
the Democratic candidate for Congress, and 
William E. Goldsborough, Reform candi- 
date. In the Third, Thomas Swann was 
the Democratic candidate, and Dr. James 
H. Butler, the Republican. 

On Friday evening, September 9th, a Re- 
publican mass meeting at Cross Street Mar- 
ket Hall, was broken up by Democratic 
rowdies. Mr. C. Irving Ditty, William M. 
Marine and Judge William G. Riley, of 
Virginia, were the advertised speakers. Mr. 
Ditty was delivering his speech when pis- 
tols were fired, and a rush made for the 
speakers' stand. Mr. Ditty was attacked 
and beaten with a billy. The meeting dis- 
persed in the wildest panic: hundreds jump- 
ing out the hall windows to the market 



208 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



house roof and escaping in that manner. 
Mr. Ditty, accompanied by Mr. Marine, 
and the two by a file of police, visited a 
neighboring apothecary shop, where Dit- 
ty's wounds were dressed. 

On Monday evening, the loth of Oc- 
tober, Masonic Temple was filled to over- 
flowing with an "Indignation meeting." 
William I. Albert presided. On taking the 
chair, he said: "This outpouring of men 
of all trades shows that the great public 
heart has been touched, and that the out- 
rage of Friday night has evoked a deter- 
mined spirit on the part of the niasses that 
augurs well for the future." 

j\lr. Ditty made the speech of the even- 
ing, in which he reviewed the circumstances 
attending the breaking up of the Cross 
street hall meeting. He showed in his 
speech how lawlessness went unpunished 
by the civil authorities of the city. 

Mr. R. Stockctt Mathczcs: -I am dis- 
appointed in the character of this meeting. 
It was reasonable to suppose that the out- 
rage we have met to condemn would arouse 
into activity and expression the indignation 
and patriotism of those who, for the last 
fifteen years, have been continually busied 
in manufacturing occasions for denouncing 
outrages elsewhere. We may be pardoned 
for supposing that one or two Democrats 
would have found their way here, and in 
the presence of this vast audience, have 
made a public confession of what they had 
admitted in their private acknowledg- 
ments. ' 

Henry Clay Dallam (a Confederate and a 
Democrat) wrote in answer to an invitation 
to be present: "I accepted, two days ago, 
an invitation to address a Democratic meet- 
ing to-night. If I can fulfill that engage- 



ment in time, I will be at your meeting, 
which is called, as you express it, 'in vin- 
dication of the right of free speech.' " Al- 
though late, Mr. Dallam was present, and 
condemned the outrage of which complaint 
was made. 

The assault on Mr. Ditty resulted in two 
trials in the Criminal Court of Baltimore 
and a removal of the case finally to the 
Circuit Court of Baltimore county, where 
it was abandoned. 

The campaign of this year was active and 
several mass meetings were held by both 
parties. At the election for candidates to 
the City Council, October 25th, the Demo- 
cratic majority was 5,780. 

At the Presidential election, Tuesday, 
November 7th, Tilden received 32,189 votes 
in Baltimore City and Hays 22,100 votes. 
Kimmel, Democrat, for Congress in the 
nine lower wards of Baltimore, received 
14,257 votes, and Goldsborough, 8,562 
votes. In the upper wards, Swann, Demo- 
crat, received 15,259 votes, and Butler, Re- 
publican, 12,728 votes. 

1877. 

Wednesday, September 5th, a mass meet- 
ing was held in the Maryland Institute, 
over which James Flynn presided. An ad- 
dress was read and adopted by the Re- 
formers assembled, who nominated Henry 
M. Warfield for Mayor. 

Mr. JVa)iield: "Entering upon another 
campaign for the supremacy of the people 
over that element which has made the pur- 
ity of the ballot-box a by-word and a 
mockery, I am here to join with you in 
inaugurating an active co-operation to pro- 
duce that result, which will stimulate the 
zeal of all good citizens. The source of the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



209 



ills which we rightly claim to exist, eman- 
ates from a ballot-box which has been con- 
trolled by the enemies of Constitutional lib- 
erty, and who, if permitted to continue their 
illegal and ruffianly possession, will hasten 
us on to irretrievable ruin. There is no 
sacrifice the good citizen should not gladly 
make to retrieve the errors of the past. We 
want no more political ruffianism dispensed 
at the ballot-box as in 1875. We claun a 
discriminating economy in the administra- 
tion of city affairs; the abolishment of sine- 
cures; the payment of money to the man 
who earns it, not to the ring-master who 
recommended him." 

Mr. Robert D. Morison: "If it was right 
Mr. Warfield should be supported in 1875, 
what has happened in the meantime to 
make it wrong that he should not be sup- 
ported now? Has the ring abdicated its 
sceptre in a fit of virtue and lain down to sin- 
less dreams ? Have the recent primary elec- 
tions been conducted decently and fairly? 
Has ballot-box stuffing become a thing of 
the past? Have pudding tickets ceased to 
be used? Have roughs and rowdies ceased 
to knock down and bully where they cannot 
win by other means?" 

Thursday, September 6th, the Working- 
men's Convention met at Rain's Hall and 
nominated Joseph Thompson, familiarly 
known as the "Blacksmith of Old Town," 
for ]\Iayor. The candidate said, in accept- 
ing the nomination: "This is a spontane- 
ous uprising of the working people, and T 
cannot help but feel that it was the hand 
of the Almighty power that made my name 
so warm in the hearts of such a large num- 
ber of the people of this city. 

"Like a weed I was thrown on the tide of 
popularity where the wave of your kindness 



took me up and landed me on an elevated 
spot in the sunshine of your favor. 

"The delegates were consistent in adher- 
ing to the doctrine that the office is to seek 
the man and not the man the office. They 
made the workshop the peer of any man's 
office. 

"A man is not born to conditions in this 
country. Here are no titles — dukes, bar- 
onets or kings. Men, however, rise to con- 
ditions and in that rise there might be 
chances of fraud. There's tHe rub. When 
we assist an honest man to rise we are some- 
times mistaken and take impudence for in- 
telligence, ignorance for modesty, and merit 
falls behind, spurned to the ground, while 
presumptuous ignorance takes its place. 
We may, however, always read a man's 
character. 'A pigmy is a pigmy still 
though perched on Alps, and pyramids 
are pyramids in vales. A man's character 
remains the same whether you find him in 
the halls of legislation or breaking stone 
on the turnpike.' 

"I would rather, before heaven, be an 
honest blacksmith than a dishonest Mayor." 
October loth, 1877, at a Democratic 
meeting in support of the regular ticket, 
held at Masonic Temple, 5". Teackle Wallis 
made a speech in which he said: "Two 
years ago I was read out of the Democratic 
party. I was told the doors were forever 
barred against me and no matter how long 
the lamp held out to burn, so vile a sinner 
could not return. I knew the day would 
be sure to come, no matter what would be 
the differences of opinion, Avhen the great 
heart of the Democratic party would be ju.st 
to any man who had no other object than its 
purification. 

"It is a mistake and a misfortune for Mr. 



210 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Warfield to be placed where he is. In the 
nomination of George P. Kane, no reform 
nomination was necessary. 

"As to the Workingman's candidate for 
Mayor, I cannot say that my father ever 
worked with his father, and therefore, if I 
called him Joe, it would be taking a great 
liberty. He is a clever man, and a man of 
good education. He makes a good use of 
words — furnished — I think, some times, 
from someone else. The principles of the 
new party are communistic. Their men 
justify the burning of depots and other 
property. Men who do this and tell you 
they are not communist, tell you, you are 
fools." 

Thursday, October I2th, Mr. Thompson 
hit back. He said: "Mr. Wallis will not 
call me Joe and I will return the compliment 
by refraining from the liberty of calling him 
Teackle. It is not necessary for me to say 
that he tickled the Reform party in 1875 
and that now he tickles the Democratic 
party. 

"I wish you all to understand that behind 
the checkered shirts beat hearts; under the 
workman's cap there is intelligence, and 
under his hardy hand is skill." 

At the municipal election held October 
24, 1877, George P. Kane, Democratic can- 
didate for Mayor, received 33,098 votes; 
Thompson, Workingman's candidate, 17,- 
389 votes, and Warfield, Reform, received 
535 votes. 

At the election held Tuesday, Xovember 

6, Keating, Democratic candidate for 

Comptroller, received 28,087, and Porter, 

Republican, received 6,396 votes. 

1878. 

During the fall campaign of 1S78, in the 
Third Congressional District, Wni. Kinimel 



was nominated for Congress by the Demo- 
crats, and Joseph Thompson by the Tem- 
perance party. 

In the Fourth Congressional District, 
Robt. M. ilcLane was nominated by the 
Democrats for Congress, and Col. John C. 
Holland was nominated by the Republi- 
cans. In a speech made by Mr. Holland 
on Monday evening, October 7, he said: 
"Mr. McLane had given a gloomy account 
of the finances of the country; let us com- 
pare, then, the Democratic ring rule in Bal- 
timore City. Taxes in this city have gone 
up until they have become a permanent 
mortgage on property. They have piled 
up the debt at the rate of a million a year 
and they want to fund a million of the float- 
ing debt and bonds in Baltimore. In 
the meantime the Government of the 
United States has been reducing its debt 
millions of dollars annually." 

At a Democratic meeting on Wednesday, 
October 9th, Mr. Kimmcl said: "The ex- 
istence of the spirit of Democracy was trac- 
able in ancient Grecian history down 
through the monarchies of the Old World. 

"In 1866 the Democracy entered a sol- 
emn protest against the expenditure of 
$400,000,000 by a Republican Congress. 
The Republicans have imposed an unjust 
tariff and have maintained a standing army 
for the purpose of policing the Southern 
States." 

Mr. Robt. M. McLanc. at a meeting on 
Friday, October nth, said: "Nothing in 
history exceeds the folly and immorality of 
the fiscal policy of the Republican party in 
war and peace in squandering the public 
funds and exhausting our resources. 

"Its progress and administration were 
signalized by waste and corruption in its ex- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



211 



penditures, with an amount of taxation un- 
paralleled in the history of any country of 
like population and resources. Its ways of 
taxation were even more ruinous to the 
trade and business of the country than its 
amount." 

Joseph Thompson, at a meeting on Thurs- 
day evening, October 31st, said: "Mr. 
Kimmel should not be elected to Congress, 
because he had been there before and has 
done nothing for us. 

"He has been trying to find out who was 
elected President two years after the elec- 
tion, while labor was starving and wanted 
legislation; while the shipcarpenters in Bal- 
timore were selling their tools to support 
their families, and while our navy was going 
to wreck he was trying to reduce the army 
by turning out poor soldiers who were re- 
ceiving from the Government $16.00 per 
month for keeping in order the Indians." 

The result of this fall election was : Mr. 
Kimmell received 11,472 votes, and Mr. 
Thompson received 4,908 votes in the Third 
Congressional District; Mr. McLane re- 
ceived 11,064 votes and Mr. Holland re- 
ceived 6,671 votes in the Fourth Congres- 
sional District. 

1879. 

Thursday, September nth, Wm. J. 
Hooper was nominated by the Republicans 
for Mayor of Baltimore, and on September 
1 2th, Jaines A. Gary was nominated for 
Governor by the same party. 

The Democratic nominee for Mayor was 
F. C. Latrobe, and Wm. T. Hamilton for 
Governor. 

At a Republican mass meeting at the 
Concordia Opera House, Mr. James A. 
Gary said: "It is exceedingly proper that 
I should begin my campaign in the city of 



Baltimore, not simply because it is the cen- 
tre of a vast population with which I sym- 
pathize in all of its plans 01 action, industry, 
expanding commerce and intellectual and 
moral growth, but because this city is the 
victim of excessive taxation, and the prin- 
cipal political factor by which the rest of the 
State is kept in subjection by political mis- 
rule." 

At a Republican mass meeting on 
Wednesday, October 8th, Mr. Hooper said: 
"I am no alchemist. I only desire to call 
your attention to the fact that if our city 
indebtedness be permitted to increase in the 
same ratio for the next twelve years that it 
has in the past twelve years, it requires no 
prophetic hand to trace in living legible 
letters upon the escutcheon of our city — 
bankruptcy." 

Hon. John A. J. Crcszvcll: "We are in 
a most deplorable condition to-day in Mary- 
land. The dominant party have organized 
rings and cliques, and have been most cor- 
rupt in their management of State and 
municipal affairs." 

At a Democratic meeting Thursday, Oc- 
tober 9th, Mr. Latrobe replied to Mr. 
Hooper's speech: "Mr. Hooper had given 
figures in connection with the financial con- 
dition of the city of Baltimore which were 
calculated to mislead the public. 

At the Democratic mass meeting on Sep- 
tember 29th, Wm. T. Hamilton maintained: 
"There is a cry of abuses; abuses they may 
and perhaps do exist, for there will always 
be unworthy camp followers of strong and 
victorious parties. Where abuses are dis- 
covered, they should be weeded out; but 
this is not to be done by transferring the 
power to the Republican party. Remem- 
ber that if you elect a Republican Governor, 



212 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



you give him the power to appoint your 
supervisors of elections and your Police 
Commissioners. Do you think it expedi- 
ent at this junction to give this power to 
the Republicans?" 

During this interesting campaign, Jo- 
seph Thompson made speeches for the 
cause of candidate Hamilton and Messrs. 
Whyte and Gorman appeared upon the 
hustings in friendly fellowship for Mr. 
Hamilton. 

At the municipal election in October, 
Mr. Latrobe received 25,729 votes for 
Mayor, and Mr. Hooper 19,830 votes; 95 
votes were cast for Augustus Mathiot as 
Greenback candidate. 

At the Gubernatorial election held in 
November, I\lr. Hamilton received 29,184 
votes, and ^^Ir. Gary 17,910 votes in Bal- 
timore City. 

1880. 

The Republican candidate for Congress 
in the Third District was Joshua Horner, 
Jr. Knock Pratt was nominated in the 
Fourth Congressional District. He de- 
clined and in his stead George C. Maund 
was named. 

The Democratic nominees were Fetter 
S. Hoblitzel, in the Third District, and 
Robt. M. McLane in the Fourth District. 
James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur 
were Republican nominees for President 
and Vice-President, and Gen. Wm. F. Han- 
cock and Wm. H. English, the Demo- 
cratic nominees. 

At a Republican mass meeting in the 
Fourth District, Wednesday, October 20th, 
Mr. Maund, in his address, said: "Three 
things at least the Republican party had 
accomplished — the preservation of the 
United Stater, the abolition of slavery, that 



contradiction for 70 years or more of the 
first sentence in the Constitution of the 
United States, and the preservation of the 
National honor by the payment of its debts. 
The Republican party had done all that 
work, and good work it was. Now the 
Democratic party is trying to claim all the 
glory; they say this platform dififers from 
our's in scarcely any particular, but why? 
Because they are stealing our thunder. It 
is not that we have gone over to them, but 
we have dragged them up in spite of them- 
selves to our level." 

Archibald Stirling, Jr.: "The Demo- 
crats cried for change; they should not ob- 
ject to a little right here. No candidate 
had been nominated for Congress by the 
Democrats unless they signified in some 
way or other that they belonged to A. P. 
Gorman & Co. It was strange to see men 
formerly pledged to Wm. Pinkney Whyte 
so tied down as they now were. It is not 
to the interest of any Democrat not di- 
rectly bound to the McLane faction to vote 
for him." 

At a Republican meeting in the Third 
District, October 21st, Joshua Horner, Jr., 
said : "Were the Democratic ideas carried 
out, the result would be the wiping from 
existence of the middle class, and the de- 
basement of the working people into a half- 
paid, half-starved and half-fed race; the ele- 
vation into power of an aristocracy of 
wealth." 

At the election in October for Council- 
men, the Democrats polled 23.330 votes 
and the Republicans 14,170. 

At the election in November, ]Mr. Hob- 
litzel, in the Third District, polled 13,639 
votes and Mr. Horner 9,965. In the Fourth 
Congressional District, Mr. IvIcLane 15,- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



728 votes and Mr. Maund 13,533. Gen. 
Hancock received 32,772 votes and Gen. 
Garfield 23,338. 

1881. 

At the city election in October for mem- 
bers of Council, the Democrats polled 23,- 
549 and the old line Democrats 4,800 votes; 
the Republicans 7,903. Wm. Pinkney 
Whyte, the Democratic candidate for 
Mayor, received 29,364 votes and James 
L. Bartol, Independent, received 10,872. 
The Republican candidate for Comptroller 
of the State was Thomas Gorsuch, and the 
Democratic nominee, Thos. J. Keating, for 
whom was cast 24,289 votes, while Gorsuch 
had only 12,507 votes. It was a spiritless 
campaign without life enough to make it 
interesting. 

1882. 

The contest this year in Balitmore City 
for Democratic nominations for Congress, 
was exceedingly lively. Mr. Hoblitzel was 
nominated in the Third District and Mr. 
Jno. V. L. Findlay in the Fourth District by 
the Democrats. In the Third District the 
Republicans nominated Col. Theodore F. 
Lang, and in the Fourth District Henry 
Stockbridge, Sr. Zest was given to the 
campaign this year by reason of the expira- 
tion of the terms of judges of the respective 
courts constituting the Supreme Bench of 
Baltimore City. The old Judges were Robt. 
Gilmor, Henry F. Gary and Campbell W. 
Pinkney, all candidates for re-election. 
Wm. A. Fisher had been nominated in 
place of Geo. W. Dobbin, who retired by 
reason of his advanced age. 

Wm. A. Stewart, Charles E. Phelps and 
Edward Duffy were named by the Inde- 
pendent Democrats and endorsed bv the 



great body of Republicans. These ac- 
cepted W. A. Fisher and placed his name 
on their ticket. John C. King and George 
C. Maund were nominated by the dissatis- 
fied Republicans who professed to believe 
in maintaining their organization, and Lu- 
ther M. Reynolds by the Labor party. 

The civil service reformers gave life to 
the campaign this year by a series of ques- 
tions which they submitted to the candi- 
dates for Congress. 

At a Democratic meeting, Friday, Octo- 
ber 20th, in the Third Congressional Dis- 
trict, Henry M. WarHeld, Sr., appeared to 
champion the election of the Regular Dem- 
ocratic ticket. He said of the old Judges: 
"They were nominated by the regular Dem- 
ocratic party: they will be upheld by the 
regular Democrats. I have nothing to say 
against the so-called Independent move- 
ment. They are honorable men, but I am 
a civil service reformer and I don't believe 
in putting away good men, faithful public 
servants, and filling their places with those 
of whom we know not." 

Mr. Hoblitcd: "Democratic honesty held 
the Nation's purse strings and many 
millions were saved to the people during 
the six years the Democrats held sway in 
Congress. The advent of the 47th brought 
a new order of things, faction and strife 
which had been slumbering broke out 
afresh." 

Mayor ll'hytc: "The judicial ticket 
chosen by thousands of the Democratic 
party was not good enough for National 
bank presidents, corporation magnates and 
commercial people, and so they must have 
a trader's ticket evolved on business prin- 
ciples out of barters with Custom House 



214 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



officials, Federal district attorneys and dis- 
appointed aspirants for judicial offices." 

Monday, October 23rd, Mr. Findlay ad- 
dressed a meeting in his District and thus 
declared his position: "I go for the old 
Judges, because I think they have done 
their duty. During the Buchanan Presi- 
dential election I was a schoolboy. In sym- 
pathy I went with the moderate men of the 
country when I became a man. I certainly 
was not a Republican either then or at any 
subsequent time, either by name or in sym- 
pathy or in principle. I contended that uni- 
versal negro suffrage was a tremendous 
blunder." Mr. Stockbridgc, his opponent, 
declared that he thought "it was an act of 
wise statesmanship." 

Col. Lang addressed a meeting in the 
Third District on the same evening, saying: 
■■'Ihe Republican party provided this coun- 
try with the safest banking system ever 
known, and it believes in the education of 
tne masses. It has placed our credit on a 
par with that of any other nation." 

At the Council election in October, the 
Democrats received 24,495 votes and the 
Republicans received 12,042 votes. 

At a meeting held in Cross Street jNIarket 
Hall, Thursday, October 22nd, IVilliam M. 
Marine, speaking for the election of H. B. 
Holton, Republican, for Congress in the 
Fifth District, said in part: "The old time 
friends of labor were the Whigs ; opposed to 
them were the Democrats, who decried 
free labor, tariff and internal improvements. 
The embodiment of those principles into a 
creed has become the fundamental ground 
work of the Republican party. They were 
held by the rail-splitter Lincoln and by 
Garfield of the towpath. On the arch that 
rises majestically and inipcrishably to pub- 



lic view in flaming letters, prominent in the 
sunlight of day and bright as the stars of 
night, are these words: Freedom, Frater- 
nity and Protection to American Fields and 
Workshops. The tariff is a barrier that for- 
eign competition cannot surmount. It is a 
dike that they never can cross, the safety 
line within which are the fires of the forge 
and the hammer of the shop whose beats re- 
sound with constant and continuing pros- 
perity." 

Col. H'ni. Kiiniiicl, member of Con- 
gress, announced himself an Independent 
Democratic candidate for Congress. He 
addressed • meeting of his followers on 
Thursday, October 26th, at Patterson Hall, 
North Broadway. He averred that "free- 
dom no longer existed in voting and in the 
present way of conducting their primaries 
there is no hope of honest elections, unless 
the people do away with bossism and cor- 
ruption." While engaged in his work in 
Congress two years ago, he had been 
thrown overboard by ring tricksters and 
bosses, and Hoblitzel substituted in his 
place. Dr. Milton N. Taylor, who presided 
at the meeting, expressed the opinion that 
"the old Judges were clever enough them- 
selves, but they were surrounded by cor- 
rupt subordinates, who had shown their 
audacity and tricks at the polls time and 
time again." 

On the evening of Friday, October 
28th, a meeting was held .at the Con- 
cordia Opera House, favorable to the elec- 
tion of the new Judge ticket. Mr. John 
H. Thomas avowed that "Mayor Whyte 
had termed the Independent ticket a bas- 
tard ticket, and had bidden it die a bas- 
tard's death. He should not have said this. 
.\ bailiff in the City Hall nominated Judge 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



215 



Pinkney. Judge Gilmore was nominated 
by Joe Thompson, once the People's can- 
didate for jNIayor, and now rewarded for 
his apostasy by an ofiEce in the City Hall." 

Mr. Archibald Stirling, Jr., thought that 
three Democrats and one Republican sat- 
isfied everybody as a fair division. It was 
all the Kepublicans had a right to expect, 
and it gave him great pleasure to stand 
shoulder to shoulder with men of opposite 
politics in doing what was right. The mer- 
chants and the mechanics were in favor of 
the movement. The only chance with the 
other side was to divide the negroes and 
cheat as much as they could." 

Mr. Bernard Carter: "I have no lamp 
but the lamp of experience. These men 
who stuffed the ballot-box from time to 
time will stuff it now. 

"There was no opposition in the Demo- 
cratic party primaries recently held, and if 
they stuffed the boxes, then in Heaven's 
name, what would they have done had 
there been opposition, and Messrs. Phelps 
and Duffy had presented themselves as can- 
didates. It has been shown ward by ward 
that, there was a large vote cast at the ju- 
dicial primary, when only ring Democrats 
were allowed to vote." 

Thursday, November i, at Hollins' Hall, 
Mr. John K. Cowen made a speech favor- 
able to the new Judge ticket, in which he 
said, quoting the words of Mayor Whvte, 
"that there was an infectious disease called 
Independentism in the neighborhood. I 
was inclined to bring a yellow flag along, 
and I thank God there's independentism 
here, and I shall be glad to see it spread." 

Henry Stockbridge, Sr., on the evening of 
the same day, spoke at Montgomery Insti- 
tute, to a colored audience, savin?: "Do 



not submit to the robbery of your franchise 
ne.xt Tuesday. You will have the strong 
arm of the United States to protect you. 
There are persons going round to corrupt 
the colored people with money and beer. 
The violations in the Fourteenth Ward 
have been traced uncommonly close to 
prominent Democratic officials." 

Saturday, November 4, that factioii of the 
Republican party which had nominated a 
straightout Republican judicial ticket held 
their mass meeting. Gen. Felix Agnus de- 
clared: "This fight is one in which your 
own interest is to stand fast to the Repub- 
lican party; that is the advice given you by 
the American and by leaders who will bat- 
tle for you and in whom you have learned 
to trust." 

R. Siockcit Matheivs told the audi- 
ence it made no difference to him who 
sat upon the bench, he should lose nothing 
by it, but he said: "I do beg and beseech 
you, for the love and honor of so many who 
have lost their lives for your sake, to stand 
by the old flag and the old cause." 

Gen. Adam E. King spoke of his having 
been "brought here, wounded, from the field 
of battle, fighting for Hberty,"and then said, 
"I canvassed for Abraham Lincoln. I have 
not left the party, but the party has left me. 
I denounce this Independent movement as 
the offspring of the adulterous bed. Mr. 
Geo. C. Maund is the man who drew the 
resolutions which placed the mark of free- 
dom upon the colored people of this State, 
and he to-day is our honest, straightout 
candidate for Judge." The election for 
Congress in the Third District resulted in 
Hoblitzel, Democrat, receiving 13.919 
votes: Kimmel, 1,576 votes, and Lang, Re- 



216 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



publican, 9,015 votes. Pinkney, for Judge, 
had 21,374 votes, being the lowest vote re- 
ceived on the old Judge ticket. 

Fisher, who had no opposition, received 
52,578 votes. Phelps received the lowest 
votes on the Independent judiciary ticket, 
32,712 votes. King and Maund, on the Re- 
publican ticket, had each a few votes over 
1,000. Reynolds, Labor candidate, 503 
votes. Findlay, Democrat, in the Fourth 
District, for Congress, had 14.457 votes, 
and Stockbridge, Republican, 12,093 votes. 

18S3. 

Wednesday, September 19th, the Demo- 
cratic State Convention held in Baltimore 
City, nominated Robt. M. McLane for Gov- 
ernor: J. Frank Turner for Comptroller, 
and Chas. B. Roberts for Attorney Gen- 
eral. Thursday, September 28th, the Re- 
pubHcans nominated for Governor, Hart B. 
Holton; for Comptroller, Washington A. 
Smith; Attorney General, R. Stockett Ma- 
thews, who declined, and Francis Stockett 
was substitued in his place. 

The nomination of J. Morrison Harris 
to be President of the Republican State 
Convention was made by William M. Ma- 
rine, who remarked: "Eight years ago the 
forms of an election were gone through 
by the Democrats, and a great fraud was 
committed. There sits in this assembly 
to-day an ex-Governor elected at that 
time by the people of Maryland as 
their chief magistrate, but Democratic 
frauds and the rape of the ballot-box robbed 
him of his right and he was never allowed 
to exercise the prerogatives of the office to 
whicli he was elected. It is meet, there- 
fore, that at any Convention or assembly of 
Rt'iniblicans, where this gentleman is pres- 



ent, he should be honored with the 
position of presiding officer. I think 
I express the unanimous sentiment of the 
Convention, therefore, when I name the 
Hon. J. Morrison Ilarris, of Baltimore 
county, as chairman." A scene of wild ap- 
plause followed the speech and it was sev- 
eral minutes before it ceased. Soon as Mr. 
Harris appeared before the Convention it 
was renewed until it amounted to an ova- 
tion. When it subsided, he said, with great 
feeling and with trembling voice: "I need 
not, and indeed with difificulty only, could I 
express the gratification with which, under 
the circumstances of my nomination, I as- 
sume the duties of this position. You have 
given me a warm expression of the feeling 
of the Republican party. My associations 
with it in its hour of triumph and fraudulent 
defeat have given me a warm sympathy in 
your hearts. I thank you for this honor. 

"We are not going to discuss the Con- 
stitution of the State, but the positive, in- 
herent, plain rights of the people of Mary- 
land. 

"We are here to do a business act. The 
real friends of Reform must now look to 
the Republican party. While we throw out 
no glittering bait, we do appeal to them 
on solid ground and ask them to verify by 
their endorsement their desire for true re- 
form. You can repeat the victory of eight 
years ago and no Democratic chicancery or 
fraud will dare again to wrest from you 
the well-earned fruits of your success.'' 

Monday, October 4th, Ferdinand C. Lat- 
robe received the Democratic nomination 
for Mayor of Baltimore, and on the 5th J. 
Monroe Heiskel was placed in the field by 
the Reformers. 



HISTORY Ol'* BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



217 



Thursday evening, October nth, a Re- 
publican meeting was held in Broadway 
Hall. Col. Theodore Lang spoke, saying: 
"Mr. McLane may not be as he says, the 
superserviceable creature of the ring, but it 
cannot be denied that what the ring wants 
is what he wants. The ring had tried him in 
the balance and he was not found wanting." 
Mr. Marine: "This potential ring comes 
as near being omnipotent as anything on 
earth. The laboring men attempted to 
break its power some years ago, but their 
candidate for Mayor, Joseph Thompson, 
eventually was seduced by it. It is an or- 
ganization of ways and means and full of 
crooked devices." 

Hart B. Holton: "I will promise you if 
the suffrage of the people shall elect me 
your Governor, I will assiduously devote 
my time to the work in which the people 
are most interested; that is, the conserva- 
tion of their material good." 

Tuesday night, October i6th, at the Ma- 
sonic Hall, Mr. S. Tcaekle Wallis spoke 
maintaining that "Warfield was elected in 
1875, but Latrobe took his office and the 
salary." Mr. Wallis said some time ago he 
had challenged the leaders of the frauds 
perpetrated on Mr. Warfield, Mr. Harris 
and himself; and they confessed to him that 
the election was a fraud, but said, let by- 
gones be by-gones. When litigation re- 
sulted over the election, an order of the 
Court came for the examination of the bal- 
lot. Then it was that certain men were let 
into the clerk's office of the Court on Sat- 
urday, and they were in there Sunday and 
robbed the ballot-boxes of Independent 
tickets, put them in the stove and substi- 
tuted Democratic tickets. He stated it as 
a matter of fact. He had it from the lips of 



men to whom the confession was made by 
the guilty parties. 

He believed a man could serve his city 
and his State without becoming a bummer 
or a ring man. He believed bossism and 
corruption could be driven from this city 
and good government firmly and stead- 
fastly established in its midst. 

Mr. J. Morrison Harris: "Last fall we 
cleaned out our temple of justice. We 
swept our Court Houses. Now we have 
another place— the City Hall— to clean, and 
if we all come forward unitedly we cannot 
fail to elect a fine municipality." 

Mr. Robert D. Morrison: "The clouds 
of bossism have come again. Again has 
corruption tainted the air, and again is 
needed the purifying electricity of reform. 
Ring rule with all its impunities and ty- 
rannies must go. Mark this truth, the ring 
will never abdicate; it must be dethroned." 

A turnout of people the same night 
packed Carroll Hall on East Baltimore 
street. Dr. Milton N. Taylor presided. He 
said in part: "We have here a gentleman 
who was elected Mayor, when Mr. La- 
trobe was counted in by the grossest frauds ; 
for the first time in thirty years you have 
a chance to bury the bosses." 

Henry M. Warfield: "I needed no 
apology whilst I advocate the cause of the 
people who elected me Mayor in 1875. 
Their ballots shall not again be tampered 
with ; they will not submit forever to broken 
promises of reform in the party. Are the 
memories of men like sunning water, in 
which no records can be written? Are 
Democrats fools whose credulity can gap 
wide enough to swallow such monstrous 
lies? My fellow-citizens, come up once 
more to the issue you so firmly grasped in 



218 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



1875 and deal the final blow at the de- 
stroyers of your own rights to be freemen. 
Put the brand upon the self-seeking politi- 
cian who advocates communism in your 
public crib, and rewards for dirty hands 
that do the dirty work to place him in power 
against your will. Do you remember your 
contest in 1875? Do you remember J. 
Monroe Heiskell, now your candidate, dur- 
ing that campaign? Faithful among the 
faithful was he. With unflinching courage 
and sagacity, he gave himself to our cause 
and never quitted the ranks until the self- 
seeking politicians, the stufifers, the repeat- 
ers, the return falsifiers fled to their hiding 
places, plied their vocations and cheated 
you. He resigned a lucrative public posi- 
tion, upon which the support of his fam- 
ily depended, because of his conviction that 
your cause was just. It was just then, it 
is just now." 

Col. Charles Marshall: "When the Con- 
federate army laid down its arms at Appo- 
mattox 1 was there. No man ever laid 
down his arms to a nobler victor. When 
Confederate and Federal can meet hand 
and hand, why should not Democrat and 
Republican? Mr. Latrobe proclaims that 
he will manage the office of Mayor on busi- 
ness principles. We, too, want it conducted 
on business principles and we want the elec- 
tion conducted on business principles, too. 
I remained at my home all day trying to di- 
gest the facts concerning the business-like 
principles upon which Mr. Latrobe con- 
ducted his administrations, and when I 
thought 1 had all, 1 was put upon another 
line of his business principles that cast me 
all adrift. Now we are .going to discuss 
business principles. Why is it that the peo- 
ple of lialtimore cannot liax'e an election 



without politics? Because the methods by 
which Latrobe was nominated have been 
engrafted upon our system, making the city 
government the prey of politicians. The 
methods that put Mr. Latrobe in power in 
1875 must perish." 

M'illiain M. Marine: "The revelations 
that brings us here to-night and masses 
us in solid phalanx regardless of Republi- 
can or Democratic predeliction, are popu- 
larized by necessity. We must purify cor- 
rupt politics. Mayor Warfield as he should 
have been, was counted out; we must cor- 
rect that great wrong. If we condone the 
act by a fourth time placing Mr. Latrobe 
in the Mayoralty chair, we shall never pun- 
ish the infamy of the past. Heiskell had 
scarcely time to open his office ledger when 
acts of corruption were disclosed which had 
been perpetrated by the Fire Board. We 
wish to uncover the secrets entombed in 
the City Hall — that white building so much 
like a mausoleum, so pretty without and 
within filled with dead bones. I shuddered 
this morning when I read in the press the 
announcement that my old acquaintance 
had permitted that appalling and damnable 
act of falsifying election returns to be per- 
petrated in the clerk's office on a Sabbath 
morning. Yes, it was Sunday. St. Paul 
street was deserted, and on Lexmgton 
street only a pedestrian now and then could 
be seen. Quiet reigned supreme. The 
priest at the Cathedral was preparing to 
kneel before the altar and the children in 
the Charles Street Methodist Church were 
singing — 

' There is a land of pure delight 
Where saints immortal reigu ;' 

and the Protestant cler,gyman was prepar- 
ing to preach on the text "Be Sure Your 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



219 



Sins Will Find You Out.' Just then an 
emissary of the ring, every limb trembling 
with the fear of guilt, stealthily crept into 
the office of the Superior Court and burnt 
up the honest ballots. Great God! Just 
think what they were doing on that Sun- 
day! They were burning up public opin- 
ion — cremating the popular will. After 
such a wrong perpetrated upon an honest 
people I shall not be surprised if a cyclone 
pass over this city. I invoke you to be- 
come a party to the condemnation of those 
detestable miscreants w-ho are worthy the 
adornment of a convict's stripes for dese- 
crating the ballot-box." 

Mr. Richard Hamilton wished to know 
'"how much longer shall your garbage cart 
driver be your judge of election and your 
ash-box cleaner the clerk?" 

On Thursday evening, October i8th, 
Charles J. Bonaparte spoke at Hollins' 
Hall, remarking: "Last year I told the 
people of South Baltimore to vote for the 
new Judges. I am here to ask them to vote 
for Mr. Heiskell. I have always been a 
Republican and was a Union man. I do 
not blame Mr. Heiskell for going South. 
It was a time when no man should have 
been on the fence. I don't say Mr. La- 
trobe was on the fence. I really don't know 
where he was. At the present time the 
members of the late Fire Board, appointed 
by Mr. Latrobe, stand indicted for offenses 
which are sufficient to send them to the 
penitentiary, but their going there depends 
upon many things." 

On the same evening, the Democrats 
held a meeting at which Mr. McLanc spoke, 
saying: "There are no people so well edu- 
cated in politics as the Americans and while 
we to-day hear cries against caucuses and 



conventions, the highest men in England 
are approving and imitating our methods. 
I seek this office because your voice has 
called me to it; you misunderstand me, 
however, if you believe me under personal 
obligations to you. I do not wish to be 
understood as being ungrateful, since the 
highest pride of my life is that during my 
forty years' course of political life I ha\e 
not lost one friend." 

Mr. Bernard Carter: "Shall the Republi- 
can party resume control of the State of 
Maryland and Baltimore City? The ground 
on which it rests is that of Republican 
reform. The propositions which I submit are 
these: the record of the Republican party 
while it was in power in Maryland and Bal- 
timore City is a record of political proscrip- 
tion and corruption; that the same influ- 
ences that controlled and directed the Re- 
publican party then control and direct it 
now; that the leaders and influences that 
controlled the late Republican State Con- 
vention and secured the nomination of Hol- 
ton for Governor are those which managed 
the Republican side of -the fusion move- 
ment; and that this fusion movement is a 
part of their plan for the destruction of the 
Democratic party in Maryland; that there 
is nothing in the present condition of the 
Democratic party in this city or the State 
to justify any true Democrat in refusing *o 
support the nominees of the Democratic 
party, State or municipal." 

Mr. Latrobe: "Baltimore is one of the 
best and most economically governed cities 
in the country. During the past ten years 
there has been disbursed through the city 
administration, for maintaining the city 
government and making needed improve- 
ments, the large sum of between fifty and 



220 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



fifty-five millions, and not a dollar was ever 
wrongfully or dishonestly expended, and no 
loss except by the defalcation of a dishon- 
est clerk in one of the departments amount- 
ing in exact figures to $34,776.60, a loss 
that might have occurred through a simi- 
lar cause to the best business firm or bank 
in the country." 

At the Concordia Opera House, on Fri- 
day, October 19th, Mr. S. T. IVallis said: 
"An old political friend of mine whom I 
met the other day shook hands with me as 
cordially as could be expected in our pres- 
ent relations, and shaking his head, said: 
'I see, Wallis, you are at your bad work 
again.' But when I look around me to- 
night, gentlemen, it is some consolation to 
know that in this vast crowd there are some 
citizens as bad as I am.' " 

Mr. Wallis, in speaking of Joe Thomp- 
son, said: "I never heard of a man running 
for office and calling himself a workingman 
who was not trying to make use of the 
workingmen to elevate himself above them 
and then desert then:. This workingman 
who was a blacksmith, has established his 
anvil in the clerk's office of the Criminal 
Court. He says he was cheated out of his 
election. Perhaps so; if he wants to know 
who cheated him let him look around at 
the jieople in whose company he is in. He 
sits by the side of the men who cheated 
him." 

Monday, October 23d, at the Masonic 
Temple, Joscpli Thompson replied to Mr. 
Wallis' strictures, saying: "In regard to his 
having planted his anvil in the clerk's of- 
fice of the Criminal Court that was 'meta- 
phorically untrue.' I took nothing there 
but the crook in my back that came from 
leaning over the old anvil for many weary 



days. I left the anvil in my shop for future 
reference — for reference to 1877. ^"^^ i' 
will play sweeter music of those days than 
all of the dry bones of 1875 that the illus- 
trious Wallis can shake up." 

At the municipal election in October La- 
trobe was elected, receiving 29,147 votes 
to Heiskell's 25,669 votes. At the State 
election held in November McLane received 
31,852 votes and Holton 24,176 votes. 

1884. 
In the Third Congressional District Sam- 
uel J. Pentz was nominated the Republican 
candidate for Congress, and in the Fourth 
William J. Hooper; he declined and Se- 
bastian Brown was substituted in his stead. 
In the Third District the Democrats nomi- 
nated Dr. William H. Cole, and in the 
Fourth John V. L. Findlay. This was 
Presidential election year. Blaine and Lo- 
gan were the Republican candidates, and 
Cleveland and Hendricks the Democratic 
candidates. John T. St. John was the Pro- 
hibition candidate for President and Wil- 
liam Daniel, of Baltimore, the Vice-Presi- 
dential candidate. Mr. St. John reached 
Baltimore Tuesday evening, October 14th. 
At a meeting in Monument Square he 
spoke and was succeeded by Mr. Daniel, 
who said: "The Prohibitionists believe in 
moderate protection and in a revenue suf- 
ficient to economically carry on the Gov- 
ernment. The real issue with us is that 
we are opposed to the manufacture, impor- 
tation and sale of intoxicating liquors. The 
Democrats have declared against sump- 
tuary laws and the Republicans decline to 
say anything about the question in their 
platform. Judge Taney, in 1846, decided 
that there was nothing to prevent the Gov- 




^^ ^^^t^^^^^^5^^ 




HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



eminent from regulating or prohibiting the 
sale of liquor, if the sale was conducive to 
vice or ignorance or was against the wel- 
fare of society." 

Mr. Findlay spoke at a meeting of his 
supporters. Saturday evening, October 
24th, at which meeting he said: "It won't 
do to make this tariff issue a party issue. 
Mr. Clay and Mr. Calhoun opposed it, and 
Mr. Bayard has expressed himself as of sim- 
ilar opinion." 

Tuesday night, October 28th, Mr. Se- 
bastian Brown said: "Under Democratic 
nde Baltimore had advanced more slowly 
in material wealth than any city in the 
Union. The sugar and coffee trade here is 
gone and the grain trade is surely finding 
its way to Northern cities." 

Friday night, October 31st, Mr. Pcnts 
at Broadway Hall said: "I never look upon 
that flag without feeling inspired. Is there 
a man here to-night who does not love that 
flag? A love for that flag imphes.a love 
for the party that has stood by it." At this 
juncture a plumed Knight of Labor, clad 
in silver uniform, entered the hall and sa- 
luted the speaker. This action set the 
audience fairly wild. 

At the election for Councilmen held in 
October 25,258 votes were cast for the 
Democratic candidates and 15,465 votes for 
the Republican candidates. 

In the November election Blaine received 
in Baltimore City for President 27,580 votes 
and Cleveland 34,206 votes. Cole had for 
Congress in the Third District 16,107 votes 
and Pentz 10,747 votes. In the Fourth 
Congressional District Findlay had 15,723 
votes and Brown 14,328 votes. 



The Republican State Convention assem- 
bled September 24th in the Concordia Op- 
era House, and nominated by acclamation 
Francis Miller, of Montgomery county, 
for Comptroller, and William M. Marine, of 
Harford county, for Clerk of the Court of 
Appeals. There was not the remotest 
chance of their election, the fortunes of the 
party being at low ebb. Mr. Marine, in 
nominating Louis E. McComas for chair- 
man of the convention, gave expression to 
the hopelessness of the convention in these 
words: "In the discouragements of cam- 
paigns, when our prospects east of the 
western tier of the counties of the State were 
unfavorable. Republicans have been in the 
habit of turning to western Maryland for 
encouragement. That section has generally 
proven true. In this convention for party 
consultation, let us call to the chair that 
young stalwart Republican, Louis E. Mc- 
Comas." Mr. Miller accepted his nomina- 
tion with grateful resignation: not so with 
Mr. Marine. When Samuel Mallalien 
nominated him he arose and said: "I am 
much obliged for the honor, but I ask to be 
permitted to withdraw my name." 

Several delegates shouted, "Don't let him 
withdraw," to which Mr. Marine demurred, 
saying: "I don't think the nominee for 
clerk should come from the Western 
Shore." 

Mr. Mallalien: "That is for the conven- 
tion to decide." Mr. Marine, in accepting 
the nomination, said he was compelled to 
be a candidate for an office which he did 
not want to hold. 

J. Frank Turner secured the Democratic 



224 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



nomination for Comptroller, and Spencer 
Jones for Clerk of the Court of Appeals. 

James Hodges was nominated by the 
Democratic party a candidate for Mayor 
this year. He was opposed by Judge 
George William Brown, the nominee of the 
Reformers and endorsed by the Republi- 
cans. 

John P. Poc, at a Democratic meeting at 
Oratorio Hall, spoke, saying: "That in 
capacity for vigorous administration, 
quick knowledge of men and in the power 
of forming a sound opinion and adhering to 
it, Mr. Hodges was superior to Judge 
Brown. The Independents did not believe 
the primaries were unfair, nor did the law- 
yers who said the action of the City Con- 
vention was not binding. The whole thing 
was a sham, set up as an excuse for deser- 
tion, planned long before the convention 
met. The Independents were inconsistent 
in denouncing the action of the bosses now 
when they had worked for them in other 
campaigns. This movement is not new. 
We have had it for fourteen years, and there 
never was less reason than now to raise the 
issue." 

At the October election Hodges received 
30,897 votes and Brown 28,667 votes. 

At the November election in Baltimore 
Turner had 38,593 votes, Miller 19,113. 
Jones had 38,638 votes and Marine 19,124 
votes. 

1886. 
Dr. William H. Cole having died, Harry 
Wells Rusk was nominated from the Third 
District by the Democrats to fill the unex- 
pired j)art of Mr. Cole's term in Congress, 
and also for the succeeding term. Isidor 
Raynor was nominated by the same party 
in tile Fourth District. 



Hon. John V. L. Findlay, Thursday, Oc- 
tober the 14th, announced himself an In- 
dependent candidate for Congress in the 
Fourth District. Mr. Findlay was indorsed 
by the Republican Convention held the fol- 
lowing day, but not without opposition. A 
small minority bolted and held a separate 
convention and nominated J. Emory 
Weatherby. The Republicans in the Third 
District endorsed Henry A. Bosse, candi- 
date of the Industrial Labor party for Con- 
gress. 

Monday evening, October 19th, Mr. Ray- 
ner's adherents assembled at the Academy 
of Music. Mr. John J. Poc asked: "Shall 
we respond to our promises by electing a 
man who repudiated the principles upon 
which he was elected, or shall we send one 
to Congress who will carry them out to the 
letter?" 

Mr. IVcathcrby, Thursday night, Octo- 
ber 3d, addressing an assemblage of his fol- 
lowers, said: "We meet every fall with a 
certain element which is dissatisfied with 
the Democratic party, who ask Republi- 
cans for support without compensation. 
The party has come to be regarded as a sort 
of chattel mortgage to be transferred at will 
for purification purposes." 

Sebastian Brown: "Mr. Rayner has be- 
hind him the Democratic machine, which 
will turn him in, elected or not." 

In the evening of Friday, October 4th, 
Mr. Findlay "s supporters held a meeting 
at Concordia Opera House, George M. 
Gill presiding. He said: "The first step in 
order to ascertain the public-will purely and 
simply as it exists, is to give to all an equal 
opportunity of voting their sentiments fairly 
and have them properly counted and re- 
turned." 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



225 



Mr. Findlay: "To every fair-minded 
voter in any party opposed to the ring it 
must be apparent that such an issue will be 
determined by the election of JMr. Rayner 
or myself. What claim has Mr. Rayner 
upon the voters of the Fourth Congres- 
sional District?" 

Charles J. Bonaparte: "I would rather 
surrender all my rights as an American citi- 
zen than ascend to the highest pinnacle of 
fame through a fraudulent vote and a tam- 
pered ballot-box." 

The election of November resulted in 
Rusk, Democrat, receiving in the Third 
District 13,544; Bosse, Independent and 
Republican, 3,300. Fourth District the 
vote was: Rayner, 14,750; Findlay, 7,248; 
Weatherby, 1,602. 

In neither the Third nor Fourth Districts 
was the full Republican vote polled. 
1887. 

On the 24th of August, 1887, the Repub- 
lican State Convention met in the New As- 
sembly Rooms in Baltimore and nominated 
Walter B. Brooks for Governor, Robert B. 
Dixon for Comptroller, and Francis Miller 
for Attorney General. The event of the 
day was the appearance of John K. Cowen 
and William L. Marbury, Reform Demo- 
crats, in the convention, and the speeches 
which they delivered. The entire conven- 
tion and audience welcomed these gentle- 
men. Mr. Cotven said: "The Independent 
Democratic voters of this State propose to 
support your ticket out and out." "I throw 
down the gauntlet and shall trip gaily to the 
fray." "There has never been a contested 
election since 1875, '" which the regulars 
have not been defeated and the opposition 
elected but counted out." "The Legisla- 
ture elected on the platform of 1879, which 



was as full of promises as a mulberry tree 
is of fruit, was the most corrupt ever 
known." "They have taken the people who 
committed the frauds and put them in of- 
fice." 

Mr. William L. Marbury said: "I did not 
come here to make a speech. I came here 
to hear Mr. Cowen; and I never saw a man 
in a fight who was a friend of mine but I 
went in with him. I will not support any 
such ticket as the Democrats have nomi- 
nated by the means used in the primary 
election. I am a Democrat, but I am satis- 
fied with your platform on State issues." 

Mr. Brooks, the Republican nominee for 
Governor, said in his letter of acceptance: 
"Now if an election by the people means 
the will of the people, it is worthy the genius 
of the age to devise some law to protect 
that wish. In a resolution the Convention 
declares that reform in the civil service 
should be thorough, radical and complete. 
This noble declaration gives no uncertain 
sound, and I accept it in its literal sense| 
with earnest approval." 

Elihu Jackson received the Guberna- 
torial nomination at the hands of the 
Democrats. 

Wednesday, September 2d, David L. 
Bartlett was nominated by the Republicans 
for Mayor of Baltimore, the Democratic 
nominee being Ferdinand C. Latrobe. 

The Independents held a meeting in the 
Concordia Opera House, September 30th, 
presided over by W. W. Taylor. An ad- 
dress was issued to the public, in which it 
was stated: "We propose as Democrats to 
vote directly for the men who are running 
as Republicans in State and city. We shall 
do it without fear, and are fully responsible 
for our acts." Charles Marshall, in the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



course of his speech, said: "I find myself 
standing here to advocate the same prin- 
ciples that I and others have been advocat- 
ing for eight or nine years; I do this with- 
out the slightest change in party principle." 

"Alas! we all remember when that cele- 
brated triumvirate was in the State; it is 
called 0'Bannon,0'Gorman and O'Whyte; 
they have come together again, smoked 
the pipe of peace and kissed each other; 
but, my friends, it is not the kiss of right- 
eousness." 

Mr. S. T. Wallis: "When I joined the 
Democratic party I did so because it rep- 
resented certain principles. When it de- 
serted these principles I had no further use 
for it; I belong to the party, but not as a 
chattel. The days of involuntary slavery 
are over, and the white man has a right to 
the benefit of the change. Do they tell me, 
because I propose to give my vote to hon- 
est men, who represent the principles that 
I own and are willing to put down tyranny, 
that I have broken my allegiance to my 
party, that I am a traitor. The greatest 
and foulest treason that a man can commit 
is treason to his conscience and his coun- 
try. I have the right to pick up any stick 
to stay the wolf. Shall I be deterred be- 
cause the other party did wrong during the 
war, committed oppressions of which I was 
one of the victims; and I am sure if I can 
stand the Republican party now, Mr. Gor- 
man ought to be able to stand it. Who are 
the people who make this outcry? They 
are the people who never suffered anything, 
the war horses who stood still in tlieir stalls 
and quietly ate their fodder." 

Friday, October 7th, the Democrats held 
a meeting at the Concordia Opera House. 
Judge Williain A. Fisher, on taking the 



chair, said: "One week ago some people 
attempted to bury the Democratic party, 
in a grave of words. They said the Demo- 
cratic party is nothing more than a training 
association ; this is too much like an in- 
dictment against the whole people. We are 
asked to leave the Democratic party, but 
where will we go? From the way they 
spoke one would imagine they would go 
to a convention of saints, but all are sinners 
here and all saints there. We are asked to 
go to the Republicans; our memories are 
not so short that we have forgotten some- 
thing of the Republican party." 

Mr. F. C. Latrobe: "Realizing that the 
people of Baltimore depend upon its be- 
coming not only a commercial port, but a 
manufacturing centre, we have not only 
deepened the harbor to a uniform depth of 
twenty-four feet at low water, but we have 
aided all manufacturing interests in Balti- 
more by reducing the price paid for hydrant 
water, and exempting from taxation all 
plants used for manufacturing purposes." 

William P. Whyte: "Shall we restore the 
party of Holiday Hicks and Winter Davis 
to power; therefore why should we do this? 
Because they say they want fair elections, 
honest count and correct returns. No one 
denies there have been individual violations 
of the law relating to elections, and that the 
violators of the law have been punished 
through the office of a Democratic State 
Attorney; and it is Well known that the 
whole election system needs revision and 
change to secure honest suffrage and the 
safety of the ballot-box." 

Mr. Rayncr: "My friends, I can never 
believe in your so-called reformers. I know 
the character of the element that control the 
working rank and file of that party in this 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



227 



city. Just as long as their exampler is 
Foraker, so long will I continue fervently 
to pray that heaven may save and spare us 
in our worst stages of suffering from re- 
form to be administered by the Republican 
party." 

A Republican meeting was held October 
8th at the Concordia Opera House. Jo- 
seph M. Ctishing, the chairman, remarked: 
"We organize for the fight with the co- 
operation of those honest as we are, with 
whom we have differed in our views. They 
are with us, who were once against us. We 
must have a hand-shaking that comes from 
the heart. These honest men have united 
v.'ith us to wrest city and State from ring 
rule." 

Archibald Stirling: "If our plan succeeds 
we will make an end of the rule of the men 
whose names we see so often in the news- 
papers. We propose competitive examina- 
tion, except for ballot-box stuffers, and we 
need not exclude them; their ignorance will 
ever bar most of them from places of trust 
and profit." 

Gen. Adam E. King: "It is no use for 
Gen. Latrobe to get off his old speech about 
low taxes, it is all right to talk about a 
lower taxation, but you must also look at 
the basis of taxation. I doubt if any place 
in this country has the taxes, considering 
the basis, as high as they are in Baltimore." 

Wednesday, October 12th, John K. 
Cozvcn, in his speech at Carroll Hall, said: 
"I will tell you a story, it's no fancy story, 
for the conversation actually took place in 
a club. One of the candidate's friends said 
he 'has got a good deal of strength, he is 
a workingman; he goes to all the parties 
and keeps an eye on all the waiters, and 
they know him; the ladies know him, too, 



and they talk to ladies about him. He's 
got great sense.' Now that is what they call 
having the sense of a workingman. Com- 
pare such a man with Franklin L. Shep- 
pard, and tell me if he ought to have a say 
in the Government, and men like Sheppard 
and Bartlett, who employ hundreds of men, 
ought to be absolutely excused from all 
participation in it. One-half the capital in 
the banks belong to Republicans, and one- 
half the officers in the banks are of that 
party; their names are linked with all your 
industries; these men, chieftains like Gor- 
man, ought to be kept out of place." 

At the October election in Baltimore La- 
trobe received 34,827 votes, Bartlett 30,332 
votes. At the November election Jackson 
received 34,587, Brooks 27,831. 



On Thursday, April 12th, the first gen- 
eral convention of State League Clubs was 
held by Republican clubs in Maryland. 
One hundred and twenty-five organizations 
were represented. The convention met in 
the German Street Hall of the Concordia 
Opera House. William M. Marine was the 
temporary presiding officer. On taking the 
chair he said: "This honor was unexpected 
and therefore the more appreciated. The 
Republican party, like the grand old guard 
of Napoleon, may be beaten down, but it 
never surrenders. It draws inspiration from 
every defeat; it says right is might and 
must, in the end, win." 

"At the close of the legislative session 
at Annapolis we have seen the defilement 
of the legislative halls. They have been 
contaminated by the treasonable transac- 
tions of the ring that controls the Demo- 
cratic party." 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



The committee on permanent organiza- 
tion selected Mr. Marine unanimously for 
permanent president of the League which 
was to be formed ; he went before the com- 
mittee and withdrew his name in favor of 
William W. Johnson, who was substituted. 
Mr. Johnson was installed and the work of 
the convention proceeded. The constitu- 
tion of the League was adopted, the second 
article of which read: "The objects of the 
League shall be to encourage and assist 
in the formation of permanent Republican 
clubs, to unite such clubs for effective and 
organized work, and generally to advance 
the principles of the Republican party." 

A series of resolutions was adpoted, and 
an executive committee was named when 
the League adjourned. 

This year the candidates were: For Pres- 
ident and Vice-President on the Republican 
ticket, Benjamin Harrison and Levi P. 
Morton; on the Democratic ticket, Grover 
Cleveland and Allen G. Thurman. In the 
Third Congressional District of Baltimore 
Daniel L. Brinton was the Republican can- 
didate for Congress, and Henry Stock- 
bridge, Jr., in the Fourth. The Democratic 
candidates were Harry Welles Rusk in the 
Third and Isidor Rayner in the Fourth. 

On Thursday, August 30th, at the Con- 
cordia Opera House, a meeting of Irish- 
Americans favorable to Mr. Cleveland's 
election to the Presidency assembled. Wil- 
liam Pinkiicy Whyte was the principal 
speaker. He discussed the Fisheries Con- 
troversy with England, saying among other 
things: "Arbitration is far higher states- 
manship than retaliation, and friendly ne- 
gotiation is always to be desired instead 
of war; but there come times in the history 
of nations when war is preferable to dis- 



honor. The rejection of a friendly treaty 
does not always indicate the possibility of 
war. Now that they have rernitted the 
President to the alternative of arbitration 
they treat with insult and contumely his de- 
mands for the means of absolute inter- 
course." 

November 6th a complimentary recep- 
tion was given to William M. Marine at the 
New Assembly Rooms. Mr. Marine re- 
turned from Indiana, where he had been 
on a speech-making tour. Daniel Conklin 
presided and Henry Longenfelder was sec- 
retary. .1/;-. Marine made this reference to 
tarif¥: "We want no English brand 
stamped on the face of American history. 
We would not have this country experience 
Britain's ill for its seeming prosperity. We 
want no destitute homes with their fam- 
ished occupants; no gaunt forms of dwarfed 
men and womanhood to disturb our rev- 
eries of greatness. We want no bread riots, 
nor gatherings under the column crowned 
statue of Washington, like those in Lon- 
don, in Trafalgar Square, under the column 
crowned statue of Lord Nelson. Rather we 
would have America as she is to-day, under 
American conditions, in the lead of all the 
nations of the earth." 

Henry Stockbridgc, Jr.: "You have to 
choose to-day between the principles of 
protection and free trade. Under the sys- 
tem of protection we have developed a char- 
acter for ingenuity that has made us famous 
the world over. We are also about to de- 
termine the question whether we are to have 
a free ballot and a fair count or not." 

Daniel L. Brinton: "I would not have 
been present, after my several weeks of 
hard work, if it were not to pay my tribute 
of regard to the services of Mr. Marine, who 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



229 



has done such good work for the party in 
every county of this State for years. 

"I do not think the American people are 
willing to give up the system of protection. 
They know if a blow is struck at it now the 
result would be to retard the progress of the 
essential development of the industries of 
the country." 

Mr. Whyte, on the same night, spoke at 
the Crescent Club, saying: "All of us are 
under the banner of Cleveland and Thur- 
man; we must swallow the whole ticket, 
hog, bristles, tail and all. We need not 
examine the name of any man on the ticket. 
We have buried our political differences 
deep in a grave until after this election. 
When the battle is over, we will be free 
to attend to our political affairs; to carry 
on a warfare and see that power is equally 
divided and that no clique or combine of a 
few men shall absorb the force of a whole 
community." 

In the November election Harrison, in 
Baltimore City, received 39,607 votes, and 
Cleveland secured 44,522 votes. In the 
Third Congressional District Brinton re- 
ceived 14,289 votes and Henry Wells Rusk 
19,578. In the Fourth Congressional Dis- 
trict Stockbridge received 19,078 votes and 
Rayner 18,998 votes. 



During this year the Democratic candi- 
date for Mayor was Robert C. Davidson; 
the Republicans selected Major Alexander 
Shaw. Victor Baughman was the Demo- 
cratic candidate for Comptroller and was 
opposed by George L. Wellington, Repub- 
lican. 

The Democrats opened their campaign 
by a meeting at the Concordia Opera 



House, Thursday, October 3d. William A. 
Fisher presided. He said: "The Business 
Men's Association, of which I am a mem- 
ber, has been organized to heal party dis- 
sensions, seriously threatening Democratic 
supremacy." 

Robert C. Davidson: "If I shall be elect- 
ed, my fixed resolve is to forget that I am 
a partisan, and to administer the office on 
the broad lines of duty to all. irrespective 
of their political opinions. 

"What the people of this community de- 
sire is an administration of the duties of the 
office of Mayor by those methods of com- 
mon sense, economy, business integrity and 
sagacity by which men achieve success in 
private and corporate enterprises, then the 
vision is cleared and the path straightened." 

James Hodges: "There is a small 
body of political Ephraims joined to their 
idols and any further appeals to them to 
join hands and hearts with us in political 
fellowship would be a waste of effort. Rea- 
son like this congealed into prejudice is be- 
yond the reach of argument." 

Albert Ritchie: "While the Democratic 
candidate is a party man, the only thing 
I have heard against him is he was not born 
in Baltimore. Mayor Shaw, the Republi- 
can candidate, was born in New Jersey. 
When Davidson came from Virginia to Bal- 
timore he was so young that he traveled on 
a half-fare ticket." 

Bernard Carter: "A man to be a 
good Mayor must have strong common 
sense, business training, untiring industry, 
no other occupation to demand his time; 
to be untrammeled by past party affiliations, 
as free as air to select the very best men 
that Baltimore can afford as his assistants; 
patient to listen, intelligently to make up 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



his mind and ready to do right against all 
comers. Unless the Democratic party 
holds together in Baltimore it will crumble 
to dust all over the State." 

In the Municipal Republican Conven- 
tion, held Thursday, October loth, /. Frank 
Siipplce, in placing Mayor Shaw in nomi- 
nation, said: "All the business men of Bal- 
timore are not included in the membership 
of the Business Men's Democratic Associa- 
tion. The Republican party numbers in its 
ranks a majority of the bank presidents and 
cashiers of the city and includes in its mem- 
bership the largest tax payers on the tax 
books." 

Eihi'in H. Fozvlcr: "We need a man at 
th* head of the city government who will 
realize there is something more for him to 
do than merely to appoint men to office." 

John H. Bullcr (colored): "Our Demo- 
cratic friends haven't got that great whirl- 
pool machine they used to have; they 
haven't got any screen to go behind now, 
but must come out and face the music. 
Why, the finest educated and the richest 
Democrats in their party are tired of their 
party's ignoramus ways." 

A committee of one hundred Independ- 
ent Democrats, headed by Gen. George S. 
Brown, Judge George William Brown, S. 
Teackle Wallis, C. Mortin Stewart, William 
Keyser, George W. Gail and others, were 
escorted into the hall where the municipal 
convention was held. 

John K. Cozvcn, their spokesman, said 
they were there "as the representatives of 
over five thousand Independent Democrats 
to say without regard to party" they "would 
march shoulder to shoulder this fall for the 
reforms so long sought. They should be 
asked of the Legislature as well as in the 



City Hall. On strictly national affairs the 
Independent Democrats were as far from 
the Republicans as the North Pole from the 
South Pole. Like the old man who had 
worn out his trousers and turned the hind 
part before, this Business Men's Demo- 
cratic Association had put the hind side be- 
fore and the front side behind. If there was 
one thing to be despised more than another 
it was the good business man in politics." 

Major Alexander Shaw: "I believe mu- 
nicipal government can be carried on upon 
business principles. I believe the success 
of good municipal government is more im- 
portant than the success of party, and if I 
am elected Mayor I will endeavor to give 
the people a non-partisan administration.'" 

Senator Gorman addressed a Democratic 
meeting at Hollins' Hall on the evening of 
October 20th; referring to a charge against 
him, he replied: "It has been reported un- 
der these tax laws Mr. Gorman had made 
one million of dollars and Mr. Rasin hun- 
dreds of thousands of dollars. It is the first 
time in my history a man has so far forgot- 
ten himself as to say I have grown rich in 
the public service." 

The election in Baltimore resulted in 
Shaw, Republican, for Mayor, receiving 
38,066 votes and Davidson, Democrat, 41,- 
096 votes; Wellington, Republican, for 
Comptroller, 37,598 votes and Baughman, 
Democrat, 41,382 votes. 

1890. 
The Republican party in the city of Bal- 
timore during the campaign of this year was 
badly rent by factional differences. Rev. 
Royal H. Pullman, a Universalist clergy- 
man, was nominated in the Third and Henry 
H. Goldsborough in the Fourth District for 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



231 



Congjess. Harry Wells Rusk was the 
Democratic nominee in the Third District 
and Isidor Rayner in the Fourth. 

September 19th Congressman Rusk, in 
accepting his nomination, said: "I have es- 
teemed it a great honor to be a member of 
the House of Representatives under the 
first Democratic President since the days 
of Buchanan, and to be able to follow the 
leaders of Democracy in raising the great 
political issue of the day — the cause of the 
people against monopoly." 

At a meeting, the night of Thursday, Sep- 
tember 2Sth, Mr. Pullman spoke, saying: 
"In accepting my nomination at the hands 
of the Republicans; your endorsement of 
the administration (Harrison's) and the ac- 
complished and proposed measures of the 
Republican Congress, voice my own views. 
So far we are in perfect accord, and I trust 
that in harmony as perfect we shall conduct 
the campaign to victory. 

"The honorable future of our country and 
our millions of happy homes depend upon 
the patriotic devotion and intelligence with 
which the ballots are cast. I want only such 
votes; an election otherwise would be hu- 
miliating. In the halls of legislation we 
want men as well as measures." 

Friday evening, October 17th, Mr. Ray- 
iicr spoke at Hollins' Hall. He criticisingly 
said: "I haven't heard a word about the is- 
sues that are before us to-day from Rev. 
Royal Pullman, nor for that matter from 
the gentleman who is running in this dis- 
trict, not a word, but I have heard sky- 
rockets and fire-crackers, but not a syllable 
about the issues." 

Judge Goldsborough spoke Monday even- 
ing, October 27th, at Hollins' Hall, paying 
his respects to Mr. Ravner in this wise: 



"Isidor Rayner, the Reformer, did not 
advocate the Reform League's ballot law 
when he was a member of the Legislature. 
Mr. Rayner claims that he was recently 
defeated for Congress by the colonization 
of colored voters from Washington. He is 
mistaken; he was defeated by the glass 
blowers and other workmen who refuse to 
swallow his extreme views on free trade." 

In the Third District Pullman received 
11,273 votes and Rusk 16,914 votes; in the 
Fourth District Goldsborough received 12,- 
106 votes and Rayner 18,740 votes. 

1891. 

The Republican State Convention met 
at Ocean City and nominated Col. William 
J. Vannort, of Cecil county, for Governor; 
George M. Sharp for Attorney General, 
John McDonald for Comptroller, and 
Knock B. Abell for Clerk of the Court of 
Appeals. The Democrats placed in the 
field the following ticket: For Governor, 
Frank Brown; Attorney General, John P. 
Poe; Comptroller, Marion DeKalb Smith; 
Clerk of the Court of Appeals, J. Frank 
Ford. The municipal candidates this year 
were Solomon Davis Warfield, Reform, arid 
Ferdinand C. Latrobe, Democrat. 

Saturday evening, October 24th, a mass 
meeting of Republicans was held in Monu- 
ment Square. Mr. Vannort, during his 
speech, said: "The issue is therefore a plain 
one; if the people of this State prefer to 
perpetuate the ring that now dominates it, 
and have continued a personal and the worst 
sort of a political government, they have the 
power to will it so. That means the per- 
petuation of all the great category of ills 
that annuallv have been thrust on the at- 



232 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



tention of the public. The ring authority 
knows no law for its curtailment; its ef- 
frontry becomes more colossal and monu- 
mental. Under the guise of the people se- 
lecting the Democratic nominees, it selects 
them instead. Would-be State Senators, 
States Attorneys and Councilmen, all wend 
their way to their Mecca at the Carrollton, 
wliere the Democratic Committee is held 
in an annex room to Mr. Gorman's, and 
there they pray that they may have a lift 
of their several booms and a gratification 
of a loyal and ardent desire to serve Mam- 
mon in the name of the people." 

Mr. Sharp: "The Democratic organiza- 
tion stood for no good purpose, only for the 
personal ends and ambitions of a few men. 
No measure of progress or reform could be 
traced to it. They were all due to an en- 
ergetic Republican minority, aided by the 
Independent Democrats." 

George L. Wellington: "The leaders of 
the ring Democracy are endeavoring to 
evade the issues of our State campaign and 
shout that national politics should be con- 
sidered. Twenty-four years ago the Demo- 
cratic party by an appeal to the passionate 
prejudice and bitter feeling arising from the 
embers of sectional hate and Civil War be- 
came masters of the Commonwealtii. Then 
the State had emerged from the Civil War. 
It had its war debt and war taxes, its sink- 
ing fund and a balance in the treasury. 
What is the condition now? War taxes 
levied upon a war basis for expenses kept 
to war figures. Even these failed to meet 
the extravagant demands of the official 
hordes. That portion of the taxes set aside 
by the Constitution as a sacred trust, called 
the sinking fund, was used for other pur- 
poses, wrecked, destroyed, annihilated." 



A Democratic mass meeting was held in 
Monument Square, Thursday evening, Oc- 
tober 8th. Frank Brown was the first 
speaker. He said: "It is a glorious thing 
to belong to a party which has its history 
beginning with the first years of our Gov- 
ernment, and full of achievements inter- 
woven with all that has made our country 
great and kept our people free. It is an in- 
spiring thing to know, that by virtue of our 
act of membership, we are associated with 
those who resist the attempt of arrogant po- 
litical powei* to interfere with the independ- 
ence and integrity of popular suffrages, who 
are determined to lead our countrymen 
from unjust and unnecessary burdens; who, 
intent upon extravagance in public expeur 
ditures, and who test party purposes by 
their usefulness in promoting the interests 
and welfare of all the people in i\Iaryland." 
Senator Gorman said: "This is not a skir- 
mish; it is the beginning of the battle of 
1892. I have said in this square before that 
I have but one ambition. You can't afford 
to divide on minor matters now. They talk 
about city misgovernment. Let every 
Democrat remember that there is no such 
thing as a perfect government in the uni- 
verse, and let him remember amid all this 
criticism that there is no better governed 
city in the Union than Baltimore. 

"The Democratic party is always for the 
hard money of the Constitution, gold and 
silver alike; it has framed and passed every 
law regulating money in this country, and 
when we get back into power, as I believe 
we will in 1892, we will give to the people 
their Constitutional hard money. Never 
from a Councilman to the President of the 
United States should there be any compro- 
mise until the Democratic party is installed 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



in power. We have done our full duty in 
fighting the battles of the Constitution. I 
want to see Maryland and Baltimore plant 
their banners on the ramparts of the en- 
emy." 

Ferdinand C. Latrobe: "The Democratic 
municipal ticket is a good one, and your 
candidate for Mayor has a certain advan- 
tage that cannot be enjoyed by any candi- 
date the opposition may select. I have had 
some experience in the office of Mayor, and 
you paid for it. Now if you should elect 
a new man, you will be put to the same 
e.xpense again. On a point of economy in- 
volving capital, it is to your benefit to send 
me back to the City Hall." 

Jdlin P. Poe: "There is no debatable 
State issue in this campaign; the only ques- 
tion is, will the people of Maryland carry 
the flag and keep step to the music of na- 
tional Democracy, or will they desert the 
party that has brought peace and prosperity 
to their borders. We to-night are but a part 
of the great army of Democrats which is 
engaged in the herculean task of bringing 
back this form of government to its right- 
ful owners, the people." 

Mr. Raynor, at a Democratic meeting on 
Wednesday, October 2ist, said: "We have 
a painful recollection of the reform they 
(meaning the Republicans) inflicted upon 
us, and we will never give them another 
opportunity to reform us again. I have 
the highest esteem for some of the gen- 
tlemen engaged in the fusion movement, 
but it is the most incongruous combination 
that has ever appeared in our midst. How 
queerly iMessrs. Bruce and Marbury must 
feel when they are dreaming about the 
bosses and ring rule, to turn around upon 
their pillows and find the patriots sleeping 



right beside them, who have never gone 
dry a single day since they have been in 
the Democratic party, and who never dis- 
covered that they were reformers until they 
were reformed out of office. There are two 
kinds of fusion movements; one is the re- 
volt of the people against corruption and 
misrule, the other is a combination of par- 
tisans to avenge their grievances. The tax- 
payers who started it have been ruled out 
of it, even the colored brother has been ig- 
nored; they have refused to place a single 
representative of that race upon the legis- 
lative ticket. I again raise the standard of 
reform within the party, and proclaim that 
not only will it be realized, but with some 
slight additions the demands of the people 
have been gratified. I have never known 
the day yet that a man of ability could not 
force his way to the front in the ranks of 
the Democratic party, and I have never in 
my experience yet met the leader who is 
bold enough to trample upon his rights." 

At a Democratic meeting at Broadway 
Institute, Thursday, October 22d, Charles 
G. Kerr asserted: "I am in favor of the 
strictest enforcement of a reasonable Sun- 
day law. It will secure to every citizen the 
right he has under our Constitution to wor- 
ship God according to his own conscience, 
free and untrammeled from public disturb- 
ance or individual molestation. I do not 
know why a poor Hebrew man or woman, 
who religiously keeps the Jewish Sabbath, 
should be prevented from working on a 
sewing machine on a Christian Sunday." 

Tuesday, October 27th, Independent 
Democrats gathered in the New Assembly 
Rooms, where speeches were delivered. 

Mr. IV. Cabell Brnee: "I would be ut- 
terly lost to the obligations of duty if I failed 



234 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



to allude to the professed dissatisfaction that 
is manifested by the people in reference to 
the State Attorney's ofifice. 

"I do not propose to say one word of un- 
kindness in reference to the incumbent of 
that office. I have received more than one 
act of courtesy at his hands; in all the re- 
lations of life I wish him well. 

"So far as the Independent Democrats 
are concerned, they are never so happy as 
when the breeze is blowing briskly." 

Daniel Miller: "I have been educated to 
believe that the strict application of busi- 
ness principles to the proper conduct of af- 
fairs is a necessity." 

William L. Marbury: "If I am State's 
Attorney and there comes before me the 
case of a young man detected in the viola- 
tion of the law, I would temper justice with 
mercy, and attempt to save the young man 
from being a criminal, and give him a 
chance to retrace his steps to virtue. But 
I would not allow the right to use the Nolle 
Pros because of a political pull. Jus- 
tice should be administered independently 
of politics. 

"Air. Latrobe represents, and has for 
many years represented both in theory and 
practice, the idea of a political party govern- 
ment of the city; this system has come to 
be what is known as the spoils system in 
politics; it has prevailed in this city for 
many years under the successive adminis- 
trations of Mr. Latrobe." 

An Independent Democratic meeting, 
held Thursday, October 29th, was addressed 
by Mr. S. Davis WaiUcld. He said: "I notice 
in ihe morning papers Mr. Latrobe has un- 
dertaken to question Mr. Marbury's analy- 
sis of the finances as conducted under Mr. 



Latrobe's administration." Mr. Warfield 
then entered into a minute consideration of 
Mr. Marbury's figures and charges and 
concluded as follows: "All these matters 
were thoroughly canvassed two years ago, 
and the public opinion on the methods of 
Mr. Latrobe's administration, so decided 
that the ring did not dare to place him be- 
fore the people of Baltimore for re-election. 
The public thoroughly understood the sit- 
uation; it is entirely a question whether 
they will now take the control of their af- 
fairs into their own hands or' permit the 
continuance of a system which has saddled 
upon them a tax rate for which they have 
not and cannot, so long as that system con- 
tinues, get value received." 

On the same evening there was a Re- 
publican meeting at Bohemia Hall, at 
which Mr. Geo. M. Sharp spoke: "He had 
heard it said Governor Jackson had not 
read the Constitution, and also heard it said 
that the Governor claimed to have read the 
Cons^-itution, but he forgot it. It was also 
stated that he read it once, and said he could 
not find anything about the Governor in it. 
He was told he was reading the Constitu- 
tion of the United States and not of ]\Iary- 
land. He wanted to know if there were not 
Democrats enough in Maryland to show us 
the state of affairs at Annapolis, and to let 
us know if there is not more money miss- 
ing." 

At China Hall a meeting was addressed 
by Arehibald Stirling, who said: "The 
people want fair elections and fair election 
laws, and for that reason the Republicans 
of Maryland have coalesced with the Inde- 
pendents for the last four years." 

77. Clay Kail: "The rule of Gorman and 
Rasin is more despotic than thai of the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



235 



Czar of Russia. The Democrats are calling* 
Frank Brown a Napoleon. What do you 
think old Bonaparte would say if he knew 
it?" 

Mr. Thos. G. Hayes made a speech at 
Cross Street Hall. He claimed: "This is a 
preliminary contest to the great battle of 
1892, and if staunch old Maryland should 
break loose from her mooring, the effect on 
her neighboring States would be most dis- 
astrous. Would it not be an appalling 
thing to the Democrats of this State to re- 
turn Senators in favor of the obno.xious 
force bill, and unseat the adroit Arthur P. 
Gorman, who contributed so largely to its 
defeat last season?" 

At the election in November Vannort, 
for Governor, received 26,583 votes, and 
Brown received 44,123 votes; for Mayor, S. 
Davis Warfield received 31,090 votes, and 
Ferdinand C. Latrobe received 40,357 
votes; Charles G. Kerr, for State's Attor- 
ney, against whom the fiercest of the fight 
was waged, had 40,151 votes, and Wm. L. 
Alarbury had 30,924 votes; for Attorney 
General, Sharp had 27,640 votes, and John 
P. Poe 41,366 votes. 

1892. 

Benjamin Harrison, Republican nominee 
for President, was opposed by Grover 
Cleveland, Democrat. Harry Wells Rusk 
and Isidor Rayner were the Democratic 
candidates for Congress in the Third and 
Fourth Districts. Against them were 
Charles Herzog and A. Worth Spates. 

August 26th a Harrison banner was un- 
furled in front of the Young Men's Re- 
publican Club, and the assemblage listened 
to speeches. 

George L. Wellington: "We want again 



that administration that has been so thor- 
oughly American that the strong arm of 
the Government goes out over the seas and 
to every land, and holds its hands to protect 
the American citizen, whether born in 
America or naturalized here, and says: 
'This is our son and no man dare touch 
him.' We want the same policy that pro- 
tects our interest in the Bering Sea; the 
policy that brought Chili to terms, and says 
to Canada 'if you don't treat our vessels as 
you do your own we will retaliate.' We 
want that same policy of protection to 
American industries and the elevation of 
American labor." 

JVilliam j\l. Marine: "General Harrison 
has his home record and his political record; 
both commend him to his countrymen. He 
has made a good husband and father, and 
one of the best of Presidents, why should 
the Nation desire to lose his services. It 
will not care to do so. It is more difficult 
to secure a new commander, with capacity, 
than it is to part with an efficient one. The 
people should ponder over this proposition; 
It is worthy of their consideration." 

Thursday, October 13th, Charles Herzog 
spoke at a meeting in the Concordia Opera 
House. In the course of his speech he 
thus expressed himself: "Ever since a ma- 
jority of the people of the State resolved to 
create a Nation and become one of the 
great powers of the world, the discontented, 
first calling themselves Republicans and 
afterwards Democrats, have tried in vain 
to hamper, bind and obstruct the progress 
and development of the Nation. The as- 
sertion that the Democratic party has never 
proposed, and, as a necessary consequence, 
has never enacted any measure tending to 
the progress and welfare of the Nation, is 



236 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



of easy demonstration. From the begin- 
ning of our National existence the Demo- 
cratic doctrine has been that the United 
States, as a Nation, has no authority to de- 
velop the country, foster its industries or 
protect the working man in his labor." 

Mr. A. Worth Spates: "No part of our 
Republic is more interested in the great 
question to be passed upon by the people 
in November next than is our State, es- 
pecially our city, standing like a giant sen- 
tinel, at the head of a great water-way lead- 
ing to the sea. A protecting policy, under 
which our Nation has become the most 
powerful upon the globe, and under which 
our own immediate manufactures are pros- 
pering as never before; under which the 
industries of our own city are multiplying; 
under which tin, brass and other factories 
are towering heavenward on every side; a 
protecting policy which enabled us to 
rapidly recover from the war of revolution, 
is antagonized as never before. 

"We contend for protection for the home 
and fireside, for enterprise and progress, 
for America for Americans, for the policy 
of Washington and Lincoln, the tongue of 
the past discloses it to lie right, and the 
voice of history tells us it is just." 

Tuesday evening, October i8th, at the 
Cermania Mannerchoir Hall, Robert C. 
Davidson, in addressing the Democrats, 
said: "The greatest contest of our history is 
now upon us; it includes both the financial 
and governmental system. On one side is 
arrayed the coml)ined power of capital, 
constantly reinforced i)\- the jirescnt sys- 
tem of taxation, and on the other, of which 
our party is the true re])resentative, stand 
the great masses of the jieoplc, striving not 
merch- for the nieacer existence, but for 



one under proper political and financial en- 
vironment, which would furnish them with 
more than a competent allowance. This is 
prevented by the present tariff system, 
which is restrictive in the extreme, and Mc- 
Kinleyism is our Shibboleth, and with it we 
will win. The Republican party, by its ad- 
vocacy of the force bill, strikes at home 
rule. Any party advocating such a meas- 
ure should be driven from the halls of 
power with the lashes of the people's 
wrath." 

Isidore Rayncr: "The Democratic plat- 
form was modeled upon the principle that 
the rates of duty should be levied upon the 
greatest luxuries, and the lowest rates of 
duty on the greatest necessities, so as to put 
as low taxes on every article of use and 
consumption within the reach of the Ameri- 
can household. 

"The force bill is not a dead issue, it is a 
live issue; it means that local governments 
in the South shall be overthrown. This is 
my Democracy: Honest taxes, honest bal- 
lot and an honest currency, and this is the 
Democracy of Grover Cleveland." 

John P. Foe: "The issues of this fight are 
all absorbing. They clearly mark the dif- 
ferences between the two parties. The two 
great questions are Federal taxation and 
the force bill. The former affects all the 
people need for the comforts of their fam- 
ilies. When after a political exile of twenty 
years the Democratic party returned 
home, the great keart of this Nation re- 
joiced at the end of internal dissensions and 
the great Grant's wish for peace was real- 
ized, and not till then. Then came a great 
political calamity in 1888. Home rule in 
the States was well-nigh destroyed, and no 
relief was given to the people from the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



237 



great burden of taxation that rested and 
now rests upon them." 

In the election in November Cleveland 
received 51,000 votes, and Harrison 36,800. 
In the Third District for Congress Rusk 
received 19,806 votes, and Herzog 13,579 
votes, and in the Fourth District Rayner 
21,455 votes, and Spates 14,646 votes. 
1893. 

Ferdinand C. Latrobe was the Demo- 
cratic nominee for Mayor this year, and 
William T. Malster the Republican nomi- 
nee. Marion De Kalb Smith was the 
Democratic candidate for Comptroller, and 
James Turner Perkins the Republican. 

Tuesday evening-, October 24th, the 
Democrats held a meeting, at which Mr. 
Latrobe spoke. He said: "I am not the 
only Mayor who has been elected six terms. 
In the city of Providence, Mayor Doyl was 
elected seventeen consecutive terms. There 
is some hope for me, you see, even after 
this term. Now then, the Mayor don't 
govern the city. The Mayor and City 
Council do. No man governs any one thing 
in this country, except, perhaps, his wife." 

On Thursday evening, October 26th, at 
a Republican meeting, Mr. Malster said: 
"I am not sent here for the purpose of mak- 
ing a speech. I came to see you and to ask 
you if it is well with you — if the lines have 
been closed and the pickets stationed. For 
you must know our antagonists are always 
on the alert. 

"You are men of intelligence, men of 
thought and reflection, and well capable of 
acting for yourselves, and if the present 
method of municipal administration does 
not accord with your ideas of good govern- 
ment, the remedy is in your hands, where I 
propose to leave it." 



In Baltimore City, Perkins, Republican, 
for Comptroller, had 30,083 votes, and 
Smith, Democrat, 40,437 votes. Malster, 
Republican, for Mayor, had 31,400 votes, 
and Latrobe, 38,286 votes. 
1894. 

The candidates in Baltimore for Con- 
gress were H. Wells Rusk, Democrat, and 
William S. Booze, Republican, and in the 
Fourth District, John K. Cowen, Demo- 
crat, and Robert H. Smith, Republican; 
for Judge of the Supreme Bench, John J. 
Dobler, Republican, and Charles G. Kerr, 
Democrat. 

A meeting of the Republicans was held 
in the Third Congressional District on the 
evening of Thursday, October 18th, at 
which Dr. Boose spoke. He said: "Under 
the last Republican administration prosper- 
ity was general throughout the country, 
now we are the subjects of financial de- 
pression. It is felt and realized in every 
avenue of trade and business that those 
who most sufifer are the laboring classes. 
The amount of wages paid yearly has de- 
creased 44 per cent., with 2,000,000 of 
workmen out of employment." 

The evening of the same day John K. 
Cowen, the Democratic nominee for Con- 
gress in the Fourth District, spoke in Hol- 
lins' Hall. Mr. Joseph S. Heinsler pre- 
sided, and in his address said: "Every 
Democrat will come boldly up to the front 
on election day and do his whole duty. We 
must bury all personal animosities. We 
have but one duty to perform, and that is 
to support this National administration. 

"We want a solid delegation in the next 
Congress from this grand old Common- 
wealth of j\Iaryland. Men whom Grover 
Cleveland can roly upon, and it is not your 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



duty to permit him to be shackled and 
manacled, hand and foot, by a Republican 
House of Representatives lead by Tom 
Reed." 

,1/r. Cozvcji: I am here to discuss the 
tariff question; my Republican friends say 
I wear the red cap of the barricades; that I 
am inimical to American industries and 
labor. They say that I am a free trader, 
and this I do not deny. They say that it 
means ruin to American industries and 
labor. I take issue with that statement. I 
shall endeavor to establish that instead of 
being a menace it is a great developer of 
industries. Trade is the exchange of 
product for product, service for service. It 
is the cause of Christian civilization. 

"The exchange of one man's labors for 
another's is the thing that has dotted coun- 
tries with towns and cities. The exchange 
of product for product has established your 
mills here and elsewhere. If you do not 
believe in free trade, then you believe in re- 
stricted trade." 

The Republicans held a meeting on 
Tuesday, October 23d, in Hollins' Hall. 
Mr. Stnith said that he asked the indulgence 
of the audience while he read his speech: 
"I have written it out in order that there 
may be no mistake. I want you to know, 
and I want the people of the district to 
know, just where and how I stand in this 
fight. Not only is this city made up of 
hospitable homes and warm-hearted people, 
but homes and people are free from a condi- 
tion of things which exist in our neighbor- 
ing city, in which the guardians of the life 
and property of her people have been con- 
victed of corruption and fraud which have 
shocked the civilized world. Not so with 
us. I do not believe that there is a more 



efficient police force or fire department in 
any city in this country than Baltimore has. 
It is true when my tax bill comes in I 
wince a little, and I wonder whether or not 
economy could have been practiced some- 
where, so that the rate could have been less 
than $1.70 on a hundred. But when I look 
out at the asphalt pavement in front of my 
door and the public school houses that have 
been and are being built, and faithful teach- 
ears that are being paid, at the police who 
guard your homes and mine — your life 
and mine, by night and by day, through 
winter and summer; at the brave firemen 
who expose their lives to save the lives and 
property of others, I say when I look at all 
these and other departments which are 
necessary for the proper government and 
care of the city, I say to myself I guess it's 
all right, and that even though Baltimore 
is ruled by the criminal classes, they rule it 
right well." 

Mr. Smith's utterances created dis- 
pleasure and contributed no little toward 
his defeat. He defended his opponents 
from the charges made against them, an 
unusual proceeding. 

Mr. George R. Gaither: "There was a 
danger in sending a corporation attorney 
to Congress. Mr. Cowen has been known 
for the tremendous attacks upon the ring 
of this city, and for his efforts for so many 
years to accomplish its overthrow. Upon 
the husteing and every part of this city he 
has denounced the corruption of the men 
who control the affairs of this city, and has 
sounded the note of reform. And yet we 
suddenly find him accepting a nomination 
at the hands of the very men whom he has 
so villified and abused. We need only 
quote his own language: 'I therefore call 



^ 




4^ 



i^ V rWi-ly^^CC/y/M^ 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



upon the people of this city who value a 
pure judiciary, who do not wish to see their 
court house disgraced by (naming local 
leaders), to expose their specious argu- 
ments to stamp out the blot and to protect 
from the foul hands of the bosses the judi- 
ciary which they have secured after so 
fierce a struggle.' " 

At a Democratic meeting Wednesday 
evening, October 24th, Mr. Harry W. 
Rusk spoke, saying: "The campaign is 
based on the tariff and the retention of 
Grover Cleveland and the Democratic party 
in power. To carry out the Democratic 
platform to the letter. The Democratic 
party will not be satisfied until this is ac- 
complished. The Democratic party has 
corrected the blunder of the Harrison ad- 
ministration and repealed the Sherman law, 
so that every dollar shall be of equal pur- 
chasing power, in order that the poor man 
may not be paid with a depreciated dollar, 
and the rich man paid in whatever coin he 
selects. We found the enormous surplus 
in the Treasury wasted by the Republican 
party, when, as Mr. Cleveland said, it ought 
to be in the pockets of the people. We 
found panics under the McKinley tariff 
which was fostered upon the people under 
the false pretense that it would raise wages 
and give revenue to the Government. But 
the paramount duty of the party is tariff 
revision." 

At a Republican meeting on Friday, Oc- 
tober 26th, Mr. Chas. L. Wilson, in his ad- 
dress, said: "It is as much the duty and 
Constitutional right of Congress to protect 
the industries by which the people could 
honestly earn a comfortable living as it is 
to protect them in person and property by 
criminal laws." 



At a Democratic meeting Wednesday! 
October 31st, Mr. Skipwith Wilmer thus 
expressed himself: "With the question of 
State rights, the force bill and Federal elec- 
tion laws, and the silver question, relegated 
to the past, the only question of any 
moment is one of taxation. The Demo- 
cratic party deals with this simply when it 
says 'that the only taxation should be such 
as to support a Government economically 
administered.' But the Republicans believe 
in taxing the people to make business more 
profitable." 

Isidor Rayncr: "The time has passed 
when the words free trade drive the Demo- 
crats like cowards. The only difference 
now is that one man believes in a little less 
taxation than another, that 60.000,000 of 
people ought not to enrich the other 5,- 
000,00 of the populace." 

On the same evening IVni. M. Marine 
made a speech at a Republican meeting, in 
which he said: "Since the era of universal 
prosperity, stretching through a quarter of 
a century past, Baltimore has almost 
doubled its population. Why has that re- 
sult been obtained? It is due to the opera- 
tions of a protective tariff. The industries 
which have been fostered within the period 
named have been such as a tariff promotes. 
Baltimore is virtually a city of small manu- 
facturers in connection with its larger fac- 
tories and foundries. They have been 
nurtured by a policy of protection, and 
could not have grown without it. 

"The coal industry is one of large pro- 
portions, and should the Gorman tariff du- 
ties on the importation of Canadian coal 
prove ineffective to keep out that com- 
modity from competition with coal from 
American mines, the disaster niav affect 



24S 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



corporate as well as National interests. 
The manufacture of clothing by those en- 
gaged in that industry has caused Balti- 
more to rank as the largest producing city 
of clothing in the United States. Free 
trade is an alarm bell sounding the death 
knell of its reigning industries." 

At the election in November for Con- 
gress in the Third District, Booze, Repub- 
lican, received 15,721 votes; Rusk, Demo- 
crat, received 16,209 votes. In the Fourth 
District Smith, Republican, received 16,178 
votes, and Cowen, Democrat. 17,184 votes. 
Dobler, Republican, for Judge, had a plur- 
ality over Kerr, Democrat, of 3.321 votes. 

1895. 

The candidates for Governor this year 
were Lloyd Lowndes, Republican, and 
John E. Hurst, Democrat. The nominees 
for Mayor of Baltimore were Alcaeus 
Hooper, Republican, and Henry Williams, 
Democrat. 

Tuesday, October 15th, a Republican 
meeting was held in the Music Hall. 
George L. Wellington, in calling the meet- 
ing to order, said, as he looked out upon 
the concourse that it seemed to him that 
Maryland had wakened from its torpor 
of the last thirty years: "We have here 
wisdom, strength and beauty. We have 
here the enthusiasm of youth; the wisdom 
of age, capital, labor and trade are gathered 
together; the rich and the poor; the white 
and the black. In addition we have fair 
women to grace the occasion. 

"I wish to introduce to the assemblage 
a staunch Republican, an old soldier, lirave 
in war and generous in peace, Cien. Felix 
Agnus." 

Goi. Acniis: "\ funeral train loaded 



with dead issues, frosted hopes, and a 
paralyzed future passed through this hall 
the other night. A good crowd assembled 
to view it, because funerals are attractive to 
some people. It left a lot of gloom, and I 
want to tell you how refreshing it is to look 
into your pleasant and confident faces, and 
to see that gloom dispelled, and to know 
that ours is the people's train. Wellington 
the engineer, tells me that on the 5th of 
November he proposes to put on all steam 
and let her go at the rate of ninety miles an 
hour, and he will never stop until he lands 
his passengers safely, both at Annapolis 
and the City Hall of Baltimore. 

"What Lloyd Lowndes promises, he will 
do, and citizens of all parties may feel as- 
ured that nothing can swerve him from the 
path of honor and duty. Nothing can in- 
duce him to be unfaithful even in thought to 
the welfare of the State. Mr. Lowndes has 
also a remarkable memory for names and 
faces. I know of only one statesman who 
could equal him in this, and that was our 
dear old friend and leader, James G. 
Blaine." 

Lloyd Lozvudcs: "I consider the princi- 
pal issues in this campaign are re-assess- 
ment, honest registration, fair elections, 
good citizenship and good government. 
The Republican party stands pledged for a 
re-assessment of the property of this State, 
and if it is successful the Legislature will 
promptly pass such a law. Should I be 
successful in November next, I promise you 
with God's assistance that Maryland shall 
have a pure and honest government, and 1 
will so try to manage the afifairs of this State 
that those who shall give me their support 
will never regret their confidence thus be- 
stowed." 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



243 



Alcacits Hooper: "You have before you 
one of the candidates for the office of 
Ma_yor. The question that the citizens of 
Baltimore have to pass on at the coming 
election is a very simple one, and that is, 
'Are the afifairs of this city being admin- 
istered in a way that you have a right to 
demand?' 'Are the results satisfactory, such 
as we have a right to expect?" If the re- 
sults from the recent municipal investiga- 
tion which was suggested by the Democrats 
are symptoms of the disease, then the con- 
dition of the body politic is very desperate. 
The city commissioners' department has 
been shown to have been so managed that 
no one can be found to defend it. Are the 
city's interests longer to be continued in the 
hands of those who have not been faithful 
to their trusts in the past? It is time, I 
think, to redeem ourselves from misrule." 

John V. L. Findlay: "It was due to 
Mr. Cleveland that the country is not to-day 
upon a silver basis. We owe honor to Mr. 
Cleveland, who stood like a rock when, 
if that trickster who mouses in the Capitol 
had had his way, the country would have 
been placed in a sad plight for years to 
come." Mr. Findlay closed by saying that 
Mr. Lowndes would redeem the pledges 
made by him, and that "now is the ac- 
cepted time, and now the day of the salva- 
tion of the people." 

Friday, October 25, a meeting of the In- 
dependent Democrats, in favor of the elec- 
tion of the Republican State and city ticket, 
took place. Mr. Joseph Packard presided. 
In his remarks he said: "From ordinary 
robberies our police authorities swear to 
protect us; why should not election thieves 
be worse than criminals, and dealt with in 
the same way? The newspapers have ex- 



posed their haunts and the names on which 
they will try to vote are known. The Re- 
form League in the tenure of their existence 
has brought about the prosecution of a 
number of election criminals; about a dozen 
of these were actually convicted, though 
they were afterward pardoned and a num- 
ber of others escaped punishment by reason 
of the change in the law pending their 
trial." 

David L. Barf hit: "The two great par- 
ties into which the country is divided con- 
nived at fraudulent registration and fraudu- 
lent voting, and a party in our city which 
has held what they felt to be an assured 
majority for a term of years has been ruled 
by a few designing men." 

William Keyser: "The Democratic ma- 
chine in this city is a very powerful agency 
for the control of elections; it is the out- 
come of long years of crime and experience ; 
its present managers are men well skilled in 
its use and thoroughly competent to em- 
ploy it to the best advantage to promote 
their own interest. The defense of the 
people against the machines rests ex- 
clusively in the ballot-box.'' 

Charles Marshall: "If it were but the 
abstract question of fair elections, the vote 
would be unanimous. The question is, 
what can be done to procure them? Is 
there a necessity to promote this end? 
Surely there is. Are not all the signs pat- 
ent before us? First, were the people ex- 
cluded from witnessing the simple process 
of registration, said to be concealed and 
done in a corner, under the advice of coun- 
sel? Why did they drive out the watchers? 
What honest purpose could that serve? 
Why do men love darkness rather than 
light? Because their deeds are evil." 



244 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Roger W. Cull: "Through the machin- 
ations of the Democratic party managers, 
the nomination instead of being equivalent 
to an election, is equivalent to fraud." 

Mr. Edgar H. Cans: "Fair elections is 
not a party question ; it was one that massed 
good people on one side and scoundrels on 
the other; the election frauds were worse 
than most other kinds of villainies. The 
Police Board should not only say there 
should be fair elections, but they should 
do something in favor of them. Give me 
the authority and the aid of six police offi- 
cers whom I could name, and I can prevent 
all tenement house election frauds." 

On the evening of the same day the Re- 
publicans held a meeting in the Front 
Street Theatre. 

Lloyd Lowndes: "There is a great battle 
going on in Maryland, which the entire 
country is watching to-night. It is not a 
fight of Republicanism against Democracy, 
but of good government against bad gov- 
ernment." 

A man in the gallery persistently shouted 
to the speaker to "Shut up!" before he was 
ejected. Mr. Lowndes exclaimed: "We 
don't propose to be interrupted here to- 
night by any ruffians of the Democratic 
party. We propose to win this fight of 
good government, honest registration and 
an honest ballot, and an honest count." 

George L. Wellington: "The Republi- 
can party is not fighting for a partisan gov- 
ernment, not for spoils, but to advance the 
political and material interests of Maryland. 
Democratic ring rule in Maryland has kept 
down the people in this State for twenty- 
five years, robbed them of their right of 
suffrage and their right to a fair election; 
there has not been a fair election in Balti- 



more since 1875. To have a fair election, 
we must not bring in Greenmount ceme- 
tery. We must not register men from an 
orphan asylum or one hundred and thirty- 
two men from a house that has but one 
bed." 

Alcacus Hooper: "I believe that all now 
understand that the present semblance of 
government, under city and State, is not a 
popular form of government. Democrats 
and Republicans are not allied in this cam- 
paign simply to put the Republican party 
in power, but for a change in the methods of 
government. The stockholders of this cor- 
poration want to know if the ledgers in the 
City Hall contain an accurate statement of 
the assets of the city. We also want to 
know what are the needs of the city. One 
of the speakers has said that I am one of 
the stubbornest men in Baltimore. Unless 
you put a stubborn man in the City Hall, 
men outside of it will control him." 

On Saturday evening, November 2nd, at 
an Independent Democrat meeting, at Mu- 
sic Hall, Gov. IVhyte, during his speech, 
said: "Believing as we do that there is no 
hope of the regeneration of our party 
through the ordinary channels of primary 
elections while the partv machinery is in the 
hands of men in whose vocabulary there is 
no such word as fair play, what are we to 
do but to follow the example of Tilden and 
beat them at the polls. 

"In a public speech six years ago, when 
I held the office of Attorney General, I said: 
'There comes a time, though not often, 
when revolution within the ranks of party 
is the path of duty, and I am ready to tread 
it whenever I deem it necessary.' This is 
the day, this is the hour. I oppose the 
Democratic State ticket, because it was the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



offspring- of a recreant party representa- 
tive, and is not the free choice of the party 
of the people." 

Joseph S. Henislcr: "I am a Democrat, 
and every man within sound of my voice 
knows it, but in order to rid our party of the 
men who defile the party honor, I am here 
to advise every honest Democrat to vote the 
Republican ticket." 

At the election on Tuesday, November 
5th, the Republican State and city ticket 
was elected. 

For Governor — Lowndes, Republican, 
had 55,324, and Hurst, Democrat, 43,308; 
for Mayor — Hooper,* Republican, 53,099, 
and Williams, Democrat, 45,192. 

The Republicans elected the entire dele- 



gation from Baltimore to the Legislature, 
First and Second Branches of the City 
Council, the Judges of the Orphan's Court, 
the State's Attorney, the Sheriff and Clerk 
of the Superior Court and Circuit Court 
No. 2 of the city. 

The revolution was complete and new 
men of a new party were charged with the 
responsibilities of government. How they 
have kept their pledges and maintained 
plighted faith with the people, it is at this 
early stage not necessary to state. As 
soon as the political developments of the 
present attain the dignity of history, the 
appropriate and effective narrator and 
chronicler of such transactions will as- 
suredly appear. 



CHAPTER IX. 



A Historical Sketch of the Bench and Bar of Baltimore City. 



By w. T. 

The bar of Baltimore City from its earli- 
est period down to the present time has 
been justly celebrated for the learning, abil- 
ity and eloquence of its great leaders. 
Many of the most eminent lawyers this 
country has produced, men of national rep- 
utation, have been practitioners at that bar. 
It is not in any degree an exaggeration to 
say that this bar was always the equal and 
often the superior of that of any other city. 

The history of the bar is the history of 
the men who shed lustre upon it. These 
leaders were, it is true, first, but it cannot 
be said that the rest, their less famous breth- 
ren, did not occupy a distinctive and hon- 
orable position. The leaders were only the 
highest peaks of a lofty mountain range. 

The great Maryland lawyer before and 
during the revolutionary period was Daniel 
Dulany. Many of his opinions upon cases 
submitted to him are reported in the early 
volumes of the Maryland reports and were, 
for a long time afterwards, referred to as 
authorities of the first order. He did not 
become a resident of Baltimore until late 
in life and only a few years before his death 
in 1797. 

The next conunanding figure in our legal 
history is that of Luther Martin. When 
Chief Justice Taney began the study of law 
in 1796, he frequently attended the Courts 
and studied lawyers as well as law. In the 



Brantly. 

autobiographical sketch prefixed to his life 
by Tyler, Judge Taney says, referring to the 
period mentioned, that Martin was then 
"the acknowledged and undisputed head of 
the profession in Maryland. He was so in 
the eye of the public, and he was so admitted 
by the bar. Nobodv disputed it with him 
until Mr. Pinkney returned from Europe. 
* * * Mr. Martin's habits, however, had at 
that time become bad. He often appeared 
in Court evidently intoxicated, and, per- 
haps, was not free from the influence of 
stimulants when I first heard him. His 
dress was a compound of the fine and the 
coarse and appeared never to have felt the 
brush. He wore ruffles at the wrists, richly 
edged with lace — although every other per- 
son had long before abandoned them — and 
these ruffles, conspicuously broad, were 
dabbled and soiled and showed that they 
had not been changed for a day or more. 
His voice was not musical and, when much 
excited, it cracked. * * * He was an ac- 
complished scholar and wrote with classical 
correctness and great strength, but, in his 
speech, he seemed to delight in vulgarisms 
which were never heard except among the 
colored servants and the ignorant and un- 
educated whites, * * * but he was a pro- 
found lawyer. He never missed the strong 
points of his case, and, although much 
might generally have been better omitted. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



247 



everybody who listened to him would agree 
that nothing could be added, but, unfortu- 
nately for him, he was not always listened 
to. He introduced so much extraneous 
matter, or dwelt so long on unimportant 
points, that the attention was apt to be 
fatigued and withdrawn and the logic and 
force of his argument lost upon the Court 
and jury. But these very defects arose, in 
some measure, from the fullness of his legal 
knowledge. He had an iron memory and 
forgot nothing that he had read, and he had 
read a great deal on every branch of the 
law, and took pleasure in showing it when 
his case did not require it." 

The first great State trial in America was 
the impeachment of Judge Chase, of the 
Supreme Court, in 1804, which was tried 
before the Senate, presided over by Aaron 
Burr. The prosecution or impeachment 
was led by John Randolph, of Roanoke, 
while Martin led for the defense. In Henry 
Adams' Life of Randolph, he says: "Most 
formidable of American advocates was the 
rollicking, witty, audacious Attorney Gen- 
eral of Maryland; boon companion of Chase 
and of the whole bar; drunken, generous, 
slovenly, grand; bull-dog of Federalism, as 
IMr. Jefferson called him, shouting with a 
school-boy's fun at the idea of tearing Ran- 
dolph's indictment to pieces and teaching 
the Virginia Democrats some law — the no- 
torious reprobate, genius, Luther Martin." 
And again, in the same work, "Nothing 
can be finer in its way than Martin's famous 
speech. Its rugged and sustained force; its 
strong humor, audacity and dexterity; its 
even flow and simple choice of language, 
free from rhetoric and affectations ; its close 
and compulsive grip of the law; its good 
natured contempt for the obstacles put in 



its way — all these signs of elemental vigor 
were like the forces of nature, simple, direct, 
fresh as winds and ocean." 

Martin was born in New Jersey in 1744 
and was graduated at Princeton with the 
highest honors of his class in 1763. He 
came in the same year to Queen Anne's 
county, Maryland, where he taught school 
while studying law. He was admitted to 
the bar in 1771 and took up his residence in 
Somerset county. He quickly obtained 
a lucrative practice in both the Maryland 
and Virginia counties of the Eastern Shore. 
In 1778 he was appointed Attorney Gen- 
eral of the State and moved to Baltimore, 
which continued to be his principal place 
of residence until shortly before his death. 
This office of Attorney General he held un- 
interruptedly from 1778 to 1805, when he 
resigned. In 1813 he was Chief Justice of 
the Court of Oyer and Terminer of Balti- 
more county, but held this position for only 
some three years. In February, 1818, he 
was reappointed Attorney General. Mar- 
tm was a member of the Convention of 
1787 which framed the Constitution of the 
United States, but he refused to sign that 
instrument and published a letter to the 
Maryland Legislature, in which he strongly 
advocated its rejection. Subsequently, 
however, he became an ardent Federalist. 

The second great State trial in American 
history was that of Aaron Burr for high 
treason at Richmond, in 1807. In this 
Martin again led for the defense in a mas- 
terly manner and was again successful. 
Martin's private life was stained by the vice 
of drunkenness, which, in his later years, 
became a fixed habit. Not the least extra- 
ordinary thing about this extraordinary 
man is that he should have done tlie prodig- 



248 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



ious amount of work and achieved the emi- 
nence that he did in spite of such a fatal 
defect. 

Another defect in his character was his 
reckless extravagance and imprudence, 
which, however, was accompanied in his 
case, as it often is, by much generosity and 
kindness of heart. He himself says that he 
had never been an economist of anything 
but time. Although he had an income 
which he said exceeded twelve thousand 
dollars a year, yet he was always in debt. 
He suffered a stroke of paralysis in 1820 
and his capacity for work was at an end. 
So great, however, was the admiration with 
which he was regarded that in 1822, the 
Legislature passed a joint resolution requir- 
ing every lawyer in the State to pay an an- 
nual license fee of five dollars for the use 
of Luther Martin. Although manifestly 
unconstitutional, no Maryland lawyer ever 
refused to pay this license. Burr had never 
paid Martin anything for his services in the 
trial for treason, but he now took Martin 
into his house in New York and there the 
great hero of countless forensic struggles 
died on July loth, 1826. His wife, a daugh- 
ter of the well known Capt. Michael Cresap, 
had long before preceded him. 

William Pinkney, although twenty years 
younger than Martin, was his greatest rival 
and, in the judgment of some, his decided 
superior. Judge Taney said that when 
Pinkney returned from England "the reign 
of Martin was at an end." Except in legal 
learning and ability, there was a great con- 
trast between the two men. Martin was 
rough and overbearing in manner, slipshod 
in speech, careless in dress, and often drunk. 
Pinkney was a man of fashion and society 
with distinguished bearing: studiously 



courteous, with great charm of manner; a 
master of rhetoric and fine phrases; an ac- 
complished diplomat who had served at the 
Courts of England and Russia and had been 
the friend of Pitt and Erskine and Canning. 
In addition to all this, he was a great law- 
yer and great orator. Of all the Maryland 
lawyers, he was the one who possessed the 
highest native genius. William Wirt wrote 
of him as "the comet," "the Maryland lion." 
Pinkney fascinated his contemporaries and 
the spell he cast upon them is perpetuated 
by tradition so that his name is still the 
greatest in the annals of the Maryland bar. 
Perhaps one may say it is the greatest in 
the history of the American bar. Rufus 
Choate and some others are now more 
widely known, but only, I think, because 
they lived in a succeeding generation. It 
is said that Choate as a young man saw 
Pinkney fall back fainting during his last 
argument in the Supreme Court and that he 
then resolved to struggle for the place so 
vacated — that of the acknowledged leader 
of the bar of the United States. 

In the autobiographical sketch already 
referred to, Chief Justice Taney wrote: "I 
have heard almost all the great advocates 
of the United States, both of the past and 
present generation, but I have seen none 
equal Pinkney. He was a profound lawyer 
in every department of the science, as well 
as a powerful and eloquent debater. He 
always saw the strongest point in his case 
and he put forth his whole strength to sup- 
port it by analogies from other branches of 
the law. * * There was one defect in his 
mode of speaking. His voice and manner 
and intonation did not appear to be natural, 
but studied and artificial. * * * His style 
was metaphorical, but liy no means turgid. 




i^^^^-^^^IL^ 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



249 



And, although on some occasions, I 
thought it too ornate and his metaphors too 
gorgeous for a legal argument, yet it was 
impossible not to listen to them with pleas- 
ure. They were always introduced at the 
right time and at the right place, and 
seemed to grow out of the subject of which 
he was speaking and to illustrate it. He 
was fastidiously correct in his language, in 
its grammatical arrangement, in the grace- 
ful flow and harmony of the sentence, and 
in the correct and exact pronunciation of 
every word. * * * His arguments were 
syllogisms and his points clearly stated and 
carefully kept separate in the discussion. 
He came to every case fully prepared with 
his argument and authorities arranged and 
no temptation could induce him to speak in 
a case, great or small, unless he had time to 
prepare for it; and he argued every one as 
carefully as if his reputation depended upon 
that speech." 

Pinkney was born at Annapolis on March 
17th, 1764, and was called to the bar in 
1786. Two years later he was a member 
of the House of Delegates from Harford 
county. Soon afterwards he removed to 
Annapolis and became a member of the Ex- 
ecutive Council, in 1792. He at once 
achieved a leading position at the bar. His 
profound legal learning as well as his feli- 
city of diction is shown by his argument in 
the case of Martindale vs. Troop, 3 H. & 
McH., 270, which was made when he was 
twenty-nine years of age. In 1796, Pink- 
ney was appointed by President Washing- 
ton a commissioner on the part of the 
United States to England under Jay's treaty 
and he lived in London for eight years — till 
August, 1804. In 1806, he was accredited 
as Minister Extraordinary to England and 



occupied that post, which was so important 
during the Napoleonic wars and the depre- 
dations on American commerce, until June, 
181 1. In asking President Madison to re- 
call him from London, he wrote: "The 
compensation, as it is oddly called, allotted 
by the Government to the maintenance of 
its representatives abroad is a pittance 
which no economy, however rigid or even 
mean, can render adequate." 

In September, 181 1, soon after his return 
from England, Pinkney was elected to the 
Senate of Maryland, and in the following 
December he was appointed Attorney Gen- 
eral of the United States. This ofifice he 
resigned in 1814 when an act of Congress 
was passed requiring the Attorney General 
to reside la Washington, because he was 
unwilling to give up his large and lucrative 
practice in the Courts of Baltimore City. 
During the war with England, Pinkney be- 
came the major of a regiment of volunteers 
and fought at the battle of Bladensburg, 
where he was severely wounded. In 18 16', 
he was appointed Minister to Russia and 
Special Envoy to Naples. He went first to 
Naples to demand indemnity for losses in- 
flicted upon American commerce and then 
to St. Petersburg, where he resided for two 
years. This ended his diplomatic service. 
He returned to the practice of law in 18 18, 
but only four years of life were left to him. 
In 1819 he was elected to the United States 
Senate and in February of the next year, 
made his famous speech on the Missouri 
Compromise, which is printed in the Life 
of Pinkney, by Henry Wheaton, reporter 
of the Supreme Court. He died on Feb- 
ruary 25, 1822, at the age of fifty-eight. It 
will thus be seen that Pinkney's career at 
the bar embraced about thirty-four years, 



250 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



of which fifteen were spent in diplomatic 
service abroad, so that his real professional 
work was done in considerably less than 
twenty years. Speaking once in regard to 
his frequent and prolonged absences, Pink- 
ney said: "There are those among my 
friends who wonder that I will go abroad, 
however honorable the service. They know 
not how- I toil at the bar; they know not 
all my an.xious days and sleepless nights. 
I must breathe awhile; the bow forever bent 
will break." He was always, however, 
abroad, as well as at home, a hard student, 
notwithstanding his desire to shine as a man 
of fashion. "Commend me," said Wirt, "to 
such a fellow as Pinkney, who sacrifices at 
the altar of professional ambition all his 
love of ease and pleasure and even that 
strong tendency to repose, to which his age, 
his corpulence, and the ample honors he 
has already won must conspire so power- 
fully to dispose him." Pinkney was thus a 
good example of the infi}iitiis labor ct quoti- 
diana mcditatio which are absolutely neces- 
sary to the making of a great lawyer. His 
manners and habits were such as led some 
people to suppose that he was afifected 
and artificial, but those were only what were 
usual among foreign diplomats, while in his 
pronunciation and style, he followed the ex- 
amples which had been set him by Erskine 
and Sheridan and the great leaders of the 
English bar. 

Chief Justice Taney, in the extract above 
quoted, speaks of Pinkney 's gorgeous meta- 
jjhors. Nowhere in his opulent imagina- 
tion and Asiatic magnificence of diction 
better seen than in his argument in the case 
of the Xcreide, 9 Cr., 3S8. In delivering 
the oi)inion of the Coiui in that case. Chief 
Justice Marshall said: "With a pencil 



dipped in the most vivid colors and guided 
by the hand of a master, a splendid portrait 
has been drawn, exhibiting this vessel and 
her freighter as forming a single figure 
composed of the most discordant materials 
of peace and war. So exquisite was the skill 
of the artist, so dazzling the garb in which 
the figure was presented that it required 
the exercise of that cold, investigating fac- 
ulty which ought always to belong to those 
who sit on this bench to discover its only 
imperfection — its want of resemblance." 

Edward Coote Pinkney, the seventh child 
of William Pinkney, was born in London in 
1802 and died in Baltimore in 1828. He 
was admitted to the bar, but never engaged 
in active practice. He is best remembered 
as the author of a poem in five stanzas called 
"A Health," beginning— 

" I fill this cup 
To one made up 
Of loveliness alone, 
A woman, of her gentle sex, 
The seeming paragon." 

The chief contemporaries of Pinkney 
were Harper, Wirt, Meredith and Winder. 
Robert Goodloe Harper came to Baltimore 
from South Carolina about 1800 after his 
marriage with a daughter of Charles Car- 
roll, of Carrollton, and soon became and 
remained one of the most distinguished law- 
yers, as well as a useful and public-spirited 
citizen of the State. He was born in Vir- 
ginia in 1765; served in Congress as a rep- 
resentative from South Carolina; was a 
United States Senator from Maryland in 
1816, and died in 1825. 

William H. Winder was born in Somerset 
county, Maryland, in 1775, and came to 
Baltimore in 1802. During the war of 1812 
he was in command of the American .\rmv 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



251 



at the battle of Bladensburg. At the time 
of his death, in 1824, at the age of forty- 
nine, his practice is said to have been the 
largest in the State. 

David Hoffman (born in 1784, died in 
1854) was the author of a Course of Legal 
Study, published in 1817 — a very useful 
work in its day — and was a Professor of 
Law in the University of Maryland. 

Jonathan Meredith was born in Philadel- 
phia in 1784; was admitted to the Baltimore 
Bar in 1806, and died in 1872. Ex-Gov. 
William Pinkney Whyte said of him in an 
address made, in 1897 to the State Bar Asso- 
ciation: "Jonathan Meredith was another 
and distinct type. He had been the friend 
of Luther Martin, Harper, Wirt, Pinkney, 
and had met them in many forensic battles. 
The ability he displayed in the impeachment 
trial of Judge Peck, in which he was the as- 
sociate of Mr. Wirt, won him a national 
reputatior He was a lawyer who had 
studied thoroughly the law relating to com- 
merce and finance, and was the retained 
counsel of many of the insurance compan- 
ies and banks. He was one of the old time 
professional men. He was thoroughly 
versed in the best English literature, was 
familiar with Shakespeare and the poets, and 
with his perfect diction and knowledge of 
the law, he was an orator of the most pol- 
ished and eloquent type of his day. He 
was one of the most attractive conversa- 
tionalists, and the most charming and gra- 
cious companion, alike to young and old. 
He had mastered the most difificult questions 
of jurisprudence, and presented them with 
clearness and precision. He was prepared 
for his profession in the most careful and 
finished style." 

William Wirt was for twelve vears the 



Attorney General of the United States and 
filled a large space in the public eye. He 
was born in Bladensburg, Md., in 1772, but 
removed to Virginia when a young man, 
and finally settled in Richmond. He took 
the leading part in the prosecution of Burr 
for treason and made then the famous 
speech, beginning with "Who is Blenner- 
hasset?" While Attorney General, he be- 
gan to practice in the Maryland courts, and, 
upon the expiration of his last term, in 
1829, he came to Baltimore to live. He 
was a well read Latin scholar and familiar 
with the best English literature, as well as 
a charming letter writer. His life of Pat- 
rick Henry and the British Spy are well- 
known books; the former contains some 
splendid pieces of rhetoric. Some people 
thought that Wirt was not a profoundly 
learned lawyer, but in the trial of every case 
he was fully equal to the emergency. No 
one can read his argument in the great case 
of Gibbons vs. Ogden, 9 Wheat., i, without 
perceiving that his celebrity as a lawyer was 
thoroughly well deserved. Kennedy, his 
svmpathetic biographer, says: "His man- 
ner in speaking was singularly attractive. 
His manly form, his intellectual counte- 
nance and musical voice, set off by a rare 
gracefulness of gesture, won in advance the 
favor of his auditory. * * * His ora- 
tory was smooth, polished, scholar-like, 
sparkling with pleasant fancies and beguil- 
ing the listener with its varied graces out 
of all note or consciousness of time." Wirt 
died on February 18, 1834. 

The career of Roger Brooke Taney, who 
was for twenty-eight years Chief Justice of 
the Supreme Court of the United States, 
belongs largely to the history of American 
jurisprudence generally, but he was for 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



some ten years a resident of Baltimore City 
and his fame as a great lawyer belongs to 
the bar of which we are speaking. He was 
born in Calvert county, Md., March 17, 
1777, and was graduated at Dickinson Col- 
lege. After having served in the Legisla- 
ture as a delegate from his native county, 
Taney began the practice of law in Fred- 
erick. He moved to Baltimore in 1823 and 
acquired at once a large and valuable 
clientele. He was Attorney General of 
Maryland in 1827 and Attorney General of 
the United States in 1831. He wa^ ap- 
pointed Secretary of the Treasury bv Presi- 
dent Jackson in 1833 and took a leading 
part in the removal of the deposits of the 
Bank of the United States about which a 
fierce and passionate controversy then 
raged. His nomination as Secretary was 
consequently rejected by the Senate, and he 
returned to Baltimore in 1834. Two years 
afterwards he was nominated and con- 
firmed as Chief Justice of the . Supreme 
Court of the United States, and then began 
one of the greatest judicial careers in Amer- 
ican history. He died October 12, 1864. 

John Pendleton Kennedy was a conspic- 
uous figure in the legal and political circles 
of the city during the second quarter of the 
century. He was born in Baltimore on Oc- 
tober 25, 1795, and was educated at Balti- 
more College, which afterwards, when 
united with the medical school, became the 
University of Maryland. While a lad, he 
fought and ran away with the rest at the bat- 
tle of Bladensburg. He came to the bar 
as soon as he was of age and worked stead- 
ily and successfully at the profession for 
some years, but his tastes inclined him more 
to literature and politics than to law. wliile 
a wealthy marriage relieved him from the 



necessity of working himself to death in 
order to make a living. His historical nov- 
els dealing with the revolutionary and other 
periods of American history, entitled 
"Horseshoe Robinson," "Swallow Barn" 
and "Rob of the Bowl," have very consid- 
erable literary merit and enjoyed a high 
degree of popular favor. His Life of Wil- 
liam Wirt is an admirably constructed piece 
of biography. Kennedy was a member of 
the State Legislature for three or four years 
and served two or three terms in Congress. 
Under President Filmore, he was Secretary 
of the Navy. He died in 1870. 

Of all the Maryland lawyers, the greatest 
popular orator, the man who could sway 
most powerfully his audience and "wield at 
will the fierce Democratie," was John Van 
Lear McMaht^n. He had a commanding 
presence, a superb voice and a high order 
of true eloquence. During the Log Cabin 
and Hard Cider campaign of 1840, he was 
president of the then famous National Whig 
meeting and opened the proceedings by 
saying, "Let the Nation come to order. The 
mountains have sent forth their rills — the 
hillsides their streams — the valleys their 
rivers, and lo, the avalanche of the people 
is here." 

That McMahon possessed extraordinary 
gifts as a lawyer and was one of the finest 
intellects that ever adorned the bar is the 
testimony of all his contemporaries, but his 
reputation was confined to the State. For 
some reason, he refused all manner of pub- 
lic employment. He declined to accept a 
Cabinet office which was tendered him. He 
refused a United States Senatorship when, 
in order to be elected, he had but to signify 
his willingness to accept. He refused po- 
sitions on the bench and he would never 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



make a speech outside the State. He had 
the reputation of being uniformly success- 
ful in his cases, but this was perhaps be- 
cause he only took those — at least in the 
later years of his life — which he thought 
he could win. 

Except among his few intimate friends, 
he was austere, reserved, dignified — perhaps 
a little eccentric in manner. He withdrew 
from active practice when about fifty-five 
years of age and afterwards lived a secluded 
life; he was rarely seen on the streets. Mc- 
Mahon was born in Cumberland, Md., Oc- 
tober i8, 1800, of Scotch-Irish parentage. 
He graduated at Princeton with the highest 
honors of his class. He came to Baltimore 
after having served in the Legislature as a 
delegate from his native county. He left 
Baltimore some four years before his death, 
which occurred in 1871. He was the author 
of a very valuable work on the Early His- 
tory of Maryland, which was published in 
1831. 

A large number of able and distinguished 
men illustrated the legal and political life 
of the city towards the middle of the cen- 
tury and afterwards. One of these was John 
Nelson, who was born in Frederick, Md., 
in 1790 and died in i860. He was Attorney 
General of the United States in 1843 ^"d 
had previously served as Minister to Naples 
under President Jackson. As a lawyer, he 
was the equal of any of the men of his day, 
and was especially remarkable for the skill 
with which he could present all the facts 
and enforce all the arguments in a case with 
very few words. 

William Schley was renowned for his ex- 
act and varied legal learning, the force of 
his arguments upon questions of law and 
his versatility of resources as a general prac- 



titioner. Schley was born in Frederick, 
Md., October 31, 1799, and graduated at 
Princeton with the highest honors of his 
class in 1821. He removed to Baltimore in 
1837 and continued to reside there until his 
death in 1872. 

Levin Gale was a Coke on Littleton law- 
yer, whose reputation was greater with his 
fellow lawyers than with the public at large. 
The reputation of Thomas Yates Walsh was 
that of a wit rather than a lawyer. 

John Glenn was, at the time of his death, 
in 1853, Judge of the District Court of the 
United States for the District of Maryland, 
an office which had previously been filled 
by his father, Elias Glenn. While at the 
bar. Judge Glenn was reputed to have had 
the most lucrative practice. He was an 
able man and was for a long time a chief 
figure in the so-called court house clique 
of prominent lawyers who ruled the Whig 
politics of the State. 

John Mason Campbell, the son-in-law of 
Taney, also had a large practice and was 
an accomplished man of cultivated artistic 
tastes. He was one of the lawyers selected 
to argue the celebrated Police Board case, 
15 Md., 424. 

Thomas S. Alexander was especially cele- 
brated as an equity lawyer. He died in New 
York, to which city he had removecl, in 
1871. 

George R. Richardson, born in Worces- 
ter county, Md., in 1803, was for some time 
Attorney General of the State. Ex-Gov. 
Whyte said of him, in the address already 
referred to: "The lawyer who was primus 
inter pares in the criminal practice was the 
Attorney General, George R. Richardson, 
who was in the zenith of his fame, as a public 
prosecutor, between 1846 and 185 1, in 



254 



HISTORY OF BAWIMORE, MARYLAND. 



wliich year he died. It was my good 
fortune during part of tliat period to have 
been associated with him, as one of his as- 
sistants, and to have enjoyed his valued 
friendship, and to have had opportunity to 
appreciate his noble qualities. His early 
education had been of the highest order; 
he had been dedicated by his parents to the 
ministry, and graduated at Princeton with 
high honors. His mind, however, ran in a 
direction different from the ministry, and he 
chose the law as his profession. His pre- 
paration for the bar had been as thoroughly 
conducted, and he came into it with the 
highest expectations. His ambition was 
lofty; his intellect was clear and his diction 
was of the purest English; his voice sweet 
and melodious; his presence commanding 
and magnetic; his face handsome and ex- 
pressive; his action graceful and attractive, 
and his eloquence swayed the minds of the 
jury, as with a wand. I shall never forget 
liim in the great legal battle which he had 
with Mr. Reverdy Johnson in the case of 
Burns vs. Vickers, in the old Baltimore 
"County Court, wherein those splendid 
logicians struggled with such zeal and 
warmth as to have imperilled their formerly 
friendly feelings." 

Robert J. Brent, who succeeded Richard- 
son as Attorney General, was a very ver- 
satile and able lawyer and had an extensive 
practice up to the time of his death, in 1872. 
Charles H. Pitts, who died in 1864, had 
a deservedly high reputation as a jury law- 
yer, especially in criminal cases, and as an 
eloquent and effective orator upon the 
hustings. 

John 11. 1!. Latnibe (born in 1S03. died 
in 1891) and Charles J. i\l. Gwinn (l)orn 
1822, died 1894) were conspicuously suc- 



cessful and able corporation lawyers. Mr. 
Gwinn was also Attorney General from 
187s to 1883. 

Of Charles F. Mayer (born 1795, died 
1864) Ex-Gov. Whyte said: "When I first 
knew him he had passed the fifties, and was 
in the enjoyment of a valuable practice. He 
was a peculiar type of a successful lawyer. 
Kindly in manner, of even temper, he was 
a man without enemies. He had graduated 
with honor at Dickinson College, and then 
traveled abroad for several years, so that, 
on his return to his native city, he had be- 
come an accomplished linguist, and his 
mind had been stored with the best French 
and German literature. He was an ardent 
student, with a metaphysical turn of mind, 
filled with an inexhaustible stock of valu- 
able learning. He was conspicuous in pub- 
lic afifairs in the State, and having 'the pen 
of a ready writer,' many addresses on po- 
litical subjects during his active life were 
the products of his vigorous brain and his 
untiring energy. While he was a Senator, 
he gave the State the benefit of his wisdom 
and foresight in framing many of the im- 
portant laws which are now condensed in 
our code. His philanthropic and charitable 
views were of the broadest character. He 
was one of the founders of Baltimore's 
House of Refuge, and his address at the 
laying of the corner-stone of that institu- 
tion is a masterpiece of reason and of elo- 
quence. I knew him well, and I have rarely 
met a man of more varied acquirements and 
of simpler tastes. He lived up to Webster's 
definition of the real lawyer. 'He worked 
hard, he lived well and died poor.' " 

Much of this eulogy is equally applica- 
ble to Tlionias Donaldson, who was not 
only an admirable lawyer, thoroughly 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



255 



equipped at all points, but also an accom- 
plished scholar. 

The reputation of Henry Winter Davis 
was political rather than legal, but he ar- 
gued many important cases and held a de- 
servedly high rank in the profession. He 
was born at Annapolis, August i6, 1817, 
where his father was then president of St. 
John's College and rector of St. Anne's 
parish. He graduated at Kenyon College, 
Ohio, in 1837. He afterwards studied law 
and literature at the University of Vir- 
ginia and began the practice of law in Alex- 
andria, Va. He came to Baltimore in 1850 
and soon became the leader of the Ameri- 
can, or Know-Nothing, party in this State, 
and their chief representative in Congress. 
Upon the outbreak of the Civil War, he 
became the leader of the Union party in the 
State and during the war was one of the 
most prominent men in Congress. His elo- 
quence and power as an orator were justly 
celebrated throughout the whole country. 
He was a man of very considerable literary 
culture and his speeches may still be read 
with pleasure, although dealing with purely 
controversial issues. He died December 
30, 1865. 

After the war, Mr. I. Nevett Steele was 
regarded by men as the leader of the bar. 
Upon one occasion, at a dinner of the Bar 
Association, Mr. Wallis, in the course of an 
, after-dinner speech, in which he had spoken 
of the great lawyers of the preceding gen- 
eration, went on to say that he had heard 
from Mr. Steele arguments which he 
thought to be the equal of anything that 
had ever been addressed to a Maryland 
court by those of the former period. Mr. 
Steele was born in Cambridge. Md., in 
1809, and his whole life was devoted to the 



work of his profession, except for four 
years, beginning in 1849, when he was 
charge d' affaires of the United States hi 
Venezuela. In his younger days he was 
Deputy Attorney General and led for the 
prosecution in several notable criminal 
cases, the most famous of which was the 
trial of Adam Horn for the murder of his 
wife. In 1871, he successfully defended 
Mrs. Wharton, who was indicted for the 
murder by poison of Gen.. Ketchum. 

Upon announcing the death of Mr. Steele 
in 189 1 in the Court of Appeals, Mr. John 
Prentiss Poe said: "The eminence which, 
while still a young man, he achieved in the 
years long gone by, too long ago for any 
of us to know except by tradition, and 
which, within our memory, with ripening 
years, and expanding faculties, and judg- 
ment more and more matured, steadily grew 
until there was no loftier height to reach, 
the persuasive oratory with which for half 
a century in this high tribunal and in the 
Nisi Prius courts of this State he discussed 
so many of the great litigations of his long 
life; the close, compact and powerful logic 
which he brought to bear upon complicated 
and difificult questions of law and fact; the 
clear, orderly and discriminating statement ; 
the marvelous ingenuity and the vigorous 
reasoning which distinguished his forensic 
efforts, marked him as worthy to stand 
abreast of the great Maryland lawyers 
whose name and fame are a part of the 
proud history of our State." 

Reverdy Johnson filled a leading role in 
the legal life of the State for more than 
half a century. He was born in Annapolis, 
May 21. 1796, and came to Baltimore to live 
in 1817. After having served in the State 
Senate for several vears, he was elected to 



256 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



the United States Senate in 1846 and served 
until he was appointed Attorney General 
of the United States in 1849 by President 
Taylor. In 1863, he was again elected to 
the United States Senate, but resigned in 
1868 in order to accept the position of Min- 
ister to England. He there negotiated a 
treaty for the settlement of the Alabama 
Claims, which was rejected by the Senate. 
He died in Annapolis in 1S76. Mr. John- 
son's chief characteristic was intrepidity — ■ 
mental, moral and physical. He had un- 
bounded confidence in his own power and 
resources, and he was never a victim of mis- 
placed confidence. His knowledge of hu- 
man nature was profound, and it was per- 
haps to this that he owed his reputation of 
being the best cross-examiner at the bar. 
Add to these qualities, thorough legal learn- 
ing, majestic good sense, great logical pow- 
ers, relentless industry, rich humor, and one 
can see that few men have ever been better 
equipped for the contests of the forum than 
was he, or more sure of success in the 
struggles and conflicts of professional life. 
During a large part of his career his fame 
as a lawyer, both within and without the 
State, far exceeded that of any of his con- 
temporaries. 

S. Teackle Wallis, for more than forty 
years preceding his death, in 1894, was one 
of the most distinguished lawyers of Balti- 
more. In other spheres of life, too, his was 
a great reputation. He was the first citizen 
of the State, a man whose tongue and pen 
were ever ready to defend public rights, to 
succor the unfortunate, and to cast down 
the haughty. He was the most distinguish- 
ed man of letters in the State, and in private 
life lie was the arbiter cicgautianiiii. He 
wrote two popular books on Spain and de- 



livered several addresses, which were pub- 
lished during his life in pamphlet form. 
Since his death, an incomplete edition of his 
works has been published in four volumes. 
These writings show that he was a master 
of style, and style, as a great French critic 
says, "is a golden sceptre to which the king- 
dom of this world definitively belongs." If 
any one wishes to learn what potent magic 
and vivid charity of phrase was his, with 
what wisdom and learning and wit his writ- 
ings are replete, let him read Mr. Wallis" 
discourse on the Life and Character of 
George Peabody and his addresses to the 
graduating classes in Law and Medicine of 
the University of Maryland. As a wit, as a 
maker of epigrams, which fell from his lips 
with lightning quickness, there was no one 
to contest his pre-eminence. The follow- 
ing examples are sufficient to prove the 
truth of this statement. When somebody 
said to him once that a certain disreputable 
lawyer had gotten religion, Mr. Wallis im- 
mediately replied, "I am not surprised; he 
is always getting something that doesn't 
belong to him." ^^hile waiting for a case, 
in which he was retained, to be called in 
court, he inquired if the prosy lawyer who 
was then speaking had not then nearly fin- 
ished. "Xo," said his colleague; "he is go- 
ing to take his full hour." "You mean," 
said Mr. Wallis, "his empty hour." Pre- 
siding, upon one occasion, at a public din- 
ner, he called upon Prof. Sylvester, of the 
Johns Hopkins University, who was upon 
the programme for a speech. The pro- 
fessor excused himself by saying that he 
had gone to the opera the night before and 
had consequently not had time to prepare 
anything worthy of the occasion. Mr. Wal- 
lis congratulated him upon his adherence 




2?:^^^ 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



to the valuable maxim "opera non verba." 
Once, in arguing a case before the Court 
of Appeals of Maryland, Col. M., who was 
on the other side, resumed his argument in 
the morning by calling attention to a point, 
which, he said, he had first thought of in 
a dream. Mr. Wallis declared that the 
Court could pay no attention to such an 
argument, because it was in open violation 
of the legal maxim, Vigilantibus non dor- 
mientibus siibveniunt leges. In another con- 
nection, alluding to the fact that in early 
English law the greatest attention was be- 
stowed upon real property and very little 
upon personal property, he said: "Such an 
opinion was doubtless reasonable enough in 
the days of King John, when a wealthy He- 
brew on a gridiron was their only banking 
institution." Of one of the judges under 
the Constitution of 185 1, Wallis said that 
"he would not recognize a legal principle 
if he met it in the street." 

Soon after the war he tried a case for the 
plaintiff against Simon Cameron, who was 
present in court. Mr. Wallis said that the 
defendant had caused the Simons to be di- 
vided into two classes — the Simons Pure 
and Simon Cameron. 

Speaking of Justin Winsor's book on Co- 
lumbus and that learned antiquarian's ina- 
bility to understand how chivalry and ro- 
mance could be combined in that age with 
greed and money making, Mr. Wallis said, 
"I don't think that the Pilgrim Fathers 
would have refused to land on Plymouth 
Rock if it had been auriferous quartz." This 
brilliant wit was united in Mr. Wallis with 
the utmost courtesy and charm and distinc- 
tion of manner, great kindness of heart and 
a lavish generosity. It can be truly said of 
him, as Cardinal Newman said of Hope 



Scott, "If there ever was a man who was the 
light and delight of his own intimates, it was 
he." 

Mr. Wallis was an accomplished scholar 
and throughout his life kept up his studies 
in Latin, French and Spanish literature. 
The last mentioned language he spoke with 
as much ease and fluency as English. He 
sought and found his greatest solace and 
refreshment in the blooming garden of lit- 
erature and art, to which he had the pass- 
word. 

From early manhood, Wallis was a fre- 
quent speaker in political campaigns, and 
many of his most eloquent words and bril- 
liant witticisms were uttered upon the 
hustings, and of th^se there remains now 
only a fast vanishing tradition. He was a 
Whig in politics until the disruption of that 
party, when he transferred his allegiance to 
the Democracy. He was the foremost ad- 
vocate of reform and purity of government 
and was the animating soul of several hotly 
contested campaigns. When it is remem- 
bered that in addition to his activity as a 
writer and political speaker Mr. Wallis was 
also one of the leaders of the bar, constantly 
engaged in the trial of important cases, one 
can see that in spite of his fragile health, 
he was a prodigious worker and endowed 
with an extraordinary degree of versatility. 

A very eloquent address upon the life 
and character of Mr. Wallis was delivered 
before the Maryland Historical Society, of 
which he was president at the time of his 
death, by Judge Charles E. Phelps. In 
tliat masterpiece of commemorative ora- 
tory, wortny of Wallis himself, Judge 
Phelps says: "The death of Mr. Steele 
placed Mr. Wallis by universal consent at 
the head of the Maryland ISar. With what 



260 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



conscientious labor, both in general and 
special preparation, he rose to that proud 
eminence — with what luminous and logical 
method he uufolded his stores of learning— 
with what consununate skill he extorted 
truth from the lips of an unwilling witness, 
or marshalled facts in the order of demon- 
stration — with what mastery of the weapons | 
of invective he riddled and crushed false- 
hood and fraud— with what graceful and 
commanding eloquence he captivated courts 
and juries; all this and much more has been 
the theme of unstinted eulogy from his sur- 
viving professional brethren. But no point 
has been more unanimously emphasized 
than his delicate sense of personal and pro- 
fessional honor. So far as mortal vision 
may penetrate, a cleaner conscience never 
sought the presence of its Maker. The ba- 
sis of his character was a profound and ab- 
sorbing passion for truth and justice. Take 
this innate sense of justice, warm it up until 
it flames, arm it with wit, with satire, with 
invective, inspire it with courage, endow it 
with the staying qualities of a thorough- 
bred, give it a rapid ringing voice, often 
high pitched, and sometimes in its energy 
of inflection startlingly shrill, add to this 
the intense earnestness of an old Hebrew 
prophet, and the action, action, action of 
Demosthenes, let the framework be a carv- 
ing in delicate but pronounced lines, sculp- 
tured after the antique — and we have a faint 
image of Teackle Wallis before the people. 
* * * * The career of Mr. Wallis was 
a stormy one. The more peace to his ashes! 
Measured by the vulgar standard, it was 
not altogether a successful one. lie died 
unmarried, untitled, unenriched. .Vnd yet 
the world, which applauds success, bows be- 
fore him in veneration. 'l\i see the death 



of such a man so universally wept is 
creditable to human nature. It is more. 
It is a damaging blow to pessimism. Pub- 
lic spirit cannot be dead, conscience cannot 
be drugged, patriotism cannot be sapped in 
a community that admires such a life, ap- 
plauds such a character and reveres such a 
memory, as the life, the character and the 
memory of Severn Teackle Wallis." 

Mr. Wallis was born in Baltimore on Sep- 
tember 8, 1816, and graduated at St. Mary's 
College in 1832. He studied law in the 
office of William Wirt, and derived also 
from him valuable instruction in literature. 
After Mr. Wirt's death he was a student ;n 
the office of Judge Glenn. As soon as he 
came to the bar he achieved success in the 
profession and a reputation as a lawyer, 
which was constantly enhanced throughout 
his life. In 1845, he made a visit of consid- 
erable length to Spain, and, in 1850, was 
sent to that country by the United States 
Government upon a special mission, in 
1861, at a time of great public alarm and 
distress, he was forced to accept a nomi- 
I nation to the State Legislature. He was 
j opposed to secession, but he did not believe 
that the Federal Government was consti- 
tutionally authorized to wage war upon the 
States that had already seceded. In con- 
sequence of his prominence, he was arrested 
I)y the military authorities, together with 
several other members of the Legislature 
and leading citizens, and was confined for 
more than a year in Fortress Monroe and 
in Fort Warren in the harbor of Boston. 
In 1875. he was a candidate of the reform 
part)- for Attorney General, but was de- 
feated. He never accepted any other nomi- 
nation for office, although often asked to do 
so. Mr. Wallis died in Baltimore on April 
11. 1804. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Courts and Judges. 

The Constitution of 1776 provided that 
all Judges as well as the Attorney General 
and clerks of courts "shall hold their com- 
missions during good behavior; removable 
only for misbehavior on conviction in a 
court of law." The Judges and Chancellor 
and Attorney General were appointed by 
the Governor, with the consent of the Ex- 
ecutive Council, which was composed of 
five persons elected by the Legislature, each 
having a freehold above £1,000. That Con- 
stitution also provided for a Court of Ap- 
peals, Court of Chancery, Court of Admi- 
ralty, and a General Court of three Judges; 
this latter court taking the place of the old 
Provincial Court. County Courts were also 
established under an act passed in 1778 and 
these were re-organized by the act of 1790, 
Ch. 33. Under the latter Baltimore county 
constituted the Third District, together with 
Anne Arundel and Harford counties. But 
the principal court of first instance up to 
1805 was the General Court, which had 
original jurisdiction in all civil cases and 
throughout the State where the matter in 
dispute exceeded one pound currency 
($2.66). It sat at Easton, Talbot county, 
for the Eastern Shore, and at Annapolis for 
the Western Shore. Witnesses and juries 
were summoned to the General Court from 
all over the State, and it was presided over 
by three judges wearing scarlet cloaks. 
Three judges of the General Court in the 
last century become justices of the Supreme 
Court of the United States, viz: Thomas 
Johnson. Samuel Chase (who was defended 
by Luther Martin when impeached) and 
Gabriel Duval. 

The act of 1793. Ch. 57, organized a 
Court of Over and Terminer and Gaol De- 



livery for the trial of crimes committed in 
Baltimore county. The act of 1816, Ch. 
193, changed its name to Baltimore City 
Court and empowered it also to issue li- 
censes and appoint constables. The court 
held different terms for the transaction of 
county and city business. The judges of 
the said court were, for many years, Nicho- 
las Brice, William McMechen and Alexan- 
der Nisbet. 

An amendment to the Constitution, rati- 
fied in 1805, abolished the General Court 
and divided the State into judicial districts, 
three judges in each district, holding ses- 
sions in each county, and the Court of Ap- 
peals was made to consist of the chief judges 
of the several judicial districts. Under this 
arrangement Baltimore and Harford coun- 
ties constituted the Sixth District. Joseph 
Hopper Nicholson, Walter Dorsey, Steven- 
son Archer and William Frick were suc- 
cessively the chief justices of this district in 
the order named until 1851. Sometimes all 
three judges of the district would sit to- 
gether, but more frecjuently they sat sepa- 
rately, trying different cases. The Execu- 
tive Council above referred to was abol- 
ished in 1837, and thereafter judicial ap- 
pointments were made by the Governor by 
and with the advice and consent of the Sen- 
ate. 

Under the Constitution of 185 1 the State 
was divided into four judicial districts, of 
which Baltimore City was the Third; and 
eight judicial circuits, of which Baltimore 
City was the Fifth. This Constitution sep- 
arated Baltimore City from Baltimore 
county, making each an entirely distinct po- 
litical organization. The Court of Appeals 
was made to consist of four judges, one 
from each judicial district. For Baltimore 



262 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



City there was provided a Court of Common 
Pleas with jurisdiction in cases where the 
amount involved was over one hundred dol- 
lars and did not exceed five hundred dol- 
lars, and in insolvency; the Superior Court, 
with general jurisdiction in equity and in 
common law cases and where the amount 
involved was over five hundred dollars; and 
a Criminal Court. The Legislature was 
also authorized to create an additional court. 
The judges were to be elected for ten years, 
with a salary of twenty-five hundred dol- 
lars, except the judge of the Criminal 
Court, whose salary was two thousand dol- 
lars. Under this Constitution John C. Le- 
Grand was elected judge of the Court of 
Appeals from Baltimore City, William 
Frick judge of the Superior Court, William 
L. Marshall judge of the Court of Common 
Pleas, and Henry Stump judge of the Crim- 
inal Court. Judge Frick died in 1855 and 
was succeeded by Z. Collins Lee. Upon the 
latter's death in 1859 Robert N. Martin be- 
came judge of the Superior Court. In 1869 
Judge Marti;! was chosen as a Professor 
of Law in the University of Maryland. It 
is said that he devoted most of his time dur- 
ing the first session to lectures upon the 
case of the Nereide, to which we have re- 
ferred in the sketch of William Pinkney. 
The Circuit Court of Baltimore City was 
established in 1853 in pursuance of Article 
IV, Sec. 12, of the Constitution, and Wil- 
liam George Krebs was elected judge there- 
of. In 1861 John C. King was elected judge 
of the Court of Common Pleas, vice Mar- 
shall. Judge Stump of the Criminal Court 
was impeached before the Legislature and 
removed from office in i860 and Hugh 
Lenox Bond appointed judge of that court. 
Judge LcGrand, of the Court of .\ppcals, 



died in Baltimore in December, 1861, at the 
age of forty-seven, after having earned a 
fine judicial reputation. He had been de- 
feated for re-election in that year by Silas 
M. Cochran, who died at the same age of 
forty-seven in 1866. 

The Constitution of 1864, ratified in Oc- 
tober of that year by the small majority of 
three hundred and seventy-five, including 
the votes of soldiers in the field, made few 
changes in the organization of the city 
courts. It was provided that then judges 
in the city should continue to act as such 
until the expiration of the terms for which 
they were elected. In November, 1863, 
William Alexander was elected judge of the 
Circuit Court, vice Krebs. 

The present Constitution was ratified in 
September, 1867, and made great changes 
in the courts. It provided for the creation 
of the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City, to 
consist of the Superior Court, the Court of 
Common Pleas, the Circuit Court and the 
Criminal Court. The judges were to be 
elected for a term of fifteen years and to 
receive a salary of thirty-five hundred dol- 
lars, with authority to the Mayor and City 
Council to add five hundred dollars per 
annum to each salary. The act of 1892, Ch. 
388, increased these salaries to forty-five 
hundred dollars in addition to the municipal 
allowance of five hundred dollars. Tlie 
judges elected in 1867 were George W. 
Dobbin, Robert Gilmor, Campbell W. Pink- 
ney, Henry F. Garey, and T. Parkin Scott, 
chief .ludge. Upon the death of Judge 
Scott, in 1873, George William Brown, a 
(listinguished lawyer and citizen, was elect- 
ed chief judge. In 1882 the terms of all 
of these judges, except that of Chief Judge 
Brown, expired, and Charles E. Phelps, Ed- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



263 



■..•ara Duffy, William A. Fisher and Wil- 
liam A. Stewart were elected as their suc- 
cessors. Judge Fisher resigned in January, 
1887, when J. Upshur Dennis was first ap- 
pointed by the Governor and subsequently 
elected in his place. 

A new equity court, known as Circuit 
Court number two, was established in 1888 
in pursuance of constitutional authority, and 
in that year and the following year D. 
Giraud Wright and Henry D. Harlan were 
elected judges, the latter in place of Chief 
Judge Brown, whose term had expired. 
Judges Duffy and Stewart both died in 1892 
and Pere L. Wickes and Albert Ritchie 
were first appointed by the Governor and 
then elected in their places. In 1893 an 
amendment to the Constitution was adopt- 
ed by which the Legislature was authorized 
to provide for the creation of additional 
judges. Under difterent acts of Assembly, 
passed in pursuance thereof, John J. Dob- 
ler, Henry Stockbridge and George M. 
Sharp have been elected judges, so that the 
Supreme Bench of Baltimore City now con- 
sists of nine judges. This Constitution pro- 
vided for the election of one judge of the 
Court of Appeals from Baltimore City. 
James Lawrence Bartol was elected to that 
office in 1867, and upon his resignation in 
1883 William Shepard Bryan was elected in 
his place. 

A court house was built in Baltimore 
City under the provisions of an act of the 
Legislature passed in 1768, and this building 
served the city until 1809. The following 
description of the old court house was given 
by John P. Kennedy: "One of my earliest 
landmarks is * * * the old court house. 
That was a famous building, which, to my 
first cognizance, suggested the idea of a 
house perched upon a great stool. It was 



a large, dingy, square structure of brick, 
lifted upon a massive basement of stone, 
which was perforated by a broad arch. 
The buttresses on either side of the arch 
supplied space for the stairway which led 
to the hall of justice above and straddled 
over a pillory, whipping-post and stocks, 
which were sheltered under the arch as sym- 
bols of the power that was at work upstairs. 
This magisterial edifice stood precisely 
where the Battle Monument now stands in 
Calvert street. It had a notable history, 
that old court house. When it was first 
built it overlooked the town from the sum- 
mit of the hill some fifty feet or more above 
the level of the present street and stood up- 
on a cliff, which northward was washed at 
the base by Jones' Falls — in that primitive 
day a pretty rural stream that meandered 
through meadows garnished with shrub- 
bery and filled with browsing cattle, mak- 
ing a pleasant landscape from the court 
house windows. A new court house arose, 
a model of architectural magnificence to the 
eye of that admiring generation, only sec- 
ond to the National Capitol, and the old 
one was carted away as the rubbish of a 
past age. People wonder to hear that 
Jones' Falls ever rippled over the bed now 
laden with rows of comfortable dwellings 
and that cows once browsed upon a meadow 
that now produces steam engines, soap and 
candles and lager beer." (Tuckerman's Life 
of Kennedy, pp. 91-2.) 

The new Court House above referred to 
was erected near the old one at the corner 
of Calvert and Lexington streets, and it was 
finished in 1809. Considerable additions 
were made to it in 1866. This, in turn, has 
been carted away (1895) as the rubbish of 
a former 'generation to make room for the 
present marble Palace of Justice. 



CHAPTER X. 



HoiX. Thomas Yates Walsh. 



William M. Marine 



Among the brilliant names that have 
adorned the bright galaxy of Maryland law- 
yers, none shine more conspicuously than 
the one that heads this sketch. He has left 
the impress of his mighty mind upon the 
pages that record the decisions of the cases 
which he tried in the Court of Appeals. If 
a full record were kept of the»w8 prius trials, 
which he conducted so successfully in the 
law courts, an adequate judgment could be 
formed of his learned legal abilities. There 
is none, so that the forum where this genius 
daily appeared gives back no evidence of 
the power that was within him and is unable 
to sound his praise. Such courts never pre- 
serve the fame of their lawyers long after 
they are cold in their shrouds. 

The memory of Mr. Walsh is a treasure 
to the few still living who knew him, and 
those who were his professional contem- 
poraries. Of the latter class by whom he 
was known who are living may be men- 
tioned Thomas Lanahan, W. F. Frick, Wil- 
liam Pinkney Whyte, J. M. Harris, J. C. 
King, A. W. Machen, C. D. McFarland, C. 
H. Wyatt, Charles Marshall, Amos F. Mus- 
selman, Luther M. Reynolds, D. M. 
Thomas, John H. Thomas, J. T. Morris, 
W. J. O'Brien, J. P. Poc, R. L. Rogers, R, 
Swinney, Judge /\. Ritchie. Judge C. E. 
Phelps, J. H. Keene, Jr., C. G. Kerr, T. W. 
Hall and Rcvcrdv Johnson, Jr. All of the 



gentlemen named were younger than ]\Ir. 
Walsh. 

"Woods' Baltimore Directory, 1861," 
contains the names of two hundred and sev- 
enty lawyers, of whom those mentioned and 
fifteen others are survivors. The relentless 
increase in lawyers; the ruining of good 
mechanics, except in instances, is shown in 
the fact that the Baltimore Bar is at present 
composed of nine hundred members, the 
mills of the law schools gods continually 
grinding them to order. 

The subject of this sketch, Thomas 
Yates Walsh, was born in the city of Bal- 
timore, during 1809. Jacob Walsh, liis 
father, was at one time an opulent 
merchant, who suffered business re- 
verses. He participated in the battle 
at North Point, second lieutenant. United 
Maryland Artillery. He was unable to 
complete his son's higher course of 
studies who left behind in one of 
his speeches the record of his educational 
trials, which is, "that his first professional 
earnings were devoted to the purpose of 
completing his education." Having expe- 
rienced the need of free institutions of learn- 
ing, he advocated warmly the public 
schools. 

Mr. Walsh finished his classical training 
at St. Mary's College, the early nursery of 
Baltimore's young men, and entered the of- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



265 



fice of Robert Goodloe Harper, a fellow- 
student with J. H. B. Latrobe. 

Mr. Walsh was admitted to the bar the 
30th day of July, 1832. In the earlier years 
of his practice he appeared in the Criminal 
Court to try important cases. Sheridan was 
not keener-witted or quicker at repartee. 
Mr. Walsh was a skillful cross-examiner. 
He had the faculty of keeping the court and 
those present in good humor by his pleas- 
antries, when engaged in making a witness, 
on cross-examination, rend his chief testi- 
mony in shreds. Before the jury he was ir- 
resistible; his words had unction and his 
sentences were faultless. He had a logical 
mind which digested testimony readily; he 
was thoroughly educated in fundamental 
principles of the law; he was a rhetorician 
to whose speeches it was a delight to listen ; 
they were delivered with energy and fervor, 
words flowing from his lips with ease and 
rapidity. 

His personal appearance was impressive; 
in height he was six feet. His frame was 
strong and massive; classical head and feat- 
ures; florid complexion; his face showed in- 
tellectual strength; his eyes were a dark 
gray; forehead high and broad; he required 
a number eight hat. His nose was large 
and disposed to be acquiline; chin promi- 
nent and mouth expressive. He wore a full 
beard and mustache; their color was an iron 
grey. His whiskers were cropped short. 
When thinking his habit was to twist the 
end of them with his fingers, which gave 
their points an upward turn. 

The above pen description of Mr. Walsh 
is the only one that can afford an idea of 
his personal appearance. He always re- 
fused to set for a picture of himself, there- 
fore none exists. 



He possessed powerful lungs, dramatic 
tone of voice. When speaking his giant 
frame shook as he proceeded alternating 
from grave to gay, edged with sil- 
very sound. His reading had been exten- 
sive; familiarity with the- authors enabled 
him always to enforce his arguments by nar- 
ration drawn from them. Walter Scott's 
works had for him irresistible charms. 
Shakespeare pleased his leisure hours. 
Macbeth, his favorite play, he could repeat 
from memory. 

He had the courage of a lion, the gentle- 
ness of a child. A warmer heart in the 
bosom of a more magnanimous man never 
existed. Suffering on the part of any one 
pained him; want opened his pocketbook 
to the last penny. He was not one of that 
class whom Chateaubriand referred to 
when he said, "I find it very easy to bear 
with cheerful serenity the misfortunes of 
other people." The warmth of his nature 
forbade that. He was reared under the in- 
fluences of the Protestant Episcopal Church 
and believed in the doctrines of Christianity. 
Referring to human weakness he asserted, 
"We ought daily to pray, God help us." 
To a young friend he wrote. "I have done 
the best I could in all the relations of life." 

In sickness or adversity his good humor 
never deserted him. When confined by ill- 
ness a bill was presented; his response was: 
"A sick man racked with pain day and night 
is entitled to plead against duns and cli- 
ents." Soon afterwards he sent to collect 
a sum of money due him, and received 
answer from the debtor, that he had been on 
a spree and had no money. Oh, he re- 
torted, "drunkenness is no excuse. A 
drunkard, unless his condition amounts to 
madness, is bound to meet his obligations." 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



He had a nice sense of honor and practiced 
what he preached. 

In his disposition he was affectionate and 
kind; companionable and entertaining; un- 
der the witchery of his voice the hours soon 
passed. He was matchless in anecdote; 
never rehearsing the old stale jokes of time 
immemorial, but the creations of his mar- 
velous invention. 

He was a despiser of everything that 
was false and discarded its representatives. 
He was a brave man in the true sense; not 
aggressive, but when the occasion to assert 
himself arrived, his courage was awfully 
majestic. Upon his forehead he carried the 
deep imprinted mark of a Democratic brick 
bat which he received during an attempt to 
break up a Whig meeting which he was 
addressing. 

Mr. Walsh was in active practice during 
the chivalric period of the Baltimore Bar. 
"My learned brother," when applied, was 
full of meaning. Friendships were endur- 
ing, gentility the rule and its opposite the 
exception. A tricky lawyer found the pro- 
fessional sphere uncongenial. The moral- 
ity was of a high order, and law was strictly 
a science and not a trade. Real estate 
agents were never members of the bar; 
money lenders were usually outsiders, al- 
though that was not exceptional, for it has 
always been a permissible branch of the 
law. 

After court hours the toils of the day 
relaxed and social intercourse was indulged 
in. Such were enjoyable occasions. Then 
reputations for wit and story telling were 
made. It was at such meetings that Mr. 
Walsh was unapproachable in his witi- 
cisms. What he had to say went the rounds 
afterwards. First, among the members of 



the bar, then in the saloons and on the 
street. It was a common exclamation, 
"Did you hear Yates Walsh's latest?" 
Then the story would be repeated, and in 
that way circulated throughout the limits of 
the city. 

During Mr. Walsh's active professional 
life he was engaged in the courts of lower 
and higher resort. He had a large re- 
munerative practice. His clientage was 
drawn from the ranks of the prosperous 
citizens of Baltimore. Many have been the 
stories told of his wit; in that order of talent 
he rose superior to all other men Maryland 
has produced. The traditions of the bar 
have preserved but little of the vast amount 
that in his day was current. 

On one occasion he was standing medi- 
tatively in the Court House door, after he 
had been unable to persuade the judge to 
agree with his view of a case, when an office 
boy asked him "which was the equity side 
of the court?" The answer the boy received 
was "the outside." 

One morning he was summoned into 
court to try a case involving a disputed 
promissory note. He had failed from some 
cause to be ready for trial, therefore asked 
of the opposing counsel indulgence, which 
was refused. He appealed to the court for 
delay; this was denied. He then informed 
his adversary he would "avail himself of 
every technicality the law allowed." ''All 
right, sir," was the reply. The jury sat im- 
pannelled. Flourishing the note towards 
them, plaintiff's attorney remarked, "I sup- 
pose you admit the signature." (It was 
customary to do so when it was not in dis- 
pute). 'T admit nothing," was the re- 
sponse. The attorney had failed to pro- 
vide himself with a witness to prove the 





v 




HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



signature. He looked around the room, 
and seeing a man named Wait, after con- 
versing with him the attorney put him upon 
the stand. 

"Do you know the Defendant in this 
case?" 

"Yes, sir." 

"Do you know his signature?" 

"Yes, sir." 

"Have you ever seen him write it?" 

"Yes, sir." 

"Look at the note, and say whose sig- 
nature is thereto attached." 

"The Defendant's." 

"The witness is with you, Mr. Walsh." 

"I do not wish to ask him any questions." 

"That is the case. Your Honor." 

"Well, gentlemen, what will you do?" 
queried the Judge. 

Mr. Walsh: "I propose to argue it, may 
it please Your Honor." 

Plaintiff's Attorney: "Proceed, I have no 
desire to say anything." 

Mr. Walsh: "May it please the Court and 
Gentlemen of the jury, this is the finest 
specimen of lying in wait that was ever 
brought to my knowledge." 

The jury retired, and on returning, ren- 
dered a verdict in favor of the defendant. 

Wait was known to several of the jurors 
as a professional witness, and they would 
not render a verdict on his unsupported tes- 
timony. 

Mr. Walsh and Judge Worthington visit- 
ed York Sulphur Springs. The Judge 
caught cold riding in the stage coach and 
spent a sleepless night with the earache. In 
the morning Mr. Walsh entered his room 
and taking from the table a bottle labeled 
number six smiled. The sufifering Judge, 
observing, said: "You laugh at my misfor- 



tunes." "No," responded Mr. Walsh. "I 
beg your pardon, I have rubbed myself with 
number six a many a time, but I did not 
think it would ever come to your ears." 

Mr. Walsh was a great favorite with the 
judges and popular with the members of the 
bar. He was indulgent and kind to the 
junior lawyers; was consulted by them as 
to tile best methods of managing their 
cases. He was frequently associated with 
older lawyers to direct cases of importance 
on trial. At the close of a day's session of 
court. Judge Archer, accompanied him to 
his office, which was then in Court House 
Lane, a classical locality, gone from sight 
forever. While he was there the lowering 
clouds, which all day long had been threat- 
ening, discharged a snow storm of violence. 
The Judge was anxious to leave for home, 
having a severe cold, and not desiring to 
augment it, he remained trusting the sever- 
ity of the storm would abate. He was 
restless and weary; standing near the win- 
dow he gave evidence of his impatience by 
saying, "I wonder what it means, snowing 
in this manner? to which question Mr. 
Walsh made answer, "if you would be a 
philosopher, Judge, look out of the window 
and you will see the drift of it." 

A young lawyer was passing along the 
street, whose hair was of fiery color. 
"There goes a smart, well-educated young 
man of talent and promise," said a gentle- 
man beside Mr. Walsh. Mr. Walsh replied, 
"I never before heard of a man well red out 
and well read in." 

He was induced to run in 1840 for the 
First Branch of the City Council, being 
elected, and continuously returned up to 
1846 from the Fourth ward. He served on 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



committees on Police, Claims, Ways and 
Means and Finance. 

In 1847 and 1848, he served in the Sec- 
ond Branch, and was assigned to the Com- 
mittees on Ways and ]\Ieans, Police, Jail 
and Register's Accounts. At the end of his 
term, in 1848, he declined further service 
and positively forbade the use of his name 
in connection with the nomination. At 
that time, he resided at the northeast corner 
of Albemarl and Granby streets, then one 
of the fashionable sections of Baltimore, 
which has fallen from its high estate into 
disrepute. 

At the time of Air. Walsh's service in the 
Council, it was customary to send there the 
available representative worth and talent of 
the city. Frederick Pinkney, one of the 
best lawyers of Baltimore, and Dr. Stephen 
Collins, a high-toned citizen and a scien- 
tific physician, were members of the Coun- 
cil with Mr. Walsh. Pinkney w'as an ac- 
complished scholar and an e.xcellent 
draughtsman, who on the back of his ordi- 
nances would illustrate their purport by 
drawings for that purpose. Dr. Collins 
was the brother of William H. Collins. He 
was a bachelor and Walsh was his sincere 
friend and admirer; he could not resist per- 
petrating upon the Doctor a joke. His 
method was to introduce an order of gen- 
eral application, which every member knew 
was a hit at Dr. Collins. On one occasion, 
he proposed a tax on bachelors for the sup- 
port of old maids, requiring physicians, 
who were bachelors, to render them medical 
attention without fee book charges. The 
ordinance was so ludicrous that the cham- 
ber was convulsed with laughter. Collins 
hotly resented the reference to himself. 
Walsh, who was a bachelor, hastily apolo- 



gised, and said his action was inspired by 
his own cheerless condition and when he 
had finished, his apology was worse than 
his ordinance. He never permitted such 
measures to be subjects of official record; 
no traces of them can now be found. 

Mr. Walsh, while serving in the Council, 
was the moving factor in city legislation. 
He was the author of the leading ordinances 
and contributed largely by them to the suc- 
cess of the various mayoralty administra- 
tions. 

During his early service in the Council, 
General William Henry Harrison, Presi- 
dent-elect, passing through Baltimore, on 
his way to his inauguration in Washington, 
was waited on by a councilmanic commit- 
tee, desiring to honor him. Mr. Walsh, the 
spokesman, delivered a short address of 
welcome. 

At this period in his life he was a mem- 
ber of the Vigilant Fire Company; he 
viewed with alarm the tendency to rowdy- 
ism at that day and to afford the firemen 
useful reading he established a library 
where they might while away their leisure 
hours. 

Fie grew weary of the Council, and re- 
tired from it intending to dedicate the re- 
mainder of his days to his accumulating 
practice. It was a mistake that he did not 
persist in that resolution. He had built for 
himself a comfortable residence on the east 
side of Charles street, two doors south of 
Madison street, and there he was sur- 
rounded with books and other aids to en- 
joyment, which he might have possessed to 
the end of his days, had he not yielded to 
the seductive wooings of ambition. He 
was one of those fascinating speakers that 
the public did not care to part with. He 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



269 



was an eligible candidate, and such a per- 
son was greatly in demand. 

During his political career, the witty part 
of his nature sparkled like champagne. He 
was standing one night on a barrel lying on 
its side. It was his rostrum from which he 
was making a speech, when some one re- 
moved the chock; the barrel began to roll 
down the decline. He kept his place on the 
top of it, and moved along, speaking to his 
audience, which followed him until the 
barrel reached level and could go no fur- 
ther. When it stopped he said, "the Demo- 
crats are going as fast as this barrel rolled a 
moment ago, the only difference is, the 
barrel has stopped while the lo-cofocoes will 
keep on rolling until they reach the goal of 
their defeat and there is no further for them 
to go." 

At another time, for a proper and becom- 
ing expression, he was in a cowardly 
manner knocked down with a chair; he 
sprang instantly to his feet in. frenzy and 
rage, but the scoundrel who struck him 
had disappeared. Turning to his audience 
and resuming his good humor and speech, 
he remarked that for his "former utterance 
he was entitled not to one chair, but to three 
chairs." (Cheers.) 

In Monument Square at a public meet- 
ing when he was speaking, one of his decla- 
rations w-as called in question. The person 
who interrupted him said, "that is a lie, 
Yates Walsh, and you know it." Mr. 
Walsh gave him this invitation: "My 
friend, come up within reach of these 
hands and I will make that word choke 
you." 

The 8th of May, 1848, an address sym- 
pathizing with Ireland in her w-ars and 
wrongs was issued by ]\Ir. Walsh and others 



in behalf of that oppressed people. It read : 
"We, the undersigned citizens of Balti- 
more, believing that Ireland is on the eve 
of great physical force struggle for her lib- 
erty, and that the time has come for the 
friends of Ireland to meet and sympathize 
with the Irish people in the approaching 
crisis and if possible by such counsel and 
support to avert from Ireland the horrors 
of a civil war, do hereby call on all our fel- 
low- citizens, friends of Ireland and lovers of 
liberty to meet at Brown's Building, Bal- 
timore street, on Monday evening, the 8th 
inst., at 7:30 o'clock, for the purpose of 
adopting such legal measures as will dem- 
onstrate our practical sympathy suitable to 
the great emergency at hand." 

It is provoking to be unable to record 
what took place at the meeting. Such oc- 
casions were rarely reported at that date. 

Mr. Walsh was an orator availed of on 
patriotic and stated occasions. He deliv- 
ered the address on the dedication of the 
first Odd Fellows Hall erected in Balti- 
more. He w^as at the time a member of 
that Order, and predicted the success that 
crowned it. 

At the memorable meeting of the Wash- 
ingtonian Temperance Societies, held at 
Washington Monument in the forties, he 
w^as the orator, and was taken ill delivering 
his oration. 

June 27th appeared notice that a meet- 
ing of Whigs, First Congressional Dis- 
trict, would be held at Barren Creek 
Springs, Saturday, July 4th. It read in the 
America)! : "All who feel the iron hand of 
the present times and are anxious for the 
prosperity and happiness of our common 
countrv, and the friends of order, sound 



270 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



principles and good government, are in- 
vited to attend." 

Friday night, the steamer George Wash- 
ington left Baltimore at 8 o'clock, with 
delegations and the speakers. Among the 
latter were Reverdy Johnson, Charles H. 
Pitts and Mr. Walsh. The steamer reached 
Vienna next morning, when the speakers 
were conveyed six miles to the Springi, 
The crowd walked that distance through 
the sand. The meeting was composed of 
several thousands; banners and devices 
were numerous ; oxen and oyster roasts fed 
the multitude, and hard cider washed the 
solids down. It was a gala day, and its in- 
inspiration lives in that locality. Mr. 
Walsh's speech, replete in wit, is remem- 
bered to this hour. There are living those 
who point out where he stood, and tell with 
what eloquence he spoke in accents clear as 
the sparkling waters of the springs. 

Throughout the Harrison campaign of 
1840, Mr. Walsh was active in the canvass. 
He delivered a speech of two hours' length 
at Berkeley Springs, Virginia, August ijtli. 
An account of it stated: "It is admitted on 
all hands to have been one of unusual elo- 
cjuence." A second account of the same 
speech represented Mr. Walsh as being 
"much indisposed," but doing "ample jus- 
tice to the occasion, and in a clear, emphatic 
and truly impressive manner setting forth 
the doctrines of our political creed. To at- 
tempt a full description of his address would 
be out of the question; he led us forth by 
a train of irresistible reasoning, and ex- 
posed, in the most glaring colors, the mal- 
practices and machinations of the present 
incumbent, to whose vassalage we have 
been for years subjected. The people of Mor- 
gan cannot, nor will not, forget Baltimore's 



son. He had on his way to this place ad- 
dressed a large meeting of the friends of 
Harrison at Dam Number Six, Chesapeake 
and Ohio Canal, and on the same day, at 
Hancock, and on both occasions rendered 
entire satisfaction and stimulated the 
friends of Harrison in that quarter to use 
their strongest but honest exertions in the 
cause of reform." 

John C. LeGrand, Francis Gallager, 
John James Graves, John B. Seiden- 
stricker and Benjamin Presstman were the 
Democratic candidates for the House of 
Delegates in 1840. They addressed to T. 
Yates Walsh, Stephen Collins, Thomas 
Sewell, C. L. L. Leary and Robert Pur- 
viance,Sr.,the Whig candidates, a commun- 
ication under date of September i8th, say- 
ing: "Having been nominated as you are 
aware by the Democractic party of this 
city for the next House of Delegates, and 
having been desirous to conform to the 
good old Republican usages of this city, we 
propose respectfully to meet you in pres- 
ence of the people, at such times and places 
as we may hereafter, on consultation, deter- 
mine upon to discuss the topics involved in 
this contest. 

"Entertaining for you personally a high 
respect, we flatter ourselves that should you 
agree to the proposition, the discussion will 
be conducted on your part, as it certainly 
will be on ours, in such a manner as to 
avoid the exhibition of any improper feel- 
ings toward each other." 

The Democratic nominees were all of 
them good talkers, while IMr. Walsh and 
Mr. Leary and Mr. Collins were the 
only speakers on the Whig ticket. 
Two of those associated with them de- 
clined to participate in the joint discussion. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



271 



Walsh, Collins and Leary would have 
met all the others cheerfully, but for 
the reasons shown in the correspond- 
ence, Mr. Walsh conducting it on the 
part of the Whigs. Their first response 
was couched in the following language un- 
der date of September 20th: "Prior to the 
receipt of your communication of the iSth 
instsnt, we were aware that you had been 
nominated as candidates for the House of 
Delegates by the Van Buren party of this 
city. It will give us great pleasure to meet 
yoM in the presence of the people to discuss 
the great issues now before the nation. Re- 
ciprocating the good feeling which you ex- 
press, there will be nothing in our course 
during the discussions, calculated to give 
personal ofifense. 

"Modern occurrences admonish us that 
the good old Republican usage to which you 
refer, can be best maintained by holding the 
proposed meetings in the light of day. We 
will at once consult with you in relation to 
the arrangements for such meetings and 
have the honor to remain your obedient ser- 
vants." 

The answer was signed by Messrs. 
Walsh, Collins and Leary. Thomas Sewell 
and Robert Purviance had no desire to par- 
ticipate in a duel of words. 

The 2 1st, Mr. Walsh forwarded this sup- 
plemental note: "It is perhaps proper to 
put in writing what I stated to you verbally 
this morning. (To Mr. Le Grand.) I 
stated that in the event of two of the can- 
didates on the Harrison ticket declining to 
take part in the discussion, we should have 
the right to substitute for them any two 
gentlemen of our party to conduct the ar- 
gument. It is now necessary to say that 
we must insist upon this right." 



The same day the Democratic candidates 
returned answer: "We would prefer that 
the meetings should be held at night, as a 
very large majority of the voters of this 
city would be unable to attend at any other 
time, except at considerable inconvenience 
and loss; but as you are 'admonished' by 
'modern occurrences,' of which we are 
ignorant, not to conform strictly to the old 
usage, we respectfully suggest that one-half 
of the number of the proposed meetmgs 
be held during the day, and the others at 
night. We make this suggestion not be- 
cause of any indisposition on our part to 
meet you in the day time, but with the view 
of gratifying what we believe to be the wish 
upon the subject of a large majority of the 
voters of the city. We wish it also to be 
understood that, in making the suggestions, 
we do not decline meeting in the day time; 
but, on tne contrary, ive are willing to do so, 
if you decline to meet at any other time. 

"As regards the right (which is insisted 
upon by Mr. Walsh) to substitute 'any two 
gentlemen of your party to conduct the 
argument' on your side, in the event of two 
of the gentlemen on your ticket refusing to 
appear before the people, we are compelled 
to say we do not perceive its propriety. We 
feel bound, in conformity with the old usage 
of the place to discuss before the people, 
with the opposing candidates, the questions 
involved in tne contest, and are willing and 
ready to meet the obligation by night or 
day, but we cannot recognize the right of 
substituting any other gentlemen for the 
candidates." From the quiver of the Whigs 
this arrow was drawn and discharged, un- 
der date of the 22d. "We consider it proper 
on our part to insist that the proposed meet- 
ings should take place in the daylight. We 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



cannot perceive that a 'large majority,' or, 
indeed, any portion of tlie voters of this 
city would be then unable to attend them 
'without considerable inconvenience and 
loss;' and we confide too strongly in the 
honesty of purpose and patriotism of our 
fellow-citizens to suppose that they will 
weigh any slight personal sacrifice against 
freedom of discussion, which cannot be in- 
sured, or indeed preserved, except by the 
arrangement we suggest. We are ready to 
admit that the 'modern occurrences' to 
which we referred, are not at the present 
moment impressed upon your minds, and 
can only account for it on the ground that 
the scenes connected with the canvass of 
1837, the insults and violence then offered 
to the Whig candidates have escaped your 
memories. 

"It is necessary further to rcaf^rm our 
right to substitute other members of the 
Harrison party, if a portion of our candi- 
dates should not appear before the people. 
The usage of which you speak arose when 
all political strife was extinguished, and a 
candidate came before his fellow-citizens 
only to explain his personal pretensions, 
and to meet the scrutiny of the public into 
his capacity and character; the case is now 
widely different. A contest of principles 
is now taking place, involving questions of 
grave concernment to the feelings and in- 
terests of all; and it matters not by whom 
those principles are publicly explained and 
defended, provided the people are furnished 
with adequate means of comparing their re- 
si)cctive merits, and ascertaining the truth; 
when they have done so we cast ourselves 
without fear upon their suffrages. 

"Our suggestion for the substitution 
.nrose from the supposition tli.'t .-i^ nil \. mr 



ticket had signed you communication, all 
wished to take part; and as we were not will- 
ing to believe that you wished five to engage 
against three, that therefore all your can- 
didates could not appear without such sub- 
stitution on our side. But we can obviate 
all objections to substitution by proposing 
tliat you select three from your number and 
meet us, who shall be your representati^'es 
during the entire discussion." 

The Democrats enlivened the corre- 
spondence by an immediate reply to this 
effect: "Having yielded in our last com- 
numication to the demand which hitherto 
had been made in former campaigns, but 
never acquiesced in by our party, that the 
discussions should be held in the day time, 
inasmuch as the light of truth was alone 
a matter of importance, and equally attain- 
able by day or night, we cannot but express 
our surprise that you should further insist 
upon the right 'to substitute other members 
of the Harrison party' to conduct the ar- 
gument, or to impose the disagreeable al- 
ternative of making an invidious selection 
from one ticket, especially as by the terms 
proposed two of the Democratic candidates 
would be excluded 'during the entire dis- 
cussion.' We cannot, therefore, gentle- 
men, with a due regard to that equality, the 
preservation of which our party demands 
at our hands, yield that which, as individ- 
uals, we might consent to do; because, in 
our opinion, it would be improper as repre- 
sentatives of a party whose well known 
maxim is 'to demand nothing tliat is not 
right, and submit to nothing that is wrong.' 

"Having failed in procuring your assent 
to our proposition except upon terms alto- 
gether inadmissable, the correspondence oji 
the subject will hereafter terminate, unless 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



273 



on further reflection you should abandon 
the position assumed in your last note." 

The Whig candidates fired this parting 
shot at the retreating Democratic candi- 
dates: "To our proposals that you should 
choose among yourselves a number equal 
to that of the Harrison candidates, who 
should appear before the people, you object 
upon the ground that you are unwilling to 
make 'an invidious selection from our 
(your) ticket, especially as by the terms pro- 
posed two of the candidates would be ex- 
cluded during the entire discussion.' We 
have only to say that the justice of this pro- 
posal is, to us, most obvious. We gave the 
option to retain your five, with five to op- 
pose; or to choose three from your number, 
to meet the three on our side, who accepted 
your ofifer. 

"The doctrine of 'equality' on which you 
dwell you appear to think would be main- 
tained by placing five in contest against 
three; and we take it for granted that you 
consider this contest unequal as to num- 
bers, as embraced within the maxim you 
adopt, 'to demand nothing which is not 
right, and submit to nothing that is wrong.' 
If we mistake not the chivalrous spirit of 
the Old Hero, whose words you quote, al- 
ways led him to insist upon 'Fair Play.' 
In closing this correspondence we have the 
honor to be, gentlemen, your obedient ser- 
vants." 

On the legislative ticket at the election 
October 8th the highest Whig candidate 
secured 7,108 votes and the highest Demo- 
crat 7.295. 

In 185 1 Mr. Walsh was nominated by the 
Whigs in the Fourth (Baltimore) District 
for Congress, unsolicited and unexpected. 
The district was Democratic and for vears 



the Whigs with their best men as candidates 
had failed to carry it. 

The forensic abilities of Mr. Walsh were 
loudly boasted of by his supporters, and he 
was claimed by them to be one of the bright- 
est stars in Baltimore. The Argus news- 
paper, a Democratic sheet, undertook to 
detract from his merits as a speaker, and in 
proof of its assertion pretended to an un- 
usual amount of courage; it requested all 
Democrats who had any doubts of the cor- 
rectness of its assertions to go and hear 
him. It was prudent not to repeat its once 
given advice; those who did go and hear 
him failed to adopt the editor's opinion. 

William Pinkney Whyte, a gentleman 
who has attained to eminence, was the Dem- 
ocratic nominee. Mr. Walsh after a vigor- 
ous canvass defeated him by 227 votes. He 
felt no elation over the result; he was warm- 
ly attached to Mr. Whyte, and their attach- 
ment survived all party strife. They agreed 
on a clean discussion and kept their agree- 
ment. When Mr. Walsh met Mr. Whyte 
after the election he placed his arms around 
him, and drawing him close to him, said, 
"nothing shall break our ties of friendship." 

The American commended the Congress- 
man-elect in this wise: "The new member 
will prove himself worthy of the responsible 
trusts which are now confided to him." 

Few Congressmen, serving but one term, 
achieved the successful record that Mr. 
Walsh made. It was in the man and it came 
out of him. He bore himself as a veteran 
parliamentarian and was unsubdued. He 
was brilliant on the floor, always there for 
a purpose, to subserve the public good; he 
seldom spoke without interruption. In his 
speech on the Wheeling bridge he evinced 
his learning as a lawyer. When that case 



274 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



was before the Supreme Court that tribunal 
expressed in its opinion similar views to 
those maintained by Mr. Walsh. 

A bill was before Congress to pay bounty 
to certain soldiers of the War of 1812. Mr. 
Walsh opposed it, because it did not in- 
clude Barney and Miller's men. Among 
other things he said: "They were seamen 
and the fact that they were seamen con- 
stitutes their claim at the hands of this 
House. I will give you their history brief- 
ly. Commodore Barney went into the city 
of Baltimore and in its vicinity and got ar- 
ticles from the merchants and others. He 
put them on board of gunboats and as the 
enemy advanced he destroyed those boats 
to prevent them falling into the hands of the 
British fleet. Those men were then entitled 
to their discharge and nine men out of ten 
would have fled from the danger, but not 
so with them. They volunteered under 
their immortal leader, went to Bladens- 
burgh and the British record of that battle 
says that the valor and gallantry evinced 
by those sailors and marines was never ex- 
ceeded upon the field of battle." 

The activities of Mr. Walsh were not 
alone displayed in his constituents interest, 
but were as broad as the national domain. 
He was a good lawyer and could not re- 
main seated in silence and endure imperfect 
legislation. On the subject of the Public 
Domain, regulated by the Homestead Bill, 
he took a lively interest; also in the Pacific 
Railroad Bill. He was in favor of a bold 
and fearless policy of protection to Ameri- 
can citizenship abroad, and he secured all 
he could in the way of legislation for his 
constituents. One of his admirers said of 
him in the American of October 17, 1853: 
"The votes and speeches of Mr. Walsh for 



appropriations to benefit the commerce of 
Baltimore and improve its harbor are well 
known and appreciated." 

On the motion that the House of Repre- 
sentatives receive Louis Kossuth, Mr. 
Walsh moved an amendment to the original 
resolution, "that the Speaker in the name 
of the members of the House then assure 
him of their deep gratitude for his signal 
services in the cause of freedom, and their 
high respect for his exalted character and 
genius." 

In the course of his speech sustaining his 
amendment he said: "Maid and matron 
joined the holy cause, and ministering an- 
gels around your domestic altars left the 
scenes of their devoted life and came forth 
to bless and hallow the festival of freedom. 
The sons of toil, with the sweat of their 
brow turned into gold, came with their of- 
fering to this cause. Men who are accus- 
tomed to instruct the wise and hold to- 
gether the masses stood confounded by his 
wisdom and fascinated by the necromancy 
of his voice. And where is this distinguish- 
ed individual to receive for the first time 
the cold shoulder. It is in the councils of 
the American Nation." 

A bill was before the House for the relief 
of Gen. James C. Watson, of Georgia, who 
had purchased slaves from the Creeks tribe 
of Indians, who were collected at Fort 
Pike, and with the Seminole tribe of In- 
dians moved beyond the Mississippi, tne 
slaves accompanying them. Mr. Walsh 
made a legal argument to prove that the 
United States, having had the slaves, which 
were property in its hands, and knowing 
that Gen. Watson had purchased the title 
from them and that the Government refus- 
ing to deliver them up on demand to Wat- 




&-Z'tC^i^^Z<jT--cf 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



277 



son, but having sent them away, it was ha- 
ble to an action of trover and being so 
hable should reimburse Watson for his out- 
la}', Watson in some manner having en- 
abled the Government to fulfiill its treaty 
stipulations with the Indians, in their trans- 
fer beyond the Mississippi river. 

The speech was not a lengthy one, but 
cogent and clear. He was frequently in- 
terrupted, but did not turn aside from his 
point, which was maintained with consum- 
mate skill and learning. 

Henry Clay died Tuesday, June 29, 1852. 
As an ornate specimen of eloquence the 
speech of Mr. Walsh in the House sur- 
passed all similar efforts delivered either 
there or in the Senate. 

He commenced by saying: '"The illus- 
trious man, whose death we this day 
mourn, was so long my political leader — 
so long almost the object of my personal 
idolatry — that I cannot allow that he shall 
go down to the grave without a word at 
least of affectionate remembrance — without 
a tribute to a memory which will exact 
tribute as long as a heart shall be found 
to beat within the bosom of civilized man, 
and human agency shall be adequate in any 
form to give them an expression; and even, 
sir, if I had no heartfelt sigh to pour out 
here — if I had no tear for that coffin's lid, 
I should do injustice to those whose repre- 
sentative in part I am, if I did not in this 
presence, and at this time, raise the voice 
to swell the accents of the profoundest pub- 
lic sorrow." 

He then proceeded in the loftiest strain 
to weave a beautiful fabric of words in- 
spired by the true poetical ideal. What can 
be grander than this paragraph. 

"I wish, sir, I could ofifer now a proper 



memorial for such a subject and such an 
affection. But as I strive to utter it I feel 
the disheartening influence of the well- 
known truth that in view of death all minds 
sink into triteness. It would seem, indeed, 
sir, that the great leader of our race would 
vindicate his title to be so considered, by 
making all men think alike in regard to his 
visitation — 'the thousand thoughts that be- 
gin and end in one' — the desolation here — ■ 
the eternal hope hereafter — are influences 
felt alike by the lowest intellect and the loft- 
iest genius." 

His harp had not uttered its sweetest 
strains; his fingers touched once more its 
strings and these are the melodious notes, 
the deep meaning which he drew from its 
chords. 

"We can all remember, sir, when adverse 
political results disheartened his friends, and 
made them feel even as men without hope, 
that his own clarion voice was still heard 
in the purpose and pursuit of right, as bold 
and as eloquent as when it first proclaimed 
the freedom of the seas, and its talismanic 
tones struck of? the badges of bondage from 
the lands of the Incas and the plains of 
Marathon." 

Never minister in the performance of his 
holy offices over the dead surpassed in ut- 
terance this pathetic conclusion of Mr. 
Walsh's oration. 

"To an existence so lovely. Heaven in its 
mercy granted a befitting and appropriate 
close. It was the prayer, Mr. Speaker, of a 
distinguished citizen, who died some years 
since in the metropolis, even while his spirit 
was fluttering for its final flight, that he 
might depart gracefully. It may not be pre- 
sumptuous to say that what was in that in- 
stance the aspiration of a chivalric gentle- 



278 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



man was in this the realization of the dying 
Christian in which was blended all that hu- 
man dignity could require, with all that di- 
vine grace had conferred; in which the firm- 
ness of the man was only transcended by 
the fervor of the penitent. 

"A short period before his death he re- 
marked to one by his bedside 'that he was 
fearful he was becoming selfish, as his 
thoughts were entirely withdrawn from the 
world and centered upon eternity.' This, 
sir, was but the purification of his noble 
spirit from all the dross of earth — a happy 
illustration of what the religious muse has 
so sweetly sung: 

" ' No sin to stain— no lure to stay 

The soul— as home she springs ; 
Thy sun shine on her joyful way, 
Thy freedom in her wings. ' 

"Mr. Speaker the soleumities of this hour 
may soon be forgotten. We may come 
back from the new made grave only still to 
show that we consider 'eternity the bubble, 
life and time the enduring substance.' We 
may not pause long enough by the brink 
to ask which of us revellers of to-day shall 
next be at rest. But be assured, sir, that 
upon the records of mortality will never be 
inscribed a name more illustrious than that 
of the statesman, patriot and friend whom 
the Nation mourns." 

Mr. Walsh was the advocate of the op- 
pressed in Ireland. On the 22d of January, 
1852, a Baltimore delegation presented to 
the President of the United States a petition 
signed by fifteen thousand people praying 
his intercession with the I'ritish Govern- 
ment for the liberation of Smith O'Brien 
and his co-patriots. Mr. Walsh entertained 
the committee and its friends at Gadsby's 
Hotel. In the evening the Washingtonians 



entertained the visitors sumptuously at 
Carusis. G. W. P. Curtis presided. Mr. 
Walsh responded for the Baltimoreans in 
this speech: 

"Mr. President, the friends by my side, to 
whom the sentiment read so kindly refers, 
have directed me in such phrase as I can 
suddenly command, to express their grate- 
ful acknowledgments. The source, sir, 
whence this order comes ensures willing 
and prompt obedience. It comes from the 
constituency of the Monumental City — a 
constituency who have made me all I am, 
and whose word to me is supreme law. And 
yet, Mr. President, I am hardly equal to the 
task which is now demanded. As I look 
upon this scene I feel something like the 
depressing influences which filled the heart 
of the Irish emigrant. Mine does not to be 
sure travel back to the 

' Place where Mary lies,' 
But it goes back as I gaze upon my old 
friend Mr. McNally to the basement of the 
old church in Calvert street where we were 
accustomed to assemble and to have an 
hour's talk about old Ireland, concerning 
her sufferings and her sorrows, her hopes 
and her fears — when we indulged in the sen- 
timent of the homely ditty which says: 

' Up steps General Washington and takes you by 
the hand 
How is old Ireland, and how does she stand ? 
A poor distressed country as ever was seen 

Where they punish men and women for dressing 
in the green.' 

.\nd, as these mournful memories come 
over me, 

' In vain I strive with livelier air 
To wake the breathing string - 
The voice of other days is there, 
And saddens all I sing.' 

Mr President, the friends whose organ I 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



am, thank you from the bottom of their 
hearts for this manifestation of your kind- 
ness. Their sympathies are enlisted as 
deeply as your own in behalf of the Irish 
patriots and exiles who now most signally 
illustrate, "not the atrocity of any offense,' 
but the 'atrocity of punishment.' 

"I speak, sir, from personal knowledge 
when I declare that the attention of my 
people was early attracted to these gentle- 
men, sir; they presented a glorious specta- 
cle, for no more interesting sight can be 
given to humanity than the ofiferings, high 
and holy, of genius at the shrine of liberty. 
They failed in their struggle. One could 
have believed that their hearts were to 
have been made desolate — that they them- 
selves were to die, and to die upon the gal- 
lows. One of them breathed forth from his 
dungeon this beautiful sentiment: 

' Whether on the gallows high, 

Or in the battle's van, 
The fittest place for man to die 

Is where he dies for man.' 

Sir, we could have believed that the grave 
might be the refuge, and that the lofty 
spirit might fly to the throne of the God 
who gave it. But, sir, we cannot realize 
that these heroes should be associated with 
the felons of the world. We desire, sir, to 
come to some understanding with the Brit- 
ish Government. Let us look at our re- 
spectivelexiconsand ascertain how it is that 
in theirs a devotion to country — to hearth- 
stones and to altars — is regarded as sig- 
nifying a felony, while in ours it is held to 
mean a cardinal heaven-born virtue. We 
can all, gentlemen, do something to enforce 
our own interpretation. Let us appeal to 
the good, and the wise of the world, to say 
which signification should prevail, and rely 



with confidence upon the judgment which 
we revoke. That judgment shall not only 
aid you in procuring the release of the no- 
ble men who now command your sympa- 
thies and prayers, but it shall be the har- 
binger of better things for Ireland. Her 
cause, gentlemen, shall always be entitled 
to my best services. In my public place and 
in my private position I shall always have 
the word to cheer, and, I trust in God, al- 
ways the hand to succor. Yea, gentlemen, 
let us hope for better days, and, as we gaze 
upon the national emblem, seek 

' To call back the time when pleasures sigh 

First breathed across its strings, 
And time itself in flitting by. 

Made music with his wings.' 

Let US all according to our opportunities 
try to kindle up once more the shrine of 
old Kildare, so that its light may unite 
with the stars of the Republic in illuminat- 
ing the world. 

"And even if, sir, there should be no hope 
for the nationality of Ireland — if the people 
whose native genius is music shall not be 
permitted to join in the chorus of freedom, 
regulated by the breathing strains of their 
own harp — 

' Here at least, is the spot, no cloud cu a'srz 
And a heart and home all their own to the last. ' 

They can come out, sir, from among the 
oppressors and thus contradict the mourn- 
ful prophecy of the dying patriot, so that 
the last entrenchment of liberty shall not be 
the entrenchment of her sons, but the ram- 
parts of the American Constitution. 

"Mr. President, I love to linger upon the 
old times of Ireland — I love to linger upon 
the principles of ninety-eight there as well 
as upon the principles of ninety-eight here. 
Be assured, sir, that the Irish and American 



280 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



doctrines of ninety-eight, united with the 
spirit of seventy-six, constitute a unity that 
will save the world." 

The committee on returning home from 
Washington unanimously passed the fol- 
lowing resolution: "To our worthy Repre- 
sentative in Congress, the Hon. T. Yates 
Walsh, we have no language sufficiently 
strong to express our feelings of gratitude 
for the untiring assiduity with which he has 
labored for our cause." 

April 29, 1852, Mr. Walsh addressed the 
House on the "Whig Caucus — Compro- 
mise Wsasures." It was a brilliant speech 
sparkling with such jems as this: "Let me 
say, having in all respects endorsed this pa- 
per, I come not here to-day to indulge in 
any extravagant enconiums upon the Con- 
stitution of my Country. I have no nec- 
romancy of words to employ in setting forth 
the blessings of the Union. Devoted as I 
am to the Union and to the principles of the 
last compromise, I have been distrustful 
ever since a particular event to which I shall 
a'l'ude, of every man who exhausts dic- 
tionaries and vocabularies in the praise of 
the one or the other. 

"I stood, sir, three years ago, under a July 
sun, listening to an oration of a scholar and 
statesman as he was then called, and 
thought that I could never tire of the praises 
that were bestowed upon our national in- 
stitutions ; and I passed from that spot only 
to find that our political Gratiano spoke an 
infinite deal of nothing. He went to the Sen- 
ate chamber from that scene only to turn 
that sacred house into an auction in which 
he could make bids for abolition votes, in 
the language of a distinguished man 'spend- 
ing a national reputation with the prodigal- 
ity of a .spendthrift.' " 



Mr. Walsh was a Southern Whig; in 
early life he had been a Jacksonian Demo- 
crat; on the subject of slavery, which he be- 
lieved ought not to be interfered with, be- 
cause of its Constitutional recognition, he 
had this to say in the same speech: "Al- 
though the South may hold on to a barren 
scepter, they are even shut out practically 
from the enjoyment of the principles of the 
Constitution. Is it not necessary to take 
our stand under these circumstances, when 
we have no further sacrifices to make, and 
when we havj no further surrender to of- 
fer? The North has got all men could re- 
quire at the hands of others, and being un- 
der the same form of Government they have 
got all the newly acquired territory. The 
South simply say to them now, stand by the 
old Constitution — stand by it as you under- 
stood it at the period of its adoption. Stand 
by it on the naked right of the owner to 
reclaim his fugitive slave." 

]\Ir. Walsh did not hesitate to encounter 
the Speaker when in the House; on more 
than one occasion he differed with the oc- 
cupant of the chair, and appealed from his 
decisions. 

Mr. Walsh closed his term of service in 
Congress so creditably that his praise was 
on every one's lips. Representative George 
T. Davis, who resided at Springfield, Mass., 
and served with him in the House, express- 
ed the opinion that Mr. Walsh was one 
of the strongest men in it. Mr. Davis him- 
self was a gentleman of great ability, whose 
opinion is worth quoting. The mirthfulness 
of Mr. Walsh's temperament did not for- 
sake him during his congressional career. 
In his speech on "Whig Compromise" he 
frequently permitted it to assert itself. 

One morning he called on Daniel Web- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



281 



ster, Secretary of State, to mollify his oppo- 
sition towards a gentleman Mr. Walsh was 
endeavoring to provide with an office. 
Webster was entering his carriage to go to 
the White House, and asked Mr. Walsh to 
ride with him. He pressed his case so vig- 
orously .during the ride that Mr. Webster 
said, "Why, Mr. Walsh, you almost convert 
me," to which Mr. Walsh replied, with 
pathos, '"Would to God I could hear you 
give just one campmeeting shout." Mr. 
Webster was greatly pleased at this re- 
joinder. 

In 1853 Mr. Walsh was renominated. 
He published this address Friday, October 
7, 1853, to his constituents of the Fourth 
District: "I am a candidate to represent 
you in the Popular Branch of the National 
Legislature, which will assemble at Wash- 
ington on the first Monday of December 
next. The recorded acts, votes and speech- 
es of the last Congress will, I think, show 
that I did my best to serve you. If hon- 
ored once more with your confidence by a 
re-election, I pledge myself to a like faith- 
ful effort in your service." 

Mr. Walsh was opposed by Henry May, 
who possessed decided talents. The cam- 
paign was brilliantly conducted by both 
gentlemen. The district was Democratic 
and for years defied the efforts of the Whigs 
to carry it. They had nominated strong 
candidates unavailingly. When Mr. Walsh 
defeated Mr. Whyte Democratic dissen- 
sions existed. The smoke of the election 
of 1853 passed off and the vote stood: May 
5.630 votes, Walsh 5,300. It was a great 
disappointment to Mr. Walsh's friends, who 
felt that his record ought to have triumph- 
antly re-elected him. The Whigs obtained 
the Legislature and thereby United States 



Senator. Mr. Walsh was mentioned for 
that office, but he made no effort to secure 
it, and a great name and fame was lost to 
the Nation. 

To a gentleman in after years who was 
impressed with the great abilities of Mr. 
Walsh, and who basked in the sun- 
shine of his presence, he said, speaking of 
his two years in Congress, not profanely, 
but sadly, "Sir, a one-term Congressman 
is not worth a d — n." His meaning is plain 
enough; he referred to the lack of oppor- 
tunities it afforded for usefulness. 

The Whig party died and was buried 
with honorable ceremonies. The Native 
American party took its place in the field of 
politics. Mr. Walsh declined to be a mem- 
ber of its household. He simply voted 
against the Know Nothings and assisted in 
the reform movement to overthrow the 
reign of violence prevalent at that period. 
His latter days were darkened by financial 
reverses. The story of his misfortunes, the 
darkest shadow clouding his life, is told in 
the following colloquy. 

There were three volumes of rare books 
in his library, published in London; being 
asked what they cost, he replied twenty 
thousand dollars. The astonished inquirer 
exclaimed, "Do you really mean it?" "Yes, 
sir; they cost me twenty thousand dollars. 
A gentleman was in the habit of making 
me trifling presents. Among other things 
he presented those books ; he was elected to 
a responsible office, and I was his bonds- 
man; he misappropriated the public funds 
and I satisfied the penalty of the bond. 
Never accept, sir, gifts, great or small." 

Mr. Walsh was sensitive on the subject 
of abolition interference with slavery; he 
believe in the constitutional right to hold 



282 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



slaves as property. During the war for the 
Union he was in sympathy with the South. 
He avoided overt acts, but made no con- 
cealment of his sentiments. 

The course of Governor Hicks he repro- 
bated. A gentleman wrote him in lauda- 
tory terms of the Governor when he was 
elected United States Senator. His an- 
swer was this, "You and I have long since 
agreed to disagree about Mr. Hicks. Let 
him enjoy his honors." 

When arrests were made of his acquaint- 
ances by the military authorities he had ap- 
prehensions of exchanging his office for a 
cell. He tried a case in the Court of Ap- 
peals. Returning to Baltimore, at An- 
napolis Junction it was necessary to transfer 
to a train from Washington. At the Junc- 
tion United States troops were encamped. 

While waiting for the expected train, 
Joseph J. Early, a lawyer, and a noticeably 
handsome man, who subsequently moved 
to Missouri, and was killed by being shot 
in the public street, was among the return- 
ing lawyers. 

He indulged in conviviality before leav- 
ing Annapolis, and when the Junction was 
reached threatened to take the camp of sol- 
diers prisoners in the name of Jeff Davis 
and the Southern Confederacy. He was 
made a prisoner instead and locked up until 
it was train time, when he was liberated. 
While in the guard-house he repeatedly 
sent for Mr. Walsh to come and see him, 
but that gentleman declined to do so. Mr. 
Early, on his return from the guard-house 
complained of his friend's refusal to visit 
him: "What, sir," said Mr. Walsh, "and run 
the risk of your tongue having me in- 
carcerated to keep you company? No, sir, 
no, sir." 



During the war the Clipper, a Union 
sheet, and the Argus, a paper noted for its 
Southern sympathies, vied in publishing 
sensational canards about the victories of 
their respective sides. At 2 o'clock p. 
m. the newsboys passed along the streets 
shouting their papers. Mr. Walsh w'as al- 
ways impatient for the Argus, when the 
armies were moving and a battle imminent 
or in progress. At such a time a boy hur- 
ried along crying, "Here's the Clipper, 
another battle; ten thousand rebel prisoners 
taken; twenty thousand rebels killed: the 
Federals going to take Richmond and end 
the war." 

"What paper is that?" asked Mr. Walsh 
of George W. Aspril, a law student, in an 
adjoining office. 

"The Argus, sir." 

"Get me a copy." 

The Clipper was purchased and Mr. 
Walsh began to read. His face wore an 
intent expression, he was heard to murmur 
at the end of each paragraph, "That is a 
lie." Finally he said, "What paper is this 
anyhow?" And turning to the head lines 
he informed himself, and in an instant the 
paper was in the gutter. 

Aspril, who enjoyed the episode amaz- 
ingly, scampered ofi, while his victim good 
naturedly said, "If lying could subdue the 
Southerners the Clipper would soon end 
the war." 

Mr. Walsh, in his late life, resided on his 
farm near Stevenson's Lane, in Baltimore 
ccnmty. He had an Irishman for an 
overseer; his wife was also in his em- 
ploy, besides a housekeeper. The latter for 
twenty years performed that office in his 
service. These looked after things for him. 
He was fond of the large old oaks that sur- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



rounded his house and walked amid their 
shade and admired them far more en- 
raptured than lovers of art in a gallery of 
paintings. He had feelings that disap- 
pointment awakes, yet they never quenched 
the genial currents of his soul. At home 
he felt like a statesman in retirement, but 
never complained of the world for not 
having gratified more of his desires. It 
was his daily custom to leave home in time 
to reach his office in the city by nine o'clock 
a. m., and he usually left his office to re- 
turn to it by railroad by 2.30 p. m. 

When Gilmore raided in the neighbor- 
hood of Balitimore, the city was in a furor 
of excitement. Barricades were erected at 
the leading entrances to the town, defend- 
ed by citizens and convalescent Federal 
troops from hospitals. For a few days in- 
gress and egress were difficult, and only 
with the permission of the military authori- 
ties. Mr. Walsh was in the city and was 
anxious to reach his farm, fearing that the 
raiders would plunder his place of stock 
and other things. He did not relish the 
idea of applying for a permit to pass the 
lines, for he was opposed to taking an oath 
of loyalty administered by an officer in the 
army, and a permit without such an oath, 
so administered, could not be had. He 
therefore visited a friend's livery stable and 
had him select a faithful Jehu to run the 
barricade. Mr. Walsh in a hack was driven 
through the labyrinth of windings by the 
way of Pikesville to his farm, where he re- 
mained until the retirement of Gilmore and 
the end of the excitement. The authorities 
never learned of the defiant act thus per- 
petrated. 

For several years prior to the death of 
Air. Walsh, his health was not the best; he 



suffered with rheumatic complaint, and 
while the attacks were not of long duration, 
they seriously effected his inclination for 
the activities of the profession. He could 
not abandon the habit of visiting his office 
punctually and regularly where his old 
friends gathered to greet him with the 
familiar "How are you, Yates?" 

There were days when he did not go 
to the office, when pain prevented his walk- 
ing. He carried all his business concerns 
in his head, without the aid of books of ac- 
count. He knew when a payment was due 
to and from him, and he was intent on hav- 
ing performance and performing. To that 
end he would write letters of such plain and 
detailed instructions to his student so that 
he was thoroughly understood. 

On one occasion, when confined at home, 
the genial and whole-souled Robert C. 
Barry, a wit of no ordinary gifts, under date 
of February 20, 1864, wrote humorously to 
him in this vein: "When do you intend to 
come this way? Folks are inquiring about 
you ? Shall we have prayers offered up for 
the sick or shall we soon take by the hand 
a well and hearty man?" 

When he did reach the city, after con- 
valescing, he would send for one of his 
friends, and he would spread the news: 
"Yates is at his office," when callers pre- 
sented themselves. 

William H. Collins and Mr. Walsh from 
manhood had been intimate; throughout 
their professional lives they had never 
known an estrangement. The war for 
the Union divided with remorseless swift- 
ness friends who were on opposite sides; 
but Collins, who was for the Union 
forever, and Walsh, who sympathized with 
the South, never felt a jar in their inter- 



284 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



course. Collins was in the habit of fre- 
quently stopping in to see Walsh in the 
morning on the way to his office. He was 
a cultured, polished, precise, dignified gen- 
tleman, and talked in a stately manner. 
Walsh always called him "a Union shriek- 
er," and heaped his jokes upon him about 
his political affiliations. What Mr. Walsh 
said being only an ebullition of good nature, 
no olifense was given or taken. Damon and 
Pythias were not more loving, and neither 
would have submitted without resentment 
to a reflection on the other. 

The death of Mrs. Griffith, his house- 
keeper, wlio, without premonition, fell dead 
in his presence, greatly shocked and dis- 
tressed him. She preceded him to the grave 
three weeks. A few days before his death 
he was stricken with erysipelas; it made its 
appearance under his chin and attacked his 
throat. He died Friday morning, January 
20, 1865, between the hours of 6 and 7 
o'clock, at the residence of his sister, Mrs. 
Mary Penniman, on Cortland street. 

The press spoke kindly of him, and his 
thousands of friends who were stricken with 
sorrow had only good words to utter. The 
Sun made this appropriate mention in 
connection with the event; "Of late years 
he has not identified himself with political 
parties. He was considered one of the most 
sarcastic stump speakers of his day, and his 
witty repartees were proverbial. As a 
member of the bar he was ranked as one of 
the bright particular marks for ingenuity of 
argument, eloquence of language and gen- 
eral legal abilities; he was one of the most 
successful criminal lawyers of his day, and 
was held in high esteem by his brother 
members of the profession. In social life 
Mr. Walsh had a host of friends — of t^-cncr- 



ous influences and warm friendly attach- 
ments, he had but few, if any, enemies, and 
his death has left one more void in the list 
of the Maryland Bar of which all citizens 
of the State have reason to be proud." 

His death was announced in the Superior 
Court by William H. Collins, who was 
called the "Father of the Bar," who moved 
the Court's adjournment in respect to Mr. 
Walsh's memory. The motion was second- 
ed by George William Brown in a short 
tribute. Judge Robert North Martin feel- 
ingly responded and ordered the Court ad- 
journed. In the Court of Common Pleas 
William M. Marine, Mr. Walsh's former 
pupil and law associate at the time of his 
death, made the announcement of Mr. 
Walsh's death. He indulged in some feel- 
ing remarks in relation to the deceased, 
which were replied to by Judge John C. 
King. In the City Circuit Court, William 
Schley eloquently told of the great man's 
death, and Judge William Alexander ad- 
journed his Court. In the Criminal Court, 
Judge Hugh L. Bond suspended business 
and announced, "The community has been 
pained to hear of the death of Thomas 
Yates Walsh, and out of respect to his 
memory this Court is now adjourned." 

In the United States District Court, Wil- 
liam Price spoke of Mr. Walsh "as one of 
the departed gems and stars of the Balti- 
more Bar," and paid his character and per- 
son a high tribute. 

Judge William Fell Giles said "he was 
a companion of the deceased in boyhood, 
was reared in the profession of the law with 
him; and he had the honor and pleasure of 
his friendship throughout his life." He 
spoke of the deceased as an eloquent orator, 
an able lawyer, a benevolent and kind- 







'(^^^i^^ i^. Ji/-/£^^t^ 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



285 



hearted friend, and good citizen, a danger- 
ous political antagonist, but at the same 
time a generous one, and remarked that he 
was among the shining marks of the Mary- 
land Bar who had passed away." 

A Bar meeting was held on Saturday at 
noon succeeding his death in honor of his 
memory, Judge Martin, Chairman, and 
Bernard Carter, Secretary. A committee 
to draft resolutions appropriate to the oc- 
casion consisted of William H. Collins, 
William Schley, John H. B. Latrobe, ex- 
Judge William George Krebs, S. Teackle 
Wallis, I. Nevitt Steele and George William 
Brown. The gentlemen chosen were the 
leaders of the Bar, who had no superiors in 
eminence in their profession. The second 
resolution recited: "Although Mr. Walsh 
was so long withdrawn from active profes- 
sional life, and perhaps but little known to 
many of his juniors personally, his death re- 
calls, with sadness, to his contemporaries 
and associates, the recollection of a career 
of brilliant promise and great early success. 
He had a clear and vigorous intellect of 
remarkable ability and brightness — some- 
what impatient of labor and system, but 
quick, acute and vigorously fertile of re- 
sources. Those fine endowments were 
aided in forensic controversy by an elocu- 
tion of much impressiveness and power, un- 
usual ingenuity in the presentation and dis- 
position of questions of both law and fact, 
earnestness and zeal in the discharge of 
duty. In personal and professional inter- 
course there were few more attractive and 
popular than he, and scarcely any man of 
his day will be more genially remembered 
for those sallies of wit and humor which 
pass into the festive traditions of a genera- 
tion." 



Mr. Collins and Mr. Brown spoke to the 
resolutions. Judge Martin, before sub- 
mitting them to a vote, said: "I unite with 
the Bar in lamenting the death of the late 
Hon. Thomas Yates Walsh, for many 
years a prominent and highly esteemed 
member of the profession. I cordially con- 
cur in all that has been said by the gentle- 
men who have addressed the Chair in com- 
mending the personal and social qualities of 
Mr. Walsh, and of his legal professional at- 
tainments, and upon the adoption of the 
resolutions which have just been read, I 
shall direct them to be placed on the records 
of the Court, as a mark of our respect for 
his memory." 

The funeral of Mr. Walsh took place 
Saturday, and was largely attended. His 
pall-bearers were members of the Bar, 
among whom were William H. Collins and 
George William Brown. The interment 
was in Mr. Walsh's lot, in St. Paul's Ceme- 
tery, which he had purchased to lay away 
the remains of his father. The ceremonial 
burial service of the Protestant Episcopal 
Church was read at the house and at the 
grave. When the coffin was lowered in the 
earth the snow was falling fast, and large 
flakes lay on the dark cloth covered coffin 
lid to some present recalling Montgomery's 
lines — 

"Blessed is the bride whom the suu shines ou, 
Blessed is the corpse which the rain rains ou." 

To the right of Mr. Walsh's grave is that 
of Samuel Chase, and to the left that of 
Judge Upton W. Heath. 

Mr. Walsh was survived by a brother, 
William H. Walsh, since deceased, leaving 
children. Mr. Edward J. Penniman is a son 
of his sister, Mrs. Mary Penniman, at whose 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



house he died. Archibald Stirling, Sr., 
married his eldest sister. They are both 
dead, and left children, including the late 
Archibald Stirling, Jr., a prominent lawyer; 
Murray Stirling and Commander Yates 
Stirling of the United States Navy. 

Mr. Walsh belonged to an era that pro- 
duced the highest forensic talent honoring 
the Bar of Baltimore. Of his time and 
period were Augustus W. Bradford, 



George R. Richardson, John P. Kennedy, 
Henry May, S. T. Wallis, Reverdy John- 
son, Charles F. Mayer, J. Morrison Harris, 
William H. Collins, John V. L. McMahon, 
J. Mason Campbell, John Cousine, Richard 
Merrick, 1. Nevitt Steele and William P. 
Preston. They were giants, and it were 
pleasing to believe that men of like powers 
will again appear in the rich and expanding 
future. 



CHAPTER XL 



Church History (Roman Catholic). 

Rev. Lucian Johnston, bv Appointment of Cardinal Gibbons. 
I. 



A Sketch of Catholic Church History In 

Baltimore City- 

(Early History, 1739-1789.) 

The first beginnings of Catholicity in 
Baltimore were indeed humble, since it 
was not until the Revolution that Mass 
could be said anywhere but in private 
houses. In fact, not much more could be 
expected in a town which in 1752 contained 
only two hundred inhabitants, in 1775 
about six thousand, and which was situated 
in a region where ill-feeling continually 
hampered the growth of Catholicity. But 
in the year 1755 we have the arrival of a 
distinct body of Catholics, namely: the 
Acadians, about one hundred of whom 
landed in Baltimore, where they became 
definitely settled, at first lodging in private 
houses, afterwards in those built by them- 
selves on South Charles street near Lom- 
bard, giving to that quarter the designation 
of "French Town," which it preserved for 
a long time. Some such as Guttro, Blanc, 
Dashield and Berbine, who had suffered 
least perhaps, attached themselves mostly 
to navigation, whilst the infirm picked 
oakum. 

The little colony's spiritual wants were 
met by Father Ashton, who came once a 
month from Doughoregan Manor, and said 
Mass in the abandoned brick house stand- 



ing near the northwest corner of Calvert 
and Fayette streets. The congregation 
numbered about forty souls, mostly Aca- 
dians, of course, together with a few Irish, 
among whom occur the names of Patrick 
Bennett, Robert Walsh and William Sten- 
son. The services were correspondingly 
simple, the expenses, such as they were, be- 
ing borne by the Jesuit Fathers out of their 
individual estates. Such was the modest 
beginning of Baltimore Catholicity, which 
was in less than half a century to become 
an Episcopal See, and in a little more than 
a century to be presided over by a Cardinal. 
The little community thrived well enough 
to resolve, in 1770, upon erecting a church, 
a design materially aided by Mr. Charles 
Carroll, whose generosity has ever since 
been imitated by his descendants. He 
ceded a lot fronting on Saratoga and 
Charles streets, on the northwest side of 
which was raised a brick building, twenty- 
five by thirty feet, known as St. Peter's 
Church. Mr. John McNabb erected, or 
superintended, the building until the walls 
and roof were completed. In this un- 
finished condition it may have been occu- 
pied, but before completion the superin- 
tendent failed in business, owing a debt on 
account of the building of about five hun- 
dred and forty dollars in present money. 
The chief creditor therefore locked up the 
church, keeping possession of the key until 
1774 or 1775. Griffith, in his Annals of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Baltimore, says: "By a ludicrous suit against 
Ganganelli, Clement XIV, Pope of Rome, 
for want of other defendant, to recover the 
advances of Mr. McNabb, who became 
bankrupt, the church was sometime closed. 
This was at the Revolution, and the con- 
gregation assembled in a private house un- 
til possession was recovered." The man- 
ner of reopening St. Peter's was some- 
what novel. A volunteer company, prob- 
ably in 1775, which was part of a military 
force organized to repel the apprehended 
attacks of incursions of Lord Dunmore, 
Governor of Virginia, was in Baltimore un- 
der the command of Capt. Galbraith. The 
company was then employed guarding 
some Scotch malcontents from North Caro- 
lina. On Sunday morning some of the sol- 
diers asked permission to go to church, a 
majority deciding upon attending the 
Roman Catholic Church. On learning 
that it was closed and the key in the posses- 
sion ot Mr. P , they marched in a 

body, with their captain at their head, to 
tliis gentleman's residence and demanded 

the key. It so happened that Mr. P 

had fallen under suspicion of being disaf- 
fected to the cause of American Indepen- 
dence, and on seeing a body of soldiers 
halted in front of his home, he apprehended 
they were about to make him prisoner, but 
on learning their object he readily de- 
livered the key to Capt. Galbraith. The 
company then moved ofT, opened the 
church, and, after they had satisfied their 
devotion, the Catholics retained possession 
of the key and the church until the close of 
the Revolutionary War, after which period 
the sum of two hundred pounds was raised 

Ijy subscription and paid to Mr. P 

in discharge of the debt due him, and he 



relinquished all claim upon the church. 
(Scharf's Chronicles of Baltimore, ad ann., 
1770). This was the congregation whose 
present representative is the Cathedral. 
Calvert Hall for a long while occupied the 
site of the old St. Peter's after the Cathedral 
had replaced this latter as the parish church. 
During the Revolution the congregation 
was attended by Reverend Bernard Dide- 
rick, but here was no resident pastor be- 
fore 1784. Before that a Father Phelan 
passed through Baltimore celebrating Mass 
and preaching in English and French. Fre- 
quen.tly also the chaplains of the French 
army celebrated Mass in this place. In 
1782 Count Rochambeau, on his return 
from Yorktown, halted in Baltimore, 
where some of his troops remained until the 
close of the war. The Legion of the Duke 
de Lauzun encamped on the ground where 
the Cathedral now stands, which, as well as 
that around St. Peter's, was covered with 
forest trees. On one occasion a grand 
Mass was celebrated with great military 
pomp, the celebrant being an Irish priest, 
chaplain to Count Rochambeau. The bands 
of French regiments accompanied the sa- 
cred service with solemn music, the officers 
and a large concourse of the townspeople 
were present, so that the small church was 
not only crowded but the spacious yard in 
front was also filled. St. Peter's remained 
unfinished until 1783. In 1784 Reverend 
Charles Sewall was appointed pastor, being 
the first resident Catholic priest in the city. 
In 1786 Reverend John Carroll, the then 
spiritual superior of the Maryland clergy, 
also took up his residence there. His elo- 
quence soon attracted attention, his ser- 
mons being so much admired that they 
were lif.tened to bv manv Protestants. 



HISTORY OI' BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



These seem, however, to have been excep- 
tions to the spirit of intolerance which then 
hampered Catholics. Dr. Carroll, in fact, 
found it necessary even after the adoption 
of the Constitution, to reply to a writer who, 
in the "Gazette of the United States," fa- 
vored the grant of certain privileges to 
Protestantism as a national religion. 

This was but one of many causes which 
checked the growth of the infant church. 
A report of Dr. Carroll to Cardinal Anto- 
nelli, drawn up in 1785, presents a picture 
of it not any too flattering. After giving 
the number of Catholics in Maryland, 
which, in his opinion, amounted to 15,800, 
incjuding 3,000 negroes, he thus speaks of 
their piety: "In Maryland a few of the lead- 
ing, more wealthy families still profess the 
Catholic faith introduced at the very foun- 
dation of the provinces by their ancestors. 
As for piety they are, for the most part, suf- 
ficiently assiduous in the exercises of re- 
ligion and in frequenting the sacraments, 
but they lack that fervor, which frequent ap- 
peals to the sentiment of piety usually pro- 
duce, as many congregations hear the word 
of God only once a month, and sometimes 
only once in two months." Regarding the 
immigrant Catholics: "You can scarcely 
find any among the newcomers who dis- 
charge this duty of religion (Easter duties), 
and there is reason to think the example 
will be very pernicious, especially in the 
commercial towns." As to the negroes: 
"Most of them are very dull in faith and 
depraved in morals." May we not be al- 
lowed an expression of surprise that the la- 
bors of the Jesuits should have produced 
such little fruit? Making allowance there- 
fore for the draw-backs naturally caused bv 
the prevailing bigotry of the age, the con- 



clusion seems forced upon us that there was 
something defective in the internal organ- 
ization of the church itself. Certain it is 
that at the time when Dr. Carroll penned 
his report there were but nineteen priests 
on the Maryland missions and five in Penn- 
sylvania, of whom two were over seventy 
years old, three almost seventy, the remain- 
ing in some cases in bad health, so fhat they 
were evidently unable to carry on the work. 
A bishop was therefore necessary in order 
to give the church greater stability. This 
brings us to the establishment of the Epis- 
copate. 

II. 

The Episcopate, established Nov. 6, ijSg. 

In the preceding century Lord Baltimore 
had applied to the Propaganda for a prefect 
apostolic of diocesan priests. As early as 
1641 the Propaganda had taken steps in this 
direction, and in spite of the remonstrances 
of the Jesuits two other priests arrived in 
Maryland in 1642. Two Franciscans ar- 
rived about 1673, followed by three more in 
1677, together with three Jesuits and some 
lay brothers. The clergy recived their jur- 
isdiction from ecclesiastical superiors in 
England: at first the archpriests, later the 
vicar-apostolic of London; an arrangement 
based rather on common law than on any 
formal document. 

They were, however, in 1757, authorita- 
tively subjected to the Vicariate Apostolic 
of London, but Bishop Challoner finding 
himself unable to attend to the Colonies on 
account of the vast distance separating him 
from them, suggested the appointment of a 
Vicar Apostolic for themselves. The plan 
was for a time dropped owing to the oppo- 
sition of the Fathers, who feared lest the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Cardinal of York, brother of Charles Ed- 
ward, the Pretender, would exercise an in- 
fluence in the appointment of a person, of- 
fensive both to the civil authorities then 
under the sway of the House of Brunswick, 
and to themselves, to whom the Cardinal 
was openly hostile. A remonstrance there- 
fore against the appointment of a bishop 
was drawn up by the leading Catholics of 
Maryland and sent to London by the Fath- 
ers. It was never presented at Rome. 
The suggestion was then made that the 
Bishop of Quebec should visit the Colonies 
for the sake of administering confirmation, 
and the Superior of the Jesuits made a visit 
to Quebec in 1769 for such a purpose; the 
Propaganda also in 1771 tried to advance 
the same object, but this plan also failed, 
perhaps owing to the prejudice which the 
coming of a bishop from Canada might 
have excited. 

The way, however, was none the less 
slowly and surely prepared for the estab- 
lishment of the hierarchy. 

In the first place the bravery of the 
Catholics in the Revolutionary War did 
much towards softening the hostility 
towards them. Secondly, the war had 
separated the American Catholic Church 
from London as effectually as it had given 
birth to our civil independence, since from 
1781 it was left to itself, no attempts being 
made to renew the connection. Thirdly, 
the Fathers since 1773 had as a Society 
been suppressed, and doubtless their con- 
tinued existence as individual clergymen 
had the effect of bestowing upon them 
a diocesan character which familiarized the 
community with the idea of a clergy in di-_ 
rect subjection to a local bishop. Lastly,* 
the impossiblity of securing confirmation!, 



was forcing the community to the same 
end. 

The first steps towards it were therefore 
taken when, in 1783, the Fathers addressed 
to Rome petitioning that "Reverend Mr. 
Lewis be formally constituted Superior 
with power to administer confirmation and 
with other privileges not strictly of an 
Episcopal character." The result was 
somewhat different from expectations. The 
Superior asked for was given the rank of 
Prefect Apostolic, and instead of Lewis, Dr. 
Carroll received the dignity on June 9, 
1784, the official document reaching him 
only in November 26, 1784. The incident 
curiously illustrates a strange condition of 
affairs, since we learn from a letter to Rev- 
erend John Carroll, of September 21, 1784. 
that "there are certainly some oblique 
views, most probably directed to the prop- 
erty of the American missions and to "the 
obtaining superiority over the missionaries. 
The note delivered to the Nuncio proves 
their wish to exclude every Jesuit from trust 
of honor; and equally betrays the policy of 
the French ministry, who by bringing for- 
ward a Frenchman or Irish-Frenchman, 
would use religion as an instrument to in- 
crease their own influence in America." 
From this we should be led to suspect that 
Carroll, as a native American, and at least 
professedly not a Jesuit, was a compromise 
candidate to the satisfaction of all parties. 

Good as this was still the need of a regu- 
larly constituted bishop forced itself more 
and more into notice. Carroll himself had 
hinted at the bigotry liable to be aroused 
by too close a connection with Rome as laid 
down in the articles of his appointment. 
Moreover, his powers soon appeared in- 
adequate to deal with such evils as grew 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



291 



out of trusteeism, because some took ad- 
vantage of his imperfect authority to rebel 
against it as null and void because emanat- 
ing directly from a foreign source, be- 
sides which the influx of foreigners had 
raised up other serious difficulties incident 
to national churches, whilst the former sup- 
pressed Jesuits were not on the best terras 
with the new clergy from abroad. The 
conviction therefore finally formed itself as 
to the necessity of a bishop, so that in 1788 
the clergy and people of Maryland peti- 
tioned for one, a step which resulted in the 
election of Dr. Carroll. His consecration 
was performed August 15, 1790, by Right 
Reverend Charles Walmesley, the senior 
^'icar Apostolic of England, in the private 
chapel of his friend, Mr. Thomas Weld, of 
Lulworth Castle, England. As a site for his 
See, Philadelphia, the seat of Government, 
was first thought of; also Gallipolis, in 
Scioto county, Ohio, owing to the existence 
of a considerable colony of French Catho- 
lics there residing, was thought of as the 
seat of another American Bishopric at the 
time that Baltimore was determined upon. 
Finally Baltimore was selected, which thus 
enjoys the distinction of being the most an- 
cient See in the United States. 

III. 

Most Reverend John Carroll ( 1790- 181 f,.) 
At Carroll's consecration there were in 
the American church thirty-five priests in 
charge of thirty churches, exclusive of out- 
lying missions, who, at his death, in 1815, 
had increased to upwards of one hundred — • 
the happy and logical outcome of the Epis- 
copate. But such results were gained onlv 
by the most heroic efforts. Outside the 
church the old bigotry was yet alive, so that 



Carroll was compelled to call attention to 
the "violent and increasing oppressions of 
the church," a fact all the more discreditable 
to Baltimore, since such names as Dyer, 
Hynes, Dobson, Norris and Donovan, in 
the list of officers of the Second Maryland 
Brigade for 1778 prove the patriotism of the 
Catholics in the War of Independence, 
which was to be still further shown in that 
of 1812 by such as Murphy, Boyle, Mitchell, 
Jenkins and Dunn, names not necessarily, 
but presumably, Catholic. 

In the bosom of the church yet greater 
dangers menaced her life, as is attested by 
the German schism about the beginning of 
the present century. Only thirty of this 
nationality in Baltimore were ignorant of 
English, yet their pastor, a Father Reuter, 
accused Carroll of obstructing the teaching 
of German and otherwise excited the Ger- 
man Catholics, who had in the meantime 
built up the church of old St. John's. In 
tlie subsequent dispute with the trustees 
of this church, the matter was carried to the 
civil courts, where the trustees set up the 
novel defense that "by the fundamental 
laws and usuages of the German Catholic 
Church the members of the church had the 
sole and exclusive right of nominating and 
appointing their pastor, and that they had 
put the church under the control of the 
Minorites Conventual of the Order of Saint 
Francis, and that they owed obedience to 
the civil magistrates and to that Order, and 
to no other ecclesiastical person or body 
whatever." Needless to say that Carroll 
won his case (in 1805). Such were but 
some of the difficulties constantly besetting 
the new bishop, but his ability rose equal 
to every emergency. 

The violence of prejudice had so far hin- 



292 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



dered the rise of Catholic schools. For ex- 
ample, in 1775, John Hefferman, a Catholic, 
had his school broken up and was himself 
forced to leave the town. But such feeling 
must have softened when in 181 5 Reverend 
John F. Moranville, pastor of Saint Pat- 
rick's Church, instituted a benevolent as- 
sociation for the support of a school, which 
enjoys the distinction of preceding all pub- 
lic schools in Baltimore. Higher education 
was provided for by Carroll's unceasing ef- 
forts to build Georgetown College at Wash- 
ington and St. Mary's; the latter was incor- 
porated in 1805, and continued its useful 
career until the middle of the century, when 
Loyola College fell heir to its position. 

On the side of the clergy the want was 
met by the establishment of St. Mary's 
Seminary in 1791 in charge of the Sul- 
picians, a body of ecclesiastics which by 
constant devotion to the original object of 
its founder and a ready assimilation to the 
genius of its new country, has proved a 
friend indeed to the diocesan clergy of the 
whole country, but particularly of our own 
city. Carroll's comprehensive mind is well 
illustrated by his original intention of mak- 
ing Georgetown College a feeder for the 
Seminary. Reverend Mr. Badin was the 
first priest ordained of the Diocese of Bal- 
timore; ordination took place May 25, 1793. 

Catholic literature also felt the good in- 
fluence of the gradual softening of feeling. 
Catholic publications which began almost 
by stealth in colonial days were taken up 
more openly after the rupture with Great 
Britain, Philadelphia leading the way in this 
direction. Chief amongst the new publi- 
cations must be mentioned a quarto Catho- 
lic Bible issued in 1790, being the first Eng- 
lish quarto Bible printed in this country. 



Moreover, Carroll was at the head of the 
movement in 1795 to establish a public 
library in Baltimore, whilst the Library 
Company which he was active in organizing 
formed a fine collection of books, many of 
which were, if not now, preserved in the 
Maryland Historical Society. Reverend 
Mr. Perigny, a French priest, was first li- 
brarian. The "Maryland Society for Pro- 
moting Useful Knowledge," which lasted 
only a few years, also owed much to Car- 
roll's efforts. 

In this period also arose the church of 
St. Patrick, the second in Baltimore. The 
Catholics residing in the southeastern part 
of the city known as Fell's Point, find- 
ing it too inconvenient to attend old St. 
Peter's, resolved in 1792 to commence the 
erection of a church for themselves. As a 
beginning a chapel was fitted up in an un- 
plastered room in the third story of a house 
on the northeast corner of Fleet and Bond 
streets; next was procured a room on 
Thames street for two or three years. 
Father Gamier was the first pastor of the 
little congregation, which amounted at first 
to about a dozen people. Li 1796 their 
numbers had increased enough to justify 
building, so that a structure, 42x35 feet, was 
erected on Apple alley near Wilkes street. 
Father Floyd, who built this, died in 1797, 
when Garnier again resumed charge. The 
first resident pastor was a Reverend 
Michael Cuddy, appointed in 1803, who 
died of the yellow fever in 1804. Under his 
successor. Reverend John Moranville, the 
old structure was replaced by a new one in 
1806, and alongside of this arose a pastoral 
residence. 

Old St. Peter's having now become too 
small, steps were taken for the erection of 




"G-l^i-^^CTi^-y^cr^^^^ 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



295 



the present Cathedral. In a pastoral of 
1803 Carroll had called on the faithful to aid 
in the work of "dedicating a church to God, 
to be erected by the united efforts of all our 
brethren in this diocese, to stand as the 
evidence of their attachment to the unity of 
Episcopal government," asking for that 
purpose one dollar a year for four years, 
from the head of each family. For a site a 
spot on the hill had been proposed, but 
finding it too costly it was proposed to 
build on the burial ground adjoining St. 
Peter's. This provoked a remonstrance 
signed by the priests of the Seminary, who 
were regarded as the priests of the Cathe- 
dral, which finally resulted in the purchase 
of the present site from General John Eager 
Howard, most of the expenses being de- 
frayed by a lottery. The corner-stone was 
laid July 7, 1806, with great solemnity. 

Another congregation of mixed English, 
French, American and negro clustered 
around the chapel of St. Mary's in charge 
of the Sulpicians. 

Whilst thus the church was expanding in 
a purely natural growth a large accretion 
came in 1793. The revolution of San Do- 
mingo drove out of that island the white 
residents, a great number of whom sought 
refuge in America. In July fifty-three ves- 
sels arrived in Baltimore bearing about one 
thousand whites and five hundred colored 
people, followed soon after by others. As 
a class they were desirable emigrants, a no- 
tice of Bishop Dubourg describes "most of 
them as full of piety and others disposed to 
it through misfortune." In the life of Abbe 
Aloranville it is also stated that "besides 
the emigration from France, a very large 
number of the most respectable inhabi- 
tants of San Domingo, flying from the mas- 



sacre of 1793, found refuge in Baltimore," 
whilst the annals of the city say that these 
immigrations of French colonists increased 
the wealth and population of Baltimore. 

If Baltimore City was thus rapidly in- 
creasing its Catholic population, the church 
at large was becoming too unwieldly for 
the personal attention of one man. Hence, 
in 1808, four other bishoprics were erected, 
the first of those many partitions which 
have diminished the territory but increased 
the dignity of the See of Baltimore. En 
passant it should be noticed how strenu- 
ously Carroll resisted the interference of 
foreigners in the affairs of the American 
Church. The first attempts of the kind 
came from Frenchmen, and continued to 
come from Dublin during the first quarter 
of the present century, until the unremit- 
ting opposition of Carroll and his success- 
ors brought them to an end. 

Before the divisions above referred to, 
the care of his diocese had become such a 
burden that Reverend Leonard Neale was 
appointed coadjutor in 1795, as a result of 
the deliberations of the first Diocesan 
Synod held in 1791; his consecration took 
place in 1800. The acts of this Synod are 
of peculiar importance, as being the first 
body of laws adopted by the American 
Church. At its close Carroll addressed a 
pastoral, the first of its kind from an Ameri- 
can Catholic Bishop, to the clergy and 
people, wherein, amongst other things, he 
appealed for funds for the support of the 
new seminary and Georgetown College, 
and urged the extreme poverty of both 
clergy and churches, which were reduced 
to great straits, all the more so, as the heroic 
Jesuit Fathers, in the hope of a final re- 
suscitation of their Society, had retained the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



property of the old missions and drawn up 
in 1784 a special resolution to the effect that 
"if a bishop was sent them he should not be 
entitled to any support from the present es- 
tates of the clergy." The indifiference of the 
people in the matter of contributions was 
doubtless due to the Fathers having for so 
long been supported by their estates. The 
custom was therefore instituted of taking 
up collections at the offertory. 

Such are a few salient events in the life 
of our first archbishop. That he made some 
mistakes none but the most prejudiced will 
deny, but the difificulties of his position arc 
more than an excuse. Certain it is, how- 
ever, that on more than one occasion the 
rising Republic had cause to thank his pa- 
triotism. He cast the destinies of the young 
church in with those of the nation, and even 
when, as in 1812, he was opposed to war, his 
.love of country rose superior to personal 
views. His work is therefore abiding, for 
to this day the Catholic church by him 
founded is in perfect touch with the na- 
tion's heart, and it may be said with equal 
truth that he has left his impress upon the 
long list of succeeding Archbishops of Bal- 
timore, who have so closely imitated his 
characteristic gentleness in dealing with 
their Protestant fellow-citizens. His death, 
which took place in 1815, was fittingly la- 
mented by all. 

His works now fell upon the shoulders of 
the aged Archbishop Neale, who survived 
him, however, only about two years. Born 
near Port Tobacco in 1746 he had, like 
Carroll, become a member of the Society of 
Jesus, for which both retained great affec- 
tion, manifested in a touching way when in 
1804 they were deterred from laying aside 
the Episcopal robe and re-entering the So- 



ciety, then existing in Russia, solely out of 
fear lest a successor should step in who 
would thwart its re-establishment and op- 
pose a re-investment of the property for- 
merly possessed by the suppressed Fathers 
in Maryland. After the suppression, Nealc 
had labored variously in British Guiana, 
Charles county, Maryland, and Phila- 
delphia; was appointed Carroll's vicar-gen- 
eral, president of Georgetown, finally 
coadjutor in 1800. His connection with 
Baltimore was never very close, most 
of his time being spent near the Visitation 
Convent in Georgetown, where he died 
June 15, 1817. The annals of the city speak 
of his "sound judgment, profound learning, 
heroic zeal and unaffected humility." 

IV. 
Most Reverend Ambrose Mareelial, 
(1817-1828.) 
Ambrose Marechal, born near New Or- 
leans in 1768, was one of those refugees 
whom the French Revolution drove to the 
shores of America, and who so amply re- 
paid the hospitality of their new country 
with their services. Maryland was the scene 
of his labors, which merited for him in 18 17 
the appointment of coadjutor to the aged 
Archibishop, Neale. 

Several events mark out his episcopate 
as one of the most important in the annals 
of the American Catholic Church, chief 
amongst them being his successful opposi- 
tion to the interference of foreign ecclesias- 
tics in our affairs. In a document sent 10 
Rome, the Supreme Court of Appeals in 
such matters, he says: "We fully confess 
that we have no right to present bishops 
for the province of Baltimore, yet it is cer- 
I tain that they must be nominated by some 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



297 



one. But who, seeing the distance of North 
America from Rome, is to present capable 
and worthy subjects. The Irish bishops 
cannot do so with advantage; it is utterly 
impossible for them to nominate men who 
suit our States." As a result the Holy See 
wisely gave the American bishops the right 
of nomination. 

The evils of trusteeism also required his 
attention, so that he was forced in a pastoral 
in 1819 to lay down the precise nature and 
extent of the rights of the laity in ecclesias- 
tical affairs. A hardly more inviting task 
was the settlement of the controversy re- 
garding the tenure of the estates held by the 
Jesuit Fathers. It should be remembered 
that in 1792 the latter transferred this prop- 
erty to the corporation known as the "Cor- 
poration of the Roman Catholic Clergy- 
men," only one farm being assigned to Car- 
roll and Neale, former members of the So- 
ciey, but when Marechal became arch- 
bishop the payment of the revenues of the 
plantation was discontinued for the reason 
that he was not a member of the Jesuit cor- 
poration. JMarechal contended that the 
Bull of suppression (1773) vested in the or- 
dinary all property held by Fathers in Mary- 
land, and that certain of the estates had 
been originally given not to the Society but 
to the church at large, which in fact the 
above title of the corporation apparently 
recognized. Rome, to whom the case was 
referred, required the restitution to the 
archbishop of one estate or its equivalent. 
The Fathers, however, having protested, the 
dispute was comprom.ised by the general of 
t!ie Society agreeing to pay the archbishop 
eight hundred Roman crowns annually. 
These occurrences deserved notice in view 
of the fact that a decision so favorably to 



the Fathers was influenced by President 
Monroe — surely a wide extension of the 
Monroe doctrine. 

It was during this episcopate that the 
Cathedral was finally made ready for divine 
services on May 31, 1821. The work, hav- 
ing been suspended during the War of 1812, 
was resumed in 1817 by means of funds 
arising from a sale of the old cemetery on 
Charles street, part of the Cathedral 
grounds on Franklin street, and a lottery, 
together with private subscriptions. The 
archbishop secured many valuable presents 
such as vestments, et cetera, from France, 
the most valuable being the rich marble al- 
tar, the gift of the priests at Marseilles, 
France, his pupils when professor in the 
seminaries of that country. The first ordi- 
nation in the new edifice was that of Rev- 
erend Stephen L. Dubuisson, August 7, 
1821. 

The Catholic population of the city had 
increased from eight hundred in 1792 to 
about ten thousand. A row which took 
place in 1819 owing to a stuffed "Paddy" 
being hung from the masthead of a schooner 
betrays the existence of a certain prejudice 
against the church. But Marechal, true 
to the traditions of his predecessors, main- 
tained a dignified calm in the presence of 
all opposition, a position which won the es- 
teem of all classes, quite clearly shown by 
the immense concourse attending his fun- 
eral. This event took place in January, 
1828, the body being laid to rest in the Ca- 
thedral, the venerable Charles Carroll, of 
Carrollton, following the clergy as chief 
mourner. The chronicles say of him that 
he was "universally esteemed for his piety, 
benevolence and learning; tolerant in his 
principles he respected the religious tenets 



298 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



of Others and was only anxious to excel in 
doing good." 

V. 

Most Rczrrciid James IVhitMd, 

(1838-1834.^ 

James Whitfield was born at Liverpool, 
November 3, 1770; became a student in the 
theological seminary at Lyons, where he 
was ordained in 1809; was for a while a par- 
ish priest in England; coming to America 
he became one of the clergy of the Cathe- 
dral; was finally appointed coadjutor, 
January 8, 1828. 

The beginning of his administration was 
marked by one of the periodical outbursts 
of prejudice. During the presidential con- 
test at that time the friends of John Ouincy 
Adams endeavored to win over the Catho- 
lics of Maryland by placing some of them 
on the local tickets. But Mr. Adams' big- 
oted expressions called forth "An address 
to the Catholic voters of Baltimore," signed 
by William Jenkins, William George Reed, 
T. Parkin Scott and others. Mr. Adams' 
defeat was doubtless much aided by his mis- 
take in this regard. 

But such outbursts could not retard the 
advance of the church, whose growth in 
this administration is well illustrated by the 
holding of the first two Provincial Coun- 
cils. The first opened in the Cathedral on 
October 4, 1829, five bishops being present. 
Bishop England, of Charleston, preached 
the sermon, and a letter was addressed to 
the Pope dilating upon the great increase of 
the church. "The church of Baltimore like 
a joyful mother of children has beheld in 
recently-erected suflfragan diocese an ofT- 
spring which it has borne to Clirist." The 
results of the Council were very flattering, 
.Archbishop Whitfield writing in 1832, 



"Thanks to a special providence over that 
beloved portion of the people confided to 
my care, I can say with the Apostle, 'I am 
filled with consolation, I superabound 
with joy.' * * * A truly Catholic spirit dis- 
tinguishes J\Iaryland from all other States 
of the Union, and I venture to say without 
any fear of wounding the truth that the city 
of Baltimore is justly renowned for the true 
and solid piety of its people. Conversions 
of Protestants in health are also numerous 
and not a week, in some seasons not a day 
passes without our priests being called to 
the bedside of some invalid, who wishes to 
abjure error and die in the bosom of the 
church." The second Provincial Council 
convened on October 20, 1833, and passed 
decrees regarding the method of electing 
bishops, opening of new seminaries, et 
cetera. 

The internal administration of the dio- 
cese showed equal activity. At the time of 
the first Council there were in Baltimore the 
churches of St. Peter, St. John, St. 
Patrick, St. Mary and Chapel of the Sis- 
ters of Charity, together with the College 
and seminary of St. Mary; the Catholic 
population of Maryland being about 70,000 
out of about 407,000. To these the arch- 
bishop added by completing one of the 
towers of the Cathedral, assisting the 
completion of the arch-episcopal residence, 
building the Church of St. James, con- 
secrated ^lay I, 1834, and laying the 
corner-stone of St. Alary 's Catholic Or- 
phan Asylum, September 11, 1828. The 
religious communities received an addi- 
tion in the Carmelites, who opened a 
school which continued until 1852. He 
also showed great favor to the Oblates, the 
result of the laborsof ReverendsTessierand 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



299 



Joubert, to whom the colored refugees from 
San Domingo had turned for spiritual as- 
sistance. Established in 1828 they num- 
bered, in 1834, twelve sisters who con- 
ducted quite a large school distinguished 
for its piety. Such labors for the colored 
people of Baltimore met with merited suc- 
cess, for the archbishop could write in 1832: 
"In Baltimore many are frequent communi- 
cants and three or four hundred receive the 
Blessed Sacrament the first Sunday of the 
month." Yet it was but little compared 
with the large mass whom the church could 
not reach, a difficulty frankly acknowledged 
by Archbishop Eccleston at a later time. 

The matter of education, then as now, was 
a serious problem. The first Provincial 
Council had called attention to the need of 
books free from anti-Catholic bias in the 
following words : "Good men, men other- 
wise well informed, deeply versed in science, 
in history, in politics; the virtuous women, 
who influence that society- which they 
decorate; the public press; the very bench 
of justice have all been influenced by ex- 
traordinary efforts against us. The mind 
of the very infant is predisposed against us 
by the recitals of the nursery and the school- 
boy can scarcely find a book in which some 
one of our institutions or practices is not 
exhibited far otherwise than it really is and 
greatly to our disadvantage. The whole 
system of education is thus tinged through- 
out its entire course and history has been 
distorted to our serious injury." As a result 
Catholics began to publish their books, the 
Sulpicians forming for the purpose as asso- 
ciation in 1842 known as the Metropolitan 
Press, which issued books such as Butler's 
Lives of the Saints and others. After some 
years the Press was suspended and the work 



was left to the regular book trade, the lead- 
ing book-seller at the time in Baltimore be- 
ing Mr. Lucas. Several Catholic journals 
arose at this period throughout the country, 
among them the Metropolitan in Baltimore, 
founded in 1853. Archbishop Whitfield 
did not live, of course, to see all this good 
work done, but his labors meterially con- 
tributed to their realization. 

One last event saddened, yet glorified his 
administration, namely, the terrible scourge 
of cholera which spread such a gloom over 
the city in 1832. At the request of the civic 
authorities Catholic nuns went to the as- 
sistance of the stricken, many of them, how- 
ever, to pay dearly for their heroism. Sis- 
ters Mary Frances and Mary George were 
the first who succumbed, followed by the 
Oblate sister Antonina and by Reverends 
Michael Wheeler and William O'Brien. 
The mayor of Baltimore thus expressed the 
feelings of the community at the sight of 
such self-sacrificing devotion: "To behold 
life thus immolated in so sacred a cause, 
produces rather a sensation of awe than of 
sorrow, a sentiment of resignation to the 
Almighty fiat than a useless regret at the af- 
flicting event." Archbishop Whitfield also 
tendered the use of the episcopal residence 
as a hospital. 

In 1834 his own health began to fail; he 
died October 19th of the same year. His 
death was preceded by that of Charles Car- 
roll on November 14, 1832. 

His biographer says of the archbishop, 
that "fond of retirement and indifferent to 
the opinions of the world he seemed par- 
ticularly solicitous to merit the favor of 
Him who seeth in secret and always pre- 
pared to award the crown of justice to his 
deservins: servants." 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



VI. 

Most Rcz'crcnd Soiiimi Ecclcston. 
(1834-1S51.) 

We now come to an administration which 
marks an era of immense progress not only 
in the church at large, but as well in our 
city, all the more wonderful as it took place 
under the most discouragingcircumstances. 
The man, Samuel Eccleston, to whom so 
much of it is due, was born in Kent county, 
Maryland, June 27, 1801, of Church of 
England parents, his grandfather having 
come to this country from England a few 
years prior to the Revolution. On the 
death of his father, when her boy was quite 
yijung, Airs. Eccleston, after some years, 
married a Catholic gentleman, an event 
which placed him in contact with those re- 
ligious influences that eventually brought 
him into the Catholic church when a stu- 
dent at St. Mary's College. Being or- 
dained in 1825, he acted as Vice-President 
and President of his Alma Alater, until ap- 
pointed coadjutor to Whitfield in 1834. 

No less than five Provincial Councils 
were held under him, of which a rapid sur- 
vey will convey a partial idea of his im- 
mense activity. 

The third Provincial Council (first under 
Eccleston) met April 16, 1834, with nine at- 
tending bishops. 

The fourth opened j\Iay 16, 1840. with 
eleven, and recommended, amongst other 
things, the formation of temperance socie- 
ties. This was in advance of the movement 
inaugurated in 1849 by Father Matthew. 

The fifth met on May 14, 1843, with fif- 
teen bishops. 

The sixth on May 10, 1S46, with twenty- 
tliree. This latter decreed the choice of the 



"Blessed Virgin conceived without sin" as 
the Patroness of the United States, a most 
happy augury of the benefits invoked upon 
the nation through the kindly influence of 
this model of pure womanhood. It also at 
the request of President Polk, named two 
chaplains to accompany the army then in- 
vading Mexico, Reverends John McElroy 
and Anthony Rey, of the Society of Jesus. 
The circumstances of this appointment are 
well worth studying as a good illustration 
of the need of Catholic soldiers for their 
own chaplains. 

The seventh opened May, 1849, there be- 
ing present two archbishops and twenty- 
three bishops, and reconmiended a National 
Council to be held in 1850. It also ad- 
dressed a pastoral to the faithful relating to 
the suiiferings of Pius IX, then a fugitive 
from Rome as a result of the Revolution of 
1848. The bishops gave vent to their feel- 
ings in language which is highly instruc- 
tive: "We are not subject to the Sovereign 
Pontiff as a temporal power, and are de- 
votedly attached to the republican institu- 
tions under which we live. We feel our- 
selves to be impartial judges of events 
which hav.' resulted in his flight from the 
Capital, and of the subsequent attempts to 
strip him of all civil power, yet as friends of 
order and liberty we cannot but lament that 
his enlightened policy has not been suffered 
to develop itself. We must at the same 
time avow our conviction that the temporal 
principality of the Roman States has served 
in the order of Divine Providence for the 
free and unsuspicious exercise of the spirit- 
ual functions of the Pontificate. Were the 
Bishop of Rome the subject of a civil ruler 
of the citizens of a rcpul)lic it might be 
feared that he would not always enjoy that 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



301 



freedom of action which is necessary that 
his decrees and measures be respected by 
the faithful throughout the world. We 
know, indeed, that if at any time it please 
God to suffer him to be permanently de- 
prived of all civil power, He will divinely 
guard the free exercise of his spiritual au- 
thority, as was the case during the first three 
ages. * * * The Pontifical office is of di- 
vine institution and totally independent of 
all the vicissitudes to whicli the temporal 
sovereignty is subject." In this connection 
Arch.bishop Eccleston as the mouthpiece of 
the American Catholics, offered the Holy 
Father on January i8, 1849, a refuge in 
Maryland. However, judging from the 
events during the preceding decade it would 
seem that the refuge would have hardly 
proved a more pleasant abode than his own 
Italy. Dislike of the church was then ram- 
pant. Boston seems to have the distinc- 
tion of leading the way in the burning of 
convents, Philadelphia and New York in 
1844 proved apt imitators, the fiame being 
fanned by the infamous work of Maria 
Monk, issued in 1836 by Harper Brothers, 
of New York, under other names so as to 
hide their own share in the publication. 
Baltimore felt the movement when a mob in 
1839, under the influence of an anti-Catho- 
lic spirit aroused by the harangues of a cer- 
tain Reverend Breckinridge, attempted to 
destroy the Carmelite Convent in conse- 
quence of the flight of an insane nun. A 
few gentlemen repelled their atack for a 
while w'hen the military came to the rescue 
and stood guard for three days. The best 
physicians in the city declared the nun in- 
sane and not ill-treated. Eccleston's letter 
to General Leakin, mayor of the city, well 
expressed the feelings of his people over the 



deplorable event: "In Baltimore espe- 
cially I was not prepared to expect these 
scenes of violence, little in accordance with 
the spirit of the Catholic pilgrims who first 
landed on our shores and offered the open 
hand of fellowship to the persecuted of 
every creed and clime." The collective let- 
ter of the fifth Provincial Council stated, as 
a contrast to all these disturbances, the atti- 
tude to be observed by the faithful: "To 
you, Catholics, we trust for the practical re- 
futation of all those atrocious calumnies * * 
Your strict integrity in the daily concerns 
of life, your peaceful demeanor, your obe- 
dience to the laws, your respect for the pub- 
lic functionaries, your unaffected exercise 
of charity, your sincere virtue will confound- 
those vain men whose ingenuity is exerted 
to cast suspicion on our principles and 
evoke against us the worst passions of hu- 
man nature." 

Under such wise guidance the church de- 
veloped an internal life hardly to be e.x- 
pected under similar circumstances. New 
religious communities were rapidly estab- 
lished in Baltimore, chief amongst them be- 
ing that of the Redemptorists, who exercise 
their ministry amongst the German Catho- 
lics in our midst. These about 1840 were 
estimated at 5,000 in numbers, who up to 
1840 seem to have been poorly provided 
with sufficient pastors of their own national- 
ity in spite of the efforts of German Domini- 
cans and Franciscans. Moreover the regular 
diocesan German priests were frequently 
unfit for their charges, whilst the laity were 
often found quite rebellious against the 
bishops in the regulation of the parish con- 
cerns. Archbishop Eccleston had in view 
the elimination of such evils when he 
brought in the Redemptorists. who took 



302 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



possession of the old St. John's in 1840. 
His hopes have been amply realized, 
since under these pious men the Ger- 
man Catholic element has steadily pro- 
gressed. A brief notice of all the 
churches established by them is inserted 
here although not all fall under the present 
administration. The old church of St. 
John was first torn down and on its site was 
erected the present one dedicated to St. 
Alphonsus, the corner-stone being laid May 
I, 1842. The venerable Bishop Neuman 
was its rector from 1848-9 and 185 1-2. 
Whilst the new church was in course of con- 
struction the congregation worshiped at 
St. James, which was afterwards perma- 
nently handed over to the German Catho- 
lics, the English-speaking Catholics having 
built the church of St. Vincent de Paul, dedi- 
cated November 14, 1841. East Baltimore 
Germans afterwards saw St. Michael's 
built for their accommodation, the corner- 
stone of the old church being laid Oc- 
tober 30, 1850; whilst those in South Bal- 
timore gradually grew into the parish 
of the Holy Cross out of the nucleus 
formed by the erection of a parochial 
school in 1856 on Federal Hill, and it 
itself was soon followed by the Fourteen 
Holy Martyrs, the corner-stone laid July 
ID, 1870, afterwards handed over to the 
Benedictines. The Bohemian church of 
St. Wenceslaus, dedicated 1886, is also in 
charge of the Redemptorists. Besides this 
good work of the Redemptorists, mention 
must be made of St. Anthony's Orphan 
Asylum, built by them in 1852, and of St. 
Joseph's Hospital in 1864. 

The Visitation Convent was founded in 
1837, eleven sisters being transferred from 
Georgetown, and living for a time in a 



house on the corner of Green and Mulberry 
streets. The present convent is on the 
corner of Park avenue and Centre street, 
where the sisters conduct a school for 
30ung ladies. The Sisters of Charity were 
then conducting an orphan asylum, infir- 
mary and hospital in Baltimore, and schools 
were in charge of the Carmelites and Sisters 
of Providence. 

In 1846 the Christian Brothers opened a 
school on the site of old St. Peter's. The 
Brothers of St. Patrick were likewise en- 
gaged in educational work, besides manag- 
ing a model farm in connection with a man- 
ual labor school founded in 1848 by Rev. 
James Dolan, pastor of St. Patrick's; 
they left the diocese in 1853. The Young 
Catholic's Friends Society, an association 
of laymen for the relief of the poor and as- 
sistance of Catholic free schools was found- 
ed at this time. In 1839 the Catholic Tract 
Society was founded for the purpose of 
bringing Catholic truths in a proper fashion 
to the attention of Protestants. 

Besides the above mentioned churches 
others deserve attention at this period. The 
second tower and decoration of a part were 
added to the Cathedral, the portico being 
also commenced. The church of St. 
Joseph and the new St. Peter's also arose, 
the corner-stone of the latter being laid on 
May 23, 1843, by Archibishop Hughes, of 
New York. 

One last event signalized Eccleston's 
busy administration, namely, the arrival in 
Baltimore of the famous Father Matthew, 
December 11, 1849. An idea of this man's 
extraordinary work may be gained from the 
fact that the pledge administrated by him to 
a certain Baltimorean was number 5.774.- 
059- 



{. 







304 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Rev. Francis A. Baker resigned the 
rectorship of St. Luke's Protestant Episco- 
pal Church. His amiable qualities had won 
for him the love of his flock, who were 
deeply moved by his announced intention 
of leaving them to enter the Catholic 
church. He is, however, but one of many 
Protestant clergymen in this diocese who 
have brought into the Catholic church the 
service of their talents and their virtues. 
Another event which took place at this 
time cannot in justice be passed over in si- 
lence, namely, the heroism of those Catholic 
nuns who cheerfully left their quiet re- 
treats in Baltimore to attend the sick and 
dying victims of the war then raging. 

As an author Archbishop Kenrick has 
few if any equals in the Catholic Ameri- 
can Episcopate. His learning embraced 
not only the usual theological subjects, but 
he was a linguist of extraordinary powers. 
His pen was never idle, chief amongst his 
works being a translation with notes of the 
Scriptures, a "Vindication of the Catholic 
Church," a treatise on the "Primary of the 
Apostolic See," on "Justification and Bap- 
tism," besides very good dogmatic and 
moral theologies. 

His death was totally unexpected, being 
attributed by some to the grief caused by 
the horrors of the Civil War. On July 6, 
1863, he was found dead in bed. A friend 
wrote of him, "Full of years and of merit 
uud yet apparently full of vigor the destroy- 
ing angel laid his hand on him that night. 
Without a struggle, for his body lay in the 
usual attitude in which he conipo.sed him- 
self to sleep, with placid countenance and 
his hands crossed on his breast, he was 
found dead — a form of death terrible in- 
deed to those forgetful of God, but a great 



grace to one who like him died daily, be- 
ing every day ready for the call." 

vni. 

Most Reverend Martin John Spalding, 
(1864-1873.) 

Archbishop Spalding was descended 
from an old Maryland family, but born in 
Kentucky, May 23, 1810. His priestly la- 
bors were therefore first confined to Ken- 
tucky, where in 1850 he succeeded Bishop 
Flaget in the See of Louisville, whence 
transferred to Baltimore in 1864. The de- 
lay in the appointment was doubtless due 
to the strange interference of the Govern- 
ment at Washington in the matter for rea- 
sons best known to itself. 

The most important act of his adminis- 
tration was the convening of the second 
Plenary Council, October 7, 1866, at which 
were present seven archbishops and thirty- 
eight bishops; besides which the usual pro- 
vincial and diocese meetings were held. 
This counciliar activity found a parallel in 
the internal growth of the diocese. The 
corner-stone of St. Mary's Star of the Sea 
was laid May 9, 1869, taking the place of St. 
Lawrence; that of St. Martin's was laid on 
July 9, 1865; that of St. Thomas, at Hamp- 
den, in May, 1867. The corner-stone of St. 
Mary's Industrial School for Boys was laid 
June 4, 1867; also of the new Carmelite 
Convent July 21, 1872; a convent of the 
Good Shepherd was founded in 1864; the 
Little Sisters of the Poor commenced their 
work in 1869; the Cathedral was finished 
and decorated and the episcopal residence 
greatly enlarged. The colored people were 
objects of his special solicitude. They now 
have at their disposal three churches as fol- 
lows: St. Francis Xavier's first erected by 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



305 



the Universalists in 1837, used as an assem- 
bly room up to the Civil War, when it fell 
into the hands of the German Lutherans; 
finally bought for the colored Catholics 
in 1863, and was re-built in 1874-5. 
It is of historic importance, as being 
the place where Henry Clay was nomi- 
nated for the Presidency in 1844, where 
the Democratic convention of 1848 was 
held, and finally, where, in 1861, the 
assembly convened to discuss whether 
or not Maryland should leave the Union; 
St. Monica, dedicated 1883; St. Peter 
Claver, dedicated 1889. Besides these 
churches there is St. Joseph's Seminary, 
opened by Father Slattery in 1887 — the 
mother house of the St. Joseph's Society 
for the Colored Missions. The new Semi- 
nary was erected in 1893; Epiphany Apos- 
tolic College at Walbrook is a feeder for 
the Seminary. 

Besides the holding of the Council there 
occurred several events in this period which 
throw considerable light on the character 
of the archbishop. In the first place his 
celebrated interpretation of the Syllabus of 
Pius IX of December 8, 1864, is a masterly 
exposition of American institutions with 
reference to Catholic doctrine and Euro- 
pean radicalism. Again his attitude on the 
question of Papal infallibility was at the time 
construed into one of Papal opposition, an 
interpretation which is far from true. His 
veneration for the Holy Father v^as on the 
contrary amply proven by the magnificent 
celebration of the Papal Jubilee on June 17, 
1871, whilst the veneration of his own peo- 
ple was no less proven by the immense 
gathering of fifty thousand people to wel- 
come him on his return to Baltimore from 
the \'aticaii Council. 



Like his predecessor, Spalding was an 
author of distinction. Among his works 
are "Evidences of Catholicity," "Life of 
Bishop Flaget," sketches of the "Early 
Catholic Missions in Kentucky," "Re- 
view of D'Aubigne's History of the 
Reformation," "History of the Refor- 
mation," besides innumerable magazine 
articles and lectures, mostly of a con- 
troversial character. If his tone was at 
times severe it should be remembered that 
he was frequently provoked and that he 
never descended to mere vulgar abuse. 

Before closing, a word is due one whose 
labors were of an humbler kind but were 
great enough to merit an enrollment in the 
annals of the city through whose streets he 
went in his course of devoted work. We 
mean, "good Father Dolan," pastor of St. 
Patrick's, who died January 12, 1870. In 
the words of the Chronicles he "was re- 
spected and admired by all for his virtues, 
charities and usefulness." 

IX. 

Most Reverend James Roosevelt Bayley. 
(1872-1877.) 

This was the second archbishop of Bal- 
timore, who was a convert to the church, 
the conversion taking place in 1842, when 
Rev. Mr. Bayley was a minister of the 
Episcopal church. His life previous to his 
elevation to the See of Baltimore was spent 
as a priest in his native city, New York, and 
Newark, of which latter place he was ap- 
pointed the first bishop in 1853. He was 
appointed archbishop of Baltimore in 1872; 
his administration which lasted only five 
years was not particularly eventful, yet none 
of his predecessors has to this day a larger 
share in the memories and affections of Bal- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



tiniore Catholics. Under him the Cathe- 
dral was at length freed from debt and 
consecrated, and the corner-stone of the 
new building at St. Mary's Seminary was 
laid May 31, 1876. St. Ann's church, the 
gift of Capt. William Kennedy, was dedi- 
cated January 30, 1874. Two complete 
visitations of his diocese were also made de- 
spite his weak health. In October, 3, 1877, 
he passed away at Newark amidst the peo- 
ple he had so well loved, and from whom he 
was so unwillingly torn. He was buried at 
Emmittsburg. His literary abilities are 
attested by his "Life of Bishop Brute" and 
"History of the Catholic Church in the 
Island of New York." 

X. 

His Eminence, lames Cardinal Gibbons. 
(IS77-) 

This administration, judged by the note- 
worthy events which have happened during 
its existence, is, with the exception of Car- 
roll's, the most important not only in the 
history of Baltimore Catholicity, but of the 
American church at large. In it we see 
the full blossoming of the little seed planted 
long ago by Archbishop Carroll, which un- 
der the fostering care of its guardians has 
attained a vigor far surpassing the most 
sanguine hopes. And the various celebra- 
tions commemorating this success are but 
the joyous outbursts of exultation in the 
heart of this latest, yet not least nation, 
which the church has won over in her pale. 

Cardinal Gibbons, who has been for so 
long the prominent actor in these events, 
was born in Baltimore on July 23, 1834; or- 
dained priest at St. Mary's Seminary June 
30, 1861; consecrated bishop August 16, 
1868. as Vicar-Apostolic of North Carolina: 



transferred to govern the See of Richmond, 
July 30, 1872; later becoming coadjutor to 
Archbishop Bayley, succeeding at the death 
of the latter to his present position, Octo- 
ber 3, 1877. 

Foremost among the events of his ad- 
ministration stands the third Plenary Coun- 
cil, over which he presided. The Council 
opened November 9, and closed December 
7, 1884, taking part in it fourteen arch- 
bishops, sixty bishops besides five others 
from Canada and Japan, and many others — 
abbots, superiors of religious orders, theo- 
logians, et cetera. Sermons touching upon 
all important questions were preached by 
the best speakers in the hierarchy; at the 
Concordia Opera House, on November 
20th, the citizens of Baltimore tendered a 
reception to all the members of the Coun- 
cil; finally at the last session on Decem- 
ber 7th the thanks of the Fathers in Coun- 
cil were expressed to Archbishop Gibbons 
for the able manner in which, as Apostolic 
Delegate, he had presided over the delib- 
erations. The decrees can be found in the 
"Acta et Decreta," published after the ap- 
proval of the Holy Father. Archbishop 
Gibbons also addressed a pastoral to the 
clergy and laity of his diocese before the 
opening of the Council. This is the latest 
of the twelve Councils of various degrees 
over wliich the archbishops of Baltimore 
have presided since the first synod held by 
Carroll, November 7, 1791. Looking back 
over all these years the Catholics of Amer- 
ica can indeed experience a feeling of pride 
in considering them a body of laws which 
for sound practical sense have few equals 
and perhaps no superior; whilst at the same 
time they arc an index of the uninterrupted 
development which has gone on within 



HISTORY OF BALTIMOEE, MARYLAND. 



307 



the church under the wise guidance of her 
bishops. Nor must it be forgotten that 
the archbishops of Baltimore have been 
not merely the presiding ofificers, but 
as well the moving spirits in the shaping of 
that legislation which has proved so bene- 
ficial in its results. After the holding of the 
Council there come next in importance the 
various celebrations in connection with 
the archbishop's elevation to the cardinal- 
ate. In 1886 was received the official no- 
tice of the contemplated honor; in June of 
the same year the papal messengers with 
tlie beretta and official papers arrived. On 
June 30, 1886, the ceremony took place in 
the Cathedral, the venerable Archbishop 
Kenrick, of St. Louis, as the special repre- 
sentative of the Pope, imposing the red hat. 
Even for Baltimore, the scene of so many 
similar celebrations, the pageant was one of 
unusual magnificence, there being in the 
procession which wound its way into the 
Cathedral no less than twenty-four bishops 
and ten archbishops besides representatives 
of the religious orders, seminarians, stu- 
dents — from all parts of the country. Arch- 
bishop Ryan, of Philadelphia, preached the 
opening sermon, the new Cardinal closing 
the ceremony with a brief address to the 
assembled clergy and laity. After mass the 
clergy repaired for dinner to St. Mary's 
Seminary, which was decorated from roof 
to basement in honor of the occasion. At 
night the Catholic societies joined in a pa- 
rade, in which about twelve hundred men 
are estimated to have taken part, besides 
which various institutions such as the Semi- 
nary, Loyola College, Male Orphan Asy- 
lum, St. Mary's Industrial School and num- 
berless private houses were illuminated ; the 
reception tendered to the visiting prelates 



by Miss Emily Harper was also a note- 
worthy feature. In February, 1887, the 
Cardinal repaired to Rome as the final step 
in the ceremony of his admission to the sa- 
cred college; on March 17th His Holiness 
personally conferred the red hat upon him, 
and on the 25th of the same month took 
place the formal installation in his titular 
church of Santa Maria in Trastevere. The 
Cardinal's patriotic and truly eloquent ad- 
dress on this occasion was received in 
America with extraordinary favor. Father 
Hecker comparing him to "Benjamin 
Franklin championing our cause in Europe 
before and during the Revolutionary War." 
The return to America was as much of a 
triumph as the opening ceremonies, thou- 
sands thronging the streets of Baltimore, 
the Mayor making one of the addresses of 
welcome. A procession made up of Catfio- 
lic societies, clergy and city officers in car- 
riages wound its way from Union Depot to 
the Cathedral, where His Eminence con- 
cluded the celebrations by a short address. 
Hardly less imposing was the Episcopal 
Jubilee of October 18, 1893. In the Cathe- 
dral were assembled various Catholic so- 
cieties, students of St. Charles, seminarians 
of St. Mary's, thirty bishops, twelve arch- 
bishops and the Apostolic Delegate, Mgr. 
Satolli. Reverend F. Z. Rooker read a let- 
ter of congratulation from His Holiness, 
Pope Leo XIII; Archbishop Corrigan, of 
New York, preached the sermon. At St. 
Mary's Seminary an address was read on 
behalf of the clergy of the diocese; the 
Catholic Club of Baltimore tendered a ban- 
quet at which were Vice-President Steven- 
son and various prelates; celebrations fol- 
lowed at Washington. St. Charles' Col- 
lege, Calvert Hall, for all of which the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Cardinal returned thanks in a closing ser- 
mon in the Cathedral on November 5th. In 
connection with this Jubilee the famous ser- 
mon of Archbishop Ireland, of St. Paul, on 
the "Church and the Age," will long be re- 
membered as one of the most, if not the 
most remarkable, of the addresses coming 
from the American Episcopate. Another 
celebration somewhat similar to the above 
was held in honor of the Cardinal's return 
from Rome, August 24, 1895. About two 
thousand people met him at Camden Sta- 
tion, where an address of welcome was read, 
followed by a reception at the Catholic Club. 
Besides those in honor of His Eminence, 
Baltimore has seen in late years other cele- 
brations of importance. On June 21, 1882, 
the Redemptorists commemorated the tif- 
tieth anniversary of their coming to Amer- 
ica. At Philadelphia, on September 17, 
1887, Cardinal Gibbons pronounced the 
benediction at the celebration of the Con- 
stitutional Centennial. At Baltimore, No- 
vember 10, 1889, the one hundredth anni- 
versary of the consecration of Bishop Car- 
roll was observed with the solemnities prop- 
er to the occasion, perhaps of all these cele- 
brations the most important. Besides the 
students and seminarians there were in the 
procession, which encircled the Cathedral, 
upwards of seventy-two bishops, seventeen 
archbishops, two cardinals and the Papal 
Delegate. The sermons were preached by 
Archbishop Ryan and Ireland, followed by 
other addresses at the banquet at St. Mary's 
Seminary. On November nth and 12th 
followed the holding of a Catholic congress, 
a striking illu.stration of the close sympathy 
existing between the clergy and laity in this 
countr/. Other features of the celebration 
were the illumination of the Cathedral and 



many other churches, public institutions 
and private houses; also a monster torch- 
light parade in which thirty thousand men 
are estimated to have participated. On Oc- 
tober 28, 1891, St. Mary's Seminary com- 
memorated its one hundredth anniversary 
with a solmen mass at the Cathedral and a 
banquet in its own halls, where a large con- 
course, not only of the clergy, but as well 
of the laity, alumni of the old college, gath- 
ered to render their tribute of love and re- 
spect to their venerable Alma Mater. Fi- 
nally, in 1892, occurred the Columbian cel- 
ebration, mass being said in the cathedral 
on October i6th, the monument to Colum- 
bus having been unveiled at Druid Hill 
Park on the 12th, Cardinal Gibbons speak- 
ing on the occasion. He also rendered the 
closing prayer at the World's Fair dedica- 
tory exercises on October 21st. 

All this external magnificence can be re- 
garded as an index of the innate vitality of 
the church, and so, in fact, we are not sur- 
prised to find this period remarkable for 
the number of new churches opened for the 
accommodation of the rapidly increasing 
Catholic population. 

Besides some already mentioned, there 
arose the following: Pius Memorial, so 
called to commemorate the Jubilee of Pius 
IX, corner-stone laid on May 5. 1878. in the 
presence of a large concourse of Catholic 
societies, who had formed a procession in 
honor of the event. St. Andrew, dedicated 
October 6, 1878; the congregation now con- 
templates a new church more in keeping 
witli their numbers. vSt. Edward at Calver- 
ton, corner-stone laid on March 28, 1880, 
but the formal opening not taking place un- 
til September 19th of same year. St. Leo, 
corner-stone laid September 11, 1880. erect- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



309 



€d principally for the spiritual care of the 
Italian immigrants, who are now estimated 
at about five thousand, scattered through- 
out the city. St. Gregory, parish formed m 
1883, corner-stone of present church not 
laid until September 13, 1885. Corpus 
Christi, corner-stone laid on April 18, 1886; 
built by the children of Mr. Thomas C. Jen- 
kins in honor of his memory. St. Joseph 
(Passionist), corner-stone laid on June 19, 
1881. St. Jerome, corner-stone laid Sep- 
tember 25, 1887. Our Lady of Good Coun- 
sel, corner-stone laid on June 22, 1889. St. 
Luke, at Sparrow's Point, dedicated June 8, 
1890. St. Athanasius, at Curtis Bay, ded- 
icated on April 11, 1891. St. Stanislaus 
(Polish), dedicated on November 15th of 
same year. St. Bernard, corner-stone laid 
July 26, 1891. St. Benedict, opened August 
27, 1893. St. Elizabeth, corner-stone laid 
July 7, 1895. Finally Sts. Philip and James, 
recently erected. The number of churches 
in the city which have arisen during the 
administration of His Eminence amount to 
the large number of twenty-four, the num- 
ber having increased from eighteen at the 
beginning of his administration to the pres- 
ent number of forty-two. This statement 
assumes that during his administration 
arose also the churches of St. Paul, Holy 
Rosary and St. John the Baptist, about 
which the writer has no information at 
hand. As for the numerous institutions of 
learning and charity which abound in the 
city the reader is referred to other sources 
of information, inasmuch as their number 
z.nd tne difSculty of collecting the correct 
data have made it impossible to put into the 
present short sketch any but a few of the 
earlier institutions and of those only such 
as have already found a place in the his- 



torical works in current use. Suf^ce it to 
say that there are in the city at present 
three colleges, four academies, two semi- 
naries, four industrial schools, thirteen 
homes (asylums and orphanages), three 
hospitals, and twenty-eight religious com- 
munities. The population as given by the 
returns from the various pastors of churches 
is about one hundred and eight thousand, 
but inasmuch as this figure includes only 
those coming directly under their supervis- 
ion and not a large class such as immigrants 
and those in institutions, a conservative es- 
timate will easily bring the population up to 
one hundred and twenty-five thousand 
(125,000), which is the figure obtained by 
basing the calculation upon the number of 
baptisms. One instance alone will suffice 
to show that the figures are not too high, 
perhaps too low. St. Leo's Church (Ital- 
ian) gives its population as nine hundred 
and fifty (,950); now, there are about five 
thousand (5,000) Italians in the city, who, 
in spite of some occasional carelessness in 
some matters of religion, are Catholic to the 
core in faith, are all baptized, married, die 
and are buried in their church, thus being 
entitled to be considered Catholics. 

To return to the personality which has 
occupied so prominent a place in the events 
of the period, the present Archbishop of 
Baltimore has been called on to meet more 
important yet delicate problems than per- 
haps any of his predecessors. The Knights 
of Labor question was one of peculiar dif- 
ficulty and was solved in a way highly cred- 
itable to the church in America. Certainly 
the laboring classes will long have cause 
to thank His Eminence for his famous mem- 
orial on this subject presented at Rome in 
1887. The school question and the estab- 



310 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



lishment of the Catholic University at 
Washington also demanded his closest at- 
tention, but all of them are yet too fresh in 
the memories of the faithful to become mat- 
ter for present history. , 

Finally, following in the footsteps of Ken- 
rick, Spalding and Bayley, the Cardinal has 
won distinction also in the world of litera- 
ture. Not to mention the "Faith of Our 
Fathers," "Our Christian Heritage," "The 
Ambassador of Christ," which are too well 
known to need comment, his pen has ever 
been busy in writing for the leading reviews 
on all questions touching the church and 
the public at large. 

The fact of his now living in our midst 
forbids an estimate of the comparative re- 
sults of his episcopate, yet in closing this 
sketch a few words may be allowed in com- 
mendation of at least one characteristic on 
account of its being also the dominating 
characteristic of his predecessors, namely, 
his thorough sympathy with the genius of 
his native countrv. The verv first arch- 



bishop of Baltimore seems in this regard to 
have established a precedent, or rather to 
have stamped his influence upon the course 
of his successors, for like him they have 
been not only Catholic to the core, but sin- 
cere, stout-hearted Americans, as is abund- 
antly witnessed by Spalding's famous com- 
mentary on the Syllabus and the eloquent 
words of His Eminence at Rome in 1887. 
One may justly attribute to an everwise 
Providence the good fortune which has 
chosen such men to represent this newest 
and most vigorous Catholicity in the newest 
and most vigorous nation of the earth. The 
Catholics of Baltimore have therefore noth- 
ing in their history to be ashamed of, bar- 
ring the incidental faults common to any 
human society; and if in the past any mis- 
understandings have disturbed their rela- 
tions with their Protestant fellow-citizens, 
the better element on both sides deplores 
them, labors for their gradual correction 
and feels assured that they will find few, if 
an)', imitations or reproductions in the fu- 
ture. 



ftMi, 





.yJJ. 



X7 9 1J2J^^\yK^ 



CHAPTER XII. 

The Protestant Churches of Baltimore. 



THE Rev. Arthur Chilton Powell, A. M. 



Baltimore has been a distinctly religious 
community from the day of its first settle- 
ment to the present hour. Its high moral 
tone and its great commercial prosperity 
are entirely due to the deep Christian prin- 
ciples which have ever guided and gov- 
erned the life of the people. There is no 
city in the country which has so fostered 
the religion of Christ, and paid such due 
regard to the feasts and fasts of the ec- 
clesiastical year as Baltimore. The numer- 
ous churches, of all denominations ; the va- 
rious charities, for all purposes; the con- 
spicuous piety, of men of high and low de- 
gree, all betoken the strong hold which re- 
ligion has upon its citizens. 

It is a matter worthy of special note that 
the original plat of the town of Baltimore 
designates a conspicuous lot — indeed the 
most conspicuous in the little settlement — 
for a church. Like Abraham of old, the 
early settlers of this place erected their altar 
as soon as they pitched their tent. This 
ancient site is still in the possession of the 
same congregation by which it was origi- 
nally purchased and the same order of ser- 
vice (with but slight modifications) which 
was first heard in Baltimore is still used. 
It is St. Paul's Church, at the corner of 
Charles and Saratoga streets, and the ser- 
vice is that of the mother church of the 
English speaking people, the Church of 
England. The first settlers of Baltimore 



were Englishmen. Naturally their "Zion" 
was the Church of England. Hence it is 
that in the very year the town was laid out 
and on the highest ground near the centre 
of the new settlement, a lot, containing one 
acre of land, was purchased for church pur- 
poses. This was in 1730. Immediate steps 
were taken to erect a church imder the 
charge of a settled clergyman. 

The next religious body to organize in 
the town was the German Reformed in 1756 
or 1757; the next was the Lutheran in 1760; 
the next was the Presbyterian in 1763; the 
Methodists and Baptists were organized in 
1773; the Friends in 1780: the United 
Brethren in 1789; the Swedenborgians in 
1792; and the other denominations, one af- 
ter another, at later periods. In this article 
the history of these Protestant bodies will 
be reviewed in the order of their organiza- 
tion, so far as that can be definitely ascer- 
tained, 

THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 
It must always be borne in mind that the 
American Episcopal Church is the daughter 
of the Church of England, and that it took 
its present title only when the War of the 
Revolution had severed the bonds which 
bound America to England, and made a 
new name necessary. But inasmuch as Bal- 
timore is an antc-Rcvolutionary town, the 
Episcopal Church has an ante-Revolution- 



314 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



ary history, indeed a history running back 
to the first settlement of Maryland, and be- 
yond that to the first discovery of these 
American shores. For it is the distinct 
glory of the English Church that her ser- 
vices were the first held on this continent. 
It is also the glory of the English Church 
that her services were the first to be held 
within the borders of Maryland. For in 
1629, five years before the colonists of Lord 
Baltimore arrived at St. Mary's, the services 
of the Churcn of England were established 
and maintained by a duly ordained clergy- 
man at Claiborne's trading post on Kent 
Island. That the English Church spread 
rapidly after the advent of Lord Baltimore's 
followers (most of whom were members of 
the Church of England) is testified by a 
Jesuit provincial who writes, in 1642: "By 
far the greatest number of the colonists are 
"heretics," that is, not Roman Catholics but 
"English Catholics," as they were then 
called. 

In 1692 the Church of England was es- 
tablished by law in Maryland and thus be- 
came the "State Church." The same act 
which established the Church of England 
divided the colony into parishes, with defi- 
nite boundaries. The parish in which Bal- 
timore was afterwards to be situated was 
designated "St. Paul's Parish." Its boun- 
daries extended from the Patapsco river on 
the south to the Pennsylvania State line on 
the north, and from the then county line on 
the west to the Chesapeake Bay on the east, 
and to the Middle river, and Western run 
on the northeast. The same act which de- 
termined these boundaries directed the free- 
holders of each parish to meet by appoint- 
ment of the county justices to elect six ves- 
trymen. The freeholders of "Patapsco 



Hundred," as this portion of the colony was 
tnen called, met at once and selected a ves- 
try. No record remains of that first meet- 
ing save in the copy of the records (the rec- 
ords being lost) of the Baltimore County 
Court for the year 1693, where it is record- 
ed: "We, the vestrymen of Patapsco Hun- 
dred, met together at the house of Maj. John 
Thomas" and determined "that at Pettete's 
old field was the most convenient place to 
erect a cnurch and also appointed John Gay 
to be Clerk of the Vestry." Just where this 
first St. Paul's Church was erected is now 
definitely known. It was undoubtedly on 
Patapsco Neck, six or eight miles from the 
present city limits. Rev. Dr. Allen states 
it was at Dorsey's Mills. It was probably 
constructed out of rude logs, according to 
the customs as well as the necessities of the 
day. 

According to the of^cial returns to the 
County Court for the year 1694, St. Paul's 
Parish contained two hundred and thirty- 
one taxable inhabitants, who paid for 
church rates 8,240 pounds of tobacco, which 
was equal to about $226. 

The first clergyman who ministered in the 
county was the Rev. John Yeo, who was the 
rector of the adjoining parish of St. John 
to the northeast, about the year 1682; but 
in the year 1702 the first regular rector as- 
sumed charge of St. Paul's Parish in the 
person of the Rev. WiUiam Tibbs, who 
came hither from England and continued 
his successful ministry until 1732. 

Several unsuccessful attempts were made 
to erect a permanent church edifice in place 
of the original log structure above men- 
tioned; but it was not until 1702 that a 
church was erected of brick on the same 
site. This building conlinued in use until 



HISTORY OF BAWIMORE, MARYLAND. 



31J 



the congregation removed to Baltimore 
Town in 1739. It gradually decayed until 
in 1765 it was in ruins, and the bones of the 
dead, who had been interred around it, were 
removed to the town cemetery. 

It is evident that the congregation rap- 
idly outgrew its early home, for on the 2d 
of January, 1728, a committee was ap- 
pointed by the vestry to purchase a new 
site for a church. This committee bought 
two acres of ground on the Old York road, 
but in the following year decided to aban- 
don this site and to build at "Edward 
Fell's," who lived east of Jones' Falls. But 
the creation of a new town in this neighbor- 
hood the subsequent year led to another ac- 
tion, as is recorded in the following act 
passed by the General Assembly of 
Maryland on the i6th of June, 1730. 
It provided for "the building of a church 
in Baltimore county and in a town 
called Baltimore Town, in St. Paul's Par- 
ish." Bacon, in his history, says: "The act 
of 1727 having empowered the vestrymen 
to purchase one or more acres of land and 
thereon to erect a parish church, in pur- 
suance whereof land was purchased but not 
built on, and the same being inconvenient, 
the present act empowers the vestrymen and 
church wardens to purchase a lot in Balti- 
more Town, and to cause a church to be 
built thereon, which shall be the parish 
church of the said parish, and be called St. 
Paul's Church, and directs the tobacco to 
be raised by the aforesaid act to be applied 
to the bunding of a church in the town 
aforesaid." The town site was purchased 
in 1730 and lots were marked of?, con- 
taining about one acre each. In the very 
first year of the history of the new town, 
and among the very first lots to be selected, 



the vestry of St. Paul's Parish selected Lot 
19, as numbered on the original town plot. 
This lot was the most elevated part of the 
town site and extended from Charles street 
to St. Paul street, and from Saratoga street 
to below Lexington street. As soon as the 
lot had been secured steps were taken to 
erect a church edifice upon it. The centre 
of the lot was set apart for the building, 
while the rest of the ground was to be con- 
secrated for burial purposes. The church 
was not completed until 1739. Its walls, 
built of brick, were fifty feet long, twent\- 
three feet wide and eighteen feet high. It 
faced Lexington street. As the first Ger- 
man Reformed Church (the next in Balti- 
more in point of time) was not erected until 
1750, it will appear that St. Paul's Church 
was the only church in the town for almost 
twenty years. 

The Rev. Mr. Tibbs died in 1732 and was 
succeeded by the Rev. Joseph Hooper, who 
died in 1739 and was buried in the new 
church. He had been rector for seven 
years. He was succeeded by the Rev. Ben- 
edict Bourdillon, whose administration last- 
ed from 1739 to 1743. 

In 1741 the second Episcopal church was 
erected, not in the city, but a few miles dis- 
tant from it, to accommodate "the forest in- 
habitants," for whom the rector found the 
parish church inconvenient. This church 
was what is known as "A Chapel of ease," 
and was situated at Garrison Forest. It 
was buut by private subscription with the 
understanding that whenever the Rev. Mr. 
Bourdillon's rectorship should terminate it 
was to be created a separate parish. This 
was done in 1745 and the new parish took 
the name of St. Thomas Parish. 

The Rev. Thomas Chase became rector 



316 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



of St. Paul's Parish in 1744 and continued 
as such for thirty-five years. He died in 
1779. His administration was most suc- 
cessful. His son, Sanuiel, was one of the 
signers of the Declaration of Independence 
from Maryland. 

In the first year of the rectorship of the 
Rev. Dr. William West it was resolved to 
build a new church on the site of the old. 
A lottery was authorized and held, as was 
customary in those days, which netted 
$33,443 for the purpose. The new church 
was opened on May 30, 1784. 

In 1791 a rectory was built on ground 
donated by John Eager Howard. Esq., on 
Saratoga street, at the head of Libercv 
street. This house is still in use, and is in 
an excellent state of preservation. 

After the American Colonies had estab- 
lished their independence from England, it 
became necessary for the adherents of the 
English Church to conform themselves to 
the new political order of things. The dif- 
ferent colonies were constituted dioceses. 
In the year 1780 the first convention of 
Maryland was held at Chestertown, Kent 
county, on November 9th. At this conven- 
tion the earliest use was made of the legal 
title which has since become the name of 
the whole church throughout the land. The 
minutes of the convention state that "On 
the motion of the Secretary (the Rev. John 
James Wilmer, of Kent county) it was pro- 
posed that the church known in the prov- 
ince as Protestant be called 'The Protestant 
Episcopal Church,' and it was so adopted." 

St. Paul's Church continued to bo the 
only Episcopal church in C.-iltimore until 
1797, when Chri.st Churcli was founded. Its 
congregation has ahvavs contained some of 



the most prominent families of Baltimore, 
and although now far "down town" it is 
still a strong centre of religious life and 
energy, quite equal to any in the city. So 
rapid was its growth in the early part of this 
century that a new church was found neces- 
sary in 1814. The old site, in the centre 
of the lot, was abandoned and the new edi- 
fice was erected on the corner of Charles and 
Saratoga streets, about where the present 
church stands. Its dimensions were 126 
feet by 84 feet. It is described as having 
been "spacious and noble," with a portico 
in front supported by four fluted marble col- 
umns. The steeple was regarded one of the 
handsomest in the country. It was by far 
the most imposing church in Baltimore and 
cost $142,500. It was dedicated in 1817. 
On the 29th of April, 1854, it was destroyed 
by fire, but was immediately replaced bv 
the present noble structure, it being com- 
pleted in 1856. This is thus the fifth 
edifice wliich has borne the name of St. 
Paul's Church. It is a remarkable fact 
that every rector this parish has ever 
had has died in office. No one has 
ever left it. It is also remarkable that 
all of its rectors who have died since 
the middle of the last century lie buried in 
the Parish Burial Ground, which is situated 
at German, Lombard and Fremont streets. 
The honorable history of this noble par- 
isli will be thus seen to cover a period of 
over two hundred years. Its succession of 
rectors since the Rev. Dr. West has been: 
The Rev. J. G. J. Bend, D. D., 1791-1812: 
the Rev. James Kemp, D. D. (elected Suf- 
fragan Bishop of Maryland in 18 14, but con- 
tinued to serve also as rector of St. Paul's 
until his death in 1827), 1812-1S27: the Rev. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



317 



William E. Wyatt, D. D., 1827-1864; the 
Rev. Mile Mahan, D. D., 1864-1870; the 
Rev. J. S. B. Hodges, S. T. D., 1870 to the 
present time. 

In 18S6 the parish house on Cathedral 
street, at the rear of the rectory, was erect- 
ed. Its lower rooms are used for parochial 
purposes, while its upper stories afford 
pleasant apartments for working-women at 
very reasonable rates. 

St. John the Baptist Church, on Barre 
street, is now under the care of St. Paul's 
Church. Here also a fine parish house has 
recently been erected. St. Paul's also main- 
tains an Orphanage for Girls, Charles and 
Twenty-fourth streets, and a School for 
Boys, on Franklin street near Charles, and 
has a mission chapel at Avalon. Its pres- 
ent number of communicants is 610. Its 
endowment fund is $35,000. 

Christ Church. 

The second Episcopal church in Balti- 
more was organized in "Old Town" to ac- 
commodate those living east of Jones' Falls. 
In 1796 a church building was purchased 
by St. Paul's vestry from the First German 
Reformed congregation for $13,000. It was 
situated on Baltimore and Front streets, 
northwest corner. Improvements to the 
cost of $12,000 were made in this building 
l)efore it was ready for use bv the new con- 
gregation. A novel condition obtained in 
the conduct of the affairs of Christ Church. 
Its temporal interests were administered by 
the vestry of St. Paul's Parish, while both 
churches were administered spiritually by 
two clergymen who were called "associate 
rectors." They alternated in their ministra- 
tions at these two churches. This arrange- 
ment continued for almost thirtv vears, un- 



til the Christ Church congregation estab- 
lished its independence in 1828. Its first 
rector was Rev. John Johns, D. D. In 
1836 it was decided to obtain a new lot and 
erect a new church. A site on the corner 
of Fayette and Gay streets was selected and 
the present Church of the Messiah was built, 
at a total cost of $71,700. The Rev. John 
Johns, D. D., was then rector (1829) and 
continued in charge until 1842, when he was 
consecrated Assistant Bishop of Virginia. 
He was succeeded by the Rev. H. VanDyck 
Johns, D. D., 1842-1854; the Rev. Francis 
L. Hawks, D. D., 1854-1863; the Rev. 
Henry A. Wise, 1865-1869; the Rev. 
Thomas U. Dudley, D. D., 1869-1875. 
This church edifice is one of the most inter- 
esting in the city. It has remained unal- 
tered until this day, and there are still to be 
seen the "Slave Galleries" erected high up 
near the ceiling. It is perhaps the only 
church in the country where these second 
galleries are yet to be found. The 
church is also notable for a very costly 
marble pulpit and a reading-desk, exactly 
alike on either side of the chancel. In 1854 
a large number of the members of Christ 
Church purchased a lot at the corner of 
Cathedral and Read streets, and erected 
Emmanuel Church. The Rev. Dr. H. Van 
Dyck Johns resigned the rectorship of 
Christ Church and accepted charge of Em- 
manuel Church. This loss greatly weaken- 
ed old Christ Church. In 1875 the congre- 
gation, or at least a portion of it. decided 
to move from this "down town" location to 
a more desirable portion of the city. The 
old church was sold by the vestry, but it 
was bought by various individuals, and is 
now held by a Board of Trustees appointed 
Kv the vestries of Christ and Grace Church- 



318 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



es. Its name was changed to the Church 
of the Messiali. 

The Rev. Thomas U. Dudley, D. D., was 
rector of Christ Church when the change 
was made in its location. The new church, 
built out of white marble, is one of the most 
beautiful in the city. It cost $125,000. It 
has a parish house immediately in the rear, 
facing on St. Paul street, the church being 
on the corner of Chase and St. Paul streets. 
The Rectory is at 1014 St. Paul street. The 
Rev. Dr. Dudley was consecrated Assistant 
Bishop of Kentucky in Christ Church in 
1875. He was then succeeded by the Rev. 
William Kirkus, who served until 1877, 
when he resigned and became rector of the 
Church of St. Michael's and All Angels. 
The Rev. W. F. Watkins, D. D., was rector 
from 1877 to 1880, when he was succeeded 
by the Rev. Walter Williams, D. D., who 
served until his death in 1891. The next 
rector was the Rev. C. George Currie, 189 1 
to 1897. He was succeeded by his faithful 
assistant, the Rev. Edwin Barnes Niver, 
who is now in charge. The congregation 
maintains a mission at Fell's Point, known 
as the Chapel of the Good Shepherd. Christ 
Church has 498 communicants. It has a 
Girls' Orphanage on Twenty-first street. 

Church of the Messiah. 
The good work begun by old Christ 
Church has been continued in the same 
edifice under its new name of "The Church 
of the Messiah," taken in 1875. Though 
the neighborhood has gradually ceased to 
be a residential portion of the city, there is 
still a large population, chielly of the very 
poor, to which it administers. The Sunday- 
school has always been very large, and at 
present the charitable organizations and n?- 



ligious societies are in a flourishing condi- 
tion. One of the notable features of this 
church is the services for business men held 
daily except Saturday during Lent, at noon. 
They are largely attended and greatly ap- 
preciated. The rectors of the Church of 
the Messiah have been: Rev. C. C. Penick, 
from 1875 to 1877, when he was elected 
Bishop of Cape Palmas, Africa; and the 
Rev. Peregrine Wroth, who was the Rev. 
Mr. Penick's assistant, and who has faith- 
fully served this congregation ever since. 
Its membership is 518. 

St. Peter's Church. 
The third Episcopal church was erected 
in 1804 at the southeast corner of Sharp 
and German streets, and was called St. 
Peter's Church. From the beginning it 
was a very strong congregation, and was 
served by very able rectors, three of whom 
were elevated to the Episcopate. This 
church was built in the form of a Greek 
temple, and was a very stately edifice for 
its day, having a large seating capacity. 
For sixty-four years it remained un- 
changed, but the encroachments of business 
rendering the situation no longer desirable, 
it was sold in 1868, and a new edifice was 
erected in a more populous part of the city, 
at the corner of Druid Hill avenue and Lan- 
vale street. The new church, and chapel 
adjoining at the rear, were completed in 
two years time, and are among the finest 
church properties in the city, having been 
built ot white marble. The seating capa- 
city is very great. A few years ago the in- 
terior was entirely renovated and enriched 
and a fine organ erected near the chancel. 
The number of communicants now is 640. 
It maintains a Girls' Orphanage. The rcc- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



319 



tors of St. Peter's Church have been: The 
Rev. George Dashiell, 1804-1816; the Rev. 
J. P. K. Henshaw, D. D., 1816-1844 (when 
he was consecrated Bishop of Rhode Is- 
land); the Rev. Thomas Atkinson, D. D., 
1844-1853 (resigned to become rector of 
Grace Church, Baltimore, which he found- 
ed: in 1853 consecrated Bishop of North 
Carolina); the Rev. J. D. Morrison, 1853- 
1859; the Rev. George D. Cummins, D. D., 
1859-1866 (when he was consecrated As- 
sistant Bishop of Kentucky); the Rev. Ju- 
lius E. Grammar, D. D., 1866-1892: the 
Rev. Frederick W. Clampett, D. D., 1893 
to the present time. St. Peter's Church has 
long been remarkable for the large number 
of men it has furnished to the ministry, over 
sixty having presented themselves for Holy 
Orders up to this time. 

Trinity Church. 
The first Trinity Church was established 
in 1809 by the Rev. E. D. Rattoone, to ac- 
commodate those residing in the extreme 
eastern part of the city, near Fell's Point. 
In 1836 this church was sold to Trinity 
Lutheran congregation. The present 
Trinity Church was started, as a Sunday- 
school by the Rev. George Leakin, D. D. 
Its first edifice was on Bank street, west of 
Broadway, but in 1854 it was sold and the 
present edifice was built on the corner of 
Broadway and Pratt street. The Rev. Dr. 
Leakin continued to serve as rector of this 
church until 1887, almost fifty years. It 
was the only charge he ever had. For the 
past five years the church has been enjoy- 
ing the rectorship of the Rev. Dr. Gram- 
mar, formerly rector of St. Peter's Church, 
under whom the edifice has been greatly 
improved without and within, and the con- 
gregation largely increased. 



St. James' First Afric.\n Church. 
The history of this church is most inter- 
esting. In 1824 William Levington, a col- 
ored man, born in New York, was ordained 
priest in the Episcopal Church at Philadel- 
phia by Bishop White. He was the third 
colored man who had up to that time been 
admitted to the priesthood in America. Im- 
mediately he came to Baltimore to seek an 
opening for work among his people. Mary- 
land was a slave State, and there was great 
prejudice against separate churches for the 
colored race. Notwithstanding great ob- 
stacles, the Rev. Mr. Levington began to 
hold services in an "upper room" at the 
corner of Park avenue and Marion street on 
the 23d of June, 1824. He also organized 
a Sunday-school. After much discourage- 
ment a lot situated on the corner of North 
and Saratoga streets, was purchased on 
April 19th, 1825, by James Bosney, Esq., 
for $2,000, and donated for the erection of 
a church for colored people. The Rev. Mr. 
Levington then made a tour to the cities 
of the North, and raised sufficient funds to 
erect a brick edifice. This building was 
consecrated on the 31st of March, 1827, and 
was the first Episcopal Church for colored 
people south of Mason and Dixon's line. 
The number of communicants was not 
more than twenty. On December 12, 1828, 
thirteen were confirmed, and in 1834 the 
number was only twenty-one. The Rev. 
Mr. Levington was rector until 1836, when 
he died. He was succeeded by a white 
clergyman, the Rev. Joshua Peterkin, who 
served only a year. Another white man 
succeeded him,, the Rev. J. N. Mc. Jilton. 
His rectorship lasted until 1857, and was 
marked by great vigor. The number of 
communicants had increased to seventy- 
eight. The Rev. H. B. Webb served from 



320 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



1859 to 1872. He was a colored man. In 
1870 a mission was started by some of the 
laymen of St. James in a hall on Howard 
street, where the City College was after- 
wards built. This mission took the name ot 
St. Philip, and after a checkered existence 
passed under the charge of Mt. Calvary 
Church, when its name was changed to the 
Chapel of St. Mary the Virgin. The Rev. 
John Rose (white), served both St. James" 
and St. Philip's for a year. Then applica- 
tion was made by the Vestry of St. James 
to the Vestry of St. Paul's to be constituted 
a mission of St. Paul's. This was granted, 
and for twelve years St. James was served 
by the assistants of St. Paul's, the first of 
whom was the present Bishop of Mil- 
waukee, Rt. Rev. I. L. Nicholson, D. D. 
In 1888 the church edifice was pronounced 
unsafe, and the congregation removed to 
Howard Chapel, on Park avenue, near 
Hofifman street. In 1886 the old church 
was sold for $5,000, and the present edifice 
on High street near Lexington was pur- 
chased in 1890 from the Fourth Baptist 
Church. It cost $10,000. It was remodel- 
led and embellished and opened for divine 
service in December of that year. The rec- 
tor then was the Rev. J. C. Anderson 
(white); but he was succeeded in 1891 bv 
the present rector, the Rev. George F. 
Bragg, Jr. (colored), whose marvelous zeal 
and devotion have increased the communi- 
cants to 165. The Board of Missions lends 
some financial support, but the congrega- 
tion is fast moving toward independence. 
Several young colored men have entered 
Holy Orders from this congregation. 

St. Andrew's Church. 
In 1837 this church on South High street 



was established by the Rev. Dr. John 
Johns, rector of old Christ Church. It had 
a very successful history for almost half " 
century, but the large influx to that neigh- 
borhood of Polish Jews has recently serious- 
ly impaired its useful career. Its membership 
is not large, but it is exceedingly loyal, and 
has resisted all attempts to remove the 
church to another site or to abandon its ser- 
vices. Its later rectors have been: The Rev. 
John S. Miller, the Rev. H. Page Dyer, and 
the Rev. Robert G. Osborne.. Its present 
rector is the Rev. J. Woods Elliott. The 
first rector was the Rev. Horace Stringfel- 
low, Jr. 

Church of Our Saviour. 
The growth of the city towards the north- 
east called for the erection of another 
church east of the Falls in 1844. At first 
the new congregation took the name of 
Cranmer Chapel, but it was afterwards 
changed to the Church of Our Saviour. Its 
location on Broadway, just opposite to the 
Johns Hopkins Hospital, renders it a con- 
venient place of worship for the officers and 
nurses of this large institution. Its rector 
has charge of the services of the Episcopal 
Church held in the hospital. The last rec- 
tor was the Rev. Carroll E. Harding, who 
resigned January i, 1898. The member- 
ship is 262. The first rector was the Rev. 
B. H. Latrobe. 

St. John's Church. 
The rapid growth of the village of Hunt- 
ingdon, now called Waverly, led to the 
erection of a beautiful stone church there 
in 1846. The Rev. H. Hewitt was the firsr 
rector. A large tract of land was secured, 
upon which has also been erected a rec- 




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"i^l^^Cii^^. 



^^^Mt-^rra^. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Ritchie and the Rev. Robert H. Paine, who 
assumed charge in 1878. 

St. Luke's Church. 
-A. new congregation was organized in 
the extreme western section of the city in 
1846, under Rev. R. Riley, in a room over 
a grocery store. He was in charge from 
1846 to 1851. Its present handsome church 
was erected on Carey street in 1853. Its 
career has been a notable one, especially 
during the long administration of the Rev. 
Dr. Rankine, who was in charge from 1853 
to 1886. He was a very gifted man as a 
catechist and instructor, and has left his im- 
press upon thousands throughout the city. 
He was also noted for his love of a digni- 
fied and ornate service, and his ministra- 
tions drew large congregations to the 
church. During his rectorship a substan- 
tial stone building was erected at the rear 
of the church for a Girl's School. This has 
all along had a successful career. The char- 
acter of the neighborhood has materially 
changed of late, and much of the former 
strength of St. Luke's has removed to other 
parts of the city. The Rev. Dr. Rankine 
was succeedeu by the Rev. George W. Har- 
rod in 1886, and he by the Rev. William 
Marris Barker(consecrated Bishopof West- 
ern Colorado in 1893). The present rector 
is the Rev. William A. Coale, who was bap- 
tized and confirmed in St. Luke's, and for 
several years served as an assistant to the 
Rev. Dr. Rankine. He entered upon the 
rectorship in 1890. The membership is 
602. 

Grace Church. 

The rapid growth of the city around JMt. 

\"ernon Place about the middle of this cen- 



tury demanded the creation of a new con- 
gregation. In 1850 a meeting of those in- 
terested was held at the residence of John 
S. Gittings, Esq., and a congregation or- 
ganized. The Rev. Dr. Thomas Atkinson, 
then rector of St. Peter's Church, Balti- 
more, became deeply interested in tlie 
movement and directed it from the begin- 
ning. He was thus the founder of the 
church, and two years later resigned St. 
Peter's to become the first rector of Grace 
Church. The corner-stone of the new 
church was laid July 20, 1850, by the Rev. 
Dr. Atkinson, and the church was opened 
for divine worship on Sunday, December 
12, 1852, on which day the Rev. Dr. Atkin- 
son resumed the rectorship. 

As soon as it was completed Grace 
Church sprang into prominence owing to its 
favorable location near Mt. Vernon Place, 
and also to the character of its founders. 
The church is built of Connecticut red sand- 
stone, and its beautiful style of architecture 
renders it one of the handsomest church 
buildings in the city. From time to time 
it has been enriched with costly memorials 
in glass and stone. Its font and rood screen 
are hardly to be surpassed in the country. 
A costly organ was erected about ten years 
ago from the factory of Rosevclt & Co.. and 
the choir of Grace Church has long been 
famous as one of the best in the land. In 
1890 Grace Church built the Chapel of the 
Advent, Charles and Ostend streets, at a 
cost of $10,000; and in 1894 enlarged and 
enriched its chancel at a cost of $28,000. A 
handsome rectory adjoins the church on 
Park avenue, the gift of Samuel G. Wyman. 
From the beginning this church has been 
greatly given to good works. Three 
churches, in different parts of the city, have 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



been wholly or in large part, created by its 
fostering care and financial help : St. Barna- 
bas in 1859, the Holy Comforter in 1876, 
and the Chapel of the Advent in 1890. 
Large amounts of money have been gen- 
erously given to the support of Missions 
both in the diocese and throughout the 
world, and all the charities of the city liBer- 
ally supported. This is especially true of 
of the Church Home, the most notable 
charity of the Episcopal Church in Balti- 
more, which was founded through the ac- 
tive labors of its second rector, the Rev. Dr. 
Coxe. One of its members also maintains 
a large hospital for crippled children under 
the name of the "Robert Garrett Hospital."' 
For almost fifty years Grace Church main- 
tained the only religious services in the city 
for deaf mutes. This was also established 
by Bishop Coxe. It is still in vigorous ex- 
istence, and one-fifth of the entire deaf mute 
population of the city are communicants of 
Grace Church. A chapel, adjacent to the 
chancel, is set apart solely for their use, and 
every Sunday morning the service of the 
church is rendered in two languages syn- 
chronously. 

The rectors of Grace Church have been 
as follows : The Rev. Dr. Thomas Atkinson 
(who was the founder of the church, and 
while rector was elected Bishop of North 
Carolina), 1852-1853; the Rev. Dr. Arthur 
Cleveland Coxe (afterwards Bishop of 
Western New York), 1854-1863; the Rev. 
Dr. John Henry Hobart, 1864-1866; the 
Rev. George Leeds, 1S67-1885; the Rev. 
Chauncey B. Brewster (now Bishop Coad- 
jutor of Connecticut), 1886-1888; the Rev. 
Arthur Chilton Powell, 1888 to the present 
time. Grace Church maintains the Chapel 
of the Advent on Charles and Ostend 



streets. The membership of Grace Church 
is 862; of the chapel, 308. 

Emmanuel Church. 
In 1854 a portioti of the congregation of 
old Christ Church (Gay and Fayette 
streets) decided to erect a church in its 
more immediate neighborhood, and select- 
ed a site on the corner of Cathedral and 
Read streets. Here a large edifice was built 
of stone, and here was gradually gathered 
one of the most aggressive and prosperous 
congregations Baltimore has ever known. 
Its first rector was the Rev. H. Van Dyke 
Johns, D. D., who resigned the charge of 
old Christ Church to accept the rectorship 
of the new Emmanuel Church. He has 
been succeeded by men of great ability, so 
that the name and fame of the church is 
known far and wide. A warm missionary 
zeal has long characterized its members 
and its gifts for missionary objects all over 
the world have been large. Some twenty 
years ago a special work was begun by 
some zealous women of this congregation 
among the Chinese residing in the city. A 
Sunday-school was established, and has had 
quiet but marked success. Several China- 
men have been baptized and confirmed. 

The General Convention has twice held 
its session in Baltimore, and both times ha,-; 
used Emmanuel Church, in 1871 and 1892; 
altliough at the former session the House 
of Bishops sat in the chapel of Grace 
Church. The new and beautiful parish 
house was erected immediately adjoining 
the church on Cathedral street in 1892, 
Several costly memorial windows are to be 
seen in this church, which also possesses 
one of Rosevelt's latest and best organs. In 
1857 a mission was established by Em- 



324 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



manuel Church near Bolton Station. This 
developed in i860 into the Memorial 
Church, corner of Bolton avenue and La- 
fayette avenue. The rectors of Emmanuel 
Church have been: The Rev. Dr. Johns, 
the Rev. Noah Hunt Schenck, D. D., the 
Rev. A. JM. Randolph, D. D. (who was 
elected Assistant Bishop of Virginia in 
1883), and the present rector, the Rev. J. 
Houston Eccleston, D. D. 

Two chapels are maintained by Em- 
manuel Church, the Chapel of the Prince of 
Peace, at Walbrook, and the Chapel of the 
Atonement, in the eastern part of the citv. 
The membership of Emmanuel is 880; of 
Prince of Peace, 116; of Atonement, 206. 
St. JMarv's Chcrcii, Hampdex. 

In the little village of Hampden, a neat 
stone church was erected in 1855. It is sur- 
rounded by a lot of several acres, a portion 
of which was set aside as a burial-ground. 
A parish school house and a rectory have 
subsequently been erected near the church. 
The present rector is the Rev. William C. 
Butler. Membersip, 196. 

Church o-e the Holy Innocents. 

This stone church was erected in 1855, 
at the corner of Chase and Eden streets, ft 
has had a somewhat checkered career, but 
under its present rector, the Rev. Robert A. 
TufTt, it is manifesting new life and pro- 
gress. A stone rectory was erected in 1897, 
adjacent to the church, and the interior of 
the church beautifully decorated. Among 
the former rectors have been the Rev. j. 
Preston Fugettc and the Rev. John H. Lo- 
gic. The membership is 292. 

St. Bartholomew's Church. 
This congregation sprang from a Sunday- 
school opened in the northwestern part of 



the city on Pennsylvania avenue. It was 
organized in 1857, and its present white 
marble church, at the corner of Madison 
and North avenues, was erected in 1872. 
The large lot was left to the church by Miss 
Alice Ann Dashiell, in 1854. A beautiful 
rectory was built in 1890, adjoining the 
church. The Rev. John Y. Gholson was 
the first rector, 1875 to 1885. The Rev. 
Edward H. Ingle assumed the rectorship 
in 1885, and has been in charge ever since. 
The number of communicants in 214. 

Chapel of St. John the Baptist. 

On Barre street, in South Baltimore, a 
stone church was erected in 1858, bearing 
the above name. For a time it maintained 
an independent existence, or was adminis- 
tered by the Board of Missions. In 1895 
it passed under the care of St. Paul's 
Church. The present minister in charge is 
the Rev. D. P. Allison. 

St. Thomas Church, Homestead. 
A congregation was organized in this 
suburb in 1858. Its present frame church 
building was erected about 1889, during the 
active administration of the Rev. William 
Brayshaw, w^io also collected funds for the 
rectory, situated near by. The present rec- 
tor is the Rev. Robert H. Taylor. D. D. 
There arc 95 communicants. 

Memorial Church. 
In 1855 a mission was begun by certain 
women of Ennnanuel Church. It was in- 
tended to reach the men employed by the 
Northern Central Railway, and for two 
years was carried on in dwellings on Mary- 
land avenue and Cathedral street, opposite 
the Bolton depot. In 1S57 a small brick 



HISTORY OP BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



325 



chapel was erected on Park avenue, near 
Lanville, and the work transferred to it. It 
was called Howard Chapel. It was occu- 
pied until 1859, when a lot was purchased 
at the corner of Bolton street and Lafayette 
avenue. The old chapel is still standing, 
and is now used by the Enon Colored Bap- 
tist congregation. The rector of Emmanuel 
Church, under whom the work has been 
begun, the Rev. Dr. Henry Van Dyke 
Johns, died in April, 1859, and his assistant, 
the Rev. Charles Ridgely Howard, pro- 
posed to erect a new church as a memorial 
to him. A separate congregation was cre- 
ated in this year, and was admitted into the 
Convention of Maryland in i860. The 
church was at once begun, but was not fin- 
ished until 1864. The rector, the Rev. Mr. 
Howard, died in 1862, and the church was 
constituted as a memorial to him, as well as 
of Dr. Johns. The edifice is a beautiful 
stone building, in the early Gothic style. 
It is situated at the northeast corner of 
Bolton street and Lafayette avenue. The 
growth of this congregation has been 
very great under the care of zealous and 
able rectors. Two other churches have been 
founded by it: St. George's, in 1873, and 
Holy Trinity, in 1875. A comfortable rec- 
tory adjoins the church on Bolton street, 
and an admirably arranged parish house is 
at the rear of the church, on Lafayette ave- 
nue. Within the past twp years the church 
has been greatly improved by the erection 
of a new chancel and porch, and also by the 
purchase of a new organ. A most vigorous 
work is maintained in all departments of 
church life. The present rector, the Rev. Dr. 
W. M. Dame, has been in charge for twenty 
years. Having removed all indebtedness 
and put the property in admirable order, 



he presented it for consecration on January 
5, 1898. The sermon was preached by the 
Bishop of West Virginia, who was rector 
when elected to the episcopate in 1878. The 
rectors of this important church have been : 
The Rev. Charles R. Howard; the Rev. W. 
B. Bodine, D. D.; the Rev. J. N. Galleher, 
D. D. (afterwards Bishop of Louisiana); 
the Rev. O. Perinchief; the Rev. George 
W. Peterkin, D. D. (elected Bishop of West 
Virginia in 1878); and the Rev. William M. 
Dame, D. D. When the present rector took 
charge in 187S he found 250 communicants. 
There are now 686. 

The Free Church of St. Barnabas. 
This church was first established as a 
mission by Grace Church, in 1859. It be- 
came independent in 1S64, and its first rec- 
tor was the Rev. A. P. Stryker, who had 
been an assistant at Grace Church. His 
long administration was most successful. 
He died while in office a few years ago, 
greatly lamented. He was succeeded by the 
Rev. Joseph Fletcher, who served as rector 
about two years. Toward the end of his 
rectorship the church was destroyed by fire: 
but was immediately rebuilt and greatly im- 
proved. The Rev. Thomas Atkinson suc- 
ceeded to the rectorship in 1893, and is still 
in charge. He is the grandson of Bishop 
Atkinson, the founder of Grace Church. 
The church is situated on the corner of Bid- 
die street and Argyle avenue, and it has a 
very suitable rectory adjoining. Its mem- 
bership is 443. 

All Saints Church. 
In 1859 a congregation was organized in 
the extreme western part of the city, on Bal- 
timore street, and named All Saints. A 
large and desirable lot was secured and the 



326 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



present edifice erected. Its growth has been 
slow but steady. Its present rector is the 
Rev. Edward Wroth. The membership is 
235- 

CuArEL OF THE AdVENT. 

This mission was organized by the Rev. 
George K. Warner, on November 29, 1868, 
in a private house on Battery avenue. A 
chapel was built a few doors distant the 
next year. Until 1887 it remained under 
the Board of Missions. It was then placed 
by the bishop under Grace Church. The 
present lot, on Charles street near Ostend, 
was presented by the heirs of George Haw- 
kins Williams, Esq., in 1889. The present 
brick building (which is intended to be the 
parish house whensoever a church is 
erected) was built in 1890, and cost $10,000. 
A large Free Kindergarten and thriving re- 
ligious organizations are here maintained 
by Grace Church. The Sunday-school 
numbers 800. The first assistant of Grace 
Church has charge of this mission. At pres- 
ent he is the Rev. Charles A. Hensel. The 
membership is 308. A rectory costing 
$4,000 is about to built on the church lot. 
Ch.\pel of the Holy Cross. 

This chapel was erected in 1871 outside 
the then western city limits. It was for one 
year a chapel of St. Luke's Church, but is 
now under the Board of Missions. It has 
had a quiet growth. For many years it was 
under the personal care of the Rev. B. B. 
Griswold, D. D., who died while in charge, 
in 1894. The minister in charge now is the 
Rev. Clarence P>ucl. 

Chapkl of Tin; Hoi.v Eva.ngki.ist, 

CVN'I'ON. 

This chapel was erected in 1874. Its 
growth has been very slow. It is under tiie 



Board of Missions, but the Rev. Thomas 
Atkinson, who was at one time resident 
minister, is in immediate supervision, the 
Rev. Harris Mallincrodt serving under him. 
In 189S the old building was condemned as 
unsafe. It will be torn down, and a new 
edifice erected. 

Holy Trinity Church. 

This church was established as a mission 
by the Memorial Church (Bolton street and 
Lafayette avenue) in 1875. It was con- 
ducted by the assistant ministers of this 
church until 1880, when it became inde- 
pendent, and the Rev. Julius J. Sams. D. D., 
assistant of the Memorial Church, was 
elected the first rector. He still continues 
in charge. The church is a wooden build- 
ing, situated on North Gilmor street, and 
was erected in 1876. The membership is 
269. 

Chapel of the Atonement. 

In January, 1874, the Rev. B. H. La- 
trobe. then rector of the Church of Our 
Saviour, together with a few of his parish- 
ioners, opened a Sunday-school in an upper 
room at the corner of Biddle and Ann 
streets. It was soon moved to a larger 
room at the intersection of Biddle and 
Wolfe streets. A night service was begun 
here by the Rev. Mr. Latrobe. but it was 
soon deemed advisable to secure a more 
suitable building where the services of the 
church might regularly be held. A chapel 
was erected at the corner of Chase and 
Choptank streets (now Collington avenue). 
It was built out of the material of the old 
chapel, formerly occupied by the congrega- 
tion of Holy Innocents' Church, and opened 
for services on June 20. 1875. A meeting 
to organize a congregation was held at the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



327 



residence of the Rev. Mr. Latrobe on June 
24, 1875, and a vestry elected. A sendee 
was held at the new chapel each Sunday af- 
ternoon by different clergy of the city. In 
1876 the Rev. B. F. Brown was in charge 
of the work; and in 1877 the Rev. P. Nelson 
Meade. From 1873 to 1881 the work lan- 
guished, but in that year the Rev. S. W. 
Crampton took charge, and infused new 
life. The old frame building was sold, and 
the school began its history again in Lange's 
Hall, corner of Chester and Chase streets. 
On May 23, 1881, the Vestry of the Church 
of the Atonement was incorporated. /\ 
large lot at the corner of Chester and Pres- 
ton streets was presented to the vestry by 
John Glenn. Esq., and on the southern end 
of this lot a brick chapel was built in 1883, 
at a cost of $1,000. It was opened on Sun- 
day, August 5. The Rev. Mr. Crampton was 
in charge until 1886. On January 10, 1887, 
the rector of Emmanuel Church, the Rev. 
Dr. Eccleston, proposed to the vestry of 
the chapel to take it under the care of Em- 
manuel Church. This was acceded to, and 
the Chapel of the Atonement has since been 
administered by Emmanuel Church, being 
in charge of one of its assistants. In 1897 
a stone edifice was erected on the corner of 
the lot, at a cost of $15,000. The present 
minister in charge is the Rev. Douglas 
Hooff. The membership is 206. 

Chapel of St. Mary the Virgin. 
(Colored). 
About the year 1873 Mt. Calvary Church 
began a work for colored people in its 
neighborhood. Besides attracting some 
who had hitherto had no church associa- 
tions, it also attracted most of the congre- 
gation of St. Philip's Mission, which had 



been established by some of the members 
of St. James First African Church, and 
which had been worshiping in a hall where 
the City College was afterwards built. An 
organization under the name of "Mt. Cal- 
vary Chapel of St. Mary the Virgin," was 
effected, with the Rev. C. B. Perry (white), 
an assistant of Mt. Calvary Church, in 
charge. A pious woman made a hand- 
some gift toward the present white marble 
chapel, which was purchased and improved 
in 1874 at a cost of $17,500. This building 
had formerly belonged to the New Jerusa- 
lem Church. The congregation began with 
less than a hundred, but speedily increased 
to 400. During the first year 140 communi- 
cants were reported. The chapel has an 
attractive property, and is well equipped for 
its work. Its service is marked by a beau- 
tiful ritual which seems to appeal to the 
hearts of the colored people. It has been 
served by faithful men, all of whom have 
been white, and to-day the communicants 
number 505. The present priest-in-charge 
is the Rev. George Barker Stone, an assist- 
ant of Mt. Calvary. It is one of the strong- 
est colored congregations in the city, and 
has the advantage of daily services and nu- 
merous organizations. 
The Church of the Holy Comforter. 
In 1876 Miss Hannah Gaither, a member 
of Grace Church, erected a church at the 
corner of Pratt and Chester streets, as a 
memorial to her parents. It was built out 
of white marble, and is an attractive Gothic 
structure. For a time it was administered 
by the rector and vestry of Grace Church, 
but became independent in 188 1. It took 
the place of St. Matthew's Church, a mis- 
sion of Grace Church. The present rector 



328 



[ISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



is the Rev. W. A. Crawford-Frost. The 
number of communicants is 184. 

Henshaw Memorial Church. 
This congregation was organized in 1876 
in the southwestern portion of the city, as 
a mission of St. Peter's Church, by which 
its rector is still supported. The present 
property was purchased and refitted a few- 
years ago in the rectorship of the Rev. 
Charles Gauss. The present rector is the 
Rev. W. H. Milton. There are 323 com- 
municants. 

Church of St. Michael and All 
Angels. 
About twenty-five years ago three men 
living near the Boundary (now North ave- 
nue) decided to organize an Episcopal 
Mission. They were Messrs. Charles H. 
Wyatt, Talbot Denmead and J. W. Brune. 
A large lot at the northeast corner of St. 
Paul and First (now Twentieth) streets, was 
donated by Mr. Denmead, and a small 
wooden chapel was erected thereon. The 
Rev. Mr. Johnston, rector of St. John's 
Church, Waverly, took the work under his 
care, and held a service there every Sunday 
night, until there was need of a settled cler- 
gyman, when he resigned. The Rev. John 
Rose and tlie Rev. Dr. James A. Harrold 
ne.xt were in charge. In 1877 the Rev. 
William Kirkus, rector of Christ Church, 
was elected rector, and accepted. The new 
congregation at first adopted the name of 
St. Mary the Virgin; but it was soon 
changed to the present title. The marvelous 
pulpit abilities of the Rev. Air. Kirkus soon 
attracted such a large attendance that the 
little chapel was speedily outgrown. It was 
then moved to an adjacent lot and the pres- 
ent magnificent edifice begun. It has been 



erected in parts, and was completed only 
two years ago. The congregation has stead- 
ily increased until it is one of the largest in 
the city, numbering a communicant mem- 
bership of 1,013. The church has a beauti- 
ful parish house, also of stone, immediately 
adjacent to it on St. Paul street. The Rev. 
Mr. Kirkus resigned in 1891, and was suc- 
ceeded by the present rector, the Rev. C. 
Ernest Smith, D. D., whose administration 
has been marked by the completion of the 
buildings, the erection of a fine organ, the 
introduction of a boy choir, and the enlarge- 
ment of the church membership and agen- 
cies. A mission was begun by this church 
in 1898, near Hampden. 

St. George's Church. 
The Memorial Church started a mission 
in 1873, on Fremont street, near Pennsyl- 
vania avenue. The most earnest worker in 
it was James M. Drill, Esq., who was an 
Englishman, and named the mission after 
the patron saint of England. A small chapel 
was erected on a lot purchased in 1874, and 
St. George's Church was legally incorpor- 
ated in September, 1875. The Rev. Otis A. 
Glazebrook, then assistant minister of 
Memorial Church, was the first rector, and 
served for several months. There was at 
this time a Sunday-school of 230 scholars, 
a sewing school of fifty scholars, and during 
the winter a night school for boys of about 
thirty scholars. The second rector was the 
Rev. Hugh Roy Scott, who was in charge 
about eight montlis. He was succeeded by 
the Rev. Ricliard Hayward, then assistant 
minister of Grace Church. He was in 
charge about six months. The fourth in 
charge was the Rev. C. A. Tibb, who 
served for four or five months. The next 




/^^^^^^^^..^^ 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



331 



rector was the Rev. E. P. Gray, who served 
for about half a year. To him succeeded in 
1879 the Rev. Jonathan Pinckney Ham- 
mond, D. D., who served until his death on 
August 19, 1884. It was under his zealous 
administration that the present lot on the 
northeast corner of Presstman and Division 
streets was purchased in 188 1 and the beau- 
tiful stone church erected thereupon the 
same year. It was constituted the me- 
morial of Bishop Whittingham, who died 
in 1879, -iftsr having been the Bishop 
of Maryland for forty years. In 1883 
the church became independent, its pros- 
perity having been most marked under 
the Rev. Dr. Hammond. He was suc- 
ceeded by the present rector, the Rev. 
Frederick Gibson, D. D., on September 29, 
1884. For seventeen years he had been the 
assistant to the Rev. Dr. Rankine, at St. 
Luke's Church. The number of communi- 
cants has increased from 131 in 1884 to 352 
in 1897. His administration has been most 
successful, the congregation overcrowding 
the church. An enlargement is contem- 
plated, as the adjoining lot was presented 
to the church by the late Edmund Law 
Rogers, Esq., a few years ago. 

St. Barnabas Church, Curtis Bay. 

In 1889 a new work was started in the 
public school house of this growing suburb, 
under the supervision of the Rev. T. C. 
Gambrall, D. D., then Archdeacon of An- 
napolis. As soon as a suitable brick house 
was erected for a rectory, in 1891, he ar- 
ranged the lower floor for church pur- 
poses, and there gathered a congregation 
and a Sunday-school. In 1893 a neat 
church was erected on the corner of the lot. 
When almost finished, and greatly in need 
20 



of funds, Mrs. William E. Woodyear, a 
member of Grace Church, donated several 
thousand dollars to complete it, as a mem- 
orial of her late husband. A mural tablet 
was erected within the edifice bearing his 
name. The edifice was consecrated June 
4, 1894. The growth has been very slow, 
owing to the depressed condition of the 
business interests represented there. The 
Rev. Dr. Gambrall died while in charge in 
1897, after a long and useful ministry in 
Maryland. At present the church is admin- 
istered by clergymen appointed by the 
Bishop of the Diocese. 

Chapel of the Prince of Peace. 

When the suburb of Walbrook was added 
to the city, a neat frame church was located 
at its very center. It is under the care of 
Emmanuel Church, but its growth has been 
so steady that it will doubtless become in- 
dependent in the early future. The Rev. 
Henry T. Sharpe has been the minister in 
charge since 1893. 

Church of the Transfiguration. 

The rapid growth of the suburb of West 
Arlington warranted an attempt to establish 
an Episcopal Church there about ten years 
ago. After unsuccessful efforts it was ac- 
complished in January, 1892, under the 
charge of the Rev. William Rollins Webb, 
rector of St. Mary's Church, Franklintown. 
An unoccupied cottage, owned by Mrs. 
Charles A. Oakford, was oiifered for ser- 
vices, free of all charge. The Rev. Mr. Webb 
gave his ministrations without salary, and 
the West Arlington Improvement Com- 
pany donated two city lots. The first ser- 
vice was held on January 17, and the ser- 
vices were continued uninterruptedly in the 
cottage until the following May. when 



332 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



transfer was made to Belvidere Hall, Gar- 
rison avenue, where the growing congrega- 
tion worshiped for three years. In the fall 
of 1893 it was decided to build a church. 
The building committee consisted of the 
Rev. Mr. Webb, and Messrs. C. C. Rhodes, 
B. H. Bittle, I. L. Newman and W. P. Oak- 
ford. On August 6, 1894, the Feast of the 
Transfiguration, the ground was broken 
with appropriate exercises. On December 
12, the same year, the corner-stone was laid 
by tlie Rev. Mr. Webb. On Easter Day, 
Ai)ril 14, 1895, the church was opened for 
public worship. The total cost was $5,860. 
It is built of stone. The church has pur- 
chased an additional lot to the two donated, 
at a cost of $1,050, and it has been enriched 
by several beautiful memorials. The mem- 
bersliip is thirty-four. The Rev. Mr. Webb 
is still in charge. 

RoL.xxD Park Mission-. 
On Sunday, November 28, 1897, the 
Bishop of Maryland, Rt. Rev, William 
Paret, D. D.. LL. D., opened this mission 
in the liall of this beautiful suburb, at 4 p. 
m. It is under the special care of the rector 
of St. Mary's Church, Hampden, who is 
aided by the men of the Brotherhood of St. 
Andrew of that church. Various clergy- 
men from the city have given their services. 
The congregation is fast growing in size 
and strength, and a new church edifice will 
doubtless be erected in the near future. The 
Simday-schnol numljcrs seventy scholars. 

The other places of worship of the Epis- 
copal Church in the city are: St. Clement's 
Chapel, Philadelphia road; chapel in the 
Church Home and Infirmary, Broadway 
near Baltimore street; St. Catharine's Mis- 



sion for Colored People, Mt. Calvary 
Church; mission of Church of St. Michael's 
and All Saints, near Hampden. 

Episcopal Institutions. 
From the very dawn of the history of the 
city the Episcopal Church has been fore- 
most in charitable work. There is one no- 
ble institution, the Church Home and In- 
firmary, on Broadway near Baltimore street, 
which, though most largely maintained by 
St. Paul's Church and Grace Church, re- 
ceives valuable aid from many others. It 
was founded in 1855 by Rev. Dr. Coxe, 
rector of Grace Church, and others. Sev- 
eral large bequests have been left to it, so 
that its endowment fund is assuming large 
proportions. It now amounts to about 
$300,000. A chapel is situated in the 
centre of the building, in which daily ser- 
vices are held by a regular chaplain. The 
number of patients treated during the year 
1897 was 315, and the number of persons 
permanently residing in the home was fifty. 
There are numerous other charitable insti- 
tutions maintained by the various congrega- 
tions. St. Paul's Church has two — the 
Girls' Orjihanage (incorporated 1799), a 
beautiful building surrounded by ample 
grounds on Charles and Twenty-fourth 
streets, and the Boys' School (1845), o" 
East Franklin street. Christ Church has 
an Asylum for Female Children (1840). St. 
Peter's Church also maintains an Asylum 
for Female Children (1849). St. John's, 
Waverly, has an Orphanage for Boys. Mt. 
Calvary, through its Sisterhood of All 
Saints, maintains a Home for Colored Boys 
and an Industrial Home to train girls for 
domestic service. There are also several 
parochial schools maintained in connection 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



333 



with the different churches of the city. The 
Sisterhood of All Saints has a handsome 
house on Eutaw street near Madison. St. 
Martha's Home, on West Lexington street, 
was opened in 1896 and incorporated in 
January, 1898. It is to afford a home for 
self-supporting women. 

In 1814 Baltimore became the See City 
of the Diocese of Maryland and the bishops 
have had their residence here ever since, 
except in the case of Bishop Pinckney, who 
preferred to retain his country residence in 
Prince George's county. The Episcopal 
residence is at mo Madison avenue, 
though an attempt is now being made to 
secure a new site for a more suitable house 
and neighbrohood. In connection with the 
Episcopal residence is the famous Whit- 
tingham Library, which was presented to 
the diocese by the late Bishop Whitting- 
ham, and numbering 20,000 volumes. Two 
other libraries have recently been left to the 
Diocese, that of the Rev. Dr. Walter Wil- 
liams, numbering 2,000 volumes, and that 
of the late Rev. Dr. Dalrymple, numbering 
8,000. It is now proposed to erect a suit- 
able building to receive all these books and 
the sum of $25,000 was appropriated at the 
last Diocesan Convention for this purpose. 
The Whittingham Library is one of the fin- 
est theological libraries in the world. 
There is nothing in this country to com- 
pare with it and few abroad. 

The bishops of Maryland have been as 
follows: Rt. Rev. John James Claggett, 1792- 
1S16: Rt. Rev. James Kemp, 1814-1827; 
Rt. Rev. WilHam Murray Stone, 1830- 1838; 
Rt. Rev. William RoUinson Whittingham, 
1840-1879; Rt. Rev. William Pinckney, 
1870-1883; Rt. Rev. William Paret, 1885 
to present time. 



THE GERMAN REFORJ^IED 
CHURCH. 

The sturdy sons of Germany were among 
the very earliest to come to these shores. 
First at New Amsterdam (New York) and 
then in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and even 
farther South, they made their settlements 
and won their success. Not a few of their 
sterling characteristics have entered into the 
manhood which we call American, and all 
of these are largely the products of that 
faith for which their forefathers, under Lu- 
ther and the first Reformers, were willing 
to yield their very lives. Out of the Refor- 
mation in Germany have sprung two great 
religious bodies, which may be likened to 
twin sisters, though of later years they have 
strayed somewhat apart. They are the Lu- 
theran and German Reformed denomina- 
tions. Here in Baltimore their history was 
one and the same for several years, until 
each grew strong enough to exist alone; 
then they separated. But they first existed 
under the name of the German Reformed 
Church. In Europe this body is very 
strong, numbering at least twenty-five mil- 
lion adherents. But in America it is com- 
paratively weak. Its doctrinal system is 
contained in the Heidleberg Confession, 
while its ecclesiastical polity is fashioned 
after the model of the Dutch Church of 
Holland, by which the German Reformed 
Church in y\merica was early nurtured and 
fostered. 

The German Reformed Church in this 
country was founded by emigrants from 
Germany and Switzerland, about the year 
1730. Its stronghold at first was in east- 
ern Pennsylvania, but its adherents were 
scattered also throughout the other colo- 
nies, the more especially toward the South. 



334 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Just when the first congregation was form- 
ed in Baltimore is not definitely known. 
There is good reason to suppose it was 
about twenty years after it was first organ- 
ized in .A.merica, or about 1750. This was 
also twenty years after Baltimore Town was 
laid out. There are two historical witnesses 
to establish the fact that the adherents of 
the German Reformed and of the Lutheran 
bodies had their religious interests in com- 
mon and worshiped in the same church. 
One of these is an old German manuscript, 
preserved in the archives of the First Ger- 
man Reformed Church, which states: "In 
the year 1756 or 1757 the congregation 
purchased a lot on which to erect a church 
of Mr. Croxall. for nine pounds, besides 
making him a present — After this the con- 
gregation appointed a committee to super- 
intend the building of a church, which con- 
sisted of Andrew Seiger, Frederick IMeyer, 
Jacob Kuhbord, John Sollcr, Valentine 
Loersch, and Conrad Smith. These men 
made preparation to build and with the 
means they had they built the best church 
they could. We then called the Rev. John 
Christophe'- Faber to become our Pastor, 
and we were all in peace and love." The 
second witness is found in tlie records of 
the First Lutheran Church, where it is 
stated: "Up to the year 1758 both Luther- 
ans and German Reformed worshiped to- 
gether, and great friendship and harmony 
prevailed. In the year 1758 they resolved 
to erect a house of worship in common, as 
each party was too weak to build alone; 
and it was at the same time determined that 
a Pastor should he called by cither church 
as might best suit." 

The slight disparity of dates is of no ma- 
terial moment, while the testimony is most 



distinct as to the common interests of these 
two German denominations. While at this 
time the town could not have numbered 
more than a few hundred inhabitants it is 
to be remembered that Baltimore county 
was by no means sparsely populated and 
that the various congregations would have 
a representation in the country districts. 
The town gradually became the "Jerusa- 
lem" to which "the tribes went up" to wor- 
ship. This was found true among the Eng- 
lish churchmen. So likewise the zeal of the 
Germans led them to travel far to attend 
religious worship. Hence it need not be 
a matter of surprise that they were the sec- 
ond body of Christians to build a church 
in Baltimore Town. The first German 
church was erected on North Charles 
street, corner of Saratoga, on a lot almost 
opposite St. Paul's Church, so that the 
two places of worship in the town were 
located on opposite sides of the same 
street. One of the worshipers in this old 
church has left the following account in a 
letter to the Rev. Elias Heiner, who was 
one of the later pastors of this congregation : 
"Our first church was located up North 
Charles street and was approached with dif- 
ficulty, especially by the aged and intirm, 
on account of the steep hill of sand they 
were obliged to climb every Sabbath in or- 
der to reach their humble place of worship. 
At that time we had no cushioned seats: 
no carpeted aisles: no — not even a stove to 
warm the body. The cold North West wind 
would pierce through the tender weather- 
boarding and almost blow the light fabric 
off." 

While there seem to have been several 
ministers of German birth and ordination, 
who made occasional visits to the German 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



335 



Christians, the first regular pastor was the 
Rev. John Christopher Faber. Just when 
the German Reformed and the Lutherans 
separated is not definitely known; but cer- 
tainly early in the pastorate of the Rev. Mr. 
Faber, who continued to serve as pastor of 
the German Reformed congregation until 

1771, when he resigned. Much opposition 
to him sprang up in the later years of his 
administration and quite a goodly portion 
of the congregation desired his resignation ; 
but he declined to present it. These mal- 
contents withdrew from the First Reformed 
congregation and organized the Second, 
and built a church in 1771. Soon after this 
secession Mr. Faber resigned and was suc- 
ceeded by the Rev. George Wallauer in 

1772. This minister espoused the cause of 
England in the Revolution, deserted his 
congregation some time during the war and 
joined the British army, in what capacity 
it is not known. 

The next pastor was the Rev. Charles L. 
Boehme, who after a short administration 
was involved in trouble and was dismissed 
from the ministry. He was succeeded by 
the Rev. Nicholas Pomp, whose success was 
so marked that it became necessary to 
erect a new and large church at the north- 
west corner of Baltimore and Front streets. 
This church was built in 1785 and cost 
$20,000. 

In 1 79 1 the Rev. George Troldenier was 
called from York, Pa., to succeed the Rev. 
Mr. Pomp. In 1795 the congregation was 
incorporated by an act of the State Legis- 
lature. In 1796 the church was sold to the 
vestry of St. Paul's Church and was sub- 
sequently given to the old Christ Church 
congregation. A new site was selected on 
Second street, near the intersection of the 



present Holliday street, and a new church 
was erected thereupon. It was dedicated in 
1797 and was fifty feet broad and eighty 
feet long. 

In 1802 the Rev. John H. Dryer became 
pastor, in succession to the Rev. Mr. Trol- 
denier, who died in 1800. To him succeed- 
ed the Rev. Dr. Christian L. Becker, of 
Lancaster, Pa., in 1806. His marked elo- 
quence as well as gracious personality made 
him exceedingly popular with his people. 
His ministry here and elsewhere was ren- 
dered notable by the large number of young 
men whom he prepared for the ministry, 
one of them being his own son. Toward the 
end of the Rev. Dr. Becker's administration 
an attempt was made on the part of some 
to introduce the custom of having the ser- 
vice and sermon in English every other 
Sunday. To this Dr. Becker was unalter- 
ably opposed, and in the midst of the ex- 
citement which the movement created, he 
died. For a short time the attempt was 
abandoned, but was revived and was so per- 
sistently urged that a new pastor was called, 
with special view to his ability to use both 
the German and the E.nglish language. 
This was the Rev. Albert Helfenstein, of 
Carlisle, Pa., who assumed charge of the 
congregation in 18 19. At first the services 
were rendered in both languages; but great 
dissension arose, and during his whole pas- 
torate of sixteen years he was in trouble 
because of the contention between the Ger- 
man and the English parties, into which the 
congregation was divided. Gradually, as 
was to be expected, the English party pre- 
vailed; in 1827 the German language was 
abandoned and all the services conducted 
in English. This has continued to the pres- 
ent day. 



336 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



The Rev. Mr. Helfenstein resigned in 
1835, and afterwards entered the ministry 
of the Episcopal Church. The next pastor 
was the Rev. EHas Heiner, who succeeded 
to the charge in 1835 and faithfully filled 
his office until his death in 1863. He was 
succeeded by the Rev. E. R. Eschbach. 
When HoUiday street was opened the re- 
moval of the church was necessary to an- 
other site, as the old lot was intersected by 
the new street. A lot was chosen on Calvert 
street near Reed and the present edifice 
built in 1867. The present pastor is the 
Rev. Joel T. Rossiter, D. D., whose faithful 
ministrations continue to maintain the First 
Church in a prosperous condition. 
The Second Reformed Church. 
In 1770, as noted above, a secession from 
the old First Church took place, through 
dissatisfaction with the pastor, the Rev. Mr. 
Faber. These seceders formed another con- 
gregation and called the Rev. Benedict 
Schwope, who had recently come from Ger- 
many and attached to himself the affection 
of many of the old flock. He accepted the 
call. Ihe Second Church was erected in 
1 77 1 on Conway street near Sharp. It was 
a wooden structure. He was succeeded by 
the Rev. Philip William Otterbein in 1774, 
who remained in charge until 1813. In 
1786 a new brick church was erected on the 
old site. The old First Church censured 
Messrs. Schwope and Otterbein for the di- 
vision that took place at this time in the 
original congregation, and made efforts to 
heal the breach, but in vain. This Second 
congregation erected three different houses 
of worship during Mr. Otterbein's long ad- 
ministration. In his last years he gave his 
influence to the formation of a new sect and 



partially ceased to be active in the synod 
of the German Reformed Church. This 
sect is the "United Brethren in Christ" de- 
nomination, by which the Second Church 
is now held and used. It is now called the 
Evangelical German Reformed Otterbein 
Church. 

AiSQUiTH Reformed Church. 

When the mother Reformed Church was 
compelled to change its location in 1867 
this new congregation was formed to ac- 
commodate those members who lived in an- 
other part of the city. The corner-stone of 
the present church was laid in 1876 and the 
church was dedicated in the next year. 
Third Reformed Church. 

This cluirch was an offshoot from tlie 
First Reformed Church. At the northeast 
corner of Paca and Saratoga streets the new 
edifice was dedicated February 2. 1845. Tlie 
Rev. Dr. B. C. Wolff, of Easton, Pa., was 
the first pastor. The present pastor is the 
Rev. C. Clever, D. D. The congregation 
is strong and vigorous under its present 
faithful minister. The church, at its erec- 
tion, cost $11,000. 

St. Joii.xnxes Germ.\x Reformed 
Church. 
Tills congregation was organized in 
1845. I'l tl'is "cxt year it purchased a sub- 
stantial edifice from the Baptists for $5,500. 
It is situated on North Calvert street, be- 
tween Lexington and Saratoga streets. The 
first pastor was the Rev. John F. Kessler. 
The Rev. P. Weinand is now in charge. 
The church is in a flourishing condition and 
doing a good work, though it is surrounded 
bv business interests. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



337 



St. P.^ul's Reformed Church. 

This church is a dcaughter of the Third 
Reformed Church. A Sunday-school was 
organized on Pennsylvania avenue near 
Townsend street on May 19, 1872. A little 
later the school moved to Cook's Hall, 
southeast corner of Baltimore and Calhoun 
streets. Here the congregation was organ- 
ized on October 11, 1878, with fifty-six 
members. On May 23, 1879, the congrega- 
tion authorized the purchase of the present 
church on Lexington street near Carrollton 
avenue from the Methodist Protestant 
Church, and on July 7, 1879, the purchase 
was reported. The congregation has en- 
joyed a substantial growth and now num- 
bers about four hundred members. There 
have been four pastors: the Rev. M. L. 
Firor, the Rev. W. J. Johnson, Rev. Frank 
Lambadder and the present pastor, the Rev. 
Lloyd E. Coblentz. This church has taken 
active part in establishing four missions. 
FiETH Reformed Church. 

In 1858 the Fifth Reformed congregation 
erected an edifice on Canton avenue east 
of Broadway. This was damaged by fire 
in 1866. The present building was erected 
the next year. The present pastor is the 
Rev. Marcus Bachman, under whose faith- 
ful administration the church is enjoying 
marked prosperity. 
Emmanuel or Sixth Reformed Church. 

This is an ofifshoot of the Fourth Re- 
formed Church. It worshiped for a time in 
China Hall, West Baltimore street; but in 
1868 it removed to its present situation at 
the southwest corner of Saratoga and 
Schroeder streets. The first pastor was the 
Rev. John Voegeling. The present pastor 
is the Rev. J. Conrad Hauser, whose earnest 



efforts maintain this church in a vigorous 
condition. 

ZioN Reformed Church. 
This congregation was organized in 1874. 
The first pastor was the Rev. Mr. Neff. The 
present pastor is the Rev. Mr. Nerger. The 
church is located at the corner of Aisquith 
and Edward streets and has known a quiet 
but gradual progress. 

Trinity Reformed Church. 

This is the first of five congregations to 
be organized in consequence of the increas- 
ed missionary activity of recent years. It 
is located on Third avenue, Woodberry. It 
was begun in 1883 by the Rev. Messrs. 
Firor, Zinkham, Clever, D. D., Rossiter, D. 
D., and Stanley, D. D. The congregation 
was organized September 14. 1884. The 
church was erected the same year at a cost 
of $5,500. There has been but one pastor, 
the Rev. E. R. Deatrick, who assumed 
charge May 10, 1884. 

Christ Reformed Congreg.\tion. 

In June, 1889, the Rev. A. M. Scmidt was 
commissioned by the Board of Missions of 
the Reformed Church to begin a work in 
the northern part of the city. .\ congrega- 
tion was organized by him on the corner of 
Druid Hill and North avenue, where a 
frame chapel was erected. He remained in 
charge until June, 1892, when he was suc- 
ceeded by the Rev. W. I. Stewart, who is 
still the minister in charge. The member- 
ship is now one hundred and seventy-five. 
The congregation is making arrangements 
to build a stone edifice. 

St. Stephen's Church. 

This church was established by the Bi- 
Svnodic Board of Home Missions at the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



earnest solicitation of the pastors of the 
Reformed churches of Baltimore. The Rev. 
Charles W. Levan, of Easton, Pa., was 
called by the Board to become the pastor. 
He entered on his duties March i, 1892. 
On the 22d of May the first public service 
was held in Smith's Hall on Twentieth 
street near Charles street. This congrega- 
tion was first known as the "North Balti- 
more Reformed Mission." In June, 1892, 
a lot at the corner of Guilford avenue and 
Twenty-third street was purchased by a 
kind friend and presented to the mission. 
On the 25th of June, 1893, the church was 
dedicated. The congregation was organ- 
ized on June 29th, 1893, under the name of 
St. Stephen's Reformed Church, with a 
membership of thirty-five persons. The 
church is built of Port Deposit granite and 
of brick. It cost $9,855. The whole prop- 
erty is valued at $16,000. The Mission has 
a parsonage erected adjacent to the church. 
The membership is now seventy-five. 

German Reformed Church of Peace. 
On March 13th fifty-seven persons or- 
ganized themselves into a congregation 
under the above name. The Rev. Henry 
Wieger has been the pastor from the start. 
In 1893 a lot was purchased on the corner 
of Pennsylvania avenue and Cumberland 
street, on which a church was dedicated in 
May, 1894. The ground and building cost 
$15,000. The present membership is one 
hundred and thirty, 

Grace Reformed Church. 
On the 14th of January, 1894, a Sunday- 
school was organized under the direction 
of the Reformed Church Extension Society 
of Baltimore. The school was first held in 
a room at the southeast corner of Hanover 



and West streets, but on January 20, 1895, 
it was removed to Wacker's Hall on West 
Hamburg street. On May 12, 1895, the 
congregation was organized with twenty- 
four members. A lot, sixty feet by sixty- 
nine feet, on the southwest corner of Fort 
avenue and Clarkson street was purchased 
February 21, 1896, at a cost of $2,500. The 
Rev. F. W. Bald was installed as the first 
pastor on May 3, 1896. Immediate steps 
were taken to raise a building fund and 
they were so successful that the present 
stone chapel, of Gothic architecture, was 
dedicated on December 13, 1896. It seats 
three hundred people and cost $5,500. As 
soon as the size of the congregation war- 
rants the main edifice will be erected. The 
number of members is now seventy-five. 
The Rev. Mr. Bald is still in charge. 

THE LUTHERAN CHURCH. 

The brave followers of the brave Re- 
former came to America first in the persons 
of the Swedes, who landed on these shores 
at Lewes, Del., in 1638, and who erected 
a rude building for religious uses among 
the very first they constructed. They were 
supplied with ministers by the Church of 
Sweden, which has retained the Episcopal 
form of government, and later on they allied 
themselves with the Episcopal Church, and 
most of their churches are held by that body 
now. 

The German Lutherans came much later 
and never came in colonies until they suf- 
fered bitter persecutions at home, and then 
they came hither in large numbers. They 
found a refuge especially in Pennsylvania, 
where the peaceable Penn granted them an 
asylum. But prior to this they came as in- 
dividuals or in small parties and were widely 





S^^^ M^^^s^^i(f-^.^''^ 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



d39 



scattered in all the colonies from New York 
to Florida. Their sterling virtues won them 
a good name and a warm welcome where- 
soever they went; but as their mother 
tongue was so very different from that of 
most of the early settlers, it set them apart 
by themselves. Owing to their scattered 
condition they were very slow in forming 
themselves into congregations and having 
their own houses of worship. Moreover, 
they were sorely neglected by the mother 
church, and, whereas the English Church 
sent over duly ordained ministers for her 
children and the Swedish Church did the 
same, the German Lutheran Church 
seemed strangely indifferent to the well-be- 
ing of her adherents so far away in a foreign 
land. Doubtless the persecutions at home 
kept all her thought and energies fixed up- 
on herself. In some degree the German 
Reformed Church had a marked advantage 
over the Lutherans in that the Palatinate 
Consistorium sent over to them in 1727 the 
Rev. George Michael Weiss, and inasmuch 
as the Dutch Reformed Church at New 
York gave them much assistance. 

Just when the German Lutherans began 
to come to Maryland in numbers is not 
known. A recently discovered letter of 
Lord Baltimore's, written to his agent in 
1732, offered an asylum to the Palatines 
and Salzburgers; but there is no evidence 
that the gracious invitation was ever ac- 
cepted. It is most likely that the very large 
numbers of Germans who landed at Phila- 
delphia in the early part of the eighteenth 
century conduced to a gradual overflow into 
Maryland. At least there appears to have 
been a sufficient band of Lutherans settled 
in and near Baltimore by 1750 to warrant 
them in allying themselves with their breth- 



ren of the German Reformed body, and 
thus to form a congregation. But inasmuch 
as the German Reformers were more nu- 
merous than the Lutherans the first church 
erected by them conjointly was called "The 
First German Reformed Church." This 
was situated on the top of the high hill on 
Charles street almost directly opposite St. 
Paul's Church. Prior to that these German 
Christians must have worshiped in houses 
and been served by such stray ministers, 
now of the one denomination and now of 
the other, as they could perchance secure. 
This edifice was erected in 1757 or 1758, 
and the congregations seem to have be- 
come so strong as to warrant the Lutherans 
in withdrawing in a year or two and organ- 
izing their own body. The exact date of 
this important step is not known, but it 
could hardly have been before 1760. The 
first Lutheran Church was erected on what 
was called Fish street, now Saratoga street. 
So rapidly did this little flock grow that 
in 1773 a new church was found necessary 
and after the custom of the day a lottery 
was held to raise money for this purpose. 
With the proceeds a new edifice was erected 
on the same site. The founders of this First 
Lutheran Church were: Messrs. Linden- 
berger, Weishler. Hartwig, Hoecke, Rock, 
Grasmuch, Levely, Barnetz, Dr. Wiesen- 
thall and others. 

The first pastor was the Rev. M. Gerock, 
who died in 1778 and was succeeded by his 
former assistant, the Rev. Daniel Kurtz. 
In 1789 a parsonage was built with the pro- 
ceeds of a lottery. A burying-ground was 
purchased in 1792, adjoining the church, 
with the proceeds of another lottery. In 
1808 the church on Fish street was sold to 
the African Bethel congregation, and Zion 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Church was erected on Gay street at the 
present site at a cost of $40,000. It was 
almost destroyed by a disastrous fire 
on March 30, 1840, but was immediately 
rebuilt and stands to-day unchanged and 
unimpaired. It is surrounded by a 
spacious lot and possesses one of the 
most flourishing parochial schools in the 
city. The Rev. Mr. Kurtz was pas- 
tor of this important church for more than 
fifty years and when his death occurred in 
July, 1856, his loss was universally lament- 
ed. He was succeeded by his assistant, the 
Rev. John Uhlhorn, who was greatly gifted 
as an orator. While on a visit to Bremen, 
in 1834, he died and was succeeded by the 
Rev. John Haesbardth. After a short pas- 
torate ne resigned in order to establish a 
strictly German congregation. This he did 
in a church edifice erected by the Baptists 
at the corner of Saratoga and Holliday 
streets. The new congregation was formed 
by many of the old members of old Zion 
Church. They worshiped in the above 
church until about 1870, when they sold the 
property and divided the proceeds into three 
parts, all of which were built — St. Paul's, 
Emmanuel and Martini Churches. These 
belong to the Missouri Synod. 

The Rev. Mr. Domeier was the next pas- 
tor of old Zion and he was succeeded by 
the Rev. Henry Scheib, whose successful 
administration lasted until he was made 
pastor emeritus. His death occurred in 
1897 and lamented far and wide, so greatly 
was he loved. His body laid in state in the 
church for a day prior to the funeral and 
was visited by thousands of all conditions 
and ranks of life. 

The present pastor is the Rev. Junius 
Hoffmann. 



Early in the administration of the Rev 
Henry Scheib he was adjudged unsound in 
the Lutheran faith and was expelled from 
the Synod; but his congregation remained 
loyal to him and his views. This congrega- 
tion has thus maintained an independent 
position for many years, and while claiming 
to be Lutheran is not now acknowledged 
by the Lutherans. 

For governmental purposes the various 
Lutheran congregations are divided into 
Synods. In the United States there are 
fifty-one Synods. The congregations uf 
Baltimore, although located in the Synod 
of Maryland, are not all associated with 
that Synod. For the sake of convenience 
they will be arranged according to their 
synodical connection. 

Churches of the Synod of Maryland. 

First English Ev. Luth. Church. 

The First English Lutheran Church had 
its origin as early as 1823, in a number of 
families then worshiping in Zion Church, 
in Gay street, which, in that day, was a 
Lutheran organization. It does not appear 
that any minister visited them until August, 
1824, when the Rev. Mr. Krauth, then of 
Martinsburg, Va., visited them upon their 
urgent request. Measures towards a per- 
manent organization were taken. A room 
was secured in a school house near the cor- 
ner of Pratt and Howard streets and ar- 
rangements made for the purchase of a lot. 
During this time, for a period of seven or 
eight months, the little flock enjoyed the 
pastoral services of the Rev. Jacob Medtart. 

A lot was secured on Lexington street 
between Park and Howard, and the corner- 
stone of a church was laid in the fall of 1825, 
the dedication occurring on May 28, 1S26. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



341 



On February 3, 1827, the Rev. Dr. John 
Morris preached his first sermon as pastor, 
a position which he filled with great accept- 
ance until i860, when he resigned to accept 
the charge of the Peabody Institute. The 
church was twice enlarged during his ad- 
ministration and a parsonage was erected. 
In every particular the welfare of this con- 
gregation was advanced under his care. He 
died in 1896, full of years and full of honors. 

The Rev. Dr. John McCron succeeded 
him and served until 1872, being succeeded 
by the Rev. Dr. J. H. Barclay. The organi- 
zation had grown in grace and favor until 
it had become strong enough to endure, at 
various periods, the separation of three or- 
ganizations — the Second and Third Church- 
es and St. Mark's. In 1873, during the min- 
istry of Dr. Barclay, a fire destroyed the 
church and parsonage, but that which 
seemed at the time a serious calamity re- 
sulted in great good. A new church, cost- 
ing about $125,000, was built at the corner 
of Lanvale street and Fremont avenue. It 
was dedicated September 19. 1875, and the 
congregation prospered anew. 

The Rev. Dr. M. W. Hamma became pas- 
tor in 1882, and was followed in 1886 by the 
present pastor, the Rev. Albert H. Stude- 
baker, D. D., under whose ministrations the 
church has had marked material and spir- 
itual success. The membership is 550, and 
there are 594 pupils in the Sunday-school. 

The First English Church is a noble 
white marble edifice. It has an attractive 
brick parsonage adjoining it on Lanvale 
street. 

The Second English Luth. Church. 

This congregation is a child of the First 

Church. It is situated on Lombard street, 



west of Greene. The church was opened 
for worship October 8, 1842. At that time 
it stood quite by itself, but is now surround- 
ed by dwellings. Its first pastor was the 
Rev. Charles P. Krauth. The church has 
several times undergone extensive improve- 
ments, but is still one of the old landmarks 
of the section of the city where it is located. 
It has been the ecclesiastical home of many 
devoted Lutherans who have moved to 
other parts of the city. The growth has 
been very steady until it now numbers 600 
communicants and has a Sunday-school of 
700 pupils. The property is valued at $30,- 
000. The present pastor is the Rev. George 
W. Miller, D. D. 

The Third English Luth. Church. 

This church began as a mission, which 
was first conducted in a private house on 
Hillen street near Monument. The mission 
was organized in 1841. Its first house of 
worship, called Luther Chapel, was erected 
in 1842 on Monument street near Gay. The 
present church is on the same site and was 
erected in 1853. Its first pastor was the 
Rev. W. A. Passavant. Among those who 
have had charge are the Rev. Dr. I. A. 
Brown, the Rev. Dr. A. W. Lilly, the Rev. 
Dr. J. McCron and the Rev. Dr. J. G. Mor- 
ris. The present pastor is the Rev. I. C. 
Burke. Luther Chapel was used for sev- 
eral years, but it was gradually outgrown. 
It was then torn down and the present edi- 
fice erected on the same site. This edifice 
was enlarged in the administration of the 
Rev. Dr. John Morris to its present dimen- 
sions. Under his pastorate a mission called 
"Luther Chapel" was erected on the Belair 
road by the Third Church at a cost of $2,- 
000. The membership is 671 and the Sun- 



342 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



day-school has i,ooo pupils. The property 
is valued at $25,000. 

St. Mark's English Ev. Luth. Church. 

In October, 1S60, a Ijody of ninety-si.x 
persons left the old church and organized 
themselves into a congregation under the 
above name, on October 23d. They elect- 
ed as their first pastor the Rev. T. Stork, 
who assumed charge December i, i860. 
For a time the congregation rented the 
Third Presbyterian Church on Eutaw 
street and purchased it in 1861 for $10,500. 
Dr. Stork, who served for five vears. was 
succeeded by his son, the Rev. Charles A. 
Stork. In 1873 the old building was re- 
modeled at a cost of $18,000. It was recon- 
structed on March 8, 1874. The Rev. Dr. 
Charles A. Stork continued in charge, most 
faithfully and acceptably, until 1885, twenty 
years. When he resigned it was to accept 
the presidency of the Lutheran Seminary 
at Gettysburg, Pa. The pastor now in 
charge is the Rev. W. H. Dunbar. D. D. 
This church has been conspicuous through- 
out its entire history for its zeal and liber- 
ality. It has numerous meetings for social 
and religious purposes, and its organiza- 
tions are well conducted. 

The gradual progress of business up Eu- 
taw street has rendered its locality less and 
less desirable for religious purposes. In 
1897 a fine lot was purchased at the south- 
west corner of St. Paul and Twentieth 
street and a noble group of ecclesiastical 
buildings begun. This includes a church 
edifice, a parish building and a parsonage, 
all in stone. They will doubtless be com- 
pleted in 1898. 

The membership is 595, and the old prop- 



erty is valued at $65,000. The Sunday- 
school numbers 430 pupils. 

St. Paul's English Ev. Luth. Church. 

This important Lutheran church is sit- 
uated at the northeast corner of Druid Hill 
avenue and McMechin street. It was or- 
ganized by the pastors of the First, Second 
and St. Mark's Lutheran Churches, viz: 
Rev. Dr. John McCron, Rev. E. J. Wolf 
and Rev. C. A. Stork, and two laymen from 
each church. As a proof of the zeal and 
liberality of the Lutheran churches of the 
city the present edifice had been almost 
completed and $13,000 collected before a 
congregation was organized. A vigorous 
Sunday-school had been for some time con- 
ducted on Pennsylvania avenue, near 
Mosher street, by Mr. William F. Weber. 
The congregation was organized in 1873 
and consisted of thirty-four members. On 
November ist the Rev. J. A. Clutz, of New- 
ville. Pa., became pastor. The church was 
dedicated on December 14, 1873. Its cost 
has been about $45,000. The Rev. Mr. 
Clutz served with great acceptance for ten 
years, when he resigned to become the sec- 
retary of the Home Mission Board. The 
Rev. E. Felton was the next pastor for three 
years and ten months. He was succeeded 
by the Rev. William P. Evans, of Columbia, 
Pa. He served from January 15, 1887, to 
April I, 1892, when he resigned to take 
Holy Orders in the Episcopal Church. The 
Rev. Charles R. Trowbridge next served 
from November 20, 1892, to September, 
1896. The present pastor, the Rev. P. A. 
Heilman, entered upon the charge on May 
I, 1897. 

The mcnii.H'rship is 273 and the Sunday- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



343 



school numbers 478 pupils. The property 
is valued at $50,000. 

St. Stephen's German Luth. Church. 
This congregation was organized in 1850 
bv Rev. Mr. Meister, who was a German 
Reformed minister without any synodical 
connection. The first edifice was erected in 
1850 on Light street, between West and 
Ostend streets. Circumstances soon com- 
pelled the Rev. Mr. Meister to leave and he 
was succeeded by the Rev. Arthur O. Brick- 
man. On February 5, 1852, a church build- 
ing was purchased from the "Good Samari- 
tan Congregation" at the northwest corner 
of Hanover and Hamburg streets. This 
latter congregation had been but recently 
established, and when its property was pur- 
chased by St. Stephen's congregation the 
majority of the members united with St. 
Stephen's. The Rev. Mr. Brickman re- 
signed to enter the Swedenborgian Church, 
where he did such notable work.^ In 1854 
the Rev. C. F. W. Hoppe became the pas- 
tor, and the congregation entered the Synod 
of Maryland. He remained until 1861. The 
Rev. Mr. Zimmerman was called to succeed 
him. For a time he succeeded well, but 
charges of such a character were preferred 
against him to the Synod that he was ex- 
pelled from the ministry. He was succeed- 
ed by the present faithful pastor, the Rev. 
F. P. Henninghausen. He has been in 
charge for thirty-four years. The mem- 
bership has grown to 600, and the property 
is valued at $50,000. , 

Grace English Ev. Luth. Church. 
This church originated through the ef- 
forts of the late Mr. Richard L. Armisrer, 



who caused a canvass to be made in the east- 
ern section of the city to ascertain who 
would join in a movement to create a new 
Lutheran congregation. Quite a number 
signified their willingness, and the Rev. H. 
H. Weber was appointed by the Board of 
Home Missions to begin operations. On 
September 13, 1885, Grace English Church 
was organized with forty-one members. 
For a year and eight months the congrega- 
tion worshiped in Powhatan Hall, corner 
of Pratt and Bond streets. In the early part 
of 1887 the Broadway Presbyterian Church, 
at the corner of Broadway and Gough 
streets, was purchased for $16,000 and im- 
proved at an additional expense of $2,000. 
On May 30, 1887, the congregation became 
self-supporting. In September, 1889, the 
Rev. Mr. Weber resigned to become the 
secretary of the Board of Church Exten- 
sion. On the first Sunday of November, 
1889, the present pastor, the Rev. O. C. 
Roth, assumed charge. 

The membership has increased to 800 
and the Sunday-school numbers 755. The 
property is valued at $30,000. "The church 
edifice is a two-story brick building. There 
is also a suitable parsonage. In 1896 the 
building at the rear of the church was pur- 
chased and adapted for the large Sunday- 
school at a cost of $3,000. 

St. Luke's Lutheran Church. 
This church is situated in the suburb of 
Woodberry, at the corner of Third avenue 
and Chestnut street. It is a brick building 
and the property is valued at $15,000. The 
congregation has known a slow growth 
until there are now 130 communicants, and 
the Sunday-school numbers 225 pupils. The 
present pastor is the Rev. J. L. Frantze. 



344 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



E\'AXGELiCAL Lutheran Church of the 

Messiah. 
This church is at Canton and is a two- 
story brick edifice, with Sunday-school 
room below and audience room above. It 
has known but one pastor, the Rev. E. Fel- 
ton, who has been in charge from the begin- 
ning. The membership has grown rapidly, 
and now numbers 360. The Sunday-school 
has 630 scholars. The property is valued at 
$5,000. 
Christ English Evangelical Lutheran 

Church. 
The Board of Home Missions called 
upon the Rev. L. M. Zimmerman to or- 
ganize a Lutheran Church in one of the 
more important mission points of the city. 
He began his labors on December 1st, 1887, 
and devoted two weeks to visiting before 
he held his first service on Sunday, Decem- 
ber i8th, in Triumph Hall; 150 persons 
were present at the morning service, 96 
scholars at the Sunday-school in the after- 
noon, and 115 persons at the evening ser- 
vice. The congregation was organized on 
Sunday, February 5, 1888, with 215 mem- 
bers. On July 15, 1888, the congregation 
decided to buy the present edifice; and on 
August I2th the first service was held in it. 
After thorough renovation it was dedicated 
on November 25th. C)n the 29th of No- 
vember it was decided to become self-sup- 
porting, and (in the 2(1 of Deceml:)er the 
present pastor, who had been in charge 
from the beginning, was installed by Rev. 
Drs. Albert and Studebaker. Li the sum- 
mer of 1894 the edifice was remodelled and 
enlarged, and a new house for a parsonage 
was built next to the church. This cost 
.'pii.ooo. The church is raintlly growing in 
-ireugth and importance. 



Evangelical Lutheran Church of the 
Reformation. 
About the year 1890 this beautiful Gothic 
stone church was erected at the corner of 
Caroline and Lanvale street's. It was or- 
ganized by the Rev. D. F. Garland, and has 
grown very rapidly, until its membership 
is now 225, and 460 pupils are in its Sun- 
day-school. The property is valued at $16,- 
000. The present pastor is the Rev. U. S. 
G. Rupp. 

English Evangelical Lutheran 

Church of the Messiah. 
The Rev. E. Felton organized this con- 
gregation in Canton, and has been the pas- 
tor ever since. The edifice is a two-story 
brick Iniilding. The congregation has 
grown rapidly. It now numbers 360. The 
Sunday-school has the large number of 630 
pupils. The property is worth $5,000. 

German Evangelical Lutheran 
Church of Peace. 
The Rev. George Albrecht, who had re- 
cently come from Braunschweig, Germany, 
organized this church on February 5, 1892, 
under the auspices of the Board of Home 
Missions of the General Synod of the Lu- 
theran Church. The congregation rented 
and soon afterwards purchased what was 
then the old Shaffer M. E. Church on 
Gough street near Washington. The 
property was greatly improved, and with an 
adjoining parsonage, purchased in the fall 
of 1894, is valued at $5,000. In May, 1892, 
the Rev. Mr. Albrecht resigned to accept an 
appointment as missionary to India. The 
Rev. Richard Schmidt, then pastor of St. 
Matthew's German Lutheran Church at 
Ilagerstown, Md., was called to the pastor- 
ate, and entered npnn his new charge m 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 



June, 1892. He is still the pastor of this 
growing church, which now numbers 150 
members. The regular worship is con- 
ducted in the German language; but pro- 
vision is made in the constitution for the 
use of English whensoever a majority of 
the members shall deem it advisable. The 
Sunday-school numbers 150. 

Trinity English Evangelical Lu- 
theran Church. 
In the spring of 1893 ^^^^ Rev. E. E. Ide 
was sent by the Board of Home Missions of 
the General Synod to canvass that portion 
of the city known as Southwest Baltimore, 
in the interest of a new Lutheran congrega- 
tion. In this movement the local Board of 
Church Extension co-operated. The first 
preaching service was held June 18, 1893, in 
a hall on the northwest corner of Fulton 
avenue and Pratt street. The church was 
regularly organized on September 10, 1893, 
with forty members. On October ist a 
Sunday-school was organized with torty 
scholars. On October 3d the new congre- 
gation was admitted into the Synod of 
Maryland. On May 22, 1894, the church 
was incorporated. The hall becoming too 
small, the congregation moved into a 
chapel situated on the corner of Hollins 
street and Calverton Road, on December 
16, 1894. In the spring of 1895 t'le ^"on- 
gregation purchased a lot at the northwest 
corner of Baltimore and Pulaski streets for 
$3,000, on which the present edifice was 
dedicated July 17, 1896. The membership 
has increased to 233, and the Sunday-school 
has an enrollment of 416 members. The 
property is valued at $9,000. 



Calvary Lutheran Church. 
On January 13, 1895, certain members of 
the Concordia Evangelical Church decided 
to withdraw from that church because the 
name "Lutheran" had been dropped from 
its constitution, and because it had been de- 
cided to hold all its services in German. A 
house at 1419 Payson street was rented, 
and on the following Sunday. January 20th, 
a Sunday-school was organized. On 
March 17th the first preaching service was 
held at 4 p. m by the Rev. D. Frank Gar- 
land, then pastor of the Church of the 
Reformation and president of the local 
Church Extension Society. On April 7tli 
a temporary organization was effected. On 
May 7th the present pastor, the Rev. 
George Beiswanger, was appointed by the 
Board of Home Missions, at the request of 
the congregation, to take the work under 
his care. He entered upon his duties on 
June 1st. As soon as regular services were 
established under the new pastor, the quar- 
ters on Payson street were found too small, 
and on the following Sunday the services 
were moved to larger quarters on the north- 
east corner of Walbrook avenue and Pulas- 
ki street. The congregation was organized 
on September 22d in the United Presby- 
terian Chapel, which was loaned for the oc- 
casion. The sermon was preached by the 
pastor of St. Mark's Church, the Rev. Dr. 
Dunbar. Forty-six members were enrolled 
as charter members. On Sunday, 29th, the 
Sunday-school was organized in the same 
chapel. A lot on the northeast corner of 
North avenue and Payson street was pur- 
chased for $4,800. A portable chapel was 
erected at once, and was used for the fi-st 
time on January I. 1896. bv the Sniidav- 



346 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



school. On January 5th the first preaching 
service was held. The portable chapel had 
been purchased in Chicago, but the idea 
proved a failure, and the structure was made 
a permanent one, and on March 22d was 
dedicated, the sermon being by the Rev. Dr. 
A.Stewart Hartman.and the Rev. O.C Roth 
performing the act of dedication. On June 
28, 1896, a beautiful white marble font was 
presented to the church by the Woman's 
Home and Foreign Missionary Society of 
Grace Lutheran Church. The congrega- 
tion fast outgrew its chapel, and on Septem- 
ber 26, 1896, it was decided to appomt a 
committee to raise funds for a larger edifice. 
Plans were secured for a church, Sunday- 
school building and a parsonage. The 
Sunday-school building was begun on Sep- 
tember 13, 1897, and is being pushed to 
completion. It will accommodate 600 per- 
sons, and will cost $5,000. It is a Gothic 
structure and is built of Port Deposit 
granite. It will be used as a church until 
the whole group is erected, and the present 
frame chapel will be used as a Sunday- 
school room. The membership numbers 
108, and the Sunday-school numbers 280. 
The Synod of Missouri. 

St. Paul's Gi:kjl\x Luthkr.\n Church. 
When the old Second German Lutheran 
Church, situated at the corner of Holliday 
and Saratoga streets, which had been es- 
tablished by the Rev. John Haesbaerdth m 
1833, was sold, the proceeds were divided 
to found three churches, of which St. Paul's 
was one. A lot was purchased at the cor- 
ner of Fremont and Saratoga streets. The 
present church was dedicated on December 
15, 1867, and the membership has steadily 
grown, tmtil St. Paul's is one of the largest 



German Lutheran churches in the city. It 
is by far the largest of the three which came 
out of the Second German Lutheran 
Church. Its parochial school is also very 
large. The present pastor is the Rev. 
Christian Kuehn. 

Immanuel Germa.^i Lutheran Church. 
This congregation also sprang out of the 
old Second German Lutheran Church in 
1867, upon the sale of its property under 
the pastorate of the second pastor, the Rev. 
G. W. Keyl. The congregation had been 
organized in 1866. It built its church edi- 
fice the following year on Caroline street 
near Baltimore. The building is a large 
brick structure, and the congregation is 
strong and vigorous. It possesses both a 
parsonage and a parochial school. The 
present pastor is the Rev. Timothy 
Stiemke. 

Martini German Lutheran Church. 
This is the third congregation which 
arose out of the sale of the old Second Ger- 
man Lutheran Church. It was organized 
in 1867, and erected its edifice on the corner 
of Sharp and Henrietta streets in 1868. 
The first pastor was the Rev. Charles H. F. 
Frincke; he is still in charge and most suc- 
cessful in his labors. The congregation 
owns a ]jarsonage and a parish school. 

Emmanuel English Evangelical Lu- 
theran Church. 
The Rev. Wm. Dallnian began a Lu- 
theran Alission in the old Y. M. C. A. 
Ikiilding at tlio corner of Schroeder and 
Pierce street, which had been used as a 
chapel by the Brantley Baptist Church, it 
was sold by the congregation for $5,000 to 
the present congregation of Lutherans in 




I ^ <^ 



.£,. 




^%. 



r 



w^// 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



349 



1888. The new mission began with seven 
members, but has grown very rapidly un- 
der Mr. Dallman's care, until it numbers 
320. Its life is very vigorous. A parson- 
age is owned at 922 West Mulberry street. 
Early in February, 1898, the Rev. Mr. Dall- 
man was transferred to New York. 

St. Thomas German Evangelical Lu- 
theran Church. 

Largely through the influence of the Rev. 
Wm. Dallman, the Conference of Pastors of 
the Missouri Synod in Baltimore started a 
mission in 1889. It grew rapidly, and in 
1893 erected its present edifice at the corner 
of Pulaski and Mary Ann streets. It is a 
brick building. The membership is 325 
and is increasing rapidly. 

Jackson Square English Evangelical 
Lutheran Church. 
This congregation is also the result of the 
earnest labors of the Rev. Wm. Dallman, 
and was begun in 1891. A church building 
on the corner of Fairmount avenue and 
Irvin Place was purchased from the 
Methodists for $7,000. It was greatly im- 
proved at a cost of $3,000, and then oc- 
cupied by the new congregation, whose 
growth has been steady, until it now num- 
bers 225. A fine large parsonage adjoins 
the church. The outlook of this church is 
very bright. 
German Evangelical Synod of North America. 

German Evangelical Lutheran St. 
John's Church. 

This congregation began in a small frame 
chapel on the rear of the lot occupied by the 
present church on Biddle street, near Penn- 
sylvania avenue, about 1847. The Rev. Mr. 
Heier was the first pastor, but held this po- 



sition only nine months, when he was suc- 
ceeded by the Rev. G. H. Brandau. In the 
early part of his administration the present 
church was built. It was dedicated Decem- 
ber 18, 1853. Until 1869 the Rev. Mr. 
Brandau remained in charge. He was suc- 
ceeded by the Rev. J. Muller, who served 
until 1873. The Rev. B. Sickel was pastor 
for one year following. The Rev. N. Burk- 
hart became pastor in 1874, and is still in 
charge. His administration has been most 
successful, the membership of the church is 
700. The congregation is full of activity 
and good works. The congregation owns a 
suitable parsonage near the church. 

German Evangelical Lutheran St. 
Matthew's Church. 
This is a child of Trinity Lutheran 
Church, and established its independence in 
1852. The first church was erected in 1854 
on Canal street near Fayette. The present 
edifice on Fayette street and Central avenue 
was dedicated April 27, 1873. The bells in 
its steeple are cast from cannon captured 
by the Germans in the late Franco-Prus- 
sian War. The Emperor of Germany pre- 
sented them to the congregation. The first 
pastor was the Rev. Charles Weyl. Others 
have been the Rev. Messrs. Lubkert and 
L. D. Meier. The present pastor is the 
Rev. E. Huber, who assumed charge in 
1883. This church has a fine situation and a 
splendid property. A large chapel is at the 
rear of the church, which is used for the 
Sunday-school. In 1890 a large brick par- 
sonage was erected on the side of the lot 
at a cost of $1 1,000. The church cost $60,- 
000 when it was erected. There are 350 
families connected with it, and the number 
of communicants is 1,200. The Sunday- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



school has 650 pupils. St. Matthew's also 
maintains a mission at Homestead, organ- 
ized in 1889 by the Rev. Mr. Hiiber. 

German Evangelical Lutheran Jeru- 
salem Church. 

In the suburb of Gardenville this im- 
portant congregation was founded about 
fifty years ago. It is on Belair avenue. Its 
history has been most prosperous. The 
edifice is a two-story brick, with Sunday- 
school rooms Ijelow. The membership of 
both church and Sunday-school is large. 
The present pastor is the Rev. Mr. Ruff. 

First United Evangelical Church. 

The Rev. A. Schwartz, D. D., began a 
new work and erected a new Lutheran 
church in 1852 on Eastern avenue, be- 
tween Register and Bank streets. The 
church building is a two-story brick edifice 
and the congregation also owns a school 
house. There are 300 hundred families at- 
tached to this church, and its membership 
is over 800. The Sunday-school is also 
very large. The present pastor is the Rev. 
F. A. Conradi, who is doing a good work 
and is greatly beloved. 

Independent St. John's Lutheran 
Church. 

This church was erected about 1870 on 
West Lombard street extended. It is a 
two-story brick edifice, and has a strong 
and vigorous congregation. The large 
school house owned by the congregation is 
now used as a public school. A com- 
fortable and convenient i)arsonage is also 
owned by this congregation, and is occu- 
pied by the present efficient pastor, the Rev. 
Karl P'ritsch. 



German Evangelical Lutheran Zion's 
Church, 

This church is situated on Canton street. 
Canton, and was erected some twenty-five 
years ago under the administration ot the 
Rev. Dr. A. Schwartz. It is a brick build- 
ing. There is also a good parochial school 
building owned by the congregation, and 
a very suitable parsonage was erected in 
1 897- 1 898 at a cost of $6,000. There are 
200 families attached to this church and 
450 conmiunicants. 

German Evangelical Lutheran Salem 
Church. 

On the corner of Randall street and Bat- 
tery avenue this brick church was erected in 
1886 under the supervision of the Rev. Wm. 
Kirshnaff, who served as the first pastor 
until 1897, when he was succeeded by the 
present pastor, the Rev. John C. Rudolph. 
There are 125 families attached to this 
church and 500 communicants. The con- 
gregation is full of aiCtivity and is growing 
rapidly. 

St. Peter's German Independent 
Lutheran Church. 

A brick church edifice owned by the Bap- 
tists on the corner of Eager street and 
Broadway, was purchased in 1886 for a new 
Lutheran congregation. On November 
28, 1886, the new congregation was or- 
ganized by the Rev. Dr. Kaessman, who, 
after a few years, was succeeded by the Rev. 
W. Batz. The congregation has grown 
gradually, and is now in a prosperous con- 
dition. The present pastor, who succeeded 
the Rev. Mr. Batz, is the Rev. Jacob Burk- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



351 



German Evangelical Lutheran Christ 
Church. 

■This church is situated on the corner of 
Beason and Decatur streets, at Locust 
Point. The congregation was organized by 
the Rev. E. Huber, pastor of St. Matthew's 
Lutheran Church, in 1887, and the church 
was erected in that year. It is a two-story 
brick edifice, well suited for religious 
uses. A suitable parsonage is also owned. 
The first pastor was the Rev. W. Batz. This 
church was built in connection with the 
Emigrant's Mission, and is under the mis- 
sionary of that institution, who at present is 
the Rev. H. Dalhof. There are 75 families 
and 180 communicants attached to this 
church. 

German Evangelical Lutheran St. 
Matthew's Mission. 

The pastor of St. Matthew's German Lu- 
theran Church, the Rev. E. Huber, estab- 
lished this mission at Homestead in 1889, 
and his congregation still maintains it, un- 
der the immediate care of the Rev. Karl 
Bufif. The edifice is of composite character, 
having a stone basement and a frame struc- 
ture above. It cost $3,000. There are 75 
families attached to this mission. 

German Evangelical Lutheran Con- 
cordia Church. 
In 1893 this church was erected on Wal- 
brook avenue, near Payson street, under 
the Rev. J. J. Burkhart. It is growing 
gradually under the present pastor, the 
Rev. L. Brendel. Two hundred families 
are attached to it, and the outlook is en- 
couraging. 

Synod of Ohio. 

.St. Mark's German Lutheran Church. 
In the eastern part of the city a congre- 



gation was organized in 1867 on the 3d of 
November. About sixty heads of families 
joined in this movement, and met in Broad- 
way Institute, where the new congregation 
was immediately organized. They first 
worshiped in Powhatan Hall, corner of 
Bond and Pratt streets. A church was 
built in 1870 corner of Broadway and Fair- 
mount avenue, and is still the ecclesiastical 
home of this congregation. The first min- 
ister in charge was the Rev. W. F. Seeg'er. 
Until»November 2, 1873, this congregation 
was affiliated with the Synod of Maryland, 
but it then withdrew and connected itself 
with the Synod of Ohio. The edifice is 
brick, and the congregation is very strong, 
numbering 600 communicants. The pres- 
ent pastor, the Rev. John Hoerr, assumed 
the pastorship in the fall of 1873. 

St. Peter's English Evangelical Lu- 
theran Church. 
On August 16, 1874, the Rev. E. L. S. 
Tressel held a service in St. Mark's German 
Lutheran Church at night, for the purpose 
of forming an English Lutheran congrega- 
tion. There were but few present, but after 
faithful labors of six months a congregation 
was organized. Up to this time the services 
had been held in St. Mark's Lutheran 
Church. A new brick edifice was erected in 
1875 at the corner of Fayette street and 
East street (now Rogers avenue). It was 
a plain structure. The congregation grew 
very rapidly, until a larger edifice was 
necessary, and in 1895 the present hand- 
some property was built at a cost of $20,- 
000. It is constructed of granite and con- 
sists of church, parsonage and Sunday- 
school building. The communicants at- 
tached to St. Peter's number 400, and the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Sunday-school has an enrollment of 400. 
This congregation has grown so rapidly 
that in its comparatively short history it has 
established four other congregations, all of 
which are now independent: Concordia. 
begun in 1880 and organized independently 
1887; Martin Luther (organized 1890); 
Faith (organized 1892); St. James (organ- 
ized 1894). 

Concordia English Evangelical 

• Lutheran Church. 

A Sunday-school was organized by the 
-Rev. E. L. Tressel, in a hall on Baltimore 
and Poppleton streets, in 1880. A congre- 
gation was gradually gathered and became 
strong enough to become an independent 
church in 1887. A small frame chapel had 
been erected in 1880 on Franklin street, 
near Arlington avenue. This is still in use. 
The first pastor was the Rev. A. Pfluger, 
who was succeeded by the Rev. G. T. 
Cooper. The present pastor is the Rev. R. 
E. GoUaday. There are 160 communicants 
attached to the church, and 150 scholars in 
attendance upon the Sunday-school. 
Martin Luther Evangelical Lutheran 
Church. 

In 1890 a goodly number of the members 
of St. Peter's Lutheran Church were dis- 
missed for the purpose of organizing an- 
other congregation. They organized in 
1890, and erected at once a parsonage, the 
first floor of which was made into a large 
room for church purposes. In 1893 a 
pretty stone edifice was erected beside the 
parsonage, at the corner of Patterson Park 
avenue and Orleans street. It cost $16,000. 
The Rev. D. E. Snajip has been in charge 
from the beginning. There are 250 conmiu- 
nicants and 500 Sunday-school scholars. 



Faith Evangelical Lutheran Church. 
In 1892 twenty-five members of St. 
Peter's Lutheran Church were dismissed, 
for the purpose of organizing Faith Luth- 
eran Church. For a time the new congre- 
gation w-orshiped in a hall, but in the sec- 
ond year of its history it erected the present 
edifice on Wolf and Federal streets. It is 
but the rear portion of the future church, 
which will doubtless be completed ere long, 
as the congregation already numbers 150 
communicants, and has a Sunday-school of 
300. The first pastor was the Rev. Edward 
Loe. The present pastor is the Rev. H. H. 
Ackler. 

St. James Evangelical Lutheran 
Church. 

This church is also an ofifshoot from St. 
Peter's Church. In 1894 it was organized 
by members from the latter, who were dis- 
missed for this purpose. It purchased a 
good church property from the Methodists, 
at the corner of Hanover and Hamburg 
streets, at the low cost of $3,000. It con- 
sists of church edifice and parsonage, and 
is built of brick. The congregation was or- 
ganized under the Rev. C. A. F. Hufnagle. 
The present pastor, who succeeded him, is 
the Rev. W. E. Tressel, a son of the pastor 
of St. Peter's Lutheran Church. 

I]idcpcndcnt of Synodic Conncctmi. 

Trinity Lutheran Church. 
Although this is one of the oldest and 
strongest German congregations in the 
city, it has no synodic connection: but it 
still claims to be Lutheran. It was at one 
time connected with the Synod of Pennsyl- 
vania. It was organized in 1839, and its 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



large brick edifice is situated on Trinity 
street, near High street. The first pastor 
was the Rev. Mr. Guistiniani, who had been 
a priest of the Roman Catholic Church. 
The succession of pastors has been as fol- 
lows: The Rev. Father Heyer, in whose 
administration the present edifice was 
bought from the Episcopal Church: the 
Rev. W. Weyl, who was the founder of St. 
Matthew's German Lutheran Church: the 
Rev Mr. Weimann, who went to Germany 
in 1858 and lost his life in the steamer 
" Austria;" the Rev. Martin Kratt; the Rev. 
W. Strobel; the Rev. Jacob Pister; the 
Rev. Dr. C. F. A. Kaessmann; the Rev. £. 
Hartmann. The present pastor is the Rev. 
F. A. Sterger. The membership of the 
church is very large. 

St. Luke's German Lutheran Church. 
In 1864 an ofifshoot from St. Stephen's 
German Lutheran Church organized itself 
into an independent congregation, under 
the Rev. L. F. Zimmerman. It worshiped 
for two years in a chapel on Henrietta street 
near Eutaw. On this same site the present 
church edifice was erected in 1866. It is a 
large brick building, and a school house 
stands adjacent to it. The membership is 
700. The present pastor is the Rev. John 
Wittke, who is a member of the Pennsyl- 
vania Ministerium. The church, however, 
is independent. 

Lutheran Institutions. 

AisQuiTH Street Orphanage. 

This institution is not distinctly under the 

control of the Lutheran Church; but it is 

very largely supported by individuals of 

that faith. It is a very large and handsome 



building and accommodates a large number 
of children. 

Orphanage and Old People's Home. 
The Missouri Synod of the Lutheran 
Church maintains this institution on Lex- 
ington street, near Fremont street. It is in 
a vigorous condition and is well supported. 
It is called the Augsberg Home. 

Home for Deaconesses. 
The congregations of the General Synod 
have a Home for Deaconesses on North 
Fulton avenue. 

THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 

The Presbyterian Church was among the 
last of the great Protestant denominations 
to perfect an organization in America; but 
it is safe to say that no ecclesiastical body 
has been more instrumental in creating our 
national character than it. Not only in mat- 
ters moral and religious have these disciples 
of Calvin and Knox been prominent, but 
also in affairs commercial and educational. 
They possessed and presented those sturdy 
virtues of purity and piety which alone can 
make a people great, and to these they add- 
ed a sublime patriotism. The religious and 
political victories which they had gained 
abroad they perpetuated here. Though 
they came comparatively late to these 
shores, they made their influence felt when 
they did come. Nowhere was this more 
true than here in Baltimore where, for two 
centuries, the Presbyterians have been fore- 
most in every municipal as' well as com- 
mercial advancement. 

Just when or how the Presbyterians first 
began to settle in Maryland is entirely un- 
known. Possibly they came hither from 
Pennslyvania and Delaware, where there 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



appears to have been a goodly number at 
the dawn of the eighteenth century. The 
earhest organization of the Presbyterians of 
America was effected at Philadelphia in 
1703, and it is to the records of this Mother 
Presbytery that we must look for the first 
reference to the Presbyterians of Maryland. 
It is recorded in the Minutes of September 
21, 1715: "Mr. James Gordon having pre- 
sented a call from the people of Baltimore 
county to Mr. Hugh Conn, the Presbytery 
called for, considered and approved the said 
Mr. Conn's credentials, and made arange- 
ments for his ordination." This, it will be 
remembered, is fifteen years before the town 
of Baltimore was founded. Beyond this no 
historical reference is made to the progress 
of Presbyterianism in Maryland until 1740, 
when the Rev. Mr. Whitfield (a clergyman 
of the Church of England) visited Balti- 
more, and states that he "found close oppo- 
sition from the Presbyterians in Baltimore." 

It is impossible to ascertain just when the 
first congregation of Presbyterians was 
formed in Baltimore. About the date of the 
founding of the town (1730) it would appear 
that they began to settle in this neighbor- 
hood. Undoubtedly they were widely sep- 
arated at first, and lacked organic union. 
They doubtless worshiped in little groups 
and in private houses and upper rooms, af- 
ter the manner of the early Christians. For 
many years they were held together, not by 
a common ecclesiastical body, but by a 
common religious belief. 

After Whitfield's reference to the Presby- 
terians of Baltimore, in 1740, there is no 
further knowledge of them until 1751, when 
the Rev. Dr. Bellamy, of New England, 
visited Baltimore, and found a revival of 
religion among them there. From this time 



on, the history becomes quite clear and cer- 
tain. The first Presbyterian minister to 
visit the town was the Rev. Mr. Whittlesey. 
This was between 1751 and 1760. How long 
he remained is not known; but, in all like- 
lihood, it was for a short period, as the con- 
gregation was not yet strong enough to 
support a pastor. In 1760 the Donegal 
Presbytery appointed Mr. John Steele to 
preach one Sunday in Baltimore. About 
this time active measures were taken to or- 
ganize a congregation. The few who had 
long resided in or near the town were in- 
creased by the advent of several Presbyter- 
ian families from Pennsylvania, and by a 
like number from Europe. The succinct 
history of this important step is recorded 
thus by the first settled minister, the Rev. 
Mr. Patrick Allison: "In 1776 the advanta- 
geous situation of the town of Baltimore in- 
duced a few Presbyterian families to remove 
here from Pennsylvania, and these, with 
two or three others of the same persuasion 
who had migrated directly from Europe, 
formed themselves into a religious society, 
and had occasional supplies, assembling in 
private houses, though liable to persecution 
on this account, as the province groaned 
under a religious establishment." 

In this same year of 1761 Rev. Hector 
Allison preached in Baltimore on several 
Sundays, and application was made to the 
Presbytery of New Castle, Delaware, to 
have him assigned here. A commission was 
appointed by the Presbytery to consider 
this application. It visited Baltimore in 
November of this year, and found the con- 
gregation so small that it reported adversely 
upon the ground that the congregation 
could not support a minister. 

Two years later another attempt was 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



355 



made, and application was this time made 
to the Presb>-tery of Philadelphia to send 
the Rev. Patrick Allison to preach to them. 
This request was granted. Mr. Allison came 
at once to Baltimore and entered upon the 
pastorate of the little Presbyterian flock. 
He found only thirty houses in the town 
when he arrived, so slow had been the 
growth of the place in thirty-three years. 

Until 1802 he remained in charge of this 
congregation, and his administration was 
attended by great growth and success. Very 
soon after his advent to Baltimore the con- 
gregation leased two lots on Fayette street, 
near Gay, and immediately erected a small 
log church. Two years later (in 1766) this 
was sold, and a more suitable lot on tftfe 
northwest corner of Fayette and North 
streets was purchased. A plain brick 
"meeting house" (for so the Presbyterians 
called their places of worship in those days) 
was erected thereon, having the dimension 
of forty-five feet in length and thirty-five 
feet in width. It contained thirty-six pews. 
So great was the demand for sittings that all 
the pews, save two, were immediately 
rented. In 1771 the edifice was enlarged 
so as to contain fifty pews. So rapidly did 
the growth continue that in 1789 this build- 
ing was found to be too small, and the con- 
gregation erected a new church edifice on 
the same site. Two years were required to 
build it, and when finished, in 1791, it was 
one of the finest and largest churches in 
America, having two steeples, and boasting 
an ample portico supported by four mass- 
ive, lofty pillars. A parsonage was erected 
beside the church and a portion of the 
ground was used as a cemetery. 

The Rev. Dr. Allison was succeeded in 
1802 by the Rev. James Inglis. D. D.. of 



New York, whose election gave such grave 
offense to a large minority that they seceded 
from the First Church, and established the 
Second Presbyterian Church, erecting their 
church edifice on Baltimore street, at the 
corner of Lloyd street. 

In 1804 the first regular organization of 
the First Presbyterian Church, according 
to the provisions of "The Form of Govern- 
ment," took place. 

On April i, 1804, five laymen, Messrs. 
Robert Purviance, David Stewart, Christo- 
pher Johnston, Ebenezer Finley and George 
Salmon, having been duly elected as elders 
of the First Church, were solemnly or- 
dained and set apart to the said office. The 
Rev. Dr. Inglis died suddenly on Sunday 
morning, August 15, 1819. 

In 1820 the Rev. Dr. William Nevins 
succeeded to the pastorate, and served until 
1835 with marked success. To him there 
succeeded, in 1835, one of the most distin- 
guished ministers the Presbyterian Church 
has ever known, the Rev. John C. Backus, 
D. D. His charming personality — tall, 
dignified and handsome — was united to 
great intellectual powers, and he speedily 
won the good will of the city, as well as of 
his congregation. It was during his re- 
markable administration of thirty-nine 
years that the First Church made its most 
marked progress and built its present hand- 
some edifice. It was also in his pastorate 
that numerous colonies went out from the 
First Church to establish Presbyterian con- 
gregations in other parts of the city: the 
Aisquith Street Church in 1843, the Frank- 
lin Street Church in 1847, and the West- 
minster Church in 1859. 

In 1852 the question of the removal of 
the First Church began to be considered, 



356 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



and in the following year it was decided to 
sell the old site and to remove to the north- 
west corner of Park avenue and Madison 
street, where a large lot was at once ac- 
quired. In July, 1854, ground was broken 
for the new edifice, but it was not until five 
years later that it was ready for occupancy. 
The final service in the old church was held 
on the last Sunday of September, 1859, and 
drew together such a vast concourse of peo- 
ple that the building could accommodate 
but a small part of them. It was a most 
solemn occasion and closed most fittmgly 
the long and honorable history of the old 
First Church. The sermon was preached 
by the Rev. Dr. Backus. The new church 
is a most imposing edifice, with a stone 
steeple not to be equaled in America and 
hardly to be surpassed in the world. The 
style of the architecture is the decorated 
Gothic. From time to time it has been 
enriched with beautiful stained glass win- 
dows, erected as loving memorials of the 
departed members of the church. It is 
justly considered the leading Presbyterian 
church of the South, and has always been 
noted for its wealth and its liberality. 

The Rev. Dr. Backus was elected Pastor 
Emeritus in 1875, and was succeeded by 
the Rev. Dr. James T. Leftwich, who con- 
tinued the marked prosperity of the con- 
gregation until 1894, when, owing to failing 
health, he was obliged to resign his import- 
ant charge. He, too, was made Pastor 
Emeritus. He was a man of marked ability 
and was greatly revered by all who knew 
him. He died in 1897. In his day the con- 
gregation maintained its liberal gifts and 
its charitable works. It also purchased one 
of Rosevclt's best organs and placed it in 



the gallery of the church. It is quite e(iual 
to any in the city. 

The Rev. Jere Witherspoon, D. D., was 
next elected to the pastorate. He remained 
in charge but a few years and then resigned 
to accept a call to Richmond, Va., in 1897. 
The present membership is 623. The 
church maintains an Orphanage for Girls, 
known as the Egenton Orphanage, at the 
corner of Madison avenue and Preston 
street. An attempt is now being made to 
remove it to the country. This will doubt- 
less be done in the near future. This is 
the only charitable institution under the 
control of the Presbyterian Church in the 
city. 

Second Presbyterian Church. 

This important church sprang from the 
division which arose in the First Church 
over the election of the Rev. Dr. Inglis in 
1802 to its pastorate. Its history has been 
a vigorous and prosperous one down to the 
present date. The first edifice at the south- 
west corner of Baltimore and Lloyd streets 
was a very plain building. The Rev. Dr. 
Glendry, who resided near Staunton, Va., 
was called to the pastorate and inaugurated 
that era of prosperity which has now con- 
tinued for almost a century. The church 
has always had a very large Sunday-school 
and maintained numerous charitable organ- 
izations. In 1850, under the pastorate of 
Rev. Dr. Smith, the present church was 
built on the old site. Its pastors have been 
notable men and exercised a wide influence. 
The succession has been as follows: The 
Rev. John Breckinridge, D. D., and his 
brother, the Rev. R. T. Breckinridge, D. D.; 
the Rev. Lewis Green, D. D., the Rev. Jo- 
seph T. Smith, D. D., the Rev. G. P. Hayes, 
D. D., the Rev. Dr. Edwards, the Rev. Dr. 




.^^^ £^ 



X 



^^. x^. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



357 



Fulton, the Rev. Dr. Alex. Proudfit. The 
present pastor is the Rev. R. Howard Tay- 
lor. The membership is 316. 

Third Presbyterian Church. 
In 1819 a new church, bearing the above 
name, was organized on Eutaw street. It 
had a checkered and precarious existence 
until 1830, when the Rev. Dr. Musgrave 
became the pastor. Under him it seemed 
to thrive. But it gradually declined, though 
persisting through many hard struggles, 
until 1 86 1, when the congregation dissolved 
and the members attached themselves to 
the Central Church. 

Fourth or Franklin Square Presby- 
terian Church. 
Several devout laymen purchased several 
lots on Baltimore street near Schroeder 
street in 1833, which they dedicated to 
church purposes. These men were Messrs. 
Alexander Brown, George Brown, Alexan- 
der Fridge. Largely by their aid an edifice 
was partly constructed. The first pastor 
was the Rev. S. Guiteau, who gathered a 
small congregation and Sunday-school, but 
who relinquished the enterprise after six 
months. The church was closed for several 
years, when the Rev. George D. Purviance 
took charge and completed the building, 
furnishing it in a neat and tasteful manner. 
He was succeeded by the Rev. J. A. Le- 
fevre, D. D. In 1866 the church on West 
Baltimore street was abandoned and tne 
present edifice on Franklin Square was 
erected. This congregation severed its ec- 
clesiastical relation to the Presbytery of Bal- 
timore in 1865 and united with the Presby- 
terian Church South in 1867. The present 
pastor is the Rev. W. H. Woods. The mem- 
bership is 185. 



AisQuiTH Street Presbyteri.\n Church. 
This church was organized on January 
9, 1844. Its existence is due to the efforts 
of the Rev. Dr. Robert J. Breckinridge, D. 
D., the pastor of the Second Presbyterian 
Church, and Rev. Dr. Backus, pastor of the 
First Presbyterian Church. These pastors 
advised certain members of their respective 
congregations, living in the neighborhood 
of Aisquith street, to organize themselves 
into a new church. A lot was secured on 
Aisquith and Edward streets and a brick 
edifice erected in 1844. The congregation 
originally consisted of forty-seven mem- 
bers, but it grew rapidly. A pastor was 
elected on March 29, 1844, in the person 
of the Rev. Robert W. Dunlap. He was 
installed on October loth, and continued 
pastor until June 25, 1850. For eighteen 
months the church was without a pastor, 
after which the Rev. Thomas Warren serv- 
ed from December 11, 1851, to June 21, 
1853. There was another vacancy of about 
a year, when the Rev. David T. Carnahan 
was installed on May 4, 1854. He remained 
until OctoDer i, 1861. He added 203 per- 
sons to the church. The Rev. J. G. Ham- 
ner, D. D., served as a supply for a year, 
until the Rev. J. S. Stuchell was installed 
on November 20, 1862. He served the con- 
gregation with great acceptance until Feb- 
ruary 27, 1867. The Rev. J. S. Ramsey was 
next in charge from July 11, 1867, to De- 
cember 19, 1871. He added 112 persons to 
the church. For a year the church was 
without a pastor, but on May 20, 1873, the 
Rev. S. D. Noyes was installed and con- 
tinued as pastor until July 29, 1879, adding 
96 persons to the church. Next in charge 
was the Rev. George D. Buchanan, who 
greatly advanced the prosperity of the con- 



358 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



gregation. Early in 1880 a proposition was 
made by the "German Reformed Zion Con- 
gregation" to the Aisquith Presbyterian 
Church to exchange properties. This was 
done and the first sermon in their new 
home was preached by the Rev. Dr. Backus 
on November 14, 1880. It is situated on 
Aisquith street near Orleans street, and is 
a fine brick edifice. In March, 1889, the 
present pastor, the Rev. J. Addison Smith, 
D. D., assumed charge and continues the 
prosperity of the congregation. The mem- 
bership is 260. The congregation also owns 
a Manse, which is situated on Aisquith 
street. 

Broadway Presbyterian Church. 
Like many other congregations this was 
the natural outgrowth of a Sunday-school, 
which was started in a house at the south- 
east corner of Ann and Lancaster streets, 
at Fell's Point, in January, 1834. Several 
attempts were made to organize a church, 
but these were not successful until October, 
1843. At this time the Second Presbyterian 
Church, under the pastorate of the Rev. Dr. 
Breckinridge, began to manifest a deep in- 
terest in the setting up of a new congrega- 
tion at Fell's Point. This was so successful 
that on August 13, 1844, the corner-stone 
of a new Presbyterian Church was laid at 
the southwest corner of Market and Gough 
streets. While the new church was being 
built it was popularly called the "Fell's 
Point" Church; but upon completion the 
new congregation was organized under the 
name of the "Broadway Church." Seven- 
teen members enrolled themselves as mem- 
bers at a meeting held in the new church 
on March 29, 1846. The church was in- 
corporated May 7, 1846, and was opened 



for service on the second Sunday in Janu- 
ary, 1847, the Rev. Dr. Backus, pastor of 
the First Presbyterian Church, preaching 
the sermon. It cost about $14,000. The 
first pastor was the Rev. Thomas E. Peck, 
D. D., who served eleven years most suc- 
cessfully. In 1858 he became pastor of the 
Central Presbyterian Church and was suc- 
ceeded, after a year's vacancy, by the Rev. 
Frederick W. Brauns. He served only two 
years. From 1861 to 1867 the church had 
no settled pastor, but was supplied by sev- 
eral ministers. The afTairs of the congrega- 
tion fell to a low state. On April 11, 1867, 
the Rev. J. J. Cole was installed pastor and 
advanced the prosperity of the congregation 
in every particular until 1870, when he was 
succeeded by the Rev. John McCoy, who 
was installed July 22, 1871. In December, 
1872, he resigned. On April 9, 1873, the 
Rev. John L. Fulton became pastor and re- 
mained four years. During his administra- 
tion a parsonage was bought and paid for, 
principally by a member of the First Pres- 
byterian Church. On July i, 1877, the Rev. 
George E. Jones, D. D., entered upon the 
pastorate. He found only eighty members, 
but his faithful ministry soon instilled new 
life and introduced a new era. In 1883 the 
Sunday-school rooms were remodeled and 
improved. The growth of the congregation 
was so marked that by 1887 a new 
church was necessary. A lot on Baltimore 
street, just east of Broadway, was pur- 
chased for $9,500, and the corner-stone 
of the new edifice laid on July 9, 1887. 
Subscriptions were received from the Pres- 
bytery, from various churches and from in- 
dividuals. It cost $32,000, and was ready 
for use in April. 1888. The Rev. Dr. Jones 
was the pastur for seventeen years and built 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



359 



up a strong self-sustaining congregation. 
Its present marked prosperity is largely due 
to him. He ceased his duties on the last 
Sunday of December, 1894, and became 
stated clerk of the Presbytery of Baltimore. 
He died in the early part of 1898. The 
present pastor is the Rev. William J. 
Rowans, and the membership is quite large. 
Fraxklin Street Presbyterian Church. 
This very important congregation was in- 
corporated April 3, 1844. Its members 
came chiefly from the First Presbyterian 
Church. Upon the election of its trustees 
they purchased the present lot on the north- 
west corner of Franklin and Cathedral 
streets, and proceeded to erect a church 
edifice. On the 22d of February, 1847, it 
was dedicated. The first building was about 
two-thirds of the length of the present edi- 
fice. On the 25th of March the Presby- 
tery of Baltimore formally organized the 
new church. It began with a membership 
of fifty-one persons. The Rev. William S. 
Plumer, D. D., of Richmond, was elected 
pastor the following month and entered at 
once upon his duties. The congregation 
grew so rapidly that when a new enterprise, 
to be known as the Westminster Church, 
was started in 1852, thirty-five members of 
the Franklin Street Church were dismissed 
to render that movement successful. The 
Rev. Dr. Plumer resigned in 1854 and there 
was a vancancy in the pastorate for one 
year, when the Rev. N. C. Burt, D. D., of 
Springfield, O., was elected and installed on 
the i8th of July. In 1859 the Manse was 
erected at the rear of the church. In i860 
the Rev. Dr. Burt resigned and was suc- 
ceeded, nine months later, by the Rev. J- 
J. Bullock. D. D., of Kentucky. In 1866 
the congregation decided to sever its ec- 



clesiastical relations with the Presbytery of 
Baltimore, and the Session was directed to 
form a connection "with other Presbyterian 
churches in the United States having the 
same faith and belief, and adopting the same 
standards of the Presbyterian Church." 
This resulted in the union of the congrega- 
tion in a movement to organize a new Pres- 
bytery, called the Synod of Patapsco. in 
connection with the Synod of Mrginia and 
the General Assembly of the Southern Pres- 
byterian Church. In 1867 the Synod of 
Virginia erected a new Presbytery, known 
as the Presbytery of Maryland, with which 
the Franklin Street Church is now related. 
In June of 1869 the Rev. W. U. Murkland, 
D. D., of Virginia, was elected to become 
assistant pastor and entered on his duties 
the 1st of January, 1870. Two months later 
the Rev. Dr. Bullock resigned. The Rev. 
Dr. Murkland was immediately elected pas- 
tor, and on the 4th of June was installed. 
He has remained in charge of this promi- 
nent congregation ever since and has served 
longer than any minister now on duty in 
the city, having been pastor for twenty- 
seven years. This is practically the only 
charge he has ever had. During his ad- 
ministration the church edifice has been 
greatly enlarged and embellished, and the 
congregation increased to a membership of 
667 members, notwithstanding the many 
dismissals to other churches, to the number 
of at least four hundred. The congregation 
is by far the strongest and most important 
one attached to the Southern Presbyterian 
Church, not only in Baltimore, but in the 
country. 

In 1887 this congregation purchased a 
lot from the Methodists, on whicli was a 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



church building, on the southwest corner 
of Maryland and Huntingdon avenues, and 
there was organized in October, 1887, the 
"Maryland Avenue Presbyterian Church." 
The new congregation was composed of 
thirty members of the Franklin Street 
Church, who were dismissed for that pur- 
pose, and a few others. Subsequently twen- 
ty-two more were dismissed to the same 
congregation. The property of the Mary- 
land Avenue Church is o^\■ned bv the 
Franklin Street Church. 

Westminster Presbyterian Church. 
By the union of several families of the 
First Presbyterian Church and several from 
the Franklin Street Church this congrega- 
tion began its history in 1852 in its present 
edifice, which is situated at the southeast 
corner of Fayette and Greene streets. It 
has been wisely and successfully adminis- 
tered from the first, though it is now be- 
ginning to feel the efifect of the removal of 
many of its members to other parts of the 
city which are more attractive. Business is 
beginning to encroach upon its neighbor- 
hood most seriously. An unusual interest 
has been attached to this church because 
its large burial-ground, formerly the burial- 
ground of the First Presbyterian Church, 
contains the bodies of many of the most 
prominent citizens Baltimore has had in the 
jjast. Among them is Edgar Allen Poe, 
whose tomb is at the front corner of the 
lot. The first pastor was the Rev. Dr. Wil- 
liam Hoge. He was succeeded by the Rev. 
Dr. Cyrus Dickson, the Rev. Dr. Marquis, 
the Rev. Dr. Wilson. The present pastor 
is the Rev. John L. .-Vllison. Membership, 
343- 



Central Presbyterian Church. 
Among the strongest Presbyterian 
churches of Baltimore is to be ranked the 
Central Church. Its history covers almost 
half a century, its organization having been 
effected in 1853. The first pastor was the 
Rev. Dr. Stuart Robinson, who had been 
pastor of the old Associate Reformed 
Church on Fayette street. After a short 
pastorate there he resigned to return to 
work in the Presbyterian Church. About 
seventy members of the Associate Reformed 
Church went with him and, together with 
thirteen others, formed themselves into a 
new Presbyterian congregation. A com- 
modious hall on Hanover street was pro- 
cured for temporary use, and steps were 
taken to erect a church immediately. This 
was done on the corner of Saratoga and 
Liberty streets, and in 1855 the edifice was 
ready for use. The entire expenditure for 
lot and edifice amounted to $63,000. In 
1856 Doctor Robinson resigned to accept a 
professorship in Danville Theological Semi- 
nary. Under his ministry the membersliip 
increased from 83 to 257, a remarkable 
growth. After several fruitless calls the 
congregation secured the Rev. Dr. Thomas 
E. Peck, who had been pastor of the Broad- 
way Church, as its pastor. After two years' 
incumbency he resigned in i860 to accept 
a professorship in Union Theological Semi- 
nary, Virginia. The membership had de- 
clined under his pastorate to 179. The Rev. 
Silas G. Dunlap next served for only one 
year. The congregation was burdened with 
a heavy debt and greatly discouraged, and 
dissolution was openly debated. But by 
heroic effort the floating debt was dis- 
charged and the permanent debt fully pro- 
vided for. Wliercupon the Rev. Dr. Joseph 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



361 



T. Smith assumed the pastorate and con- 
tinued to serve the congregation with sig- 
nal success until 1894, when he was com- 
pelled to resign its active duties owing to 
the increasing infirmities of old age. In 
1873 the General Assembly of the Presby- 
terian Church in the United States met in 
the Central Church. In July of that year 
the church was destroyed by the great fire 
which swept over that section of the city. 
A public hall was used for a time. It was 
determined to seek a new site, and the 
Third Presbyterian Church united itself 
with the Central Church on this condition. 
The present lot on Eutaw Place, near Dol- 
phin street, was selected and a handsome 
chapel erected in 1874. The beautiful and 
stately church was erected subsequently and 
a strong congregation has gradually been 
gathered into it. The Rev. Dr. Smith was 
so beloved by his people that they would 
not dissolve the relations which had so long 
bound them, but made him Pastor Emeritus 
upon his resignation in 1894. He has been 
highly honored for many years throughout 
the whole Presbyterian Church of the land, 
and has received an election to the Mod- 
eratorship of the General Assembly and to 
other positions of trust in this body. 

The Rev. Hugh K. Walter was pastor 
from 1894 to 1897, when he resigned to ac- 
cept a call to Los Angeles, Cal. The pres- 
ent membership of the congregation is 
about four hundred. 
The Memorial Presbyterian Church. 

In May, 1881, the Rev. J. Wynne Jones, 
then pastor of Tome Street Presbyterian 
Church at Canton, organized a Sunday- 
school and established preaching at High- 
land with gratifying success. The demand 



for larger church accommodations became 
apparent. A large lot was selected for a 
church at the corner of Bank street and 
Highland avenue and purchased through 
the liberality of Mr. John S. Gilman and 
Gen. George S. Brown. 

In 1882 a beautiful church building of 
large dimensions was erected through the 
liberality of Mr. and Mrs. Horace Abbott, 
at a cost of about $29,000, and was named 
Abbott Chapel in honor of the donors. On 
the evening of November 30, 1882, the 
church was organized by the Presbytery of 
Baltimore, with twenty-six members from 
Tome Street Church. On December 10, 
1883, the Rev. J. Wynne Jones was in- 
stalled as pastor by the Presbytery of Bal- 
timore. Since then the church has increas- 
ed rapidly in numbers and influence, and 
for many years it has been self-sustaining. 
The present membership is 240; Sabbath- 
school about 400. It has also a library and 
reading room of 7,000 volumes and 118 cur- 
rent periodicals, and the rooms are open 
daily till 10 p. m. for the benefit of the com- 
munity without regard to sect or creed. 

In 1884 a beautiful parsonage was built 
at a cost of about $8,000, through the great 
kindness and liberality of Mr. and Mrs. John 
S. Gilman. The entire cost of grounds, 
church and Manse was about $43,000. 

Hampden Presp.yterian Church. 
About 1873 a meeting of Presbyterians 
living at Hampden was held in the house 
of Mr. Anderson. A congregation was or- 
ganized. A church was built in 1874 and 
is still used. It is of stone. The first pastor 
was the Rev. John Fox. The present pastor 
is the Rev. Richard L. Meily, and the mem- 
bership is 170. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Faith Presbyterian Church. 
The burial-ground of the Second Presby- 
terian Church was, when orig-inally pur- 
chased, far outside the city Hmits to the 
northeast. It was named after the first pas- 
tor and called the "Glendy Burying 
Ground." It was afterwards made over to 
the Presbyterian Association so as to secure 
its permanent preservation. The growth of 
the city in this direction a quarter of a cen- 
tury ago led the First Presbyterian Church 
to establish a Sunday-school on a corner 
opposite the burying-ground on Sunday, 
February 6, 1876. It was begun in a three- 
story brick building, and on April i8th the 
first preaching service was held. The mis- 
sion was called the "Faith Chapel." It grew 
so rapidly that a new building was required 
within a year. Permission was secured from 
the association to erect a frame chapel on 
the Glendy Burying Ground. It cost $4,- 
000, and on January 6th it was set apart 
for worship. By this time the Sunday- 
school had grown to 459. The Rev. John 
P. Campbell entered upon charge of the 
mission June 2, 1878, and has continued in 
office ever since, doing faithful service and 
seeing marvelous advance. In the latter 
part of 1879 the chapel was greatly enlarged 
at a cost of $2,500, and on Sunday, Feb- 
ruary 6, 1880, it was ready for use. The 
Sunday-school had grown to 1,250 mem- 
Ijers. In 1885 the Iniilding was again en- 
larged. In 1887 the school numbered 1,629 
officers and scholars. In 1883 the erection 
of the present handsome stone church was 
begun. It was completed in 1884 and the 
dedication took place on Thanksgiving 
Day, 1884. It cost $40,000. The beautiful 



spire 
Bnnv 



isq. 



built in 1885 by George S. 
a memorial to his mother. 



Mrs. Isabella Brown. On November 8, 
1886, Faith Chapel became independent of 
the First Church, and organized itself as 
Faith Church with 265 members. In the 
fall Faith Church started a mission for the 
benefit of the Bohemians and Moravians. 
Services were held in Faith Chapel. In 
1890 the Bohemian and Presbyterian 
Church was organized. In 1895 it began 
its independent existence and took steps 
to erect its own church. This was done in 
1898. In 1892 the Faith Church was in- 
corporated, and the Association transferred 
to it the Glendy Burying Ground in 1896. 
The membership of the church in 1896 was 
587, and of the Sunday-school 1.154. 
TwELETH Presbyterian Church. 

On West Franklin street, in the year 
1853, a plain brick edifice was erected by 
members of the First Church and the 
Franklin Street Church and the Westmin- 
ster Church, who lived in that neighbor- 
hood. It has had a hard struggle and at 
times bitter strife, so that its progress has 
iu5t been great in spiritual things. Its pres- 
ent pastor is the Rev. D. Burchard Greigg, 
D. D. The membership is 312. 

Madison Street Church (Colored). 

This congregation was organized in 1842 
as a mission. For several years it nSet in 
what was known as "Werfield Church," 
which was situated on the rear of the old 
City Spring lot where the City Hospital 
now stands on Calvert street. The present 
brick edifice on Madison street, near Park 
avenue, was purchased from the Baptists, 
and after some improvements was named 
the Madison Street Presbyterian Church. 
This was in 1853. The congregation is 
among the strongest colored congregations 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



in the South and has many members con- 
spicuous for their abiUt}' and prosperity. 
Its first pastor was a white man, but all the 
Others have been colored men. The pres- 
ent efficient and acceptable minister is the 
Rev. 'William H. Weaver. Among its past 
pastors was the Rev. B. K. Bruce, after- 
wards United States Senator from Louis- 
iana and now Register of the United States 
Treasury. The membership is 212. 

South Church, or Light Street Pres- 
byterian Church. 
A sore need began to be felt for a Pres- 
byterian church in the southern section of 
the city, and in 1853 a Sunday-school was 
opened in Armstrong's Hall on Federal 
Hill. The first pastor was Rev. J. H. Kauf- 
man, 1853 to i860. The church was dedi- 
cated June 10, 1855, on Light street near 
Montgomery. It is a neat and substantial 
edifice of brick. The congregation was in- 
corporated in 1856 and has experienced a 
slow but sure growth. On November 3, 
1871, the name was changed from "South" 
to "Light Street Church." It has a wide 
territory, being the only Presbyterian 
church in that section of the city. The 
Rev. William L. Everitt is the present pas- 
tor. The membership is 207; the Sunday- 
school has 305 scholars. The congregation 
owns a comfortable parsonage on William 
street. 

Grace Presbyterian Church (Colored). 
A mission for colored people was organ- 
ized in 1870 by the First Church. Its pres- 
ent brick edifice on the corner of Dolphin 
and Etting streets was at once erected. The 
congregation was organized in 1881. Faith- 
ful ministrations of its pastors have grad- 



ually attracted an active congregation. To- 
day it is in a good condition under the care 
of the Rev. E. C. Eggleston. The mem- 
bership is 95. 

Brown Memorial Presbyterian 
Church. 

The most important church erected by 
the Presbyterians in the last half century 
is the Brown Memorial on the southwest 
corner of Park and Lafayette avenues. It 
was built in 1870- 1S71 by Mrs. George 
Brown as a memorial to her husband, who 
was one of the best and ablest men Balti- 
more has ever known. The church, with 
Manse on the south and chapel on the west, 
is built of white marble, and the whole forms 
one of the best ecclesiastical properties in 
the city. The total cost was $130,000. A 
mural tablet on one of the inner walls bears 
the name of "George Brown," while on the 
opposite side of the pulpit a similar tablet 
has been erected bearing the name of the 
donor, "Isabella Brown." This church has 
enjoyed from the very beginning the very 
greatest prosperity, due chiefly to the un- 
usual men who have filled its pastorate. 
The first was a man of distinguished ability 
as a preacher, the Rev. J. S. Jones, who 
served faithfully and well for fifteen years, 
and who only resigned because of failing 
health. He was succeeded by the Rev. 
Frank Gunsaulus, D. D., now of Chicago, 
whose remarkable powers rendered the pul- 
pit of this favored church most attractive. 
His administration was short — about two 
years — but most successful. The Rev. M. 
D. Babcock, D. D., the present pastor, suc- 
ceeded Dr. Gunsaulus and has maintained 
the church at its usual height of efificiency 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



and prosperity, and also won for himself a 
good name throughout the city. He has re- 
sisted several tempting offers to go else- 
where. The membership is now the largest 
of any Presbyterian church in the city, num- 
bering 760 communicants. The Sunday- 
school is also very large. 

Under the present administration the 
Park Presbyterian Church was erected a 
few years ago on the corner of North and 
Madison avenues. 
Knox Presbyterian Church (Colored). 

A congregation of colored Presbyterians 
was organized in East Baltimore in 1877. 
A church was erected on Aisquith street in 
that year, but in 1890 the present site on 
Colvin street between Hillen and Front 
streets was secured and a new edifice erect- 
ed. The membership is thirty-one, and the 
present pastor is the Rev. A. S. Gray. 

Canton Presbyterian Church. 
This church was first organized in 1878 
under the name of the "Tome Street Pres- 
byterian Church," so called from the street 
on which it is situated. Later it took the 
present title of the Canton Presbyterian 
Church. The present pastor is the Rev. 
Thomas W. Pulham. 

Lafayette Square Presbyterian 
Church. 
This very important Presbyterian church, 
situated in the western part of the city on 
the square from which it takes its name, has 
known a prosperous existence ever since 
its erection in the year 1880. The church 
is a handsome stone edifice, in the Gothic 
style of architecture, and adds much to the 
beauty of its surroundings. The first pastor 
— a most efiicient man — was tlie Rev. Mr. 



McLanahan. The congregation is very 
strong and aggressive, and its Sunday- 
school is also large and efficient. The num- 
ber of communicants is 376. The present 
pastor is the Rev. Llewellyn Fulmer. 

Boundary Avenue Presbyterian 
Church. 
On the southeast corner of Boundary 
(now called North) avenue and St. Paul 
street a very handsome stone church was 
erected in the year 1881. The style of archi- 
tecture is Gothic and the stone is white mar- 
ble. Both in exterior and interior it is a 
most pleasing edifice. The congregation 
is strong and now numbers 378 communi- 
cants. The first pastor was the Rev. Dr. 
Purvis. The Rev. F. E. Williams is now 
in charge and the church is in a most pros- 
perous condition. Situated as it is in a pop- 
ular part of the city, and with its very hand- 
some property, its future seems assured. 
The Fulton Avenue Presbyterian 

Church. 
This church grew out of a work begun 
by the Presbyterian Association of Balti- 
more. Early in 1886 the Association leased 
a lot at the corner of Fulton and Riggs ave- 
nue. The few nearest churches (Brown 
^Memorial, Lafayette Square, Westminster 
and the Twelfth) undertook the support of 
a Sabbath-school and the maintenance of 
such services as might seem advisable. In 
November, 1886, a church was organized, 
with twenty-five members and one ruling 
elder, .\fter May, 1887, Brown Memorial 
Church alone continued to give financial 
aid. In June, 1829, the Fulton avenue con- 
gregation became self-supporting. In 1897 
nearly 350 communicants were enrolled, 
with a Sabbath-school of nearly 450, the 





4C^^^ 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



367 



latter including fifty Chinamen. The Rev. 
Edward H. Robbins was placed in charge 
of the church in May, 1886, and still con- 
tinues to do most effective work at the pres- 
ent time. 

Waverly Presbyterian Church. 
This church was organized in the suburb 
of Waverly October 16, 1887, with twenty- 
seven members. Its first pastor was the 
Rev. William Gumming, who served from 
Xovember 9, 1887, to June 24, 1891. The 
church was dedicated on October 21, 1888. 
The Rev. Alfred Evans was pastor from 
April, 1892, to April, 1896, when he was 
succeeded by the first pastor, the Rev. Mr. 
Cumming, who is still in charge. The 
membership is 220. 

Church of the Covenant.' 
This church is situated in the southwest 
portion of the city on Hollins and Strieker 
streets. It was organized November 29, 
1889, at a hall corner Fulton and Pratt 
streets, and has known a steady growth. 
The first pastor was the Rev. W. L. Austin, 
who died while in charge in 1896. The pres- 
ent pastor is the Rev. H. S. Graham. The 
congregation owns a parsonage at 212 
North Carey street. The membership is 
ISO- 
Maryland Avenue Presbyterian 
Church. 
This congregation is a child of the Frank- 
lin Street Church, and is attached to the 
Southern Presbyterian Church. In 1887 its 
present site, corner of Maryland and Hunt- 
ingdon avenues, was purchased from the 
Huntingdon Avenue il. E. Church bv the 
Franklin street congregation. A plain 
brick church edifice stood upon it. In 1894 



this was remodeled at an expenditure of 
$20,000. It is now a very attractive build- 
ing both within and without. The property 
is still held by the Franklin Street Church, 
which has fostered the new enterprise in 
every possible way. Under the efficient 
ministry of the Rev. J. A. Vance this con- 
gregation has speedily grown until it now 
numbers 322 members — a remarkable 
growth in ten years. Its future seems most 
promising, as its situation is most advan- 
tageous. A handsome Manse adjoins the 
church on Maryland avenue. 

Bohemian and Moravian Presbyteri.^n 
Church. 

In the fall of 1886 Faith Presbyterian 
Church began to hold services for the bene- 
fit of the Bohemians and Moravians in the 
city. These were held in the Faith Chapel 
and gradually attracted sufficient numbers 
to warrant an organization, which was ef- 
fected on January 26, 1890, by the Rev. Vin- 
cent Pisek, pastor of the Bohemian Pres- 
byterian Church, New York. He adminis- 
tered the Lord's Supper to seventy-five 
communicants. On April 22d the Bo- 
hemian and Moravian Presbyterian Church 
was organized by the Presbytery of Bal- 
timore. The first pastor was the Rev. 
Vaclav Losa. He was succeeded by the 
Rev. Vaclav Vanek, the present pastor. 
This congregation has had the free use of 
the Faith Chapel, but a suitable lot has been 
purchased for a church by the Presbyterian 
Association. It will doubtless be erected 
in the present year, 1898. 
Crisp Memorial Presbyterian Church, 
Brooklyn. 

In the year 1890 Mr. Richard O. Crisp, 
a member of the Central Presbyterian 



368 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Church, died and left in his will $50,000 for 
the erection of a church in Brooklyn. A 
prominent site was selected and a very 
handsome stone church and parsonage 
erected thereon. His widow, upon their 
completion, endowed the property to the 
amount of $20,000. The congregation was 
organized in 1893. The Central Church 
holds the title to the property, but the 
church is under charge of its own officers. 
The pastor is the Rev. T. L. Springer, who 
is faithfully administering his trust and ad- 
vancing the welfare of the community as 
well as of the congregation. The member- 
ship is twenty-eight. 

RiDGELY Street Presbyterian Church. 
The Central Presbyterian Church organ- 
ized a mission on Ridgely street in 1863 and 
conducted it as such for a number of years. 
In 1892 it was organized as a congregation. 
It is progressing very well and has a bright 
prospect for usefulness and success before 
it under the care of the Rev. E. E. Weaver, 
who has been in charge of it from the be- 
ginning. The membership is 212, and the 
number of Sunday-school scholars is 641. 
Reid Memorial Hope Institute. 
Mr. Andrew Reid, a member of the First 
Presbyterian Church, erected this beautiful 
stone and brick edifice in 1895 as a mem- 
orial to a deceased daughter. It is situated 
on Madison street near Harford avenue, 
and is doing a very good work in a densely 
populated portion of the city. The Sunday- 
school, as well as the congregation, is grow- 
ing into goodly proportions under the min- 
istry of the Rev. William Caldwell. The 
membership of the church is 202. 

This chapel is still a mission of the First 
Presbyterian Church, liy which it was 



started about ten years ago under the name 
of "The Hope Institute." A kindergarten, 
classes for instruction and various charita- 
ble organizations are maintained. A "Res- 
cue Mission," at the corner of Mott and 
Ensor streets, was begun in 1896, as part 
of the work of the Reid Memorial. 
Park Presbyterian Church. 
A few years ago the Brown Memorial 
Church established a mission on the corner 
of Madison and North avenues. The Rev. 
George L. Curtis was placed in charge. The 
work grew rapidly, and the congregation 
was organized in 1893. A stone edifice was 
erected and the church is now self-support- 
ing. The Rev. Mr. Curtis is still in charge. 
St. Helena Presbyterian Church. 
The St. Helena Sunday-school was or- 
ganized on January 9, 1896, at the house 
of Mr. J. W. Fahnestock. It was at first 
under the Methodist Church, but owing to 
a disagreement with the pastor of the Pat- 
apsco M. E. Church it became independent, 
and on July 22d it unanimously voted to 
unite with the Presbyterian Church. The 
Rev. W. C. Maloy became interested in it 
during the fall and held services. On Oc- 
tober 6, 1897, the Rev. Mr. Maloy present- 
ed to the Presbytery a petition containing 
the names of twenty persons pledging them- 
selves to become members of St. Helena 
Church, and asking to be formed into a 
church. On October 14th the congregation 
was organized under the present name with 
twenty members. On November 23d the 
foundation for a church was begun and the 
edifice will be ready for use early in 1898. 
The Rev. Mr. Maloy has been elected pas- 
tor and will doubtless be installed by the 
Presbytery after its meeting in April of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



1898. St. Helena is a suburb of the city, a 
few miles to the south. 

Walbrook Presbyterian Church. 

On January 13, 1898, this church was 
organized by a committee of the Presbytery 
of Baltimore. Its minister is the Rev. Rob- 
ert H. Williams, D. D. Services are held 
in the Union Sunda)'-school building, cor- 
ner of Clifton avenue and Eleventh street. 
A church building will doubtless be erected 
in the near future. 

THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL 
CHURCH. 

Methodism came to Maryland in 1760 in 
the person of Robert Strawbridge. He was 
a Wesleyan lay preacher from Ireland and 
settled upon Sam's or Pipe creek, in Fred- 
erick county. He opened his house for 
preaching as soon as he could get his fam- 
ily arranged, and preached therein regu- 
larly on Sundays, until he erected a "Log 
Meeting House," a short distance from his 
dwelling. While yet worshiping in his own 
dwelling he organized the first Methodist 
society in Maryland, indeed in America, and 
thus he has the honor of being the founder 
of American Methodism. He traveled far 
and wide, going even to Delaware, Penn- 
sylvania and Virginia, and organizing class 
meetings wherever he went. The "Log 
Meeting House" was the first Methodist 
church built in America; and Bishop As- 
bury did not hesitate to write in his journal, 
after holding a conference in the vicinity 
of Mr. Strawbridge's dwelling in 1801: 
"Here Mr. Strawbridge formed the first So- 
ciety in Maryland and in America." This 
"Log Meeting House" was both rude and 
small. Its dimensions were twenty-four feet 
by twenty-four feet, three inches. This 



building was soon outgrown and was super- 
seded by a chapel erected upon land given 
by Mr. Poulson for that purpose. It was 
therefore called "Poulson Chapel." In 1783 
this chapel, which was of wood, was torn 
down and a new chapel was erected of 
stone. This new, and third structure, was 
always known as the "Stone Chapel." Mr. 
Strawbridge resided sixteen years at Sam's 
creek and then moved to Long Green, Bal- 
timore county, and located on a farm given 
him by Capt. Charles Ridgely, of "Hamp- 
ton." He died in the summer of 1781. He 
was buried near his residence, but later his 
remains were removed to Mt. Olivet Ceme- 
tery, Baltimore. 

The first Methodist to come to Baltimore 
Town was John King, of England, who, 
though a Wesleyan, came to America on 
his own responsibility and without any su- 
pervision of the parent society in England. 
He was a man of university education and 
possessed marked abilities. He reached 
Baltimore in 1770. His first sermon was 
preached from a blacksmith's block at the 
corner of Front and French streets. Then 
he preached from a table at the corner of 
Baltimore and Calvert streets. Afterwards 
he was invited to preach in St. Paul's 
Church and occupied its pulpit once. He 
requested the use of the church a second 
time, but it was denied him. Thereupon 
he preached to the congregation of St. 
Paul's from the sidewalk, as the people came 
out of the church. 

The first person to open his house to this 
ardent missionary was Capt. Patton, an 
Irishman residing at Fell's Point. Fell's 
Point was at this time a separate settlement 
from Baltimore, situated a mile or more 
to the east and divided from it bv a large 



370 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



tract of land. It is evident that John King 
preached in both these little communities 
and made converts in each. Societies were 
formed in each and grew rapidly, so that 
a church edifice was begun at each about 
the same time. Though that at Fell's Point 
seems to have been begun first, that in Bal- 
timore was probably finished and dedicated 
first. 

The erection of the former was largely 
due to the influence of the Rev. Francis 
Asbury, who came to America from Eng- 
land in 1 77 1. He landed first at Philadel- 
phia, but in 1772 came to Baltimore. His 
singular gifts and marked piety speedily 
won many followers. He preached at both 
settlements, to which he refers in his Jour- 
nal as "The Point" and '"The Town." At 
the former he seems to have been specially 
instrumental in making the first move to- 
ward the erection of a meeting house. A 
brick edifice was begun on Fleet street, and 
when completed in 1774 it was dedicated by 
the Rev. Mr. Asbury. It was called "The 
Strawberry Alley Meeting House." It 
quickly attracted a large congregation. It 
is said that the marriage of Prince Jerome 
Bonaparte to Miss Patterson took place in 
this church on December 24, 1803. About 
this time the edifice was abandoned by the 
congregation for a larger church, and it was 
given to a colored congregation, by which 
it was used until 1877, when it was con- 
verted into a hall for a colored society. 

The first Methodist church to be erected 
in the town was erected in 1774 on Lovely 
lane. It was built of brick, on a lot pur- 
chased on h'ebruary 11, 1774, by William 
Moore and Philip Rogers, who took up a 
subscription for the purpose of securing a 
lot and erecting a church. In .\pril, 1774, 



the foundation was laid. In October of the 
same year the building was so far completed 
that Capt. Webb, a British officer, who was 
also a local Methodist preacher, delivered 
the first sermon in it. It was probably com- 
pleted and used before the sister edifice, 
called "Strawberry Alley Meeting House," 
at Fell's Point, was finished. Lovely lane 
ran parallel to Baltimore street and is the 
present German street. The church stood 
where the Merchants' Gun Club now is, and 
a tablet designates its site. 

In May, 1776, the first Conference of 
Methodist Preachers, held in Baltimore, 
took place in this meeting-house, which was 
known as the "Lovely Lane Meeting 
House." The first three Conferences of 
the Methodist Societies were held in Phila- 
delphia; but the fourth met in Lovely Lane 
Meeting House in December, 1776. This 
proved to be a most memorable gathering, ,a)\0^ 
for on the 2Sth of this month the assembled "^ 

preachers organized the Methodist Socie- O /-, 
ties in the United States into the "Method- ' * 
ist Episcopal Church in the United States 
of America." This Conference thus became 
the first Conference of the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church. It was at this time also that 
the Rev. Thomas Coke, LL. D., of Eng- 
land, who had been sent to America to or- 
ganize the Methodist Societies, ordained 
the Rev. Francis Asbury to be the first Su- 
perintendent of the American Methodist 
Church. Bishop Asbury's subsequent 
career was full of honor to himself and of 
usefulness to his church. He traveled all 
over the land, and after half a century's ar- 
duous labor entered into rest at Fredericks- 
burg, Va., on Sunday, March 31, 1816, at 
the age of 71. His body was brought to 
Baltimore and deposited in a vault specially 



HISTORY OF BALTIMOEE, MARYLAND. 



371 



constructed for it at the Eutaw Street M. E. 
Church on May lOth. Here it remained 
until June i6, 1854, when it was interred in 
RIt. OHvet Cemetery. The Rev. Dr. Coke 
had been ordained Superintendent in Eng- 
land by John Wesley. At the time of the 
First General Conference a very earnest 
overture was made to Bishop Coke and 
Bishop Asbury by the Rev. Dr. Andrews, 
rector of St. Thomas' parish, and the Rev. 
Dr. West, rector of St. Paul's parish, look- 
ing toward a reconciliation of the Method- 
ist and the Episcopal Churches. Bishop 
Coke and Bishop Asbury were invited to 
meet the two rectors at St. Paul's rectory, 
Baltimore, and there the views of each were 
expressed; but the differences were thought 
to be irreconcilable, especially on the part 
of the Methodists. Not content with one 
attempt the Rev. Dr. Andrews made 
another, and called upon the Rev. Dr. Coke 
at his lodgings and urged once more the 
union of the two bodies: but found that 
"the contempt and aversion with which the 
Methodists had been treated in England 
and in this country was an effectual bar in 
the way of coalition." 

The rapid growth of Methodism soon 
rendered the Lovely Lane Meeting House 
too small, and another church was erected 
in 1785-1786 at the northwest corner of 
Light street and Wine alley. This was 
known as the First Light Street Church. 
It was dedicated by Bishop Asbury on May 
21, 1786, he also preaching the sermon. 
The building was 46 feet wide by 70 feet 
long, and was built of brick. About this 
time the important subject of education be- 
gan to agitate the minds of the early 
Methodists, and at the close of the Confer- 
ence in 1785 "a plan for erecting a college. 



intended to advance religion in America, to 
be presented to the members of the 
INIethodist Episcopal Church," was adopted 
and signed by the two Bishops, Dr. Coke 
and Mr. Asbury. A site was selected at 
Abingdon, Harford county. The first 
Methodist educational institution in the 
country was erected thereupon and opened 
for students early in December, 1787. It 
was named "Cokesbury College." It had 
an honorable career for eight(y^years, when, 
on December 4, 1795, it was destroyed by 
fire at the hands of an incendiary. The col- 
lege site at Abingdon was abandoned, and 
the institution was removed to Baltimore. 
Its life began anew in a building opposite 
the Light Street Church under favorable 
auspices; but on the 4th of December, 1796, 
both the church and college were destroyed 
by a fire which originated in a building ad- 
jacent to the church. The church was im- 
mediately rebuilt on the opposite corner, 
and dedicated on October 29, 1797, but the 
college was abandoned. It had occupied 
the site of the Second Light Street Church, 
the building having been a large and ele- 
gant assembly room. 

In 1798 there was a great revival in Bal- 
timore, and the Methodist Church received 
so many accessions that it was necessary 
to create a new congregation. A new edi- 
fice was erected on Green, now Exeter 
street. It is still in use, though it has been 
enlarged three times. 

After the destruction of the First Light 
Street Church the second was built on the 
opposite side of the street. Bishop Asbury 
dedicated it on October 29, 1797. This 
edifice remained in use until 1872. It was 
remodeled and extensively improved from 
time to time. The parsonage at the rear 



37: 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



was a famous resort for bishops and preach- 
ers. In the upper story was a room known 
as the "Conference Room." It was first 
used as a private academy for the instruc- 
tion of youths. In 1801 the "JNIale Free 
School of Baltimore" was organized, and 
occupied the room for school purposes un- 
til 1812, when the institution was removed 
to the new building erected for it on Court- 
land street. From 1810 it was the place of 
meeting for the Annual Conference for 
many years, and was also used for preach- 
ers' meetings, Sunday-school gatherings, 
and other church meetings. 

In the year 1843 ^ Sunday-school build- 
ing was erected immediately south of the 
church. Bishop Waugh laid the corner- 
stone. It was designed to accommodate 
the "Asbury Sunday-school, No. i," which 
had been organized and conducted for sev- 
eral years in the Male School on Courtland 
street. 

Great prosperity marked the history of 
the Light Street Church, and in 1843 a 
strong colony went out from it and estab- 
lished a new center of church life at the 
northeast corner of Charles and Fayette 
streets. It erected a large and imposing 
edifice under the name of the "Charles 
Street M. E. Church." In 1869 Light 
Street Church, wliicli had become unde- 
sirable for religious uses, owing to the en- 
croachments of business, was sold, and its 
congregation purchased ths Charles Street 
Church for its congregation for $110,000. 
In 1870 the latter congregation began to 
erect a new edifice on Mount Vernon Place, 
and took the name of the "Ml. Vernon Place 
M. E. Church." This move was largely 
due to the zeal of the pastor, the Rev. Dr. 
Thomas M. Eddv. The new church was 



completed in 1874 at a cost of $375,000. Its 
first pastor was the Rev. Dr. Thomas 
Guard, whose fame as a preacher was well 
nigh national. 

The Light Street Church (also called 
First Church), congregation occupied the 
Charles street edifice for the first time on 
Sunday, March 17, 1872. But the gradual 
encroachments of business up Charles 
street rendered removal necessary, and in 
1885 a large tract of land was purchased on 
St. Paul street and Twenty-fourth street. 
A most imposing edifice, with Sunday- 
school building and parsonage attached, 
was erected at once. The pastor at this 
time was the Rev. Dr. John F. Goucher, 
who gave large sums of money from his 
private purse to make this church edifice 
one of the most notable in the land. No 
sooner was it completed than it was filled 
with a thriving congregation, and is to-day 
to be ranked among the largest and strong- 
est Methodist churches in America. The 
buildings are all of stone, and the total cost 
was $250,000. The chapel was dedicated on 
November 6, 1S85. and the church on No- 
vember 6, 1887. 

The strong beginning made by the First 
Church was in some degree due to the fact 
that the Huntingdon Avenue M. E. Church, 
which had a church edifice at the corner of 
Maryland and Huntingdon avenues, sold 
its property to the Franklin Street Presby- 
terian Church for $10,000, and united with 
the First Church in 1885. 

The First Church has long been known 
as "The Baltimore City Station," and has 
been most active throughout its entire his- 
tory in missionary work. Among its more 
recent missions have been: The "Twenty- 
I fourth Street AI. E. Church," which was es- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



37^ 



tablished in 1878, and which became inde- 
pendent in March, 1898; the "Guilford 
Avenue M. E. Church," which was organ- 
ized in 1885, and became independent in 
March, 1898; and the "Oxford M. E. 
Church," which was organized in 1886, and 
is still under the care of the First M. E. 
Church. Prior to the separation of the first 
two from their mother, the membership of 
the First M. E. Church was about 1,000. 
The present pastor is the Rev. T. P. Frost, 
D. D. 

During his pastorate of the First 
Church, the Rev. Dr. Goucher conceived 
the plan of establishing a Woman's College 
immediately adjacent to the property of 
the First Church. This he was successful 
in doing. The first President of the Col- 
lege was the Rev. Dr. Wm. H. Hopkins, 
who had been the acting president of St. 
John's College, Annapolis. Upon the ex- 
piration of his pastorate the Rev. Dr. 
Goucher succeeded to the presidency, and 
the Rev. Dr. Hopkins took a position on 
the Faculty, which he still retains. The 
growth of this institution has been phe- 
nomenal. Its numerous buildings are of 
the most substantial and attractive charac- 
ter: its curriculum is very high; its stu- 
dents are numerous, coming from all over 
the land; and its outlook is most promising. 
All this has been accomplished in about a 
decade. 

The First M. E. Church is the owner of 
the celebrated Mt. Olivet Cemetery, on the 
Frederick Road. This place of interment is 
of unusual interest owing to the fact that 
in it lie interred, the remains of many of 
the most earnest bishops and preachers who 
made the early history of Methodism so 
glorious. A noble white marble monu- 



ment was dedicated on June 16, 1854, to 
commemorate the lives and characters of 
the bishops who lie at its foot. These are 
Bishops Francis Asbury, Enoch George, 
John Emory, D. D., and Beverly Waugh, 
D. D. Bishop Asbury lies at the rear of the 
monument. It is a fitting monument to the 
founder of American Methodism and his 
co-laborers and successors. 

Exeter Street M. E. Church. 
In 1789 a new congregation was organ- 
ized under the name of the Green Street 
Church. The first edifice, on the present 
site, was erected the same year. The con- 
gregation grew so as to demand a new 
church in 1850, when the present structure 
was begun. It was dedicated October 5, 
185 1. Its size and accommodations were 
a great improvement, and the congregation 
steadily grew. In 1876 the membership 
numbered 311. Since that date, however, 
the neighborhood has undergone a radical 
change, owing to the invasion of a large 
number of Polish Jews, so that this con- 
gregation is struggling hard to maintain 
itself, and has a greatly reduced member- 
ship. The pastor is the Rev. H. D. Mitchell. 

East Baltimore Station. 
This congregation has existed under sev- 
eral names. It was first known as the 
Wilkes Street Church, and its first edifice 
was erected in 1802 on Eastern avenue near 
Bond street. The congregation retained 
this name until 1861, when large improve-, 
ments were made, and its name was 
changed to Eastern Avenue M. E. Church. 
It was rededicated on April 25, 1861. This 
property was sold in 1892 to a Roman 
Catholic Polish congregation, and a beauti- 
ful new stone edifice, of Gothic architecture, 



374 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



was erected at the corner of Baltimore and 
Washington streets. At this time the 
Jackson Square M. E. Church sold its 
property and united with the Eastern 
Avenue Church to form a new congrega- 
tion in the new church, which then took the 
name of the East Baltimore Station. This 
church is in a vigorous condition, and has 
a bright outlook. It has 539 communi- 
cants, and the Sunday-school numbers 500. 
The pastor is the Rev. F. H. Havenner. 
Sharp Street M. E. Church (Colored.) 

This church belongs to the Washington 
Conference, and is very active and strong. 
It is situated on Sharp street north of 
Pratt, and its first edifice was erected in 
1802, but this was rebuilt in i860. The 
membership is very large, 1.440 communi- 
cants, notwithstanding its down-town 
location. 

It is now under the pastoral care of the 
Rev. D. W. Hays, D. D., who was born in 
Davidson county, Tenn., in 1850. He was 
educated at Nashville, Tenn., and ordained 
Elder in 1875. His first charge was 
the Nashville Circuit. Before coming to 
Baltimore he was at Washington, D. C. 
He is a man of high intellectual attainments 
and received the degree of D. D. from Rush 
University. 

EuTAw Street M. E. Church. 
This was the first Methodist congrega- 
tion organized north of Baltimore street. 
It chose a lot on the outskirts of the town, 
and in 1808 erected a Chapel on the rear 
end of it. It was dedicated the same year 
by Bishop Asbury. Its growth was very 
gradual, and it was not until 1853 that the 
present front was added to the original 
building, greatly increasing its capacity. 



By this addition suitable rooms were se- 
cured on the ground-floor for lectures, 
class-meetings, etc, and a large Sunday- 
school room was secured above. When 
finished it was the best equipped church 
building in the city. Its congregation has 
steadily grown until it is now very strong 
and vigorous. It has able men to occupy 
its pastorate. The church was for many 
years famous because the bodies of Bishops 
Asbury and Emory had been interred un- 
der its altar. They remained there for many 
years, when in 1854 they were removed to 
Mt. Olivet Cemetery. Up to 1869 the 
church was a part of the Baltimore City 
Station: but it then became a separate or- 
ganization. It is in a most vigorous condi- 
tion and has a large membership. In 1896 
it inaugurated a mission for deaf mutes 
under the charge of a local preacher, who 
is a deaf mute. Special services are held 
in one of the rooms every Sunday after- 
noon. The present pastor is the Rev. G. C. 
Bacon. 

Caroijxe Street JNI. E. Church. 
This church has had a long and interest- 
ing history. Its beginning dates back to 
1771, when the Rev. Francis Asbury 
preached his first sermon at Fell's Point. 
In 1774 Stawberry Alley Meeting House 
was erected, and for twenty-seven years 
continued to be the only Methodist Church 
in the eastern section of Baltimore. In 
1816 the Wilkes Street Methodist Church 
was built. During the years 1817-1818 a 
great revival occurred under the ministry 
of the Rev. John Davis, and more than 600 
persons were added to the church. A new 
edifice was hence necessary. In February, 
1818, the present lot was purchased on 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



375 



Caroline street, and a committee consistmg 
of Frederick Shaffer, Levin Hall and 
George Hall, was appointed to erect a new- 
church, csubscriptions were made by 459 
persons and the edifice was at once erected 
at a cost of $13,720. It was dedicated July 
19, 1819. Until 1824 it continued a part of 
the Fell's Point Station, but its name was 
then changed to East Baltimore Station. 
In 1844 it became a separate station and was 
incorporated as the Caroline Street M. E. 
Church. In 1856 the large Sunday-school 
building at the rear of the church was erect- 
ed. In 1866 (the centennial year of Method- 
ism), the Lambdin Chapel, named in honor 
of Mr. Edward S. Lambdin, was erected. 
This church has been notable for its nu- 
merous revivals, and also for its simplicity 
of worship. The present membership is 486 
and the Sunday-school numbers 453. The 
congregation also owns a parsonage, and 
its entire property is valued at $35,000. The 
Rev. William G. Herbert is the pastor. 

Seamen's Union Bethel. 
The first work to be organized for the 
benefit of seamen was in 1823. The first 
chaplain was the Rev. Stephen Williams, 
who sen'ed from 1823 to 1826. The first 
service was held in a sail-loft on Pratt 
street. Next they were held in a room be- 
longing to Capt. Frazier, at Fell's Point. 
The work proved so successful that a 
church was erected in 1826 in Philpot street 
(now Block), near the bridge. The present 
edifice was erected in 1844, and dedicated 
February 23, 1845. Its work is exclusively 
among the seamen. A very helpful organ- 
ization is connected with the Bethel known 
as the "Society for the Relief of Widows 
and Orphans of Seamen." It is under a 



board of managers, which is undenomina- 
tional, though the majoritv are ^Methodists. 
The present chaplain is Rev. G. W. Heyde, 
who has served for many years. 

AsBURY i\I. E. Church (Colored.) 

This congregation has possessed two 
churches, both on the same site. The first 
was erected in 1824 on a lot purchased at 
the corner of East and Douglas streets. 
The second was erected in 1867. The con- 
gregation is active and growing, number- 
ing 685 communicants. It is connected 
with the Washington Conference. 
West Baltimore Station ]\I. E. Church. 

This church is also called the Wliatcoat 
Church, and was named after Richard 
Whatcoat, who came to Baltimore from 
England with Doctor Coke, and assisted at 
the ordination of jNIr. Asbury in 1784. He 
was a most active and successful minister, 
and his name has thus lovingly been per- 
petuated in Baltimore Methodism. 

This congregation was organized in 1833. 
For its first house of worship it erected a 
chapel on north Fremont street, near Penn- 
svlvania avenue. In 1870 a change of site 
was made to the corner of Strieker and 
Presstman streets, and on JNIay 14, 1871 the 
new church was dedicated by Bishop Ames. 
The congregation is to-day very large and 
vigorous. It recently established a mission 
at Fearville. 

Wesley Chapel. 

This important chapel was originally a 
part of the Baltimore City Station, of which 
the Light Street Church was the head. The 
first church building was on the corner of 
Sharp and :Montgomery streets. In 1833 
a new edifice was built on the corner of 



876 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Sharp and Barre streets, and the old build- 
ing was given to a colored congregation. 
Tn 1840 the General Conference was held 
in the new edifice. This chapel remained 
attached to the City Station until i860, 
when it became an independent station. In 
1S70 Wesley Chapel was rebuilt and great- 
ly improved. This congregation has been 
one of the most active in the city, out of 
which have sprung several missions that 
have developed into independent congre- 
gations. It has also sent numerous young 
men into the ministry. For a long time it 
numbered among its members many of the 
most prominent Methodist families in Bal- 
timore ; but of late years these have removed 
to other parts of the city, so that the church 
is now struggling with down-town prob- 
lems, and although still strong is not as 
prominent as it formerly was. 

Fayette Street M. E. Church. 
In 1834 a new Methodist congregation 
was organized in the western portion of the 
city, and erected its edifice on Fayette 
street, near Fremont. Here its house of 
worship was dedicated in October of that 
year. It has gradually grown into one of 
the strongest congregations in the city, hav- 
ing the large membership of 736, and being 
greatly given to good works. Its Sunday- 
school numbers from 700 to 800 scholars. 
The present pastor is the Rev. C. H. 
Richardson, D. D. 

Sni'Tii Haltimore M. E. Church. 
This church formerly bore the name of 
the William Street M. E. Church. In 1834 
a new Methodist congregation purchased a 
church edifice then standing on the corner 
of William and Little Church streets. This 
building was occupied by the congregation 



until 1851, when a new edifice was erected 
on the Game site. It remains unaltered to 
the present day, and is the religious home of 
a very strong and aggressive people. The 
Sunday-school also is large. This church 
is notable for its old-time zeal and its loy- 
alty to primitive Methodism. Membership 
600. 

Monument Street M. E. Church. 
This large brick edifice was erected in 
1834 on Monument and Sterling streets. It 
is in the eastern section of the city and has 
always done a good work. Many promi- 
nent families have been connected with it, 
but latterly the population has so greatly 
changed as to seriously cripple its prosper- 
ity. Many stirring scenes in the history of 
the Methodist Church have been enacted 
within its walls. The membership is not as 
large as it formerly was, owing to the con- 
tinued exodus of its members to other parts 
of the city. 

Orchard Street M. E. Church 
(Colored.) 

This congregation has an interesting 
history. As long ago as 1825 a zealous and 
godly colored layman, named Trueman 
Pratt, began to hold religious meetings for 
colored people. At first they were held at 
different places but afterwards he conducted 
them in his own house on Biddle street, 
near Ross. After ten years a church was 
erected on the corner of Orchard street 
and Elder alley, and a congregation fully 
organized. Trueman Pratt continued to 
be a class leader until 1868, and after that 
served as a trustee until 1877, when he died 
at the age of 102. In 1853 the present edi^ 
fice was erected in Orchard street near Ross. 
It was dedicated Dec. 4th. The first pas- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



37T 



tor was the Rev. Jacob Gniber. The con- 
gregation has grown to a membership of 
1,700. It is under the very efficient and 
successful administration of the Rev. A. M. 
Carroll. 

Columbia Avenue M. E. Church. 

This congregation has possessed two edi- 
fices on the same site. The first was erected 
in 1840, soon after the organization of the 
congregation. The second, which is still 
in use, was dedicated by Bishop Waugh on 
Feb. II. 1844. This church is now far 
down town and is struggling against fre- 
quent removals. It has recently inaugu- 
rated special services, the use of gospel 
wagons, etc., and has awakened new life 
and growth. All this is largely due to the 
zeal of the present pastor, the Rev. C. E. 
Guthrie. The membership is 243. 
Franklin Street M. E. Church. 

A new congregation was organized in the 
western part of the city on Franklin street 
and erected a chapel for its place of worship 
on that street near Fremont. It was dedi- 
cated Nov. 14, 1841. Ten years later this 
lot and building were sold to the Public 
School Commissioners, and a new lot was 
purchased on the corner of Franklin and 
Poppleton streets. Here a church was 
erected. The basement was dedicated Aug. 
18, 1851, but the whole edifice was not dedi- 
cated until June 18, 1854. The congrega- 
tion has known a steady growth and is now 
in a fair condition. The membership is 304. 

Harford Avenue M. E. Church. 
The origin of this church was a Sunday- 
school, which grew so rapidly that in 1843 
a chapel was erected at the corner of Har- 
ford avenue and Biddle street. This was 



occupied for eighteen years, when in 1851, 
January 5th, the present church was dedi- 
cated. It is in a strong condition and is 
doing a good work in a populous com- 
munity. Membership, 314. 

Emory M. E. Church. 
A desirable lot for church purposes was 
presented by Mr. John Zimmerman on 
Pennsylvania avenue near Hofifman street. 
On this a church was erected in 1844-45 for 
a new congregation, which took the name 
of Emory, in honor of Bishop Emory. This 
congregation has had a struggling exist- 
ence for several years, and is now in a feeble 
condition. The membership is 166. 
Straw-bridge M. E. Church. 
The honored name of the first Methodist 
who came to Maryland has been perpetu- 
ated by one of the strongest congregations 
of Methodists in the city. The Strawbridge 
Church is the outcome of a successful effort 
to organize a Sunday-school about 1837 by 
Wm. H. Mittan, Capt. John G. Barry and 
Edward S. Frey. A few scholars were as- 
sembled in a school house on Howard 
street, near the present Richmond mar- 
ket. The growth was so rapid that 
a place of worship was erected on 
North Howard street, nearly opposite 
the school-room first occupied. In 1843, 
during the pastorate of Rev. W. F. Mer- 
cer, a new church was erected at the 
corner of Biddle and Garden (now Linden 
avenue) streets. Until 1881 this continued 
to be the religious home of the congrega- 
tion. In that year the Rev. J. F. Goucher, 
D. D., became pastor and under his leader- 
ship the present lot at the southwest corner 
of Park avenue and Wilson street was se- 
cured as a gift from Mr. Wm. Mittam, and 



378 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



the cliurch edifice and cliapel begun. The 
old church was sold to the Trinity M. E. 
Church (colored) by which it is still used. 
The new chapel was first used on Dec. 31, 
1881, for a "watch-night" service. The 
church was dedicated June 4, 1882, Dy 
Bishop Simpson. The total cost of the 
buildings and furniture was $32,000. Sub- 
sequently a parsonage was added. The 
cliurch has enjoyed the ministrations of 
able men and grown in membership until 
it numbers 325. The present pastor is the 
Rev. E. S. Todd, D. D. The church build- 
ings are most beautiful and suitable. Thev 
are of stone, and the style of architecture is 
Gothic. 

JNlT. Vernon Place M. E. Church. 
Forth from the old Light Street M. E. 
Church there went a strong colony in 1843 
and established the Charles Street M. E. 
Church. It was organized on the 13th of 
April, and laid the corner-stone of its new 
and imposing building on May the 9th, fol- 
lowing, at the northeast corner of Charles 
and Fayette streets. It was opened for 
worship in April, 1844. It was a large two- 
story brick building in the style of a Gre- 
cian temple, with noble portico and pillars 
in front, reached by a high flight of steps. 
The first pastor was the Rev. Edwin Dor- 
sey, assisted by the Rev. John M. Jones. 
'I he church was conspicuous for the fact 
that it had pews and an organ, which were 
great innovations among the Methodists 
and created great excitement. The church 
was famous for its choir and music. Ihe 
congregation grew rapidly in numbers and 
strength under the pastorate of ministers 
of marked ability, among the most eminent 
of whom were the Rev. Dr. Littleton F. 



Morgan, the Rev. Dr. Wm. Hirst, Jr., the 
Rev. Thomas Sewall and the Rev. Thomas 
M. Eddy. In 1869 the Charles street con- 
gregation under the leadership of the Rev. 
Dr. Eddy sold its property for $110,000 to 
the Light Street (or First) Church and pur- 
chased a beautiful lot at the northeast cor- 
ner of Charles and Monument streets. 
Here was erected one of the handsomest 
edifices in the city at the large cost of $375,- 
000. The edifice includes church and 
chapel at the rear. It is constructed of 
green limestone, in the Gothic style of ar- 
chitecture. Its interior is rich and attrac- 
tive, and will seat 1,600 people. The church 
was opened for worship in 1874, and has 
had a most prosperous career down to the 
present time. The first and most notable 
pastor was the Rev. Dr. Thomas Guard, 
who served two terms, 1872 to 1875, and 
1880 to 1S82. The other pastors of note 
have been: The Rev. Dr. J. O. Peck, the 
Rev. Dr. John Van Meter (now dean of the 
Woman's College): the Rev. Dr. A. H. Tut- 
tle, the Rev. Dr. L. T. Townsend and the 
present pastor, the Rev. Joseph Edmund 
Smith, D. D. The membership is 543. 

The (lid Charles Street Church was de- 
molished in 1897, having been unoccupied 
for many years. 

Jefferson Street M. E. Ciicrch. 

This congregation is a branch of the 
Caroline Street Station. Its first building, a 
chapel, was erected on Jefferson street near 
Caroline, in 1844. Its dedication took place 
on June 23rd. In 1854 a new lot was secured 
on the same street at the corner of Bond 
street. Here a new edifice was dedicated 
by Bishop Waugh in December, 1854. It 
has known a steady growth and is full of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



379 



zeal and progress to-day. The membership 
is 290. 

High Street ]M. E. Church. 
At the corner of High and Stiles streets, 
a new church was erected in 1844 and dedi- 
cated on June 2nd. For a long time its con- 
gregation was large and active; but owing 
to the invasion of the Jews the population 
has greatly changed, so that regular services 
are not now maintained. The building is 
now given over to institutional and rescue 
work. A Sunday-school is conducted un- 
der the auspices of the Exeter Street M. E. 
Church, and the industrial work is under 
the supervision of the Deaconesses of the 
]\Iethodist Church. The building is also 
the headquarters of the Florence Critten- 
den Mission for fallen women. 

Broadway Ger.man M. E. Church. 

This congregation was organized among 
the Germans in 1844 by the Rev. A. Miller. 
Its first location was on Lombard and Bond 
streets, where its edifice was dedicated Jan. 
26, 1845, by Bishop Waugh. In Septem- 
ber, 1849, that property was sold, and the 
congregation erected a new church on Ann 
street near Eastern avenue, which was dedi- 
cated April 22, 1855. Subsequently this 
site was sold and the present edifice on 
Broadway was erected. The congregation 
is making good progress and doing a good 
work. 

The Sailors' City Bethel. 
In 1846 a Seamen's Floating Bethel was 
established in the old ship "William Penn." 
It was specially fitted up for this purpose 
and dedicated October 11, 1846. The first 
pastor was the Rev. D. H. Switzer. In 1852 
the ship was abandoned and a Sailors' 



Bethel erected on Lee street near Light. 
For sixteen years the Bethel remained at 
this location, but a change was found neces- 
sary in 1868, and a new lot was purchased 
on Hill street, between Charles and Light 
streets, where a new edifice was dedicated 
April 18, 1869. 

John Wesley M. E. Church (Colored.) 

The old Wesley Chapel on Sharp street 
near Montgomery was presented to a col- 
ored congregation in 1833. This chapel 
was used until 1847, when the present edi- 
fice was erected. The congregation is very 
strong and active, though business is fast 
encroaching upon its property. The mem- 
bership is 1,312. This church is attached 
to the Washington conference of the M. E. 
Church. 

Canton Street M. E. Church. 
This church was organized in 1847 by the 
Rev. Edward E. Allen. It was first known 
as the Clinton Street Church. A little band, 
securing a desirable lot from the Canton 
Company, built a chapel thereon the same 
year. It struggled on with a monthly ser- 
vice for a time and with more frequent ser- 
vices later, until 1869, when it became a 
station and had for its first pastor, the Rev. 
Philip B. Reese. Under the efficient min- 
istry of the Rev. J. W. Cornelius, a beau- 
tiful church was erected in 1884 at a cost 
of $12,000 on a new lot, corner of Canton 
and Dillon streets. During the Rev. Mr. 
Miller's pastorate a parsonage was built, in 
1887. The growth has been gradual until 
there is a membership of 265. The Rev. 
W. W. Barnes is the present pastor. Mem- 
bership, 265. 



380 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Pexxsylvania Avenuk CjHRMan M. E. 

Church. 
This congregation was formerly known 
as the Western German Mission. It 
was estabhslied in 1847 by the Rev. Mr. 
Brenner. A lot was purchased at the cor- 
ner of Pennsylvania avenue and Mosher 
street and a building begun. The basement 
was dedicated Nov. 26, 1848, and the church 
Dec. 9, 1849. I" 1873 this edifice was de- 
molished and replaced by the present struc- 
ture, which was dedicated j\Iarch i, 1874. 
It has now a steady growth under efificient 
pastors. 

Broadway M. E. Church. 

On Broadway, south of Pratt street, a 
new M. E. church was dedicated by Bishop 
Waugh on February 27, 1848. The 
congregation had been organized a little 
before this, and for a time had worshiped 
on Eastern avenue. It has grown rapidly, 
until now it is the most important 
Methodist Church in East Baltimore. 
The congregation is very large and ac- 
tive, and the Sunday-school numbers 800 
scholars. The congregation possesses a 
fine property, consisting of a double build- 
ing for church and Sunday-school purposes, 
and also a parsonage. The membership 
is 504. 

Unio.m Square M. E. Church. 
This very important congregation origi- 
nated in a very small way. It was a mission 
of the Fayette Street M. E. Church and be- 
gan its history in a school house. In 1853 
a lot on the southwest corner of Lombard 
and Calhoun streets was presented by the 
Messrs. Donnel to the Fayette Street Sta- 
tion for a church. An edifice was begun, 
the basement of which was dedicated Mav | 



28, 1854. The whole building was dedi- 
cated oMarch 4, 1855, by Bishops Waugh 
and James. The first pastor 'was the Rev. 
Thomas Sewell. Under the pastorate of 
the Rev. Joseph France, a great revival oc- 
curred, which lasted five months, and re- 
sulted in the conversion of one thousand 
persons. Five hundred of these joined the 
Union Square Church and gave it great 
strength. It still continues its vigorous his- 
tory. The membership is 540. 

Monroe Street JNI. E. Church. 

In October, 1856, a colony from the Union 
Square I\'I. E. Church organized a congre- 
gation and erected a building on Ramsey 
street near Monroe. This was dedicated 
Oct. 14, 1856, under the name of "Cheno- 
with Chapel." It was enlarged in 1866 and 
dedicated on Nov. 25, under the new name 
"Parlett Chapel." A change of site was de- 
termined upon twenty years later and the 
present edifice was erected. It was dedi- 
cated by Bishop Waugh on Oct. 13, 1878, 
under the present name. In 1897 the 
building was thoroughly renovated. Great 
prosperity is attending the present pastor, 
the Rev. G. W. Cobbs. The membership is 
222. 

Chester Street M. E. Church. 

On the corner of Chester and Orleans 
streets a lot was given by Mr. William Pat- 
terson for the use of a Methodist congrega- 
tion which was organized in May, 1857. A 
chapel was at once erected, and was dedi- 
cated in October under the name of the 
"Fairmount Chapel." This building was 
removed in 1871 and a larger edifice erected 
and called the '"Patterson Chapel." This 
was enlarged in 1877. The church was in- 
corporated under its present name April 24, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



381 



1878. In 1895 the edifice, which was of 
pecuhar shape, having two wings, was de- 
stroyed by fire. Tlie congregation wor- 
shiped for a time in a hall. One wing has 
since been rebuilt and occupied; but the 
congregation is in a feeble condition, hav- 
ing but III members. 

JNlADisoN Avenue M. E. Church. 
This church is justly considered one of the 
very strongest Methodist churches in Balti- 
more, if not the strongest. Its property is 
situated on the southeast corner of Madison 
and Lafayette avenues, and consists of a 
church and chapel at the rear. A parson- 
age is owned next to the church on Madison 
avenue. The church was erected in 1858-9. 
The basement was opened for use in De- 
cember, 1858, aiid the church was dedi- 
cated by Bishop Simpson on May 22, 1859. 
The seating capacity is very large and the 
membership is also large. Some of the 
most eminent men of the Baltimore Con- 
ference have been pastors of this church. 
Its Sunday-school is also very large. No 
Methodist church in Baltimore has had a 
more vigorous growth or a more honorable 
history than has this. Owing to the wealth 
and liberality of its members it has always 
been notable for its large offerings and gifts 
to all religious and charitable objects. It 
has combined the piety and zeal of Method- 
ism in a remarkable degree, and has long 
been conspicuous for its conservative posi- 
tion. Not long since it established the 
Clifton M. E. Church at the entrance to the 
park, near Fulton and Druid Hill avenues. 
The first building was frame. The lot was 
presented by Messrs. German Hunt and 
Francis .\. Crook. The present building 
is frame and stone. It is in a most vigor- 
ous and promising condition. The present 



pastor of the Madison Avenue Church is 
the Rev. O. A. Brown, D. D. The mem- 
bership is 792. 

Madison Square M. E. Church. 

On June 9, 1867, there was dedicated a 
new Methodist church on the corner of 
Caroline and Eager streets, in a rapidly 
growing part of the city. It took the name 
of the "Centenary" M. E. Church, and has 
had a most prosperous history. This name 
was adopted in honor of the one hundredth 
anniversary of the introduction of Method- 
ism into America, which was celebrated the 
year of its consecration. Subsequently its 
name was changed to the Madison Square 
M. E. Church. Its growth has been so 
great that about ten years ago it established 
a mission on North avenue, which has now 
become independent under the name of the 
North Avenue M. E. Church. The present 
pastor of the Madison Square Church is 
the Rev. E. L. Hubbard, and the member- 
ship is 600. 

Grace M. E. Church. 

This is among the leading Methodist 
churches of the city. It was organized 
at the private residence of Joseph S. 
Hagerty, Esq., on October 10, 1868. A 
lot was at once purchased at the corner 
of Lafayette and Carrollton avenues, and a 
wooden chapel erected. It was dedicated 
Jan. I, i86g. A new lot was secured in 
1870 at the southeast corner of Lanvale 
street and Carrollton avenue, where a stone 
chapel was dedicated in June, 1872. The 
church was erected in 1874-5 and dedicated 
by Bishop Ames on Feb. 20, 1876. It is 
a very handsome edifice and cost $150,000, 
the lot included. The congregation is 
strong and active. The Sunday-school is 
also very large. During the pastorate of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



the Rev. Dr. Richard Harcourt a beautiful 
parsonage, with stone front to match the 
church, was erected adjacent to it on Lan- 
vale street. The property is one of the 
handsomest in the city and has a charming 
location. The pastor is the Rev. G. W. 
Miller, D. D. The membership is 850. 
Fort Avexue M. E. Church. 
On the corner of Fort and Battery 
avenues, this church was dedicated on Sep- 
tember II, 1S70. It has known a prosper- 
ous history, and under the. pastorate of the 
Rev. S. S. Greenwell the congregation re- 
placed the first building with the present 
one. Its outlook is most promising, as the 
congregation is full of zeal and activity. 
The present pastor is the Rev. Ezekiel 
Richardson. The membership is 180. 

Bethany M. E. Church 
This church was organized in 1868 as an 
Independent M. E. Church, and is situated 
at the northeast corner of Lexington and 
Calhoun streets. Its chapel was dedicated 
on April 12, 1868. The church, which is 
constructed out of iron, was dedicated 
March 4, 1873. Upon its organization the 
congregation adopted the rules of the 
Chatsworth Church. In 1872 it drew up 
and adopted a new set of rules, including 
discipline and ritual. In 1897 this congre- 
gation entered the Conference of the M. E. 
Church and thus ceased its independent 
position. It has a fine property. The 
chapel, at the rear of the church, is built of 
marble, and a fine parsonage adjoins. The 
congregation is large and vigorous, and its 
Sunday-school is also largely attended. 

Appdi.D M. E. Cin-Kcii. 
This memorial church, together with the 
ground, was the gift of the Messrs. .A-ppold, 



members of the First Presbyterian Church. 
It is situated at the corner of Chase and 
Washington streets. The chapel was dedi- 
cated by Bishops Ames and Harris on De- 
cember I, 1872, on the rear of the lot. 
During the pastorate of the Rev. C. O. 
Isaacs, Messrs, Appold made a donation of 
$4,000, and a stone church was erected on 
the front of the lot. The congregation is 
making good progress and the membership 
is 300. 

Harford .Avenue German M. E. 
Church. 
This church was started as a mission by 
the Broadway 'M. E. Church. It is situated 
at the corner of Harford avenue and Federal 
street, and was dedicated October 5, 1873. 
It has known a quiet growth. 

Harlem Park ]M. E. Church. 

The early history of this congregation was 
passed under the name of the Gilmor Street 
M. E. Church. It was organized in 1875 
and erected a frame building on the north- 
east corner of Gilmor and Mulberry streets. 
This was dedicated by Bishop Ames on 
Dec. 19. In 1880 this building was sold to 
a colored congregation and demolished in 
1881. The congregation moved to its pres- 
ent site in 1S80, under the pastorate of the 
Rev. J. F. Goucher, and erected a stone 
chapel on the rear of the lot purchased 
there. This lot is at the corner of Harlem 
Park and Gilmor street. The congregation 
has steadily grown until it is now strong 
and vigorous. The present pastor is the 
Rev. J. C. Xicholson. The membership is 
373- 

Centennial M. E. Church. 

This congregation first worshiped in the 
old Dallas Street Church, on Dallas street. 





^^ 




HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



between Canton avenue and Aliceanna 
street. This church was originally known 
as "Strawberry Alley Meeting House." 
It was the second oldest Methodist church 
in Baltimore, having been built by Mr. 
Asbury and others in 1773, at Fell's Point. 
It was given to a colored congregation in 
18 16 when the Wilkes Street Church was 
built and occupied by them for many years. 
In 1874 the Centennial of the church was 
celebrated in the old edifice, whose walls 
were still sound. It was then abandoned. A 
new church was built on the northwest cor- 
ner of Bank and Caroline streets in 1877 un- 
der the name of the Centennial Church. It 
was dedicated by Bishop Ames on Dec. 2, 
1877. 
Twenty-Fourth Street M. E. Church. 
This church was organized by the Balti- 
more City Station in 1878 under the name 
of the Royer's Hill Chapel. Later its name 
was changed to the present title. Until 
1898 it was conducted as a mission of the 
Baltimore City Station, but in this year it 
became independent. It is situated at the 
corner of Twenty-fourth street and Hamp- 
den avenue. Its outlook is most promising. 
Waverly M. E. Church. 
This important church is situated on the 
York Road, near the toll gate, and has had 
a vigorous history for quarter of a century. 
Its first edifice was rebuilt and adorned un- 
der the pastorate of the Rev. George C. 
Bacon. Its membership has gradually in- 
creased until it now is 300. The property 
is a two-story brick edifice, and is valued at 
$12,000. The congregation is full of mis- 
sionary zeal and recently established a mis- 
sion on the New Boundary, which is mak- 
ing good progress. This was done under 
■23 



the pastorate of the Rev. W. G. Herbert. 
The membership is 287. The present pas- 
tor is the Rev. F. G. Porter. 

Highland Avenue M. E. Church. 

About the year 1870 a new congregation 
was organized in the eastern part of the 
city under this name. It erected a two- 
story brick building, devoting the lower 
story to Sunday-school and class room pur- 
poses, and the upper to worship. Its 
growth has been slow and to-day numbers 
not more than 100 members. Its property 
is valued at $10,900. 

Guilford Avenue M. E. Church. 

This aggressive church is situated on the 
corner of Guilford avenue and Lanvale 
street. It has a good property and is doing 
a good work, under the present pastor, the 
Rev. Joseph Dawson. It was organized in 
1885 as a mission of the Baltimore City 
Station and grew rapidly until it was made 
independent in 1898. It is full of vigor. 
Greenmount Avenue M. E. Church. 

This church has known two sites. It was 
originally situated on Greenmount avenue, 
but in 1889 this site and the edifice there- 
upon were sold. The present edifice on 
Homewood avenue, at the corner of Chase, 
was then erected. It is a Gothic stone 
building and cost $15,000. The situation 
of this church is both pleasing and advan- 
tageous, being opposite McKim Park. The 
membership is 250. 

Homestead M. E. Church. 
This church is the outgrowth of a mission 
established at Homestead by the Waverly 
M. E. Church. The church edifice was 
erected in 1879. It is a frame structure. An 
attempt is now being made to replace it with 



386 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



a more imposing and suitable edifice. The 
membersliip is 65. The Sunday-school lias 
180 pupils. Plans for a stone edifice cost- 
ing $10,000 have been prepared and a new 
site is about to be selected. A new edifice, 
on a new site, will doubtless be erected in 
1898. 

Oxford M. E. Church. 
The Baltimore City Station organized this 
mission in 1886 at the corner of Belt and 
Montebello avenues, and it still has it un- 
der its fostering care. It is making good 
progress. Its membership is reported un- 
der that of the Baltimore City Station. 

First Woodbury M. E. Church. 

This very vigorous congregation was 
formed more than twenty years ago, and 
has known a progressive growth until it 
now numbers 400 members and possesses 
a fine property, consisting of church edifice 
and parsonage. It is the strongest Method- 
ist Church in the suburbs of the city and is 
doing an aggressive work, under the faith- 
ful pastorate of the Rev. B. F. Clarkson. 

Grace M. E. Church, (Woodbury.) 

A second Methodist Church was started 
in this suburb about fifteen years ago. It 
secured the possession of the old Y. M. C. 
A. building and adapted it for its use. Its 
membership has gradually increased until 
it has reached 279. A vigorous administra- 
tion is all that is needed to advance the 
growth of this congregation through the 
years to come. 

Bennett Memorial M. E. Church. 

About 1882 Mr. B.F.Bennett erected this 
beautiful stone church as a memorial to the 
late Allen Bennett, his son. It is situated 
on Fremont and Warner streets, and took 



the place of the old Cross Street M. E. 
Church, which was at the corner of Cross 
and Warner streets. The congregation is 
very active and a large industrial work is 
connected with its numerous enterprises. 
The membership is 175 and the property is 
valued at $16,000. The present pastor is 
the Rev. A. H. Thompson. The member- 
ship is 145. 

Mt. Vernon M. E. Church. 

This church is situated near the Mt. Ver- 
non Mills, and was built largely through the 
liberality of the owners, the Messrs. Car- 
roll. The parsonage opposite the church 
was the gift of Mrs. Carroll. The whole 
property is valued at $16,000. The mem- 
Ijership is 68. 

SuMMERFiELD M. E. Church. 

This church is situated in Calverton, and 
was established fifty years ago, and has re- 
ceived much aid from Gen. J. S. Berry, 
whose country residence is not far distant. 
The property is valued at $6,000. The 
church has known a slow growth and now 
numbers 100. 

Roland Avenue M. E. Church 

In the year 1887 a frame edifice was 
erected on this avenue, largely through the 
liberality of Alcaeus Hooper, Esq. The 
first pastor was the Rev. J. W. Cornelius. 
The membership is now 131, and the 
property is valueil at $5,000. 

David Rogers Mission. 

On Columbia avenue, near Carey street, 
a mission bearing this name was begun in 
1889. A church edifice was erected and liie 
growth was very rapid, so that in 1898 an 
addition had to be made to the building to 
accommodate the growing Sunday-school 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



387 



and kindergarten. The church was also re- 
fitted and redecorated, and on Sunday, 
January 30, 1898, was dedicated with ap- 
propriate services. Mr. David Rogers, who 
was the founder of the mission, was present. 
The Sunday-school numbers 300. Church 
membership is 41. 

Bohemian Mission. 

In the year 1892 a mission was begun by 
the General Missionary Society of the M. E. 
Church in behalf of Bohemians. It occupies 
a hall on Broadway, in East Baltimore, and 
has gradually gained a membership of 70 
persons. A free kindergarten and several 
kinds of industrial agencies are also sup- 
ported in connection with this mission. 
The membership is 56. 

Garrett Park M. E. Church. 
This congregation grew out of the zeal- 
ous labors of a local preacher, the Rev. 
Mr. Alford, about the year 1890. It grew 
gradually and was furthered and aided by 
the Baltimore City Mission and Extension 
Society. A lot was secured at the corner 
of Lexington and Monroe streets, and upon 
the rear of it was erected a frame building 
facing Monroe street. The membership 
'lias grown to 165. 

FcLToN Avenue M. E. Church. 

In December, 1890, a difference arose in 
the Epworth Independent Methodist 
Church and a part of that congregation, 
under the leadership of the pastor, the Rev. 
Miller J. Law, separated from that church. 
Services were first held in Billett's Hall, in 
the neighborhood, for about a year, when a 
lot was purchased at the corner of Fulton 
avenue and Winchester street. Upon this 



was erected in 1891 a frame building at a 
cost of $3,000. It is still in use by the con- 
gregation, which is gradually growing in 
numbers and strength. Its membership is 
117. 

Memorial M. E. Church. 
This church is situated on the Frederick 
Road, near Mt. Olivet Cemetery. It was 
erected about the year 1890 to commemo- 
rate the bishops and other ministers, whose 
bodies had been interred in the neighboring 
cemetery. It was erected largely through 
the efforts of the Rev. W. W. Davis. The 
edifice is of stone and cost $8,000. The 
membership has increased gradually until 
it now numbers 180. 

Curtis Bay M. E. Church. 
A brick edifice was erected in this suburb 
several years ago, for the benefit of the 
Methodists there residing. It cost $5,000. 
The membership has grown very slowly 
and consists of 53 persons. 

Walerook M. E. Church. 
The Baltimore City Mission and Church 
Extension Society built a frame chapel in 
the new suburb of Walbrook about the year 
1892. It still holds the property. The 
membership is 52. The present pastor is 
the Rev. R. T. Taylor, D. D. 

Roland Park M. E. Church. 
In the year 1897 a congregation of 
Methodists was organized in the new su- 
burb of Roland Park by the Rev. L. E. 
Bennett. A fine lot was secured on Roland 
avenue and a stone edifice erected. It was 
dedicated in the fall of that year. The out- 
look for this new congregation is most 
promising. The membership is 31. 



388 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Ames M. E. Church (Colored.) 
Under the name of the "Western Chapel" 
a new edifice was dedicated in 1858. It was 
situated on Division street, near Baker. 
Twenty years later another church was 
built on the same site, and the name changed 
to Ames Church. It was dedicated March 
2, 1878. It has known a prosperous growth, 
until its membership numbers 466. It is 
connected with the Washington Confer- 
ence. The pastor is the Rev. M. T. Naylor. 
JMetropolitan M. E. Church (Colored.) 
This is one of the largest and strongest 
colored congregations in the city. It is 
attached to the Washington Conference. 
Its church property is valued at $80,000, 
and has the very large membership 
of 1,762. A neat parsonage is also owned 
by the congregation. The Sunday-school 
numbers 860 pupils.' The present pastor is 
the Rev. J. A. Holmes. It was established 
before the war, and became self-sustaining 
in 1864. Its first pastor was the Rev. Mr. 
Bell. The edifice was rebuilt in 1882 under 
the pastorate of the Rev. H. A. Carroll. The 
present pastor was appointed to the church 
in 1897. He was born in Lexington, Va., 
in 1848. He grauuated at Storner College 
in 1872. He lias held important charges 
and attained to high eminence in his church. 
Eastern Chapel (Colored). 
There are 112 communicants attached to 
this chapel, which is attached to the Wash- 
ington Conference. The Sunday-school has 
98 pupils. The pastor is the Rev. Joshua 
P.arnes. 

Canton M. E. Church (Colored). 
This church is not strong, having a mem- 
bership of only 70. The Sunday-school has 



100 attendants. The property is valued at 
$3,000. It belongs to the Washington 
Conference. 

Asbury M. E. Church (Colored.) 
The honored name of Bishop Asbury has 
been perpetuated by this congregation, 
which erected its first chapel in 1875-76. It 
is attached to the Washington Conference 
and has had a most vigorous growth. Its 
present membership is 685, and 415 pupils 
attended its Sunday-school. The property 
is valued at $30,000. The present pastor is 
the Rev. Alfred Young. 

Centennial M. E. Church (Colored). 
This congregation is attached to the 
Washington Conference. It possesses a 
property worth $25,000 and has a member- 
ship of 304, with 263 pupils in the Sunday- 
school. The pastor is the Rev. W. M. 
Moorman. 

vSt. Paul's M. E. Church (Colored). 

This church began as a mission of the 
Sharp Street M. E. Church in 1867 and was 
known as the Dover Street Mission, its first 
edifice having been on that street. In 188 1 
it was removed to Saratoga street and be- 
came an independent charge, under the ad- 
ministration of the Rev. Benj. Brown. The 
congregation has grown slowly and now has 
a membership of 208, with 227 pupils in the 
Sunday-school. The present efficient pas- 
tor is the Rev. N. M. Carroll, who has had 
a very notable history. He was born in 
Calvert county, Md., on Sept. 26, 1837. and 
was converted when 15 years of age. He 
came to Baltimore in 1858 and was licensed 
to exhort in i860. He began a traveling 
missionary and spent two years on the Pa- 
tapsco circuit. He was ordained elder by 



HISTORY OF BAI.TIMORE, MARYLAND. 



389 



Bishop Ames on March i, 1868. He has 
been the pastor of quite a number of the 
most important churches of the Washington 
Conference. From i8gi to 1896 he was 
the pastor of the Sharp Street Church and 
added 600 persons to the church. In 1896 
he became pastor of St. Paul's and proposes 
to rebuild and embellish the edifice at a 
cost of $6,000. 

Waugh Chapel (Colored). 

This congregation is associated with that 
at Hullsville and is under the same pastor. 
The membership of both is 100, and the 
property is valued at $2,000. They are at- 
tached to the Washington Conference. 
Mt. Zion M. E. Church (Colored). 

This congregation was organized in 1896. 
It was the successor of the Payne Memorial 
A. M. E. Church, whose trustees conveyed 
their property to the M. E. Church and thus 
formed the Mt. Zion Church. It is situ- 
ated on the corner of Patterson avenue and 
Calhoun street and has a membership of 72. 
The property is valued at $3,500. 

Methodist Institutions. 

The Methodist Church has several not- 
able institutions of a charitable and educa- 
tional character. Mention has already been 
made of the Woman's College, whose hon- 
orable history is creditable alike to the 
church and the city. Beside this there are 
others, as follows: 

The Home eor the Aged. 

This charitable institution has a noble 
building on the corner of Franklin street 
and Fulton avenue. It can accommo- 
date 300 persons and admits both sexes. It 
is supported by voluntary offerings and is 
under the direction of a board of women as 



directors. It cares chiefly for the aged of 
the Methodist Episcopal Church. 
The Kelso Home. 

In 1889 a handsome property was bought 
on St. Paul street, extended for $35,000. 
On it has since been conducted "The Kelso 
Home," an institution founded by Thomas 
Kelso, Esq., as a home for orphans of the 
M. E. Church. Only girls, not under four 
or over twelve years, are admitted. They 
are retained until they reach the age of 
eighteen years. The property has increased 
in value until it is now worth $100,000.. In 
addition to the property the trustees hold 
assets to the amount of $86,000. 

The Lucy Webb Hayes School. 

This institution is the national training 
school of the Woman's Home Missionary 
Society of the M. E. Church. Its object is 
to train deaconesses, missionaries and other 
evangelical workers. It is situated at 708 
West Lombard street and has 28 pupils, 
representing 17 States and 3 foreign coun- 
tries. Its graduates are filling responsible 
positions throughout the land. The school 
is now full to the limit of its capacity. 
Morgan College. 

This institution formerly bore the name 
of The Centenary Biblical Institute, but it 
was recently renamed "Morgan College," 
in honor of the late Rev. Lyttleton F. Mor- 
gan, D. D. Its object is to afford young 
men and women of the colored race the 
advantages of higher education. It has 
done a notable work, and its gradu- 
ates are to be found all over the country. 
It has hundreds of scholars. Two branches 
of this noble College have been established 
elsewhere, one at Lynchburg, Va., and the 



390 



HISTORY OF Baltimore:, Maryland. 



other in Princess Anne's county, Md. Both 
of these are flourishing. 

THE BAPTIST CHURCHES. 

Ahhough the Baptists were the last of 
the great religious bodies to effect an or- 
ganization in Baltimore they have here, as 
elsewhere, risen to almost the first position 
in point of numerical strength. The 
Methodists alone outnumber them in ad- 
herents. Their growth has been marvelous, 
especially when one recalls the persecution 
and bitter opposition they received in the 
early days of New England, and in some of 
the other colonies. The same is true of 
their advance in England where they stand 
next to the Congregationalists in forming 
the most numerous body of Protestant dis- 
senters. There the Baptists are divided by 
tlieir views of the design of Christ's redemp- 
tion into "General" and "Particular Bap- 
tists," the former taking Armenian and the 
latter Calvinistic ground. It will be seen 
that this division early obtained in Mary- 
land, but it has now largely disappeared. 

It is from England that the first Mary- 
land Baptist came in 1709, in the person of 
Henry Sater. Others had preceded him in 
other colonies, and exerted an influence for 
good wherever they settled, notwithstand- 
ing the opposition with which they were 
first received. To their credit be it said 
that though persecuted by others they never 
retaliated. 'T'hey sought religious liberty 
for themselves; but they also granted it to 
others. Roger Williams and John Clark 
had established themselves in Rhode Island 
in 1638, and there founded a strong Baptist 
community; but nowhere else among the 
colonies were any number of Baptists to 
be seen for almost a century. In 1762 there 



were only fifty-six Baptist churches in 
America, but after the American Revolution 
their growth was phenomenal. In 1792 
they had 1,000 churches, and in 18 12, 2,432. 

As elsewhere, the growth in Maryland 
was at first very slow. Henry Sater took 
up his residence in 1709 at Chestnut Ridge, 
w^hich is about nine miles northwest from 
the present site of the city. Notwithstand- 
ing the fact that he was only a layman, he 
exerted a marked influence in his own com- 
munity, and made his house the center of 
a new religious life and interest. Here was 
the Baptist denomination begun in ^lary- 
land. Whensoever he could secure an itin- 
erant Baptist minister he did so; but inas- 
much as the Baptists were then too few, 
both in ministers and members, to admit 
of settled pastorates, the ministers moved 
from colony to colony administering and 
preaching wherever they could. Among 
those early itinerant Baptist ministers were 
George Eglesfield, of Pennsylvania; Paul 
Palmer and Henry Lovall, of England. 
The last baptized 48 persons and may be 
regarded as the first pastor. The first or- 
ganization of the Baptists was not effected 
for a third of a century after Henry Sater 
first began to win adherents. This was in 
1742 at Chestnut Ridge. It began with 
fifty-seven members. Their covenant bears 
the date of July 10, 1742, and states in part: 

"We, the humble professors of the Gos- 
pel of Christ, baptized upon declaration of 
faith and repentance, believing the doc- 
trines of general redemption (or the free 
grace of God extended to all) do hereby 
seriously, heartily and solemnly, in the pres- 
ence of the searcher of hearts, and before 
the world, covenant, agree, bind and settle 
ourselves into a church to hold, abide bv 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



391 



and contend for the faith once delivered to 
the saints, owned by the best reformed 
churches in England and Scotland, except 
in infant baptism, modes of church govern- 
ment, the doctrine of absolute probation and 
some ceremonies. We do also bind our- 
selves hereby to defend and live up to the 
Protestant religion, and to oppose and ab- 
hor the Pope of Rome and popery with all 
her anti-Christian ways." 

In 1742 Henry Sater erected a "Meeting 
House" on his own ground at his own ex- 
pense, and on Xovember 17th, he deeded 
the house with "One acre of land for a 
meeting house, burying-place and all other 
conveniences, for the church and congre- 
gation for ever, to the end of the world." 
The Rev. Henry Loveall remained pastor 
four years. 

So rapidly did this congregation at Chest- 
nut Ridge grow that in four years it in- 
creased from 57 to 181 members. Some of 
these removed to Berkeley county, W. Va., 
near where Martinsburg now stands, and 
formed a congregation there in 1746 under 
the Rev. Henry Loveall. The Chestnut 
Ridge congregation belonged to the "Gen- 
eral Baptists," but it appears that in 1747, 
when it was without a pastor, some of its 
members invited "Particular Baptists" to 
preach among them. As a result fourteen 
of these members were won over to the 
views of the "Particular" party and or- 
ganized a separate congregation at Winter 
Run, afterwards called Harford. This con- 
gregation, upon its application, was re- 
ceived into union with the Philadelphia As- 
sociation on the 7th of October, 1755. So 
rapidly did it grow in numbers that it ab- 
sorbed the Chestnut Ridge Church and was 
long regarded as one of the strongest Bap- 



tist congregations in the country. In the 
year 1771 it had four places of worship: at 
Western Run, at Chestnut Ridge, at Pa- 
tapsco, and near Westminster. In 1756 the 
Rev. John Davis was called to the pastorate 
of this Harford Baptist Church. He re- 
mained pastor fifty-three years. Notwith- 
standing the fact that the town of Baltimore 
had been founded in 1730, there does not 
appear to have been any attempt to form a 
Baptist congregation in it until 1772. Prior 
to this date the few Baptists residing here 
were members of the Harford Church and 
received monthly visits from its pastor, the 
Rev. John Davis, who served there, at Bal- 
timore and elsewhere from 1756 to 1809, 
when he died at- the advanced age of eighty- 
eight years. He was the founder of the 
First Baptist Church of Baltimore, of Taney 
Town, of Gunpowder, of Westminster and 
probably of Frederick. The last three are 
now extinct. He was a man of unblem- 
ished life, untiring energy and marvelous 
success. He traveled widely, preaching in 
houses, barns, schools, indeed, wherever he 
was allowed an opportunity to be heard. 

, _ First Baptist Church. 
It is not definitely known when the first 
Baptist meeting was held in Baltimore 
Town; but certainly prior to 1773, for in that 
year Messrs. Griffith, Shields, Lemmon, 
Prestman, McKim, Cox and others pur- 
chased a lot of half an acre on the corner of 
Front and Fayette streets, in Old Town, 
where the Shot Tower now stands. It cost 
one hundred and fifty pounds, current 
money, and was specially designated as a 
lot "for a house of public worship, and also 
for a burying-place for the service of the 
congregation or society that is now or may 



-392 



[ISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



hereafter be establislied or constituted in 
Baltimore Town, known by the name or ap- 
pellation of Baptists." On this lot the first 
church was erected and subsequently the 
parsonage and school house. The remain- 
der was used as a cemetery. To this place 
of meeting the Rev. John Davis, of Har- 
ford, came once a month to hold services. 
Possibly lay services were held on the other 
Sundays of the month, but the congrega- 
tion remained so weak, or else the Baptist 
ministers were so few, that the Rev. Mr. 
Davis gave Baltimore but one monthly ser- 
vice for over ten years. In 1784, when the 
Rev. Lewis Richards, a Welshman by birth, 
came to Baltimore, it was decided to erect 
the mission into a separate congregation. 
Hence it was that on the first of January, 
1785, application for letters of dismission 
was granted, and on the 15th of the same 
month the First Regular Baptist Church 
began its independent existence. In this 
move no one was as influential as the old 
pastor, the Rev. John Davis, who had so 
long served the little flock. On the occa- 
sion of this creation of the independence 
of the First Church, the first immersion took 
place under the new conditions, Mr. John 
Scott receiving baptism. 

The growth of this congregation was 
slow at first, for when it was admitted into 
union with the Philadelphia Association in 
1787, it only had twenty-eight members. 
In 1794 the "Baltimore Baptist Associa- 
tion" was formed, consisting of the Bap- 
tist congregations on the Western shore of 
Maryland. In 1795 the Fir.st Baptist 
Church of Baltimore joined the Association, 
"being orthodox in its principles and prac- 
tices." In this same year a Baptist Church 
was organized in "fild Trnvn" and at Fell's 



Point by the Rev. John Healy, but inas- 
much as it was considered to be lax in doc- 
trine its application for admission into the 
Baltimore Association was declined. This 
caused a great strife of words, and numerous 
pamphlets appeared from members of the 
new congregation. Twelve years later the 
application was renewed and was granted. 
The new congregation took the name of 
the "Second Baptist Church." At this 
time, 1807, there were fifteen Baptist 
churches on the Western shore of Mary- 
land, having a total membership of 748. In 
1808 the Association presented an address 
to President Thomas Jefferson, to which he 
made reply. In 1809 the Association met 
in the First Church of Baltimore. 

The faithful pastorate of the Rev. Lewis 
Richards continued until 1818, thirty years, 
when he was compelled to retire on account 
of the infirmities of old age. He remained 
connected with the congregation, however, 
until his death in 1832. Under him the 
Sunday-school was organized in 1814 or 
181 5. The Rev. Edward J. Reiss, who had 
been assistant pastor for three years, was 
elected to succeed the Rev. Mr. Richards in 
1817. On the 22nd of March of the next 
year a new edifice was dedicated on the 
northeast corner of Sharp and Lombard 
streets, at a cost of $50,000. It was long 
known as "The Round Top Church." In 
1821 the Rev. Mr. Reiss seceded from the 
First Church and, taking a goodly number 
of personal followers with him, founded the 
Ebenezer Baptist Church, which became 
extinct after a short existence. The Rev. 
John Finlay was called from .\lbany, N. V., 
to succeed to the pastorate in 1821, and re- 
mained in charge for thirteen years, when 
he was succeeded by the Rev. Stephen P. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Hill, in 1834, who was pastor for sixteen 
years. In October of 1839 a noted revival- 
ist — Elder Knapp — held a series of services 
in the church which awakened so gjeat an 
interest that two hundred and twenty-nine 
persons were converted and baptized, and 
twenty-seven were admitted to membership 
by letter. By this effort the congregation 
was greatly strengthened. The Rev. Mr. 
Hill continued in charge until February 15, 
1850, when he was succeeded by the Rev. 
John W. j\i. Williams, D. D., of Lynchburg, 
Va., whose able administration continued 
until his lamented death, August 28, 1894, 
forty-four years. During his administration 
many improvements and changes were 
made. The Sunday-school was reorganized 
in 1852. An organ, the first in a Baptist 
Church of Baltimore, was obtained and is 
still in use. The church was repaired and 
embellished. In 1853 a colony left the First 
Church and established a congregation in 
the southern part of the city, which finally 
became the Lee Street Baptist Church. In 
1866 the church reported 616 members. 
The gradual encroachment of business ren- 
dered the old site undesirable and it was 
decided to sell it and move elsewhere. A 
lot was purchased at a cost of $10,000 on 
Townsend street (now Lafayette avenue) 
near Fremont. The old property (valued 
at $60,000) and $5,000 in cash were given 
for the present church edifice, which was 
erected for their special use. On January 
6. 1878, the new church was first used for 
divine worship. It is a large marble build- 
ing, with all modern conveniences. In 1894 
the present efficient pastor, the Rev. Curtis 
Lee Laws, entered upon charge of this very 
important congregation. His labors have 



been abundantly blessed. The membership 
is 512. 

Second Baptist Church. 

The origin of this congregation is re- 
markable. The first pastor, the Rev. John 
Healy, gives the following record of it: "In 
the 3-ear 1794, three families of us, viz: John 
Healy and wife, Matthew Hulse and wife, 
William Lynes and wife, all members of the 
Baptist Church, England, which was called 
'The New Connexion,' determined to emi- 
grate to the United States and remain to- 
gether as a religious community. We ar- 
rived in New York October 5th, and stayed 
till February following, when we embarked 
for Baltimore." Besides the above there 
were twelve children and a sister of Mrs. 
Hulse, making nineteen persons in all. Be- 
fore leaving England they had chosen Mr. 
Healy their minister, but he received no 
ordination until 1798. Leaving their des- 
tiny in his hands, he chose to settle at Fell's 
Point, then the commercial part of the city. 
The use of a sail-loft, which had been fitted 
up as a mission by the Rev. Dr. Bend, rec- 
tor of St. Paul's Episcopal Church, was ob- 
tained free of rent. Soon the congregation 
moved to larger quarters, above "The 
Watch House," on the corner of Broadway 
and Aliceanna street. Here they held a 
weekly prayer meeting. The Rev. Mr. 
Richards, pastor of the First Baptist 
Church, gave them such attention as ne 
could. On the nth of June, 1797, they or- 
ganized and adopted a constitution. They 
also ordered "that Brother John Healy do 
preach the gospel statedly among us, in 
season and out of season, and administer the 
ordinances of God unto us regularly as our 
pastor." In the same year they Itcgan to 



394 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



build a meeting house. It was 27x40 feet 
and very plain. It still stands on the corner 
of Bank and Eden streets. Before their 
church was fully completed a frightful 
plague of yellow fever visited the city, and 
of this little congregation one-half died, in- 
cluding every male member except Mr. 
Healy. Still they persevered. On July 20, 
1798, Mr. Healy was ordained elder by 
Joshua Jones and John Austin, "elders of 
the Baptist Churches of the City of Lin- 
coln and Bessel's Green, near Seven Oaks, 
Kent, Great Britain." The congregation 
continued to. use the old church until 181 1, 
when a new edifice on Fleet street (now 
Canton street) was built. The membership 
grew rapidly. In 1807, after several years' 
opposition, the church was admitted into the 
Association: but in 1836 it withdrew. In 
1848 it was affiliated with the Maryland 
Union and so continues. The Rev. Mr. 
Healy remained pastor until his death on 
June 17, 1S48, at the age of eighty-four 
years. His long life and noble character 
had endeared him to the whole community 
so that he was publicly styled "Father 
Healy." The Rev. George F. Adams was 
called to succeed him in 1848 and remained 
in charge twelve years. He found just one 
hundred members enrolled. In 1853 it was 
decided to move to a more suitable loca- 
tion, so the Fleet street lot was sold and 
the present lot was leased and the church 
erected thereon at a cost of $16,600, on 
Broadway near Pratt street. This new edi- 
fice was opened in November, 1854, and an 
earnest congregation rejoiced to make it its 
ecclesiastical home. In i860 the Rev. Mr. 
Adams resigned, and the following year was 
succeeded by the Rev. A. G. Thomas, 
of Pennsylvania. He resigned eighteen 



months later to become a chaplain in a 
United States Army hospital. For the next 
ten years the pastorate was filled by as many 
men. In 1884 the Rev. George W. McCul- 
lough, a young man of Baltimore, became 
the pastor and advanced the condition of the 
congregation in every way. The interior 
of the church was remodeled and decorated. 
The Rev. J. A. Fletcher was elected pastor 
in 1897. The membership is 114. The 
Sunday-school of this church was organized 
in 1797 and is thus one of the oldest in the 
land. A large part of the accessions to the 
Second Church have come through its Sun- 
day-school. 

Fourth Baptist Church. 
This church has had severaj titles accord- 
ing to its location. So rapid has been its 
growth that it has outgrown two edifices 
and has but recently erected a third. Its 
interesting history began in 1835 under the 
name of "Calvert Street Baptist Church." 
Its founding was a marvelous work of faith, 
entirely due to the zeal and consecration 
of two brothers, Messrs. William and James 
C. Crane, who moved hither from Rich- 
mond, Va., the former in 1834 and the latter 
in 1837. Mr. William Crane, upon his ar- 
rival, set about to organize another Baptist 
congregation. In 1834 he purchased a 
meeting house on Calvert street near Sara- 
toga, which had formerly been occupied by 
the Ebenezer Baptist congregation, which 
was now extinct. He paid $4,000 for it, and 
at once began to look for a suitable man as 
pastor. The congregation was publicly 
recognized February 15, 1835. The first 
pastor was the Rev. Joseph G. Binney, but 
discouraged by its slow growth, he resigned 
charge of the church after four months' in- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



39& 



cumbency. During his short stay only one 
person was baptized and she was a Jewess, 
Miss Cohen, of Richmond. A Sunday- 
school was also organized. The Rev. Wil- 
liam Richards served temporarily, adding 
a few members to this "feeble folk." In 
January, 1836, the Rev. George F. Adams 
assumed charge and did faithful work for 
seven years. In 1837 James C. Crane 
moved to Baltimore and gave life and in- 
terest to the Sunday-school and congrega- 
tion. Large accessions were now made to 
the church: in the years 1840 and 1841 a 
gain of 254 was reported. In 1842 the Rev. 
Mr. Adams resigned to become the State 
^Missionary and was succeeded by the Rev. 
Jonathan Aldridge in July, 1843. In May, 
1844, the congregation decided to change 
its location. For a time they occupied a va- 
cant chapel on the southwest corner of Bal- 
timore and Exeter streets, but in 1845 they 
opened their new church edifice on High 
street near Low. It cost $17,000 and only 
$4,000 could be raised toward this sum, leav- 
ing a heavy debt which long burdened the 
congregation. The Rev. Mr. Aldridge 
served but a year, during which 104 addi- 
tions were made to the membership. Next 
to him succeeded one of the best and ablest 
men the Baptist Church of Baltimore has 
ever known, the Rev. Franklin Wilson, D. 
D., who entered upon his duties April 11, 
1847. He at once attacked the debt, and 
reduced it one-half during his pastorate of 
three years, and added 167 persons to the 
congregation. The loss of his voice caused 
his resignation in 1850, when he was suc- 
ceeded by the Rev. H. J. Chandler. He re- 
duced the debt to $2,000 and admitted fifty 
persons by baptism. Though virtually in 
charge of the congregation, the Rev. Mr. 



Chandler was really only the assistant of the 
Rev. Dr. Wilson, who occasionally preach- 
ed. The latter received no salary at all, at 
any time, from the congregation In 1853 
the Rev. John Berg took charge and la- 
bored successfully for two years. The Rev. 
L. W. Seely served for two years, resigning 
in 1857. In 1858 the Rev. E. R. Hera was 
called. The following year such a serious 
difficulty arose that he resigned, and taking 
with him about fifty members formed a new 
congregation, which had a very short his- 
tory and then disbanded. From 1859 to 
1866 tlie Rev. George P. Nice was pastor of 
the church, and, largely by the liberality of 
the Rev. Dr. Wilson, the remainder of the 
debt was paid. The building was improved 
at a cost of $2,000. The Rev. R. B. Kelsay 
was pastor from 1867 to 1870. The Rev. 
M. R. Watkinson served from 187 1 to 1873, 
During his administration a mission was 
established in the northeastern part of the 
citv, which afterwards became the Shiloh, 
now Grace Baptist Church. Following him 
came the Rev. John T. Craig for seven 
years, in whose day the church building was 
thoroughly repaired and a steeple erected, 
at a total cost of $4,000. In May, 1881, the 
Rev. W. S. Penick assumed charge and re- 
mained until 1885, when, on July ist, he 
was succeeded by the present pastor, the 
Rev. O. F. Gregory, D. D. He found a 
membership of about 400, but the neighbor- 
hood of the church had become so invaded 
by foreign population that it was decided to 
move elsewhere. The High street property 
was sold to the Bishop of Maryland and 
converted into the St. James First African 
Church (Episcopal), by which it is now used 
after much improvement. Ten thousand 
dollars were obtained by this sale. A lot 



396 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



was purchased on Broadway and Jefferson 
street for $i 1,000 and on the rear of this lot 
a chapel, to form a part of the main edifice 
when erected, was built in 1891-1892 at a 
cost of $14,000. It was dedicated on March 
20, 1892. The congregation is gradually 
growing under the wise leadership of the 
Rev. Dr. Gregory, whose zeal and devotion 
have gained him a good name throughout 
the city. The present membership is 345. 

First Colored Baptist Church. 
The early Iiistory of this congregation is 
unknown, but it is clear that in 1818 a col- 
ored Baptist preacher came to Baltimore 
and for a year preached in a private house 
on Potter street near Fayette. There is no 
record that a congregation was organized. 
As the race was in slavery both the laws and 
public opinion were against separate con- 
gregations for the black man. Some few 
were members of the First (white) Church. 
When Mr. William Crane came to Balti- 
more in 1834 he made an effort to gather 
the colored Baptists in a distinct organiza- 
tion. He secured the services of Moses 
Clayton, who had been a slave, and he 
formed a Sunday-school on the corner of 
Young and Thomsen streets. He was a 
man of very limited knowledge but of 
boundless enthusiasm, and soon gathered a 
little band of converts. A congregation was 
formed on February 20th and Moses Clay- 
ton was ordained pastor. The growth was 
very slow. In 1841 it was received into the 
Association. For the next twenty years 
tnere is nothing special to chronicle. In 
i860 the pastor. Rev. Moses Clayton, died 
at the age of seventy-seven years. The Rev. 
J. Carey and the Rev. John Whyte and the 
Rev. J. Undcrlue served for short jjcriods. 



The last resigned in 1864 to enlist in the 
Union Army. At this time the congrega- 
tion had about eighty members. In 1865 
the Rev. Lewis Hicks assumed charge and 
remained for five years. Despite the fact 
that he was an illiterate, he was gifted with 
great fluency of speech and met with 
marked success. He collected sufficient 
funds to build a meeting house in the place 
of the old school house. In 1872 the pres- 
ent pastor, the Rev. J. C. Allen, a student 
of Iberia College, Ohio, assumed charge 
of the church. His administration has been 
most prosperous. In a short time he in- 
creased the membership from one hundred 
to three hundred, until a new and larger 
place of worsip was found necessary. In 
1875 a lot was secured at the corner of Caro- 
line and McElderry streets, at a cost of 
$3,500. In 1880 a handsome edifice was 
erected by the Church Extension Society, 
to be deeded to the congregation when fully 
paid for. The church and ground cost 
about $16,500. The new edifice was dedi- 
cated on the last Sunday in January, 188 1, 
and during the first month fifty converts 
were baptized. In 1885 its membership 
had reached 371. The present membership 
Is 406. 

Skventii liArTisT Church. 
This most important congregation had 
its origin in a meeting held on October 17, 
1845, in the old meeting house on Calvert 
street. About one hundred persons were 
present, all of whom were members of the 
First Baptist Church, who had withdrawn 
from it owing to differences of opinion upon 
matters of church government. It was here 
decided to organize a new congregation ar 
once and to purchase the Calvert vStreet 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



39^ 



Church from Wm. Crane for $6,000. On 
C)ctober 27th their constitution was adopt- 
ed. On November 3d the Council of the 
city churches recognized the new congre- 
gation as a "Regular Baptist Church under 
the name of the Seventh Baptist Church of 
the city of Baltimore." Ninety-seven mem- 
bers of the First Church seceded to join 
it. The public recognition service was held 
on Tuesday, November 4, 1845. The Rev. 
Dr. E. L. Magoon, of Richmond, was elect- 
ed but declined. The Rev. O. W. Briggs 
served as temporary pastor until Sep- 
tember 3d, 1846. The Rev. Dr. Richard 
Fuller, of South Carolina, was elected 
permanent pastor, and on July 5, 1847, 
connected himself with the congregation 
and became its pastor. He had made it 
conditional upon his acceptance that a 
larger house of worship should be at once 
erected. A lot on the northwest corner of 
Paca and Saratoga streets had been pur- 
chased in 1846, and the work of erection be- 
gun. The Calvert street property was sold 
and while the congregation was without a 
home it worshiped in the Madison Street 
Church (now owned by the Madison Pres- 
byterian Church, colored). On the third 
Sunday of June, 1847, the new church was 
dedicated and the congregation entered 
upon that remarkable history which has 
characterized this church from that time to 
this. Only the more prominent events can 
be enumerated. On September 9, 1856, 
"The Young Men's City Mission Society" 
was organized to hold weekly meetings in 
the church and in private houses, to dis- 
tribute tracts, and to visit the poor and sick. 
In 1864 this organization collected $500 to 
purchase a dilapidated chapel on Pierce 
street, near Fremont, where they started a 



Sunday-school, which in 1880 was removed 
to a large building on the corner of 
Schroeder and Pierce streets, which cost, 
together with repairs, $3,000. This is still 
in the care of the Society, which was legally 
incorporated in 1866. On September 28, 
185 1, Rev. Isaac Cole, formerly a Methodist 
minister, was publicly immersed, at his own 
request, in the Spring Gardens. Thousands 
of spectators witnessed this act. In the 
same month Mr. Alexander Butcher and 
twenty-two other members were received 
by letter from the First Baptist Church. 
Mr. Butcher gave much time to the organ- 
ization and management of a Sunday-school 
called the West End school, situated on the 
southeast corner of Fayette street and 
Stockton alley. From this, four years later, 
the Franklin Square Baptist Church was 
organized. To this new congregation 
twenty-two members of the Seventh Church 
were dismissed. A new mission was begun 
under Mr. Butcher on Fremont street be- 
low Pratt. It was commonly called Elbow 
Lane school. It lived but a short time. 
In 1856, 183 persons were added by bap- 
tism, the membership was over 1,000. The 
church was thoroughly repaired in 1858, 
during which the congregation met with 
the First and Franklin Square Churches. 
It was again repaired in 1867 at a cost of 
$S,ooo. In this year beginnings were made 
to establish a new congregation in the 
northwestern part of the city. Mr. Hiram 
Woods started the movement by offering 
to give a lot of ground and $5,000 for this 
object. In a few months $36,226 were sub- 
scribed, and the erection of the present 
Eutaw Place Church was begun. It was 
completed in 187 1, when the Rev. Dr. Ful- 
ler and one hundred and thirty members of 



398 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



the Seventh Church, took letters of dismis- 
sion to move to the new church. The resig- 
nation of the Rev. Dr. Fuller produced 
profound sorrow, which was expressed to 
him by a series of tender resolutions. 

On April 17, 1 87 1, the Rev. Dr. W. T. 
Brantly was unanimously called to the va- 
cant pastorate, but it was not until Sep- 
tember 23d that he assumed charge. His 
administration also was a remarkable one, 
full of good works in all directions. In 1873 
the Pierce Street Chapel was enlarged and 
improved. In 1874 a parsonage was bought. 
In 1880 the new chapel on Schroeder 
street was purchased for the Pierce Street 
Mission. The sudden death of Doctor 
Brantley on Monday, March 6, 1882, 
shocked not only his people, but also the 
city, in which he had already made himself 
a power for good. On November 17, 1882, 
the Rev. Thomas D. Anderson, Jr., D. D., 
of Portland, Me., assumed charge of the be- 
reaved congregation and served with great 
acceptance until he was succeeded by the 
Rev. W'm. Harris, D. D. To him succeeded 
the Rev. N. A. Tupper, Jr. On January i, 
1896 he was succeeded by the present pas- 
tor, the Rev. W. J. E. Co.x. The member- 
ship is 417. 

Huntingdon Baptist Church, 
Waverly. 

This congregation owes its origin to the 
zeal and piety of Mr. Frederick Harrison, 
who in 1835 started a Sunday-school in an 
old building at one time used as a barracks 
by the soldiers of Fort McHenry. It was 
situated on the old York Road, near the 
first toll-gate, and was occupied by the sol- 
diers in the summer to avoid the malaria of 
the Fort. Mr. Harrison was a member of 



the First Baptist Church and a United 
States civil engineer. Several Baptist min- 
isters held services during the summer of 
1835. In the winter the school was dis- 
missed, but public meetings were held at 
night and were conducted 'by city pastors, 
mostly Baptist. About 1843 several young 
men from the High Street Baptist Church 
greatly aided in the establishment of this 
mission. Among these was Franklin Wil- 
son, who subsequently became pastor of the 
First Baptist Church, and did such a splen- 
did work there and elsewhere. The first 
house of worship was dedicated October 
20, 1844. In 1845 and 1846 revivals added 
so many to this little flock that it was de- 
cided to organize a separate congregation. 
This was at once effected, and in November 
the new church entered the Association, 
with a membership of twenty-one persons. 
The first pastor was the Rev. F. Wilson, 
who remained three years, when he was 
elected pastor of the First Church. The 
growth was very slow, under various pas- 
tors. In 1872 a new church was erected at 
a cost of $13,000, modelled after Talmage's 
Tabernacle in Brooklyn. The Rev. John 
Berg was then pastor (from 1865 to 1873). 
In 1882 a parsonage was erected in the ad- 
ministration of the Rev. E. B. Morris. The 
present pastor is the Rev. E. E. Ayres. The 
membership is 231. 

Union Baptist Church (Colored). 
This is by far the largest colored church 
in Baltimore and possibly in the South. It 
began in 1852 with fifty-seven members. It 
now numbers over two thousand. It first 
met for worship in a small building on Lewis 
street near Mullikin. The first pastor was 
named John Carey, who served until 1854. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



399 



Several men followed him without much 
success until 1861, when the Rev. William 
Williams became pastor. He remained 
eight years and increased the membership 
to 124. In 1866 the "Saratoga Street Afri- 
can Baptist Church" (which had been estab- 
lished by Rev. Noah Davis on October 29, 
1848) disbanded and many of its members 
joined the Lewis street congregation, and 
by reason of this union the new organiza- 
tion became incorporated under the title of 
"The Union Baptist Church." They num- 
bered 175 souls and began to seek a proper 
place for their new church. In 1868 the Dis- 
ciples' meeting-house on North street near 
Saratoga was purchased by the Rev. Francis 
Wilson, D. D., Hiram Woods and others 
and presented to the Union congregation on 
certain conditions. The Rev. Mr. Williams 
died in 1869. The Rev. William P. Thomp- 
son was pastor for two years. He left a 
membership of 240. He died January 24, 
1872, greatly beloved by his people. In 
October, 1872, the Rev. Harvey Johnson, 
a graduate of Wayland Seminary, Washing- 
ton, entered upon the pastorate and con- 
tmues to this day. His career and success 
have been remarkable, and he is justly re- 
garded one of the ablest men the colored 
race possesses. Under him the congrega- 
tion has rapidly increased, until now it num- 
bers over two thousand. This congregation 
has been the origin of the following church- 
es: In 1874, the Macedonia Church; in 
1879, the Calvary Church; in 1880, the Per- 
kins Square Baptist Church. It has also 
established churches at Frederick, Winfield 
and Westminster. Six men have passed 
from this congregation into the ministry. 
The Sunday-school numbers almost a thou- 
sand. 



Franklin Square Baptist Church. 

From the Sunday-school, known as the 
West End Sunday-school and superintend- 
ed by Alexander Butcher, there sprang a 
new congregation in 1854. The meeting 
for organization was held in a house on 
Fayette street near Carey, the persons pres- 
ent being mostly from the Seventh and the 
High street congregations. The Rev. Dr. 
Franklin Wilson opened with prayer, and 
on his motion it was resolved: "That it is 
expedient to proceed, at the earliest possiole 
period, to the formation of a Baptist Church 
at Franklin Square." The new congrega- 
tion was formally recognized at a pubuc 
council held in the old "Round Top" 
Church on Lombard and Sharp streets. 
Its membership was thirty. The Church 
Extension Society purchased the present lot 
for $4,400. The church edifice was erected 
the following year and dedicated in Novem- 
ber, 1855. It cost about $20,000. The first 
pastor was the Rev. G. B. Taylor, who 
served two years. The membership num- 
bered eighty-six. The Rev. Dr. Franklin 
Wilson served for a year or two without 
pay. On October 15, 1858, the Rev. Fran- 
cis M. Barker became pastor and numerous 
additions were made during his short stay 
of a year. In 1859 the church became in- 
corporated and the Chuch Extension So- 
ciety transferred the property to its trustees. 
During the next ten years the church was 
served by almost as many pastors. In 1875 
the Rev. G. W. Sanderlin became pastor 
and continued five years. The membership 
greatly increased, the new organ, costing 
$3,000, was secured, and the lecture room 
renovated. In 1876 the Rev. Dr. C. C. Bit- 
ting entered upon the charge of this con- 
gregation and remained seven years. In his 



400 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



day the church was increased in its seating 
capacity and many handsome improvements 
made, at an expense of $6,000. One hun- 
dred and seventy-two persons were bap- 
tized and the membership increased to 496. 
In October, 1883, fifty-five members with- 
drew to form the Fulton Avenue Baptist 
Church, which grew out of the West End 
Mission. In 1883-4 a second-story addition 
was made to the lecture room, giving a li- 
brary and other rooms for social purposes. 
On March i, 1884, the Rev. A. Judsotf Row- 
land, D. D., became the pastor and con- 
tinued in office until 1895, when he resigned 
to accept the charge of the Baptist Publica- 
tion House, Philadelphia. His administra- 
tion was marked by great prosperity. He 
was succeeded by the present pastor, the 
Rev. Sparks W. Melton. The membersliip 
is 554- 

Lee Street Baptist Church. 
At a meeting of the First Baptist Church, 
held February 5, 1854, it was resolved: 
"That a committee of four persons be ap- 
pointed to procure subscriptions under the 
authority of this church, and to lease a lot 
in the neighborhood of Federal Hill for the 
accommodation of a Sunday-school, and 
when sufficient amount of subscriptions 
shall have been procured, to proceed to the 
completion of said object." At tne same 
meeting the Rev. John H. Phillips was em- 
ployed as a missionary to work in this sec- 
tion of the city. The committee appointed 
went inniiediately to work. It hired a large 
barn on Hill street near Hanover and re- 
modeled it for Sunday-school use and for 
services. On March 26, 1854, the building 
was opened for public worship and a Sun- 
day-school was organized. The latter was I 



greatly increased by scholars from a mission 
which Dr. William Burlinghame, a member 
of the Seventh Church, had maintained for 
several years on the corner of Hanover and 
Montgomery streets. It had no church con- 
nection or support, and therefore languished 
until Doctor Burlinghame decided to aban- 
don it and to send his scholars to the new 
organization on Hill street. On April 30, 
1855, the church was organized with twenty- 
seven members. The Rev. Mr. Phillips was 
elected pastor. It was admitted into the 
Association in November, 1855. For this 
congregation the Church Extension So- 
ciety bought an edifice on Lee street near 
Hanover, which had been used by St. Ste- 
phen's Episcopal Church. The new name 
was immediately adopted. The growth was 
rapiid. In 1856 the membership had in- 
creased to seventy-five. For several years 
it had very short pastorates. In i860 the 
Rev. Isaac Cole (formerly a Methodist min- 
ister) assumed charge and remained until 
1865. The growth was so rapid as to call 
for a new church, which was built on the 
same site at a cost of $15,206, and was dedi- 
cated June 26, 1864. The Rev. James Du- 
bois was pastor a year and the Rev. S. C. 
Boston for two years. From 1870 to 1880 
the Rev. John Pollard served the congrega- 
tion most acceptably and increased the 
membership to 407. In January, 1881, the 
Rev. H. M. Wharton entered upon a pas- 
torate of three years, which was attended 
by almost unparalleled success. His revival 
services brought many into the church, until 
when he left, in 1883, to engage in editorial 
and evangelistic work, the membership 
numbered 770. He also founded the River- 
side Church, developing it out of a little 
mission. The present pastor of the Lee 



HISTOKY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



403 



Street Church is the Rev. Weston Bruner. 
The membership is 628. 

First German Baptist Church. 

The first movement looking toward a 
German Baptist congregation was made in 
1855. There were then about five German 
Baptists in the city, allied to various con- 
gregations. The Rev. K. A. Fleishmann, 
editor of the "Sendbote," Philadelphia, was 
invited by one of these, Mr. John L. Rap- 
pold, a member of the Seventh Church, to 
come to Baltimore and investigate the field. 
He came and preached and baptized two 
persons. From this time the German Bap- 
tists began to meet regularly, but it was not 
until January, 1859, when their number had 
increased to twelve, that they organized a 
church in a chapel on Hill street. The Rev. 
J. E. Meuri. formerly a Roman Catholic 
priest, became their pastor. In i860 they 
numbered twenty-seven; in 186 1, sixty-two. 
In i860 the congregation joined the Asso- 
ciation. The Rev. Mr. Meuri resigned in 
1862 to return to Germany. For three 
years the congregation kept together with- 
out any pastoral oversight and then fell into 
dissensions and dissolved. 

An attempt was made in 1865 to revive 
this work. The Board invited the Rev. 
Henry Schneider, of Rochester, N. Y., to 
locate here as a missionary. A new church 
was organized with twenty-six members. It 
met first in Rechabite Hall, Fayette street, 
and afterwards at Wildey Hall, East Pratt 
street. Mr. Schneider met with great suc- 
cess and erected a church at the corner of 
Caroline and Hampstead streets at a cost 
of $4,000. He resigned in July, 1869, and 
was succeeded by the Rev. Henry F. Miller, 
who continued until June i, 1874, when he 
24 



was compelled to resign through the loss 
of his voice. He brought the membership 
up to 120. For the next two years the Rev. 
J. Fellman labored faithfully. There were 
several short pastorates, with long intervals, 
until May, 1881, when the Rev. J. C. Craft 
accepted charge. The membership had 
dwindled to seventy-six. The present pas- 
tor is the Rev. George A. Sheets. The 
membership is seventy-two. 

Eutaw Place Baptist Church. 

The steps leading to the formation of this 
important congregation and the erection of 
its church are to be found under the history 
of the Seventh Baptist Church, whose child 
it is. The corner-stone was laid on April 
22, 1869, anu the beautiful wliite marble 
edifice was dedicated April 2, 1871. The 
cost, including furniture and organ, amount- 
ed to $102,000. The Rev. Dr. Fuller, who 
was pastor of the Seventh Church, accepted 
the charge of the new congregation and un- 
der his able administration it entered upon 
its successful history with a membership of 
133 persons. In 187 1 the young men of the 
congregation organized a City Mission So- 
ciety and established two missions after- 
wards, one on Patterson avenue and the 
other in the northern part of the city. Both 
subsequently developed into churches. The 
second year's membership was an increase 
of seventy-one. Two years later the total 
number was 449, so marvelously did the 
congregation grow. In June, 1874, a new 
church was organized under the charge of 
the Rev. Miles S. Read. It took the name 
of "Shiloh Baptist Church," but this was 
afterwards altered to "Grace Baptist 
Church." On the 20th of October, 1876, 
the Rev. Dr. Fuller died, after a month's in- 



404 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



tense suffering. His funeral was almost 
without precedent in Baltimore, so largely 
was it attended. For a year the church was 
without a pastor, when the Rev. F. H. Ker- 
foot, a brilliant young man of Midway, Ky., 
was secured. He filled a most successful 
pastorate of five years. During his term of 
service 174 persons were baptized, the Ful- 
ler Memorial Chapel was built, and the Im- 
manuel Church constituted mainly through 
the efforts of the Eutaw Church. There 
was a second vacancy for a year, but in 
1884 the Rev. Frank M. Ellis, D. D., who 
had gained a great reputation as pastor of 
the Tremont Temple, Boston, accepted the 
charge of the church and remained until 
1895, when he removed to Brooklyn. His 
adrriinistration was marked by great pros- 
perity. The membership rose to 600 
and the congregation was foremost in 
gifts and good works. In 1894 the North 
Avenue Baptist Church was organized by 
members of the Eutaw Church. The pres- 
ent pastor is the Rev. Junius W. Millard. 
The membership is 578. 

Macedonia Baptist Church (Colored.) 
In a stable-loft in Vincent alley a Sunday- 
school and prayer-meeting were inaugu- 
rated in the year 1874 by several members 
of the Union Baptist Church. The stable 
was remodelled and fitted for use, and on 
the 29th of September, 1874, a meeting was 
called to organize a church. Sixteen mem- 
bers of Union Churcli presented their let- 
ters of connnendation. On November 5th. 
the new congregation was recognized by 
the Council and took the title "Macedonia 
Baptist Church." The congregation joined 
the Association and leased a lot on Sara- 
toga street. A brick chapel, accommodat- 



ing 300 persons, was erected for $3,000, and 
dedicated June 24, 1876. The first pastor 
was the Rev. W. C. Lawson, who had been 
a deacon and done more than any one else 
to establish the church. In two years time 
the congregation increased to a member- 
ship of over 300, and the church debt was 
paid. The church grew rapidly until in 
1885 it numbered 700 members, and steps 
were taken to erect a new edifice. The 
church started a mission in Whatcoat street 
in i88r, which has since developed into the 
Patterson Avenue Church. The present 
pastor is the Rev. A. B. Callis. The mem- 
bership is 761. 

Leadexhall Street Baptist Church 
(Colored.) 

The development of this congregation 
has been most rapid. In 1870 a small flock 
was gathered in South Baltimore and took 
the name of the "Providence Baptist 
Church," of which the Rev. Lewis Hicks 
was elected pastor. A small place of meet- 
ing was secured and help from the Associa- 
tion obtained. This was so inadequate that 
the Association determined to erect a suit- 
able house of worship. A union meeting 
was called at the Seventh Baptist Church 
on Sunday afternoon, March 31, 1872, at 
which $8,000 was subscribed for a new 
building. A lot was secured on Leadenhall 
street and a commodious structure of two 
stories was erected. It cost $18,000. The 
church was dedicated in November, 1872. 
In this a new congregation was organized 
May 12, 1873, '^"'i ''^ took the name of the 
"Leadenhall Baptist Church." The Rev. 
Thomas Henson was placed in charge for 
a year. The old "Providence Church" 
about this time disbanded and its members 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



405 



attached themselves to the Leadenhall con- 
gregation. In 1874 the membership was 
147. In 1875 the Rev. Ananias Brown, of 
Newport, R. I., was called to serve this con- 
gregation, and has continued in charge 
until the present time, laboring with great 
success. The present membership is 821. 
Hampden Baptist Church. 

A congregation was gathered in this sub- 
urb as early as 1847. It erected a hand- 
some stone church at a cost of $5,000. It 
was dedicated April 23, 1848. After several 
years the members removed and the church 
died. The edifice was rented for a public 
school and afterwards demolished. The 
reservoir now covers the spot on which it 
stood. In 1874 several members of the 
Forest Church withdrew to form a congre- 
gation in Hampden. The first services 
were held in the U. B. Church. A hall was 
soon rented. In June, 1874, the Rev. J. H. 
Barnes took charge. The membership had 
grown from 20 to 54. The hall being too 
small, a large tent was procured and used 
during the summer. A church was erected 
at a cost of $4,300. The growth has been 
rapid. In 1885 it had reached 100 members. 
The present membership is 565. The pres- 
ent pastor is the Rev. J. J. Wicker. 
Grace Baptist Church. 

From a small mission inaugurated by the 
Young People's Association of the High 
Street Church in a one-story building on 
.'\isquith street, Sunday afternoon, April 
14, 1872, this important church has sprung. 
A Sunday-school was at first begun which 
rapidly increased and required larger quar- 
ters. A dwelling, at 538 Aisquith street, 
was next secured where weekly prayer- 
meetings were also held. Messrs. Miles S. 



Read and his brother, Wm. S. Read, mem- 
bers of the Eutaw Place Church, attached 
themselves to the mission, the former 
preaching every Sunday afternoon. In a 
short time forty persons professed conver- 
sion. It was decided to build a church. A 
lot was leased and a brick chapel erected at 
a cost of $4,000. On June 12, 1874, twenty- 
one members of the Eutaw Place Church 
and eleven from the High Street Church 
united and organized the "Shiloh Baptist 
Church." Mr. M. S. Read acted as pastor 
for one year, without compensation The 
Shiloh Church was admitted into the Asso- 
ciation in November. At the end of Mr. 
Read's year he was called to the pastorate 
and was ordained in the Eutaw Church for 
this special purpose. The congregation be- 
gan to increase rapidly. In 1877 Mr. 
Charles D. Parker, a licentiate of the High 
Street Church, became pastor. In this year 
the Orient Baptist Church, which was es- 
tablished in 1873, and had a checkered exist- 
ence, was invited to join the Shiloh congre- 
gation. It did so, and disbanding in De- 
cember, 1877, seventy of its members threw 
in their lot with the new congregation, thus 
giving it 125 members. In 1882 it was de- 
cided to change the name from "Shiloh" 
to "Aisquith Street." In 1883 the congre- 
gation moved to Bethany Chapel on Eager 
street. During a revival here two hundred 
persons were converted. The edifice was 
soon outgrown and it was decided to move 
elsewhere. With this in view the name was 
changed to "Grace Baptist Church." In 
April, 1884, the Rev. J. B. English became 
pastor. A lot on the northeast corner of 
Caroline and Preston street was purchased 
in 1885, and a new and handsome stone 
church was erected in 1887 at a cost of $20,- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



GOO. The present earnest and successful 
pastor is the Rev. J. C. Davidson. The 
membership is 311. 

Calvary Baptist Church (Colored). 

This very large congregation had a very 
small beginning and is largely the product 
of one man's zeal and ability. A few mem- 
bers of Union Church had been holding 
meetings for several years, first on Oxford 
street, and afterwards in an old carpenter 
shop on the corner of Preston and Mason 
alley, where twelve persons constituted 
themselves a new body. In June, 1879, they 
called the Rev. P. H. A. Braxton from Rich- 
mond. His zeal soon told, and in two years 
the congregation increased to 125 members, 
and became self-supporting. They rented a 
hall on Linden avenue and Hofifman streets 
and occupied it about a year. In 1883 a 
large lot was secured at the corner of Park 
avenue and Biddle street and a new edifice 
begun. It was completed and dedicated in 
March, 1885. The building is a handsome 
one — of granite trimmed with red brick. 
The cost was $10,000. While it was be- 
ing erected services were held in a frame 
building wdiich is still standing next to the 
church on Biddle street. The membership 
has gradually increased until now it is very 
large. In 1897 the interior was damaged 
by fire but was speedily repaired. The Rev. 
Mr. Braxton is still in charge. 

Fuller Memorial Baptist Church. 

The hoiiorctl name of the first pastor of 
the Eutaw Church has been perpetuated in a 
beautiful and suitable memorial — a church 
bearing the name of the "Fuller ^Memorial." 
It is the outcome of a missionary elifort 
made by the Young Men's City Mission 
of the Eutaw Church, which in 1874 rented 



Sewall's Hall, corner of Pennsylvania ave- 
nue and Patterson avenue, and organized 
a Sunday-school, on July 7th. Another 
school, conducted previously in a room on 
the corner of Pennsylvania avenue and Fre- 
mont street, joined with it. Weekly meet- 
ings were also instituted and the growth 
of attendance at both was so great as to ne- 
cessitate a larger building. Subscriptions 
were raised to build a chapel on a lot leased 
at the corner of Patterson avenue and Cal- 
houn street, to be called the "Fuller Me- 
morial." It cost $3,000 and was completed 
on June 30, 1877. The Mission Sunday- 
school, which had borne the name of "Oli- 
vet," removed to the new chapel the ne.xt 
day, Sunday, and became the Sunday-school 
of the Fuller Memorial Church. In Octo- 
ber weekly meetings were begun. The Rev. 
Dr. Franklin Wilson preached frequently in 
the years 1878 and 1879, until a missionary, 
the Rev. J. E. Rapson. was secured. He 
entered upon his duties in the chapel Oc- 
tober 1 2th, and had a congregation of 
eighty-five persons. In July, 1880, nine- 
teen members of the Eutaw Church took 
letters and organized a new body. The 
Rev. J. Henry Brittain was called to the 
pastorate. His success was great from the 
start, until larger accommodations became 
necessary. In 1884 a large and handsome 
red brick building, with stone trimmings, 
was erected on the corner of Carey and 
Presstman streets. The new edifice was 
dedicated October 12th. The old chapel 
passed into the hands of the Patterson Ave- 
nue Colored Baptist Church. The growth 
has been great both in the congregation and 
the Sunday-school. It is now one of the 
most active congregations in the city. 
Membership is 386. Subsequently the con- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



gregation has built a handsome church at 
the corner of Baker and Carey streets. The 
Patterson Avenue Colored Church, now 
called Sharon, purchased its former prop- 
erty for $20,000, and now occupies it. Pres- 
ent pastor. Rev. S. C. Clopton. 
Perkins' Square Baptist Church (Col- 
ored). 

The history of this church is remarkable. 
In 1880 the Wayman African Methodist 
Episcopal Church possessed a building on 
the corner of George streeet and Clinton 
avenue. In September of that year its pas- 
tor and twenty-seven of its members were 
converted from Methodist to Baptist prin- 
ciples and were immersed. This disorgan- 
ized the Wayman Church, and the edifice 
was used as a Baptist Mission. On July 22, 
1 88 1, the Rev. F. R. Williams and some of 
his former flock withdrew from the Union 
Church and founded the Perkins' Square 
Church. They purchased the building they 
had been occupying and elected Mr. Wil- 
liams as pastor. In the first year there were 
160 additions by baptism. In 1883 the 
membership increased to 470. In 1884 the 
edifice was remodeled and improved at a 
cost of $1,000. In 1885 the membership 
was 600. The same minister is in charge 
and doing a marvelous work. The member- 
ship is 1,101. 

Immanuel Baptist Church. 

On Sunday afternoon, November 7, 1880, 
a Sunday-school was opened in Cowman's 
Hall, corner of Boundary and Maryland 
avenues, with Joshua Levering, Esq., as su- 
perintendent. The officers and teachers 
came chiefly from the Eutaw Street, but 
some also from the First, Seventh and High 
Street Churches. A valuable lot was soon 



secured at the corner of St. Paul street and 
Boundary (now North) avenue. The beau- 
tiful stone chapel was first erected, having a 
seating capacity of 500. It was opened for 
service on Sunday, December 10, 1882. A 
congregation had been organized in the lec- 
ture room of the Eutaw Church on October 
10, 1882, and fifty-three persons, mostly 
from that church, constituted the "Imman- 
uel Baptist Church." The Rev. A. C. Dixon 
was called to the pastorate and met with 
great success. He served until 1890, when 
he resigned and went to Brooklyn. He was 
succeeded by the Rev. C. A. Fulton, of 
Norristown, Pa., who served as pastor, was 
successful until 1896 when he removed to 
Detroit, Mich. The membership is 466. 

Fulton Avenue Baptist Church. 
This church is also the product of lay 
work and began as a mission, under the 
care of the Young Men's City ^Mission of 
the Franklin Square Church. It was in- 
augurated in 1875 in an old inn, on Colum- 
bia avenue near Carey street. In the sum- 
mer of 1876 the rooms were too small and 
the school occupied a tent on an adjoining 
lot. In 1877 the school was moved to a 
dwelling house on the corner of Pratt street 
and Addison alley. Here it was joined by 
another school, which had been started in 
Bowen Hall, on Frederick avenue near 
Mount street. The new organization took 
the name of the "West End Mission." In 
1879 a lot was purchased on the northeast 
corner of Fulton avenue and Baltimore 
street and a chapel was erected at a cost of 
$3,300. It accommodated 300 persons, and 
was dedicated July 11, 1880. In 1S83 the 
congregation was organized, when, on Oc- 
tober 10, fifty-five persons withdrew from 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



the Franklin Square Cliurch for the express 
purpose of forming the Fulton Avenue 
Church. The first pastor was the Rev. A. 
C. Barron. The congregation grew so rap- 
idly that a new church was necessary, and 
in 1888-9 ^ commodious stone edifice was 
erected at a cost of $21,000. During its 
erection the congregation worshiped with 
the Franklin Square Church. The Rev. Mr. 
Barron resigned in 1895, greatly to the re- 
gret of his people. On May 5, 1895, the 
present pastor entered upon the charge of 
this growing congregation, which now has 
424 members. A Mission Sunday-school is 
conducted at Payson and Ramsey streets. 
The present pastor is the Rev. Howard 
Wayne Smith. 

Riverside Baptist Church. 
In 1882 some members of the Lee Street 
Baptist Church, of which the Rev. H. M. 
Wharton was pastor, organized a mission 
Sunday-school in a private house on the 
corner of Hanover and McCann streets. 
The work progressed so rapidly that the 
Lee Street Church erected a chapel on Ran- 
dall street, opposite William street, for its 
use. The Rev. W. O. Thomas, assistant 
at the Lee Street Church, preached there 
for several months in 1883-1884. In Oc- 
tober, 1884, thirty-three members of the Lee 
Street Church constituted themselves into 
the Riverside Baptist Church, and the new 
congregation was duly recognized. Mr. W. 
J. Nicoll, a member of the Eutaw Church, 
who had been in charge for several months, 
was ordained and became its first pastor. 
Under him the chapel was improved and 
the congregation was increased. The pres- 
ent pastor is the Rev. F. R. LaBarrer and 
the membership is 220. 



Brantly ^Memorial Baptist Church. 
This church was constituted on February 
4, 1885, at a meeting held in a chapel on the 
corner of Schroeder and Pierce streets. This 
chapel had been purchased in 1881 from the 
Y. M. C. A. by Mr. Joshua Levering and 
others for $3,000 and given to the Young 
Men's Mission Society of the Seventh Bap- 
tist Church. The work of these young men 
culminated in the organization of the 
Brantly Church. The congregation organ- 
ized with thirty-two members and chose the 
name of the late pastor of the Seventh Bap- 
tist Church, the Rev. Dr. Brantly. At its 
first meeting the congregation decided to be 
self-supporting. A call was extended to the 
Rev. Dr. H. M. Wharton, who was the 
State Evangelist, having previously been 
pastor of the Lee Street Church. He en- 
tered upon his duties March 8, 1886, and is 
still in charge. The congregation began to 
grow at once. In a year's time the member- 
ship increased to almost 250 members. As 
the chapel accommodated but 500 persons, 
the need of a larger building was soon felt. 
The present splendid stone edifice, at the 
corner of Edmonson avenue and Schroeder 
street, was begun October 10, 1888, and 
the basement was occupied in December, 
1889. The entire structure was dedicated 
September 18, 1892. It cost $50,000 and 
will seat 1.500 persons. The membership 
had increased to 600 in 1892 and now is 
943. The Sunday-school has over 1,000 
scholars on its roll, and all the agencies for 
church work are very vigorous. Under the 
untiring direction of the pastor meetings 
have been held in the various parts of the 
city, such as at the wharves, in the market 
houses and on open lots. Gospel wagons 
have also been employed. For several years 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



409 



the Rev. Dr. Wharton has held a Sunday 
afternoon service at Ford's Opera House. 
He has also made extensive evangelistic 
tours throughout the South. His church 
is a living monument to his great zeal and 
marked ability. He has also been instru- 
mental in founding the Baptist Orphanage, 
located at 1002 West Lanvale, which has 
been adopted by the Baptist denomination. 
He also founded "The Evangel," the Bap- 
tist denominational organ; and also the 
National Evangelization Society. 

Sharon Baptist Church (Colored). 

This congregation started as a mission of 
the Macedonia Church in 1880 and was or- 
ganized in 1883. It worshiped first in a 
chapel on Patterson avenue, built for the 
Fulton^ Memorial Church. By aid of the 
Church Extension Society this congrega- 
tion afterwards bought the large brick 
building vacated by the Fulton Memorial 
at the corner of Presstman and Carey streets 
for $20,000. The membership is 476. The 
only pastor has been the Rev. W. M. Alex- 
ander. When the congregation took pos- 
session of its present edifice it changed its 
name from Patterson Avenue to Sharon 
Church. 

Antioch Baptist Church (Colored). 

This congregation is in Waverly and was 
organized in 1887. Its only pastor has been 
the Rev. J. W. Scott. The church is a 
frame building, valued at $5,000. Member- 
ship, ninety-five. 

Trinity B.\ptist Church (Colored). 

This vigorous congregation began its his-, 
tory in 1888 in a brick chapel on Aisquith 
street near Hoggman, which was first oc- 
cupied by the High Street Church. In 1892 



it removed to the Annex, Oak and Fifth 
streets. In 1896, by the aid of the Exten- 
sion Society, it purchased its present build- 
ing on Twenty-first street, and occupies the 
second floor. Value, $10,000. Membership 
is 215. It is a very intelligent and active 
congregation. The only pastor has been the 
Rev. G. R. Waller, a graduate of Newton 
Theological Seminary, Mass. 

Enon Baptist Church (Colored). 

This small congregation was organized in 
1889, but has since ceased to be in fellow- 
ship with tne jMaryland Baptist Union As- 
sociation. Its pastor is the Rev. Jonas Wat- 
kins. 
Bethlehem Baptist Church (Colored). 

This congregation was organized in 1890. 
It has a membership of 207, and its pastor is 
the Rev. Lloyd Reid. 

Scott Street Baptist Church. 

The Franklin Street Baptist Church 
started a mission some years ago, out of 
which the Scott Streeet Church has grown. 
It was organized in 1891, its first members 
coming from the Franklin Square Church. 
The church edifice is a frame building, sit- 
uated at the corner of Scott and Cross 
streets. The membership is 200, with 350 
scholars in the Sunday-school. It is doing 
a very good work among the laboring class. 
The present pastor is the Rev. N. W. Kemp. 

Arlington Baptist Church. 
This congregation was organized in 1892 
by the Rev. Allyn G. Foster, now of New 
Haven, Conn. The present membership is 
thirty-eight. Services are maintained Sun- 
day afternoons. The chapel is in the suburb 
of Arlington, and is under the pastorshij) of 
the Rev. F. B. LaBarrer. 



410 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Faith Baptist Church (Colored). 

This congregation worships in a rented 
building in northeast Baltimore. Its mem- 
bership is thirty-eight. It was organized in 
1892 and has had a hard struggle to exist, 
but it is doing well now. The present pas- 
tor is the Rev. S. S. Wormley. 

Israel Baptist Church (Colored). 

In 1892 this congregation was organized. 
It occupies a rented building on Milliken 
street, and has a membership of 137. The 
pastor is the Rev. J. H. Reid. 
Division Street Baptist Church (Col- 
ored). 

On Division street, near Robert, is this 
church situated. It has a membership of 
205. The pastor is Rev. A. E. Minkins. 
Value of property, $5,500. 

North xAvenue Baptist Church. 

This congregation was organized in 1894 
by a colony from the Eutaw PTace Baptist 
Church. Its location is at the corner of 
Linden and North avenues, and its prop- 
erty is valued at $20,000. The present 
house of worship is a frame building. TTie 
membership is ninety-one. The pastor is 
the Rev. J. M. Wilbur. 

Calverton Baptist Church. 
This is an offshoot of the Fuller Memorial 
Church and was organized in 1895. A neat 
brick chapel, valued at $1,736, was erected. 
The pastorate is vacant, but services are 
maintained regularly. Mejiihershi]), fifty- 
seven. 

THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 
Even a brief account of the history of 
Friends in Baltimore cannot be written 
without some reference to the founder of 



the society, George Fox, who was born at 
"Drayton-in-the-CIay," now Fenny Dray- 
ton, Leicestershire, England, in 1624. He 
was reared in the Established Church of 
England, and "was early led by his 'heav- 
enly monitor" to be faithful inwardly to God 
and outwardly to man, and to keep to 'yea' 
and 'nay' in all things, that his words might 
be few and savory, seasoned with grace." 
He began nis lay ministry in 1644, in Leices- 
tershire, preaching the new doctrine of the 
"Divine Immanence," or "the Light With- 
in." 

The first account of Friends in Maryland 
was in 1656, when Josiah Coale, a very pow- 
erful lay preacher, attended by Thomas 
Thurston, came from England, visited the 
province, and established communities of 
Friends in various places. In 1659 the vis- 
its of William Robinson, Christian Holder 
and Robert Hodgson resulted in a consid- 
erable increase in membership. Early in 
1665 John Burnyeat arrived in the colony 
and spent the whole of the summer in re- 
ligious work among the settlers. He again 
visited Maryland in 1671, and in 1672 he 
appointed a "General Meeting" at West 
river, in Anne Arundel county, "for all the 
Friends in the province," that he might "see 
them together, before he departed for Great 
Britain." Friends from all parts responded 
to the call. George Fox, with several breth- 
ren, arriving at this time from Barbadoes, 
where they had been making a religious 
visit, landed at the mouth of the Patuxent 
river, and attended this meeting. At its 
close a meeting for church discipline was 
held, the first of the kind in Maryland, and 
from that time to the present their lineal 
descendants, Baltimore Friends, have rcgu- 
larlv held such meetings. 






/ 




^S2,^^i^ 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



The exceedingly valuable records of those 
meetings from 1677 are now in a good state 
of preservation in the fire-proof room in the 
meeting house on Park avenue, Baltimore. 

The early Friends of Baltimore were prin-' 
cipally immigrants, who had left England to 
escape persecution, and had previously set- 
tled in Virginia, the Barbadoes and New 
England, but in most of these places they 
had encountered the same intolerant spirit 
that they had left behind them. In the col- 
ony of Lord Baltimore, however, who had 
invited people of all Christian views to set- 
tle under his new government, and assured 
them that their religious rights should be re- 
spected, they found the protection they 
sought. 

The earliest record of Patapsco "Particu- 
lar" JMeeting (now Baltimore) is of Sixth 
Month, 1681. The first meetings were held 
in the dwellings of the members, until there 
were funds and members enough to build a 
meeting house. 

Richard Taylor's will, dated 1726, and 
probated in 1729, contains the following 
passages: "I give and bequeath unto my 
son, Joseph Taylor, a lot of land containing 
one acre of land, bought of John Ensor for 
to build a meeting house on it; the said land 
and meeting house on it, I give and be- 
queath for the use of Friends, for the use of 
a meeting house and burying-place for 
Friends forever." This indicates the build- 
ing of this meeting house prior to 1726. 

It is believed that the Society of Friends 
were the first organized religious body in 
tlie present limits of Baltimore, and that the 
first church edifice was erected by them. 
In Scharfif's "Chronicles of Baltimore" we 
find the following passage: "In 1702 St. 
Paul's was made a mission parish, under tlie 



ministry of Rev. Wm. Tibbs, and on July 
28th, 1730, the vestry again met and agreed 
with Thomas Hartwell to build the walls 
for St. Paul's Church (Charles and Saratoga 
streets); but Hartwell failed, and the buifd- 
ing was delayed and not finished until 
1739." Griffith's Annals of Baltimore says: 
"Down to the year 1758 we have no knowl- 
edge of any other churches, or meetings for 
worship here, but the established church 
(Episcopal) and the Society of Friends, or 
Quakers, of which latter society it seems 
a very great portion of the first settlers of 
Baltimore county consisted at this time." 

By a deed dated December 15, 1713, 
"John Ensor and Uxor" conveyed to Rich- 
ard Taylor a certain parcel of land called 
"Friendship," being taken out of a large 
tract called "Darley Hall," and containing 
one acre, to erect a meeting house on. The 
price was ten shillings. This one acre is 
now near the center of Friends' burying- 
ground on the Harford road, the present 
place of burial of Friends of Baltimore. 

In 1773, their members becoming numer- 
ous, and their meeting house being some 
distance from the city proper, the Friends 
bought two lots of ground, and in 1779 an- 
other lot, "altogether including the entire 
square (except the corner lot at the north- 
west corner), bounded by Great York street 
(now East Baltimore street), Smook alley 
(now Aisquith street), Pitt street (now East 
Fayette street), and Canal street (now Cen- 
tral avenue). The price of the entire pur- 
chase was £121, 4s.. ill fee. On this lot 
George Matthews built the present Friends' 
Meeting House, at a cost of $4,500. The 
first meeting was held here in 1781, and it 
is still used as a place of worship. The "ex- 
ecutive" meetings for the Western Shore of 



412 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Maryland were held at West river until 
1739, when Gunpowder Monthly or Execu- 
tive Meeting was established in Baltimore 
county, and Baltimore Meeting became a 
part of that meeting. In 1792 Baltimore be- 
came a separate meeting, with a member- 
ship of 251. 

The numbers increasing rapidly, it was 
found necessary to build again, and a lot 
was purchased on the south side of Lom- 
bard street, between Eutaw and Howard 
streets, and under the charge of John Mc- 
Kini, Elisha Tyson, John Mitchel, James 
Gary, Benjamin Ellicott and James Ellicott, 
a much larger house was built in 1805, at 
a cost of $19,905. In this house Baltimore 
Yearly Meeting was held until 1888. Tlie 
records show that in 1807 there was a mem- 
bership of 476. in addition to the member- 
ship in East Baltimore. 

Erom 1805 to 1819 two Monthly (or Ex- 
ecutive) Meetings existed in Baltimore, the 
original organization being known as the 
Eastern District, and Lombard Street Meet- 
ing as the Western District. The member- 
ship of the two meetings aggregated at that 
time about one thousand. Eastern District 
^Monthly Meeting was discontinued as an 
executive meeting in 1819, and became a 
part of, and subordinate to, the Western 
District Meeting. 

The "separation" that took place in the 
Society of Friends in America during the 
years 1827 and 1828 was an event of deep 
and painful interest to its members, and is 
still regarded by many, both within and 
without the pale, as a subject of increasing 
regret. It was accompanied by alienation 
of feeling among many who had long been 
knit together in the closest ties of friendship, 
and it diminished the salutarv influence that 



the Society had always exerted, from the 
first settlement of the country, in the pro- 
moting of every work that tended to the 
public good. It resulted in Baltimore in 
the establishment of an independent Meet- 
ing by seventy members, who withdrew 
from the main body and built a meeting 
house on the corner of Saratoga and Gourt- 
land streets, and afterwards removed to a 
larger house, which they now occupy, on 
Eutaw and Monument streets. It was not 
until a generation had passed that the two 
divisions of the Society were able to resume 
with tranquility the work of the Society; 
but both branches are now earnestly en- 
gaged in many kinds of religious and phil- 
anthropic work, co-operating with all other 
bodies in their efforts to advance the best 
interests of humanity. 

On account of the encroachment of busi- 
ness upon this once quiet locality it was 
found necessary, in 1887, to sell the Lom- 
bard street property, and a handsome and 
commodious meeting house was built upon 
the corner of Park avenue and Laurens 
street, and has been occupied since 1889 
as a place of worship. Baltimore Yearly 
Meeting is held in this house. The old 
meeting house on Aisquith and Fayette 
streets remains unchanged, and during the 
past few years the members who occupy it, 
with the assistance of those of Park Avenue 
Meeting, have entered quite extensively into 
home missionary work among the children 
in the vicinity. 

In the records, extending through more 
than a century, are found the names of many 
Friends representing families prominent in 
the history of the city. Among these are 
Uria Brown, who taught the first free, or 
public school in the State of Maryland; 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



413 



John McKim, who requested his sons, Isaac 
and William, to endow the McKim School, 
now used for the free kindergarten of the 
Society of Friends (Aisquith and Fayette 
streets); Elisha Tyson, a devoted friend of 
those of the African race, and one who spent 
much time and money in their behalf; Moses 
Sheppard, who founded the Sheppard Asy- 
lum for the Insane; Andrew and Jonathan 
EUicott, who established Ellicott's Mills, 
now Ellicott City; Joseph Townsend, who 
promoted the establishment of the Equitable 
Insurance Society in 1794; Gerard Hop- 
kins, the ancestor of the founder of the 
Johns Hopkins University and Hospital; 
Philip E. Thomas, one of the promoters and 
first president of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- 
road Company; George Hussey, the ances- 
tor of Obed Hussey, the inventor of the first 
successful mowing and reaping machine; 
Rossiter Scott, the father of Townsend 
Scott, the first to establish the bond and 
stock brokerage business in Baltimore; Da- 
vid Wilson, the ancestor of Thomas Wilson, 
the founder of the Wilson Sanitarium and 
other charities; John Mitchel, a leading 
wholesale grocer, in whose store Moses 
Sheppard commenced life as an errand boy; 
John Needles, who in connection with Wil- 
liam Lloyd Garrison, Benjamin Lundy and 
Arthur Howells, devoted years of his life in 
the cause of the oppressed of the African 
race in our midst. To these we might add 
the names of Matthews, Brown, Trimble, 
Riley, Cornthwait, Dukehart, Dawson, 
Brooks, Mott, Pope, Davenport, Atkinson, 
Powell, Husband, Reed, Amoss and many 
others who have long since passed from 
works to reward, but of whom it might be 
said that the moral and material condition 



of Baltimore was greatly advanced by their 
exemplary lives, energy and enterprise. 

In the year 1828 the Friends separated 
into two divisions over the doctrine of the 
Atonement of our Lord. Part held to the 
orthodox view and have since been known 
as the Orthodox Friends; while part es- 
poused the views of an American Friend 
named Elias Hicks, who had been a noted 
preacher in the Society and who traveled far 
and wide disseminating his opinions. He 
won a large following and occasioned a 
separation among the Friends in America 
which continues unto this day. His adher- 
ents are called "Hicksite Friends." While 
in Pennsylvania the Orthodox party has al- 
ways been much the stronger of the two, in 
Maryland the Hicksite party has maintained 
the ascendency. Each of these two partie.-; 
has two meeting houses in the city. The 
Orthodox Friends have their chief place of 
worship at the northeast corner of Eutaw 
and Monument streets. 

The Eutaw Street Meeting House. 

This brick edifice was erected in 1867 on 
a lot which cost $15,000. The building cost 
$31,000. It is a two-story structure, having 
several rooms in the basement and a large 
audience room above. Owing to its con- 
venient location this meeting house is used 
for many public gatherings of a charitable 
and philanthropic nature. The membership 
is 300, and its services are well attended. 

The Light Street Meeting House. 

For several years the Orthodox Friends 
maintained a mission in the southern por- 
tion of the city. It was first held in rented 
buildings, but in 1871 a lot was purchased 
on Light street near Hamburg and a tw-o- 
story brick building erected thereupon in 



414 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



1880. Subsequently this building was en- 
larged to its present proportions. Regular 
meetings were begun in 1880. The lot cost 
$0,500 and the building $14,000. Two years 
ago improvements were made at a cost of 
$5,000. A kindergarten is maintained here 
and also a gymnasium. Evening classes 
are also held for instruction in various use- 
ful arts. The membership is about 100. 

The Orthodox Friends had one other 
meeting house, which is now used for secu- 
lar purposes. It is situated at the corner 
of Courtland and Saratoga streets, and was 
built in 1830, and was used as a place of 
meeting until 1867, when it was sold. It is 
now used as a colored normal school. The 
Eutaw Street j\Ieeting House was erected 
to take its place. 

THE CHURCH OF THE UNITED 
BRETHREN IN CHRIST. 
This denomination traces its origin to a 
learned and godly man, who came to this 
country from Germany in the middle of the 
eighteenth century — Philip William Otter- 
bein. It sprang into existence in the great 
rc\ival movement during the latter half of 
that century and has had a most vigorous 
existence, until there are 250,000 members 
in the United States, with 3,500 church edi- 
fices and 2,400 ministers. The founder of 
this active denomination was born in the 
town of Dillenburg, Germany, on the third 
of June, 1726. His father was a man of 
fine culture, who gave his son the finest lit- 
erary advantages. He was brought up in 
the German Reformed Church and was or- 
dained to the ministry at Dillenburg on 
June 13, 1749. For a time he performed 
the duties of both a teacher and a pastor; 
but in 1852 he felt imi)elled, together with 



several other young men, to come to Amer- 
ica in order to administer to the spiritual 
needs of the large number of Germans who 
had come hither. They reached New York 
on the 28th of July. They proceeded to 
Philadelphia, under the guidance of the 
Rev. Michael Schlattel, whose earnest ap- 
peal had moved them to leave their father- 
land. There were six young men in the 
party, and they were sent to different posts 
of duty. The Rev. jMr. Otterbein w-as sent 
to Lancaster, Pa., then a thriving town of 
about two thousand inhabitants. Here was 
situated the second in importance of the 
German Reformed Churches in America, 
the first being at Philadelphia. To this Mr. 
Otterbein was appointed and here he served 
most acceptably for six years. During his 
administration the old, wooden church, 
which had been built long before, w-as super- 
seded by a massive stone edifice which stood 
for a century, and was only taken down in 
1852. Many new features introduced by 
him have remained until this day. In 1758 
he resigned in order to visit his old home in 
Germany; but the continuance of the 
French and English war made travel dan- 
gerous and he accepted a temporary charge 
at Tulpehocken, Pa., and remained there 
two years. In September, 1765, he removed 
to York, Pa., and was the pastor of that 
large and influential church until 1774. when 
he was called to assume the charge of the 
independent Reformed Church of Balti- 
more, having visited his fatherland in 1770. 
The Second Reformed Church of Balti- 
more had come into existence in 1771 and 
was the result of a serious division in the 
First Reformed Church over the conduct of 
its pastor, the Rev. John Christopher Faber. 
The latter had come to this countrv from 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Germany and taken charge of the church 
in an irregular manner. It was charged 
that his ministrations were formal and that 
he "led an offensive life." A large minority, 
after appealing in vain to the synod for re- 
lief, left the First Church and established 
an independent Reformed church. They 
elected as their first pastor the Rev. Bene- 
dict Schwope, a young Reformed minister 
who had recently come from Germany and 
was residing near Baltimore. He accepted. 
A large lot was purchased on Conway street 
near Sharp and there erected a small frame 
building suitable for their immediate needs. 
The title to this was not vested in the Ger- 
man Reformed Church, but in chosen mem- 
bers of the congregation, with power of 
transmission to their successors. Efforts 
were made to reunite the warring factions 
of the Reformed body, but in vain. In 1773 
the Rev. Mr. Schwope resigned and then 
the Rev. Mr. Otterbein was urgently press- 
ed to accept a call to the new Reformed con- 
gregation. He took charge on May 4, 1774. 
He had now been in America twenty-two 
years and was forty-eight years of age. The 
growth of his congregation was not rapid, 
owing largely to the breaking out of the 
War of the Revolution. The German popu- 
lation of Baltimore was small at that time, 
the entire population of which numbered 
only 6,000. After the close of the war more 
favorable conditions set in, and in 1785 the 
new congregation effected a formal organi- 
zation. A set of rules, now quite famous, 
was adopted January i, 1785. They exhibit 
a distinct departure in many particulars 
from the tenets of the Reformed Church, 
and mark a new step in the religious world, 
which ultimately culminated in the forma- 
tion of a new ecclesiastical body. The Ger- 



man Reformed Church has always held dis- 
tinctly Calvinistic doctrines. These the 
new congregation repudiated and adopted 
Armenian views. It also changed the name 
from German Reformed to Evangelical Re- 
formed. It also sought to create and ad- 
vance a deeper personal piety, and displayed 
many of those evangelistic features which 
were elsewhere to be seen among the early 
Methodists. Indeed Mr. Otterbein and Mr. 
Asbury had become very intimate friends, 
and it was largely due to the influence of 
the latter that the former had come to Bal- 
timore. 

In the new movement among the Ger- 
mans Mr. Otterbein had as his sympathizers 
and supporters several distinguished men of 
other church afifiliations. Chief among 
these was the Rev. Martin Boehme, of the 
Mennonite Church, who had gone far and 
wide preaching the simple truths of Chris- 
tianity and insisting on the necessity of per- 
sonal piety. It was at one of these evangel- 
istic meetings conducted by Mr. Boehme in 
Michael Long's stone barn, in Lancaster 
county, Pa., that Air. Otterbein first met 
him. After the former had finished his dis- 
course Mr. Otterbein arose and embraced 
him, exclaiming, "Wir sind Bruder" — "We 
are brethren." Mr. Boehme was expelled 
from the Mennonite Church because of the 
new views which he had espoused. 

Next in order among the prominent co- 
laborers of i\Ir. Otterbein is to be named 
George Adam Guething, his own son in the 
Gospel. He was born in Prussia on Febru- 
ary 5, 1741, and was brought up in the Re- 
formed Church. He came to America at the 
age of seventeen, and made his home at 
Antietam, Md. Here he taught school part 
of the year, and was a miner the remaining 



416 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



portion. The school house in which lie 
taught afterwards came to be known as 
"Guething's Meeting House." This place 
was visited by Mr. Otterbein as early as 
1760, when he was located at Frederick, and 
doubtless Mr. Guething came under his in- 
fluence at that time. On Whitsunday, 1783, 
he was ordained to the ministry of the Ger- 
man Reformed Church. Espousing what 
were considered "fanatical views," he was 
expelled from the German Reformed 
Church at Reading, Pa., on April 29, 1804. 
He spent forty years thereafter in the min- 
istry of the United Brethren Church and 
seemed "to have been personally a good 
man." 

Among others ought to be named as ef- 
ficient helpers the Rev. Dr. William Hen- 
del, a man of fine education and brilliant 
pulpit powers in the German Reformed 
Church ; the Rev. Daniel Wagner, Rev. An- 
thony Hautz, Rev. Frederick L. Henop and 
Rev. Jacob Weimer. To these is to be 
added the Rev. Benedict Schwope. Not all 
of these followed Mr. Otterbein out of the 
German Reformed body, but all of them 
sympathized with him in his spiritual aims, 
and even when they remained in the Re- 
formed Church, adopted many of his prac- 
tices, such as class meetings, etc. Long 
before the seperation came, these ministers 
had formed themselves into a bond of union 
under the name of "The United Ministers." 
They agreed to organize classes in their con- 
gregations and to conduct them upon an 
accepted model. For two years these 
United Ministers, who were living at differ- 
ent points, held semi-annual meetings for 
conference. The Rev. Benedict Schwope 
acted as secretary, and the minutes of two 
of these meetings are still extant, the one 



held at Pipe Creek near Baltimore on May 
29, 1774, and the other at Frederick, Md., 
on June 12, 1775. The last meeting was 
held at Hagerstown on June 2, 1777. In 
1789 a conference was convened at Mr. Ot- 
terbein's parsonage in Baltimore to adopt a 
definite mode of procedure. Fourteen min- 
isters were recognized as members, but of 
these only seven were present. Of these 
seven, five were Reformed ministers and two 
were Mennonites. The names of the seven 
are: William Otterbein, Martin Boehme, 
Henry Weidner, George A. Guenthing, 
Christian Newcomer, Adam Lehman, John 
Ernst. They adopted an instrument which 
may justly be called the first creed of the 
self-constituted organization. It is entitled: 
"The Doctrine of the United Brethren in 
Christ." It has five articles: I. A belief in 
the Trinity; II. In the Deity and Propitia- 
tion of Christ; III. In the Holy Ghost, pro- 
ceeding from the Father and Son; IV. In 
the Bible as the Word of God; V. In the fall 
of Adam and salvation through Christ. They 
also recommended baptism and the Lord's 
Supper; also the washing of feet, where the 
same is desired. 

The Conference also adopted "Disciplin- 
ary Rules." These governed the new or- 
ganization from 1789 up to 1815. In 1791 
another conference was held eight miles 
from York, Pa., on the farm of John Span- 
gler, at which nine ministers were present. 
Thirteen were absent. No formal confer- 
ence was held until 1800, when the name 
and perpetuity of the new church was fixed. 
It met on September 25 and 26, at the house 
of Peter Kemp, about two miles west of 
Frederick, Md. Fourteen were present. 
They elected John William Otterbein and 
Martin Boehme to be Superintendents or 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



417 



Bishops. Annual conferences were now es- 
tablished and the United Brethren Church 
took its independent place among the other 
Christian bodies. The last conference to be 
attended by Bishop Otterbein was in the 
year 1805. Increasing infirmities made it 
impossible for him to travel. He died on 
November 17, 1813, at the age of eighty- 
one. For thirty-nine years he had been 
pastor of the Evangelical Reformed Church. 
Soon after his assumption of the pastorate 
of this church, the old frame building was 
removed and a large and stately brick edi- 
fice erected in its stead. It is still standing 
and in use, although the date of its erection 
was 1784. It is now popularly called "The 
Otterbein Church." The Rev. Mr. Otter- 
bein never formally disconnected himself 
from the church of his birth and ordination, 
even though he became the founder of a 
new denomination. He was succeeded in 
the pastorate by the Rev. Frederick Schaf- 
fer, and he by a line of godly men, to the 
number of twenty, down to the present pas- 
tor, the Rev. August Schmidt. 

The congregation has 200 members and 
owns a fine property, including a good par- 
sonage. 

Otterbein United Brethren Chapel. 

This chapel is now generally known as 
the Scott Street U. B. Church. It was or- 
ganized to meet the growing numbers of 
English speaking members of the U. B. 
Church. The first English class was formed 
at the old German Church, on Conway 
street, on October 31, 1855, by the Rev. N. 
Altman, pastor. The English congregation 
was organized on November 6, 1855, and 
trustees were then elected. The church was 
incorporated as the Otterbein Chapel 



Church of the United Brethren in Christ. 
The mother church donated the lot (133x66 
feet) on the corner of Scott and Peter streets 
on November 23. The corner-stone was 
laid by Bishop J. J. Glossbrenner on June 
30, 1857. The lecture and Sunday-school 
rooms were dedicated by the same bishop 
on December 27, 1857. The parsonage was 
built in 1868 adjoining the church, and the 
primary Sunday-school room was built in 
1890. The church became self-supporting 
in 1870. In 1893 the church was remodeled 
and repaired. The first pastor was the Rev. 
Nehemiah Altman. The present pastor is 
the Rev. A. H. Rice, who entered upon the 
charge in 1890. The congregation is strong 
and vigorous, and the Sunday-school has an 
enrollment of 500 scholars. 
Third Church of the United Brethrex. 

This congregation began its history in 
1869 and dedicated its present edifice on 
March 21 of that year. It is situated on 
the corner of Lombard and Fulton streets. 
The first pastor was the Rev. John A. Sand. 
The present pastor is the Rev. J. M. Wal- 
ters. Services are conducted in both the 
English and the German languages. The 
membership is 225. 
Fifth Church of the United Brethren. 

At the corner of George and Clinton 
avenue. This small brick chapel was dedi- 
cated on July 7, 1872. The congregation 
has made slow progress, the membership 
being 100. It has a neat parsonage. The 
present pastor is the Rev. J. R. Jones. 
Salem Church of the United Brethren. 

This congregation was organized as a 
mission on February 22. 1871, by the Rev. 
H. A. Schlicter. Its temporary chapel was 
built near the corner of Francis and Retreat 



418 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Streets. In 1874 the present two-story brick- 
edifice was erected at a cost of $19,500. The 
Rev. S. A. Mowers became the pastor in 
1875. In 1888 the mission declared itself 
self-sustaining and thereupon became an in- 
dependent congregation. In 1897 an annex 
was built for the Primary Sunday-school. 
This was dedicated in January, 1898. The 
Rev. Mr. Mowers is still in charge. 
Otterbein Memorial Church of the 
United Brethren. 

This is situated at the corner of Roland 
and Fifth avenues. A small chapel was first 
erected on Sycamore street in 1874. This 
was called "Sweet Air" Chapel. The pres- 
ent stone Gothic church was erected at a 
cost of $18,000 in 1893 under the pastorship 
of the Rev. J. L. Grimm. There is a neat 
frame parsonage owned by the congrega- 
tion. The congregation is still a mission, 
but is rapidly growing toward self-support 
and independence. Its membership is 212. 
The present pastor is the Rev. H. A 
Schlicter, who took charge in 1897. 
ScoTT Street Mission. 

A mission was started by the Rev. A. H. 
Rice, pastor of the Scott Street Church, in 
1894. A lot was secured at the corner of 
Franklin and Monroe streets, and on the 
Monroe street side of this a neat brick 
Gothic chapel was erected at a cost of $4,- 
000. The first jtastor was the Rev. J. C. 
Gardner. The present pastor is the Rev. 
Josejjh Daugherly. The membership is 
100. 

NEW JERUSALEM CHURCH. 
In the year 17S3 a new body of Christians 
was formed in London, having for its reli- 
gious belief the teachings of Emmanuel 



Swedenborg, who lived in Sweden from 
1688 to 1772. Not quite a decade later, on 
April I, 1792, the Rev. J. J. Wilmer, a min- 
ister of the English Church, who had es- 
poused the doctrines of Swedenborg, came 
to Baltimore and asked for permission to 
explain the teachings of Swedenborg in the 
Court House. His request was granted 
and a goodly congregation gathered to hear 
his expositions. So successful does he seem 
to have been, that in two weeks time, on 
April 15th, regular services were instituted 
in "The Old Theatre." Just when the Rev. 
Mr. Wilmer left the city is not known. But 
in 1792 the Society was established. About 
this time Mr. Robert Carter, of Nomony 
Hall, Virginia, who had also received 
Swedenborg doctrines, moved to Baltimore 
and held services at his own house in 
Greene street. In 1793 the Society pre- 
sented a formal address to President Wash- 
ington. In 1798 Mr. John Hargrove re- 
signed his connection with the Methodist 
Church, and the same year was ordained 
a minister of the New Church, and became 
the pastor of the Baltimore Society. In 
1799 he and others erected the New Jeru- 
salem Temple at the corner of Baltimore 
and Exeter streets. He was the pastor 
of this Society until 1830. The Rev. Mr. 
Hargrove has been styled most justly 
"The Pioneer of the New Jerusalem 
Church" in America. He preached before 
President JefTerson and Congress on De- 
cember 26, 1802, on the "Leading Doctrines 
of the New Jeru.salem Church." He preacherl 
again before both Houses of Congress on 
December 23, 1S04, on "The Second 
Coming of Christ and the Last Judgment." 
For over ihirtv years he was the faithful 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



421 



pastor of this "First Society of the New 
Jerusalem Church." 

In 1866 a new church was erected on 
North Exeter street, under the administra- 
tion of the Rev. J. W. Hunt. But this was 
sold in 1873. Another congregation under 
the name of the Third New Jerusalem 
Church came into existence about i860, and 
worshiped for a time in a hall on the corner 
of Eutaw and Madison streets; but on Janu- 
ary I, 1866, it dedicated its church edifice on 
Orchad street near Madison, nowthe Chapel 
of St. Mary theX'irgin. These two congrega- 
tions do not seem to have grown very rapid- 
ly, SO that in 1873 th^Y agreed to unite and 
form one strong body. Both of their church 
properties were sold and a new edifice was 
erected on Calvert street, near Chase. It 
was dedicated March 21, 1874. It is an at- 
tractive stone edifice. The membership is 
117. 

A Mission School is maintained by this 
congregation at the corner of Light street 
and Fort avenue. 

Among the pastors who have served this 
congregation have been : The Rev. Nathan 
Clarke Burnham (1843); the Rev. Richard 
de Charnio (1848); the Rev. Samuel How- 
ard Worcester (1851); the Rev. A. J. Bar- 
tels (1859); the Rev. J. W. Hunt (1866); 
the Rev. W. G. Day (1875); the Rev. 
Thomas A. King (1881); the Rev. Hiram 
Vrooman (1893. ) The present pastor is 
the Rev. G. Lawrence Allbutt, who assumed 
charge in 1895. 

First German New Jerusalem Church. 
The distinguished evangelist of New 
Church doctrines, the Rev. Arthur O. Brick- 
man, founded this church in 1855. It was 
incorporated on August 24th of that year. 
25 



He became the first pastor and remained in 
charge until December, 1861, when he re- 
signed in oder to enter the Union Army as 
chaplain. The early life of the congregation 
was associated with the English New Jeru- 
salem Church, in the chapel of which the 
German services were held for two years. 
This was at the corner of Baltimore and Ex- 
eter streets. In 1857 a new edifice was 
erected by the congregation on Lombard 
street, near Lloyd. This was dedicated on 
October 4, 1857. From December, 1861, 
to 1865, the Rev. Louis C. Carriere served 
the congregation; but upon the conclusion 
of the war the Rev. Mr. Brickman entered 
upon his former charge and served it most 
acceptably until December, 1870. He was 
succeeded by the Rev. George Gieser, who 
became pastor in June, 1871, and remained 
in charge until January 18, 1872. For over 
three years the congregation was without a 
regular pastor, and then the Rev. Peter 
Faber was elected to the position in Sep- 
tember, 1875. He resigned in June, 1879, 
and was followed by the Rev. Adolph 
Roeder, who served from December 22, 
1879, to ^ay I' 1882. During his adminis- 
tration, in the year 1880, a church edifice 
on the corner of Fayette and Aisquith 
streets was purchased and remodelled at a 
cost of $15,000, and the old property was 
sold. The new property was purchased 
from the East Baltimore Methodist 
Protestant Church. From 1882 to 1886 
the congregation was without a pastor, but 
on February 28, 1886, the Rev. Faber re- 
turned to the pastorate and continued in 
charge until his death, February 17, 1897. 
He was succeeded by the present incum- 
bent. Rev. F. E. Waelchli, who entered 
upon his duties as pastor on September 19, 



422 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



1897. The membership is 67. The ser- 
vices are conducted every Sunday morning 
in the German language, and in the even- 
ing in English. 

THE ASSOCIATE REFORMED 
CHURCH. 

While this congregation is now entirely 
independent it began its history, and for 
many years continued a quasi-relation with, 
the Presbyterian Church. It was organized 
in 1797. and had its first house of worship 
on the corner of Fayette and Aisquith 
streets. This was erected in 1803. The 
first pastor was the Rev. Robert Annam, of 
Philadelphia. In 1813 the second church 
edifice was built on West Fayette street, be- 
tween Charles and Liberty streets. It was a 
large, though plain, brick structure. It 
continued to be used for about eighty years, 
when the encroachments of business ren- 
dered it inconvenient for church purposes. 
A few years ago it was decided to remove 
to the northwest corner of Maryland 
avenue and Preston street. The present 
handsome stone buildings were im- 
mediately erected upon the very ample lot 
there purchased, at a total cost of $137,000. 

In 1837 this congregation publicly with- 
drew from all connection with the Presby- 
terian Church in the United States. This 
was during the pastorate of the Rev. John 
Mason Duncan, a very able, but a very in- 
dependent man. The most conspicuous 
pastor was the Rev. Dr. John Leyburn, 
whose long incumbency and marked abili- 
ties won him universal admiration. He 
served from 1866 until 1893, when he was 
made pastor emeritus. He died a few years 
later at a ripe old age. He was succeeded 
by a brilliant young man, who greatly ad- 



vanced the interests of the congregation, 
materially as well as spiritually, the Rev. 
Wayland D. Ball. It was under him that the 
new site was selected and the new building 
erected. He died while pastor, and thougii 
he had been in charge of the congregation 
but a few years, he had won the esteem of 
the city at large. His early death was much 
lamented. The Rev. C. H. Cator was next 
pastor, but remained only a short time, 
when he was succeeded by the Rev. M. C. 
Lockwood. He died in 1896, having been 
in charge about two years. In 1897 he was 
succeeded by the Rev. Oliver Huckle. who 
is now in charge. The pastors of this con- 
gregation have been selected from different 
religious bodies ; but they all seem to have 
worked heartily and successfully for the 
well being and advancement of this inde- 
pendent organization. 

THE UNITARIAN CHURCH. 

There is but one congregation of this 

denomination in the city, its church edifice 

is situated at the corner of Franklin and 

Charles streets. On the 12th of October, 

1816, the Rev. Dr. James Freeman, of 
Kings Chapel, Boston, preached a sermon 
at the house of ]\Ir. Henry Payson, on 
South Charles street. The result of this was 
a meeting called on the loth of February, 

1817, for the purpose of organizing "a reli- 
gious society modelled upon the simple 
principles of the Gospels" and taking into 
consideration the best means of erecting a 
building for public worship. June 5, 1817, 
the corner-stone was laid. October 29, 

1818, the building was dedicated; the Rev. 
Dr. James Freeman preaching the dedica- 
tory sermon. Thus the First Independent 
Christ's Church was established. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



423 



Here on the 5th day of May, 1819, Mr. 
Jared Sparks was ordained. The sermon 
■on that occasion was preached by Dr. Wil- 
liam Ellery Channing, of Boston. It was a 
notable discourse, for it occasioned the 
great controversy which forced Unitarians 
to become a separate religious body. 

The Rev. Jared Sparks was the pastor of 
the church for four years, when ill-health 
compelled him to resign. He was after- 
wards chaplain of the House of Represen- 
tatives, Professor of History at Harvard, 
and later President of Harvard University; 
while the lives of Washington and Frank- 
lin, beside other biographies, are monu- 
ments of his ability as a writer and his- 
torian. 

During an interval of five years the 
church had no regular minister. Doctor 
Greenwood, of Boston, and Dr. W. H. Fur- 
ness filling it part of the time. 

The Rev. George W. Burnap was or- 
dained the second minister of this church, 
April 23, 1828, and remained its faithful 
pastor for thirty-two years. He was 
widely known in literature and theology. 
Doctor Burnap died September, 1859. and 
was succeeded by the Rev. Nathan A. 
'Chamberlain, who resigned in 1863 to enter 
the ministry of the Episcopal Church. 

The fourth minister was the Rev. John 
F. W. Ware, an eloquent orator; his pas- 
torate of the church itself lasted three years, 
1864-67, but he continued to preach at the 
Masonic Temple, Ford's Opera House, and 
other places, for three years longer, when he 
accepted a call to the Arlington Street 
Church, Boston. 

After the Rev. Mr. Ware left the clnirch, 
Drs. Bellows, Furncss, A. P. Peabody, 
Dewey, Lothrop, Ellis, and Farley supplied 



the pulpit for a time, until September, 1869, 
when the Rev. Edward C. Guild was called 
to the pastorate of the church. At the end 
of three years he resigned. 

Mr. Charles Richmond Weld, B. D., who 
had just graduated from Harvard Univer- 
sity, was called to the church and ordained 
its minister, January 2, 1873. During the 
twenty-five years in which Doctor Weld has 
been the pastor, the society has entered 
upon a new life in many and varied activi- 
ties, making a marked success of its work 
among poor boys and industrial teaching 
for girls. 

The church building is quite unlike any 
in the city. It is of Graeco-Roman archi- 
tecture, and was designed by the distin- 
guished French architect, Maximillian 
Godefroy. In 1893, the interior was entire- 
ly rebuilt under the direction of Mr. J. 
Evans Sperry. A new organ was also pre- 
sented to the church by Mr. Enoch Pratt, 
and in 1897 the chancel was further adorned 
by an exquisite mosaic of the Lord's Sup- 
per, designed by Mr. Frederick Wilson, of 
New York City. The new christening font 
is made of Caen stone, and modeled after 
the famous Saxon one in St. Martin's 
Churcli, Canterburry. 

THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPIS- 
COPAL CHURCH. 
This branch of the Methodist Church 
came into existence early in the present 
century, and the first organized conference 
was here in Baltimore. The first Annual 
Conference was held in this city in April, 
1817. It has a large and growing member- 
ship throughout the South. In Baltimore 
there are ten congregations belonging to 
this connection. The strongest of these is: 



HISTORY OP BAWIMORE, MARYLAND. 



The Bethel Church. 
This congregation is eighty years old. 
The present edifice is the second erected on 
the same site, the first in 1817, and the sec- 
ond in 1847. It has been an influential 
church from the start, and among its pas- 
tors there have been some men of high at- 
tainments and strong character. The most 
conspicuous of these is one of the ten 
bishops of the African Church, Rev. Dr. 
James A. Handy, who was baptized, con- 
verted and ordained in this church. He was 
also a trustee and afterwards the pastor of 
the church. The Bethel Church has now a 
membership of 856. In its Sunday-school 
are 376 pupils. It also possesses a parson- 
age. The pastor is the Rev. John W. 
Beckett. 

St. John's Church. 

This is another large and important 
church. The membership is 520; Sunday- 
school scholars, 250. Of this church the 
Rev. J. T. Jenifer, D. D., is the pastor. He 
was born in Upper Marlboro, Md., March 
10, 1843. He first entered commercial life. 
He was licensed to preach at New Bedford, 
Mass., February 5, 1862. Since then he has 
held important charges and done unusual 
work. At Chicago he built Quinn Church 
at a cost of $95,000. His present church 
is growing rapidly. 

The other congregations are as follows: 

Trinity Church.- — Pastor, the Rev. D. G. 
Hill. Membership, 609; Sunday-school, 
350. 

Allen C/(ir)-(7(.— Pastor, the Rev. D. G. 
Warner. Membership, 202; Sunday-school, 
160. 

Ebcnczcr Church. — Pastor, the Rev. J. 



W. Norris. Membership, 1,211; Sunday- 
school, 480. 

Waters Chapel. — Pastor, the Rev. John 
Hurst. Membership, 486; Sunday-school, 
508. 

Mt. Calvary.— Pastor, the Rev. J. W. 
Bowser. Membership, 32; Sunday-school, 
50. 

East Baltimore Church. — Pastor, the 
Rev. Jos. A. Martin. Membership, 60; 
Sunday-school, 124. 

IVaverly Church. — Pastor, the Rev. W. 
H. Stewart. Membership, 33; Sunday- 
school, 75. 

IVayman Memorial. — Pastor, the Rev. J. 
G. Martin. Membership, 30; Sunday- 
school, 52. 

THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPIS- 
COPAL CHURCH ZION. 
There is only one congregation of this 
connection in Baltimore. It is located on 
the corner of Cross and Warner streets. 
The church building is a small brick edifice. 
There is a membership of no. The pastor 
is the Rev. M. M. Bell, who was pastor 
twenty-seven years ago, and has just re- 
turned to serve this congregation. He is 
now endeavoring to repair the building and 
to buy the ground on which it stands. 

THE REFORMED PRESBYTERIAN 
CHURCH. 

This denomination also bears the name 
of the Covenanters. It is made up almost 
exclusively of persons from Scotland and 
the North of Ireland. It was organized in 
1818 and chartered in 1821. Its church 
edifice is situated on the corner of Aisquith 
street and Harford avenue. It is connected 
with the Philadelphia Presbytery. The 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



425 



style of architecture and the forms of wor- 
ship used by this denomination are almost 
as plain as those of the Quakers. Its edi- 
fices are devoid of steeples, bells, and or- 
gans. No instrumental music is ever al- 
lowed, and only the Psalms of David are 
sung. The congregation is not strong. 

THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. 
This body also bears the title of "The 
Disciples of Christ." It traces its history 
back to Scotland, where in 1799 a few per- 
sons organized themselves into a body for 
the purpose of restoring what they called 
"The New Testament Church." In this 
year, at Edinburgh, a church was founded 
with this end in view. It consisted of 310 
members, and had for its pastor James 
Haldanes. Similar movements took place 
at the same time in England and Ireland; 
but they do not appear to have had any 
knowledge of each other. Certainly they 
effected no union. At Edinburgh these re- 
formers were commonly called "The Hal- 
danes" from their zealous pastor. They 
founded a Bible School, in which, free of 
all charges, young men were educated for 
the ministry. From this school two young 
men, named George Forrester and John 
Tassey, came as missionaries to Pittsburg, 
Pa., in 1817; and about the same time a 
young man by the name of Ferguson came 
to Baltimore. This young man addressed 
a little Baptist congregation, which met in 
a sail loft at Fell's Point, and which was 
presided over by a Mr. Healy, a dyer by 
trade. He spoke several times to this small 
body but for some unknown reason his 
preaching was not acceptable to them. He 
next began services in his own hired house, 
to which followed him five members of the 



Baptist congregation. Among this num- 
ber was Wm. Carman, who had organized 
the first Sunday-school in Maryland, and 
Allen L. Innes. These five persons or- 
ganized themselves into a congregation and 
continued to worship at Fell's Point for sev- 
eral years. Next it removed to a house on 
Saratoga street; then to one on Baltimore 
street near Lloyd; then in a bazar on Har- 
rison street; and then to a church edifice 
which was erected by the congregation on 
North street. The date of the erection of 
this church is not known, but in all likeli- 
hood it was between 1825 and 1830. The 
congregation was greatly strengthened, 
while on North street, by the accession of 
some of the most influential members of 
the First Baptist Church, who withdrew 
from the Sharp Street Church and united 
with it. Prominent among these was 
Henry Metzel, Esq., who left the Baptist 
Church in 1834 and united with the Chris- 
tion Church. 

In 1835 this independent movement here 
in Baltimore was brought into contact with 
a similar movement which had begun in 
Western Pennsylvania under Thomas 
Campbell and his son Alexander. The for- 
mer had been a "seceder" minister in Ire- 
land and had come to America in 1807 and 
settled at Washington, Pa. He began to 
make a plea for Christian union based on 
the word of God as the only rule of faith and 
practice. He was persecuted for heresy 
and immediately withdrew from the seceder 
ministry, though continuing to preach. In 
1809 he organized "The Christian Society" 
at Washington, Pa., and issued a "Declara- 
tion and Address." Shortly after this dec- 
laration had been issued Mr. Campbell's 
familv came from Scotland to .\nierica, and 



426 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



among these was his oldest son, Alexander, 
who had just graduated from Glasgow Uni- 
versity. While in Scotland he had become 
acquainted with the tenets of the Haldanes 
and espoused their principles. He identi- 
fied himself with the cause of his father. 
They sought admission to the Presbyterian 
Synod but were refused. They then formed 
a separate organization. Alexander Camp- 
bell was inmiersed by a Baptist min- 
ister on June 12, 1812, and with him, his 
father and mother and wife and sister. 
Thus began what was known as the "Bush 
Run" Baptist Church. Alexander became 
a minister, and as such visited Baltimore to 
collect funds to erect a Baptist church at 
Wellsburgh, Pa. This was in 1816. The 
Campbells soon found themselves very 
much hampered in their views and purposes 
in the Baptist denomination, and became 
the objects of persecution. In 1827 ten 
Baptist churches of the Redstone Associa- 
tion voted to disfellowship thirteen churches 
because they refused to subscribe to a 
human creed. Among these was the "Bush 
Run" church. Forseeing this action, Mr. 
Campbell had removed his membership to 
Wellsburgh, which was within the bounds 
of the Mahoning Association. From 1827 
the work of excommunication went on until 
every reformer was cast out of the Baptist 
churches. This necessitated organization 
on the part of these excommunicated con- 
gregations. When it was effected in West- 
ern Pennsylvania, the congregations found 
themselves on the same footing as the in- 
dependent congregations in Edinburgh, 
Glasgow, London, New York and Balti- 
mor. Alexander Campbell came to Bal- 
timore in 1835 for his second visit. The 
Unitarian and Swedenborgian Churches in- 



vited him to use their houses of worship; 
but they were not considered to be large 
enough, and so were declined. He held his 
meeting in Scotti's Hall. The first person 
to profess conversion to his views was Theo- 
datus Garlick, a student of the Maryland 
University. He afterwards became famous 
as a sculptor and as a plastic surgeon. Af- 
terwards he went to Ohio and founded the 
Christian Church at Youngstown. He 
died December 9, 1884. 

Many others identified themselves with 
the Christian Church on North street. A 
little later, however, dissensions and aliena- 
tions sprang up in this congregation, until 
they sold their property on North street 
and in 1869 built an edifice on the corner 
of Etting and Dolphin streets. Here they 
worshiped for several years, but finally 
merged their membership into that of the 
congregation meeting at the corner of Paca 
and Lombard streets. Their church edifice 
became the property of the latter congrega- 
tion and was later occupied by the Second 
Christian Church (colored). 

The Paca Street, now Harlem Avenue, 
Christian Church. 

This congregation has known a varied 
and moveable career. In 1840 it was found 
that many "Disciples of Christ" were scat- 
tered in various parts of the city. An effort 
was made to bring them together into a new 
organization. This was successful and on 
July 26th, thirty-seven persons signed a 
document in which they agreed to form a 
new congregation. The first meeting was 
held on this date and occupied the Trade's 
Union Hall, on Baltimore and Gay streets. 
From thence the congregation moved to 
the .Assemblv Rooms, corner Favette and 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Holliday streets. Next it moved to War- 
field's Church on St. Paul's street. Thence 
it went to Armitage's Hall, on Paca street, 
near Fayette; and thence to the Paca Street 
Church which was dedicated by the Rev. 
Alexander Campbell on May 26, 1850. In 
1873 the edifice was enlarged and improved. 
The congregation continued to occupy it 
until August 28, 1887, when it removed to 
a new edifice erected at the corner of Har- 
lem and Fremont avenues, which was dedi- 
cated March 11, 1888. Since this time the 
name of the church has been the Harlem 
Avenue Christian Church. Its present prop- 
erty is valued at $32,000. The present 
membership is 530. The pastor is the Rev. 
B. A. Abbott. 

The succession of pastors has not been 
preserved; but so far as ascertainable, they 
have been as follows: George S. Elley, in 
1840; A. Anderson, leaving 1861; D. S. 
Burnet, from 1863 to July, 1867; A. N. Gil- 
bert, who served ten years; I. J. Spencer, 
who served two years; H. D. Clark, five 
years; James Vernon, Jr., from 1885 to 
September, 1888; C. K. Marshall, for six 
years, and the present pastor, who assumed 
charge on October i, 1894. 

Calhoux Street Church of the 
Disciples. 
In 1888 the Rev. James Vernon, Jr., then 
pastor of the Harlem Avenue Christian 
Church, together with some of the members 
of that congregation, organized a new con- 
gregation. This was accomplished on June 
24th, in Denny and Mitchell's Hall, on Bal- 
timore street near Carrollton avenue. 
About thirty-five persons formed them- 
selves together as the "Third Congregation 
of the Disciples of Christ in Bahimore." 



Captain Bohannon was the recognized 
leader of this movement. He began a Sun- 
day-school several weeks before this or- 
ganization was efifected and preached every 
Sunday evening until September 1st, when 
the Rev. James Vernon, Jr., became the 
pastor. They then removed to Hollins' 
Hall, for which they paid a rent of $365 a 
year. In September, 1889, the Rev. Mr. 
Vernon resigned. The pulpit was supplied 
by Captain Bohannon and Frank Morgan, 
a student of the Johns Hopkins University, 
until January i, 1890, when Rev. Thomas 
Munnell accepted the charge. In December 
of this year a contract for a church edifice to 
cost $6,000 was given. They had no money 
in hand for this large expense and could 
raise only $500 among themselves. On 
April 6th, the edifice, which cost $8,000, 
was finished, and the Rev. C. P. William- 
son preached the dedicatory sermon. The 
building consists of Sunday-school rooms 
and a church parlor on the first floor, and 
an audience room seating 500 persons on 
the second. Several beautiful stained glass 
windows have been placed upstairs, one by 
Mrs. President Garfield in memory of her 
husband, who had been a student under the 
Rev. Mr. Munnell. On September 30, 
189 1, Mr. Munnell resigned and on October 
1st was succeeded by the Rev. Peter Ainslie. 
The indebtedness at this time was over 
$5,000 and the membership was less than 
a hundred. A revival was started in No- 
vember, which lasted over four weeks, and 
added an hundred people to the church. 
On February 16, 1894, the church was par- 
tially destroyed by fire. For three months 
the congregation worshiped in Hollins' Hall 
again, which proved a serious drawback to 
its prosperity. On May 13th, the edifice 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



was ready for use, the insurance having met 
the expenses. Gradually the debt has been 
reduced until it is now only $2,000. The 
property is valued at $12,000. The Rev. 
Peter Ainslie is still in charge. 

THE METHODIST PROTESTANT 
CHURCH. 

The Methodist Protestant Church took 
> its rise in Baltimore in the year" 1839-, Its 
originators were members of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church who contended that the 
laity ought to enjoy equal representation 
with the ministry in the Annual and General 
Conferences. So strongly did some of them 
hold and express this view that they were 
expelled from the M. E. Church; while 
others seceded. These disaffected Metho- 
dists decided to form a new body and in 
November, 1830, called a convention for 
this purpose. It was held in Baltimore. A 
new constitution and discipline were formu- 
lated, based upon this principle of repre- 
sentation. Congregations have gradually 
arisen in various parts of the city in the 
following order: 

St. John's M. P. Church.— This was the 
first Methodist Protestant church to be or- 
ganized. It is located on Liberty street, 
near Fayette, and was organized in 1829. 
For a number of years it has maintained 
an independent relation officially, although 
its pulpit is supplied from the Maryland 
Conference of the Methodist Protestant 
Church. 

East Baltimore M. P. Church. — This con- 
gregation was also organized in 1829. It 
is located at the corner of Preston and Bond 
streets. Its membership is 220, with 278 
Sunday-school scholars. The value of its 



property is $23,500. The present pastor is 
the Rev. J. M. Sheridan. 

West Baltimore M. P. Church.— T^'is 
church was organized out of St. John's 
Methodist Protestant Church in 1843 and is 
located at the corner of Lafayette avenue 
and Gilmor street. The pastor is the Rev. 
J. W. Kirk. Its membership is 487; Sun- 
day-school scholars, 560. Value of prop- 
erty, $36,500. 

South Baltimore M. P. Church.— This 
church is on Light street extended. Its 
pastor is the Rev. J. E. T. Ewell. The 
membership is 163; Sunday-school scholars, 
180. Value of property, $23,000. 

Allmit Memorial M. P. Church.-At the 
corner of Chester and Lombard streets, this 
church is located. It has a membership of 
468, and a Sunday-school of 435 scholars. 
The property is valued at $54,000. The 
Rev. T. M. Holmes is the pastor. 

Starr M. P. Church. — This is located on 
Poppleton street, near Lombard. Its pas- 
tor is the Rev. F. T. Little. The member- 
ship of the church is 275, and of the Sun- 
day-school, 250. The value of the property 
is $45,000. 

Broadivay M. P. Church. — At the corner 
of Broadway and Monument streets, this 
church is situated. It is built of brick and 
has a membership of 203, and the Sunday- 
school numbers 500. The property is val- 
ued at $25,000. The Rev. F. H. Lewis is 
the pastor. 

Hampden M. P. Church.— On the Falls 
Road, near Third avenue, is this church 
situated. Its membership is 632 and its 
Sunday-school has 630 scholars. The pas- 
tor is the Rev. W. J. Neepier. Value of 
church property, $16,500. 

Eiila-.c M. P. C/i;nT/i.— This church is lo- 





tfcx-^ CL 




HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



429 



cated at Hall's Spring, near First Tollgate. 
The pastor is the Rev. W. S. Phillips and it 
has a membership of 66, with 87 scholars in 
the Sunday-school. The property is valued 
at $4,000. 

Faith M. P. Church. — At the corner of 
Madison and Independent streets this 
church is situated. It lias a membership of 
127; Sunday-school scholars, 154. The 
property is valued at $3,000. The Rev. J. 
W. Paris is pastor. 

Remington M. P. C/iHrc/i.— Situated at the 
corner of Huntingdon avenue and William 
street, is the Remington Methodist Protest- 
ant church. Its property is valued at 
$5,000. The membership of the church is 
163, and of the Sunday-school 100. The 
pastor is the Rev. H. O. Keen. 

Bethany M. P. Church.— This is located at 
the corner of Washington and Townsend 
streets and has a membership of 148, with 
250 scholars in the Sunday-school. The 
value of the property is $3,175. Pastor, 
Rev. J. F. Bryan. 

Payson M. P. Church. — This church is at 
the corner of Payson and McHenry streets. 
Its property is valued at $1,900 and its mem- 
bership is 75, with a Sunday-school of 150 
scholars. The Rev. G. W. Hines is the 
pastor. 

St. John's M. P. Church. — At the corner 
of Lancaster and Robinson streets, this 
church is located. Its membership is 105. 
Its Sunday-school has 200 scholars. Prop- 
erty is valued at $1,500. The pastor is Rev. 
A. A. Bichell. 

Fairvicw M. P. Church. — Near Loudon 
Park, this church is situated on the Fred- 
erick Road. The pastor is the Rev. H. E. 
Nelson. The membership is 131. with 175 



scholars in the Sunday-school. The prop- 
erty is valued at $2,700. 

Christ's M. P. Church.— On Baker street 
near Fulton avenue, is this church situated. 
It has a membership of 123 and a Sunday- 
school of 250 scholars. The value of the 
property is $2,700. The pastor is the Rev. 
W. H. Litsinger. 

Evergreen M. P. Church. — This church is 
at the corner of Cedar avenue and Roland 
Park. The pastor is the Rev. N. O. Gib- 
son and the membership of the church is 
42, of the Sunday-school no. \'alue of 
property is $1,500. 

North Baltimore M. P. Church.— This 
beautiful stone church was erected in 1895 
on Mt. Royal avenue, near McMechin 
street, and not far from the Park. Its 
growth has been rapid until it now numbers 
no members and has a Sunda\'-school of 
100 scholar^. The property is valued at 
$20,000. The pastor is Rev. A. N. Ward. 

Totals.— Number of churches in the city, 
19. Membership, 3,618. Sunday-school 
scholars, 4,423. \'alue of church property, 
$268,975. 

THE UNR-ERSALIST CHURCH. 

The first L'niversalist minister to visit 
Baltimore was the Rev. Paul Dean, of Bos- 
ton, who preached several sermons here 
about 1830. In 183 1 the Rev. Otis A. Skin- 
ner, D. D., took up his residence in the city 
and established the First Universalist 
Church. In 1832 a Sunday-school was or- 
ganized. Services were held in the Branch, 
or Warfield's Tabernacle, on St. Paul street. 
\'ioIent opposition was encountered in the 
promulgation of Universalist views, inso- 
much that the first attendants upon the pub- 
lic services were onlv men. Interest in the 



430 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



new congregation grew gradually. The 
Rev. Dr. Skinner's ministrations were very 
acceptable and successful, as he was a man 
of unusual gifts. Such numerous enquiries 
came to him regarding the tenets of the new 
faith that he established a religious news- 
paper to aid him to spread them abroad. 
This bore the title of "The Southern Pioneer 
and Gospel Visitant." It was published 
simultaneously in Baltimore and Rich- 
mond. Doctor Skinner became the editor- 
in-chief of this publication, and later on, the 
proprietor and publisher. Under the heavy 
burdens of his manifold labors his health 
gave way, and he was compelled to seek 
rest. He resigned the charge of the Balti- 
more congregation and was succeeded by 
the Rev. Linus S. Everett. Under his suc- 
cessful pastorate a large church edifice was 
erected at the corner of Calvert and Pleas- 
ant streets in 1837- 1838. He served only 
two years but did an acceptable work, 
greatly advancing the interests of his flock. 
In 1839 the Rev. I. D. Williamson became 
the pastor, and through his marked intellec- 
tual gifts attracted wide attention. It was 
in his day, for certain financial reasons, that 
the First Universalist Society disbanded, 
and the Second Universalist Society was 
formed. The latter was composed very 
largely of the same members as the former. 
The Rev. James Shrigley succeeded to the 
pastorate in 1841 and remained in charge 
until 1849. Though of gracious personaPity 
and consecrated life, hi§ work was greatly 
hampered by a constantly increasing indebt- 
edness which at last amounted to $15,000. 
Upon his resignation in 1849 ^ heroic effort 
was made by the congixgation to remove 
this incubus. These efforts were nobly sec- 
onded by the new pastor, the Rev. J. M. 



Cook, who became pastor in 1849. ^^ mort- 
gage of $7,000 was cancelled by generous 
subscriptions. Mr. Cook next attacked the 
"Floating Debt" and made considerable ad- 
vance, when he was suddenly stricken down 
and died after a short illness. He had been 
in charge but a year and yet had done a 
great work, both in the pulpit and else- 
where. The next pastor was the Rev. G. T. 
Flanders, D. D., who served from 185 1 to 
1855. His incumbency was not specially 
notable, though he was a man of good abili- 
ties. From 1857 to 1859 the Rev. J. M. 
Peebles, who had been a Lutheran minister, 
was in charge. He was succeeded in 1859 
by the Rev. J. R. Johnson, under whom 
many changes and many advances were 
made. The "Floating Debt," which the 
Rev. Mr. Cook had not removed before he 
died, had been gradually increasing, until 
it now became an unbearable burden. It 
was deemed best to sell the property on Cal- 
vert street, inasmuch as it was becoming 
more and more unsuitable for religious pur- 
poses owing to the encroachments of shops 
and stores. The building was accordingly 
sold and the indebtedness paid. Seven 
thousand dollars remained after all claims 
had been met. For two years following the 
congregation worshiped in a hall until a 
new site could be secured and a new edifice 
erected. A lot was secured on Baltimore 
street, near Central avenue, upon which a 
ground rent was placed of three hundred 
and sixty dollars. In April, i860, the cor- 
ner-stone was laid and the dedication oc- 
curred on March 24, 1861. The total cost 
was $16,000. The Civil War greatly im- 
peded the progress of the congregation and 
before it was over a serious secession from 
the church took place. 



HISTORY O^ BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



431 



The Rev. H. R. Walworth succeeded the 
Rev. Mr. Johnson in 1866 and was in charge 
three years. For about one year the Rev. 
Alexander Kent was pastor. In 1872 the 
Rev. G. W. Powell was chosen pastor and 
continued in charge until 1876. Near the 
close of his pastorate an unfortunate divi- 
sion sprang up. and when ^Mr. Powell re- 
signed he took with him a considerable fol- 
lowing and established a new congregation, 
taking the title of the "Third Universalist 
Church." A building was erected on 
Greene street, but after a few years it was 
sold and the congregation disbanded. Only 
a few of these seceders returned to the old 
fold, so that here was a distinct loss through 
this unfortunate movement. For six months 
after the withdrawal of Mr. Powell and his 
followers from the parent church, the Rev. 
William Taylor, M. D., did faithful service, 
until the Rev. Royal H. Pullman, D. D., 
entered upon the pastorate, May i, 1877. 
The Rev. Dr. Pullman had long been the 
General Secretary of the General Conven- 
tion of Universalists, and brought to his 
new field signal abilities and wide experi- 
ence. He found but a small band of adher- 
ents but these were possessed of marked 
zeal. The spiritual life of the congregation 
was weak and the financial condition de- 
plorable. The annual ground rent and an 
indebtedness of several thousand dollars 
weighed the people to the earth and there 
seemed little hope of improvement. But 
under the long and faithful pastorate of the 
Rev. Dr. Pullman the whole situation has 
been transformed. Early in his administra- 
tion it was deemed wise to sell the edifice on 
Baltimore street, as many of the people had 
removed from that neighborhood. This 
was done in the spring of 1886 and brought 



$21,000, the ground rent being assumed by 
the purchaser. After all the debts had been 
paid a balance of $12,500 was left in the 
treasury. The farewell services in the old 
building were held in October, 1886, at- 
tracting large congregations. The follow- 
ing Sunday the congregation worshiped in 
McLaughlin's Hall, at the corner of Balti- 
more and Eden streets, and occupied these 
premises for almost two years, while the 
new church was being erected. On Thanks- 
giving Day, 1887, the corner-stone of the 
present edifice was laid. The lot is situated 
at the northwest corner of Guilford avenue 
and Lanvale street and is owned in fee. The 
beautiful edifice was dedicated on October 
20, 1888, amidst great rejoicings. The 
dedicatory sermon was preached by the 
Rev. Dr. Pullman. The building commit- 
tee reported that $2,216.48 were needed to 
meet all obligations. Immediately the sum 
of $3,217.48 were subscribed, so that the 
congregation started on its new career with 
a handsome property, entirely free from all 
encumbrance. The church is built of gran- 
ite and presents an attractive appearance. 
The congregation has largely increased and 
is greatly given to good work. In the year 
1890 a band of teachers organized to form a 
mission. This was accomplished on Christ- 
mas Day of that year. A site was secured 
on Ann street, near Federal, and a substan- 
tial chapel was erected. This was dedi- 
cated on October 9, 1892. It cost a little 
over $2,000. The first pastor was the Rev. 
U. S. Milburn, who served for a year and 
a half; the second, the Rev. C. P. Hall. The 
mission is called .\1I Souls' ?iIission. It is 
making steady growth in numbers and in- 
fluence. 

In 1897 the Rev. Dr. Pullman deemed it 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Wise to give way to a younger man, and 
greatly to the regret of his people, pressed 
his resignation. It was reluctantly ac- 
cepted. He still continues to reside in Bal- 
timore almost opposite the church for which 
he has labored so long and so successfully. 
The present edifice is a monument to his 
zeal and devotion. He was succeeded by 
the present pastor, the Rev. A. Bilkovsky. 
The membership is 381. 

EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION. 

This religious body has but few congre- 
gations in this city. It was much stronger 
a few years ago than it is now; but owing 
to a contention which arose in 1893 several 
congregations separated from the Evangeli- 
cal Association, and allied themselves with 
a new body which took the name of the 
LTnited Evangelical Association. 

In organization and government, both of 
these associations are very much like the 
Methodists, having bishops and an itinerant 
ministry. None of their churches are 
strong numerically. Those attached to the 
Evangelical Association in this city are all 
German, and they have all been organized 
in comparatively recent years. 

First Evangelical Church. 
The annals of this church begin with a 
resolution passed in 1840 at the Western 
Pennsylvania Conference of the Evangeli- 
cal Association, in jnu-suance of which the 
Rev. Jacob Boos came to Baltimore to do 
missionary work among its German resi- 
dents. He preached his first sermon in the 
house of Mr. Haupt, who then resided on 
Dover street. In a short time he rented 
the small chapel of a Methodist church at 
Fremont and Raborg streets. This build- 



mg is now used as a feed store. Mr. Boos' 
followers numbered by this time 42, and 
the chapel was named "Emmanuel." The 
congregation bought the chapel before the 
end of the year. It was soon decided to 
build a new church edifice. This was done 
at the corner of Camden and Eutaw streets. 
It was consecrated on December 12. 1841. 
It was 40 feet by 60 feet in size. On Sun- 
day, December 14, 185 1, this building was 
destroyed by fire. It was decided to re- 
build. The new edifice was almost com- 
pleted when, in July, 1852, the Baltimore & 
Ohio Railroad bought the site from the con- 
gregation for $9,000, not including the ma- 
terials. The pastor at that tuue was the 
Rev. D. Berger. A new site was selected 
on Greene street and Cider alley and the 
present edifice erected. It was dedicated 
in 1853, and the name changed to the First 
Evangelical Church, though it is still popu- 
larly called the Emmanuel Evangelical 
Church. It is a two-story brick building. 
In 1874 a new front was placed to the build- 
ing, a new gallery erected and a new roof. 
An organ was also purchased. These im- 
provements cost $14,000. In 1879 a sex- 
ton's house was erected on Cider alley. It 
has accommodations also for religious 
gatherings. A suitable parsonage is also 
owned by the congregation. There are 250 
communicants and 150 Sunday-school 
scholars. The present zealous pastor is the 
Rev. A. Pfost. 

In 1887 this congregation purchased two 
lots, at West Cross and Nanticote streets, 
and erected a chapel thereon. It was dedi- 
cated in 1887, and grew to sufficient 
strength to be declared independent in 1897, 
as the Third Evangelical Church. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMOKE, MARYLAND. 



Second Evangelical Church. 
In 1848 a plain two-story brick church 
edifice was erected by this congregation at 
the corner of McElderry and Short streets. 
It was dedicated in February, 1849. On 
September 5, 1869, it was rededicated, hav- 
ing been extensively improved. It was 
again improved in 1895. The communi- 
cants number 150, and the Sunday-school 
has 120 pupils. A parsonage is owned 
across the street from the church. The 
present pastor is the Rev. H. Weisshaar, 
who entered upon the charge in 1897. 

Third Evangelical Church. 
This congregation started as a mission of 
the First Evangelical Church. Its brick 
chapel was erected in 1887 at a cost of 
$5,000. It is situated on Cross and Nanti- 
cote streets. The present pastor is the Rev. 
T. Weber, under whom the congregation is 
making slow progress. It now numbers 45. 
It became independent in 1898. 

UNITED EVANGELICAL ASSOCIA- 
TION. 

NuMSEX Memorl\l United Evangel- 
ical Church. 
This very attractive stone edifice was 
dedicated on September 14, 1873. It is sit- 
uated on Clark street near Fremont. It has 
known a slow growth. Though originally 
connected with the Evangelical Association 
it separated from it in 1893, and is now at- 
tached to the Central Pennsylvania Confer- 
ence of the United Evangelical Association. 
This congregation is composed of English 
speaking people, as is the case with the 
others of the United Association. 



Grace United Evangelical Associa- 
tion Church. 

This congregation has a neat brick edi- 
fice at the corner of Preston and Ensor 
streets. The congregation is now numeri- 
cally strong, but is making some growth. 

Olive United Evangelical Church. 
At the corner of Charles and Fort ave- 
nues this congregation has a small brick 
edifice. It is not strong. The pastor is the 
Rev. Mr. Bailey. 

THE UNITED PRESBYTERIAN 
CHURCH. 

This ecclesiastical body came into exis- 
tence in the year 1858 by the union of the 
Associate Reformed and the Associate 
Churches (branches of the Presbyterian 
Church). Some three-quarters of a century 
before they had been united but they sepa- 
rated on minor points. At the last reunion 
they took the name of the United Presby- 
terian Church. In Baltimore this body has 
never attained to much strength or known 
rapid growth. 

First United Presbyterian Church. 
This congregation was organized in 1826. 
The first edifice occupied by it was situated 
on Courtland street, between Saratoga and 
Pleasant streets. It was erected in 1828. 
The first pastor was the Rev. Archibald 
White, who served from 1828 to 1838. The 
change of location to the present site at the 
corner of Madison avenue and Biddle street 
was made later. The building is two stories 
in height and of plain appearance, in keep- 
ing with the forms and customs which this 
denomination observes. For in its worship 
it is most simple, using as few forms as pos- 



434 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



sible. No hymns or sacred songs are per- 
mitted, except the Psalms of David. 

The present pastor is Rev. J. B. Wilson. 

In 1894 the Christian Endeavor Society of 

this church organized a mission on North 

avenue which is now self-sustaining. 

North Avenue United Presbyterian 

Church. 

The Christian Endeavor Society of the 
First United Presbyterian Church started a 
Sunday-school at the corner of Walbrook 
avenue and Pulaski street in June, 1891. 
Preaching services were begun in Decem- 
ber, 1894. A temporary building was 
erected on the northeast corner of Payson 
street and North avenue, in March, 1895, 
to which the frame building was removed in 
October. The congregation was here or- 
ganized January 29, 1896, with twenty-eight 
members. In the autumn of 1897 a stone 
chapel was erected on this lot at a cost of 
$7,000. The property is now worth $14,- 
000. The present membership is sixty- 
seven and the Sunday-school numbers 325 
scholars. The Rev. Charles H. Robinson 
has been the pastor since the organization. 
The church was dedicated in January, 1898, 
the sermon being preached by the Rev. Dr. 
W. J. Robinson, of Allegheny, Pa. 

METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, 
SOUTH. 
This l)0(ly came into existence in the 
year 1S44, but liad no congregation in Bal- 
timore until thr tinu- of the Civil War. Up 
to tliis time the- ilaltiniore Conference ad- 
hered to the i)arent Methodist Church. In 
t86o the General Conference, which met at 
Buffalo, N. Y., .so altered the Book of Dis- 
cipline that the Baltimore Conference at its 
session held at Staunton, Va., in March, 



1861, determined to withdraw from the 
jurisdiction of the General Conference of 
the Methodist Church. The war followed 
immediately upon the adjournment of this 
Conference, and during the four years of its 
continuance the Baltimore Conference 
maintained an independent position. Mean- 
while, several new congregations were es- 
tablished in the city altogether independent 
of the Methodist Church. Some of these 
have remained independent until this day, 
while others identified themselves with the 
Methodist Church, South, which was for- 
mally organized here in 1866. In the 
month of February of this year, the Balti- 
more Conference met at Alexandria, \'a. 
At this meeting the names of those minis- 
ters who had not answered to the roll-call 
were stricken off; and those present re- 
solved as follows: "We do hereby unite 
with, and adhere ^to, the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church, South, and do now, through 
the President of this Conference, invite 
Bishop Early to recognize us officially, and 
to preside over us at our present session." 
Thereupon Bishop Early took the chair and 
the connection with the Methodist Church, 
South, was established. 

Trinity M. E. Church. 
Sometime in 1863 a number of members 
of Strawbridge M. E. Church (then situated 
on the corner of Linden avenue and Biddle 
streets), withdrew from that church and 
organized an independent Methodist Sun- 
day-school. It was located in a building 
on Biddle street now used as No. 4 Truck 
House. Plere they worshiped until a lot 
was secured and the present edifice erected 
in 1863. The church was dedicated in 
November, 1864; the first pastor was the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



435 



Rev. Alpheus W. Wilson, now a bishop of 
the AI. E. Church, South. The congrega- 
tion was not incorporated until Jul)^ 13, 
1868. The church was conducted as an in- 
dependent body for a number of years and 
it was not until 1884 that an amendment to 
the original charter was filed changing the 
name to the present one. The most prom- 
inent pastors beside Bishop Wilson have 
been: The Revs. Robt. A. Holland, D. D.; 
Samuel Rogers, D. D.; Wm. W. Wads- 
worth, D. D.; John Hannon, D. D.; Felix 
R. Hill, D. D.; March B. Chapman, D. D. 
The present pastor is the Rev. J. H. Young, 
Ph. D. The membership is 537. This 
congregation has always been notable for 
its missionary spirit and offerings. Through 
its Sunday-school its annual collections for 
Home and Foreign Missions have been 
from $1,500 to $2,500 every year since its 
organization. 

Emmanuel M. E. Church, South. 
This congregation is an off-shoot of 
Trinity Church, South, and it has known 
two places of worship. The first was on 
Mosher street, near Myrtle avenue, where 
its first church edifice was dedicated on Oc- 
tober 24, 1869. This property was after- 
ward sold and the present edifice was 
erected at the corner of McCulloh and 
Presstman streets. Its membership is 383 
and the pastor is the Rev. Wm. S. Ham- 
mond. 

Calvary M. E. Church, South. 
The Sunday-school Society of the Cen- 
tral M. E. ChuTch, South, started a mission 
school in 1869. The Ingraham Chapel in 
South Baltimore was first rented and ser- 
vices were begun there. The first pastor 



was the Rev. Samuel H. Parrish. In 1871 
a lot was purchased on Hill street, near 
Hanover, and it was dedicated on Februarv 
II, 1872, by Bishop Doggett. The mem- 
bership increased rapidly so that a new 
building was necessary. In 1874 the con- 
gregation purchased the Presbyterian 
Church on the southeast corner of German 
and Greene streets, and owned it until 
March, 1879, when this property was sold. 
For a period Calvary congregation wor- 
shiped with the congregation of the Sec- 
ond Lutheran Church, the pastors preach- 
ing alternately. In 1876 it buih a new edi- 
fice on the corner of Greene and King 
streets. Afterwards the Methodist Protest- 
ant Church edifice, on the southeast corner 
of Lombard and Greene streets, was pur- 
chased and is now owned by this congre- 
gation. It is a plain brick structure. A 
parsonage is owned at the rear of the 
church on Greene street. The present pas- 
tor is the Rev. C. R. Harris, and the mem- 
bership is 283. 

Frederick Avenue M. E. Church, 
South. 

In 1871 this congregation was organized. 
The church edifice was erected in the same 
year on Frederick avenue. It has known 
a slow growth and now numbers eighty-one 
members. The pastor is the Rev. L. W. 
Haslup. 

Arlington M. E. Church, South. 

This congregation was organized in the 
suburb of Arlington several years ago. The 
present church edifice was erected in 1895. 
The building is of stone. The growth has 
been steady until the membership is now 
190. The pastor is the Rev. J. S. Engle. 



436 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



St. Paul's M. E. Church, South. 
This congregation was organized in 1861. 
It met first in Sharf's Hall, southeast cor- 
ner of Booth and Carey streets. Somewhat 
later it secured the use of a house known 
as the "Winan's Soup House," on Balti- 
more street, opposite the Winans' residence. 
The name of "Winans' Chapel" was given 
to this. Subsequently the congregation 
moved to Hollins' Hall, but in 1868 a lot 
was purchased on Fayette street, near Re- 
publican, and thereupon the present large 
brick edifice was erected in 1868-1869. It 
was built a: a cost of $45,000, and was dedi- 
cated on December 3, 187 1. It is a build- 
ing having a basement suitable for Sunday- 
school and class rooms, and a large audi- 
ence room above. This church has known 
a prosperous history, and is the second 
strongest Methodist Church, South, in the 
city, ranking next to Trinity Church. Its 
membership is 621. The parsonage is at 
1050 W. Fayette street, almost opposite the 
church. The present pastor is the Rev. H. 
M. Whaling, Ph. D. The Wilkens Avenue 
JM. E. Church, South, is a mission of St. 
Paul's and its membership is included in 
the above number. The pastor is the Rev. 
Wm. Stevens. 

Central M. E. Church, South. 
A large number of persons, who had 
separated themselves from the General Con- 
ference of the M. E. Church, organized a 
new congregation in 1862 and took the 
name of the "Central M. E. Church." It 
met first in the New Assembly Rooms for a 
year, then it removed to a hall on Paca 
street. Ne.xt it worshiped over the old 
Eutaw Savings Bank until the year 1867, 
when the old Church of the Ascension on 



Lexington street, near Pine, was purchased 
from that congregation. Six years later 
this property was sold and the congregation 
occupied a hall on N. Schroeder street, un- 
til its new church was built on the south- 
east corner of Edmonson avenue and 
Strieker street. The lower room of this edi- 
fice was occupied in December, 1874 and 
the entire building was dedicated on Octo- 
ber 21, 1877. The cost was $23,000. 

This congregation is in a flourishing con- 
dition, under the charge of the Rev. J. A. 
Anderson. It also maintains a Mission 
Chapel, called the "Carnaervon Church," of 
which the Rev. W. H. Best is pastor. The 
membership of both is 322. 

North Baltimore M. E. Church, South. 
This church is situated on East Lexing- 
ton street, near Aisquith. As this portion 
of Lexington street was formerly named 
Holland street, this church was called the 
Holland Street Church. The extension of 
Lexington street was the occasion of the 
change of the name to the present title. The 
congregation was organized in 1866 by a 
number of persons who withdrew from the 
Methodist Church because of circumstances 
which at that time rendered it impossible for 
them to remain in that body. The church 
was dedicated on January 5, 1867, by Bishop 
Doggett. The first pastor was the Rev. 
David Thomas, for many years an honored 
member of the Baltimore Conference of the 
Methodist Church, South. The years of 
1868 and 1869 were times of revival, growth 
and prosperity, under the pastorate of the 
Rev. I. W. Canter, at present the Presiding 
Elder of the East Baltimore District. The 
membership has become very much scat- 
tered in recent years, owing to changes in 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



439 



the neighborhood of the church; and at 
present numbers about one hundred. The 
present pastor is the Rev. A. D. Kern. 

INDEPENDENT METHODIST 
CHURCHES. 
There are certain congregations, in and 
about Baltimore, which have at different 
times and for different causes left the Me- 
thodist Church and assumed an independ- 
ent position. They have no organic unity, 
each styling itself an Independent Metho- 
dist Church. The chief of these (the Chats- 
worth Church) severed its connection be- 
fore the war, but most of the others took 
an independent attitude either during or af- 
ter the war. When the Baltimore Confer- 
ence of the M. E. Church met in 1861 the 
majority of the members resolved not to 
"submit to the authority of the General 
Conferenc ■," and declared themselves "in- 
dependent of it." When the Baltimore 
Conference met in 1862 those who sympa- 
thized with the Southern cause and the posi- 
tion taken by the Southern element of the 
Conference in 1861, declined to recognize 
its authority. Some of these congregations 
united themselves a little later with the M. 
E. Church, South, while the others decided 
to maintain an independent position. All 
of these have been served by ministers of 
the Methodist Church, so that some vital 
connection is still retained with the parent 
body. 

Chatsworth Ixdepexdext ;\I. E. 

Church. 

This is an off-shoot of the Eutaw Street 

M. E. Church. In March, 1859, a lot was 

purchased at the southwest corner of 

Franklin and Pine streets, on which stood 

26 



an old two-story frame building. In this 
a Methodist Sunday-school was organized 
in the upper rooms, which were fitted up 
for the purpose. The school was organized 
on April 22 with twenty-two scholars. The 
name "Chatsworth" was given it because 
a large tract of land, on which the frame 
building stood, originally bore that name. 
The work prospered until in 1861 the Bal- 
timore Conference was requested to appoint 
a minister to have charge of it. The Rev. 
John A. Williams was appointed and en- 
tered upon the pastorate on April 7, 1861. 
There were then seventeen members. In 
1862 the congregation refused to acknowl- 
edge the authority of the Conference and 
in October,i863, determined to assume an 
independent position as a church. The 
Rev. Mr. Williams was elected the pastor 
on March i, 1864. A church edifice was 
dedicated on March 2J, 1864. It was a 
plain brick structure, having two stories. 
It remained unchanged until a few years 
ago, when a stone front was erected to the 
old building and numerous improvements 
made. In the early part of 1898 the ques- 
tion of reunion with the Methodist Church 
was thoroughly discussed and it was de- 
cided to abandon the independent position 
and to seek relations with the parent or- 
ganization. So that this congregation will 
soon lose its title of "Independent" which 
it has had for almost forty years. The 
present pastor is the Rev. Thomas O. 
Crouse. Membership. 300. 
William Street Lxdependext M. E. 
Church. 
The Rev. Thomas W. Lowe began a 
missionary work in a tent on the corner of 
Williams and Gittings streets, in 1875. A 
congregation was organized in that year. 



440 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Four months after the inauguration of 
these services the present edifice was be- 
gun. It was dedicated on February 6, 
1876. It is a two-story brick building and 
seats 540 people. The church was incor- 
porated August 19, 1875. The Rev. Mr. 
Lowe is still in charge. 
St. John's Independent M. E. Church. 
This congregation occupies a stately old 
brick edifice which was erected in 1818 on 
Liberty street near Fayette. It is a two- 
story building, and though now far down 
town, the congregation possesses much life 
and energy. It is under the leadership of 
the Rev John S. Bowers. 

Madison Avenue Independent M. E. 
Church. 
The congregation of St. John's Inde- 
pendent Church built a beautiful stone 
chapel on the rear of a lot at the corner 
of Madison avenue and Wilson street. It 
was dedicated on April 29, 1877, and was 
for some years called the "St. John's 
Chapel." It has now a vigorous growth, 
owing to its favorite location. 

Olive Branch Independent M. E. 
Church. 

On the southwest corner of Charles street 
and Fort avenue a plain and small chapel 
was erected in 1880 and dedicated on April 
28th. The congregation is not large. 

THE CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH. 
Though the Congregational body had no 
distinct history in Baltimore until 1865, 
there is an interesting fact in the records 
of Maryland which will bear narration. 
Among the early settlers of the eastern 
counties of Virginia, south of the James 
river, was a band of Puritans. The peace 



and security they hoped to enjoy there was 
rudely broken in 1647 by a decree of the 
Governor and Assembly of Virginia that all 
ministers "duly upon every Sabbath day 
read such prayers as are appointed and pre- 
scribed unto them by the Book of Common 
Prayer." Banishment was the penalty for 
non-conformity. The little band of Puri- 
tans left Virginia and settled in groups be- 
tween the Magothy and Patuxent rivers 
in Maryland. Their first meeting house 
was on the banks of the Magothy. Their 
numbers increased rapidly, but their sense 
of independence was suddenly disturbed 
by a mandate from Lord Baltimore to send 
burgesses to an assembly to be held at St. 
Mary's, in March, 165 1. Acknowledging 
no allegiance to Lord Baltimore, they de- 
clined to do so. The Governor thereupon 
moved against them, as they were assem- 
bled at their chief settlement on the Severn, 
with fourteen boats and two hundred and 
fifty men. The Puritans, with but two ves- 
sels and a hundred and twenty men, at- 
tacked the Governor's party on Sunday, 
March 25, 1655, and after a desperate en- 
counter captured him and all his troops. 
At a court martial held the next day the 
Governor and nine of his assistants were 
condemned to death, but only three or four 
were executed. He was allowed to depart, 
and for several years the Puritans enjoyed 
peace. A compromise was arranged in 
England, and perfect liberty and e(|uality 
were securetl thereby to the Puritan band. 
Then the disputed territory was yielded up 
to Lord Baltimore. For two hundred 
years nothing further was heard of Puri- 
tanism in Maryland. 

From the day of the founding of the 
town there were not a few who had some 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



441 



connection, near or remote, with New Eng- 
land. They were not numerous enough to 
form an alHance, but worshiped with those 
rehgious bodies whose poHty and principles 
corresponded most closely to those of New 
England. Gradually the number increased, 
but it was not until 1864 that any definite 
move was made toward the organization 
of a congregational society. On the i8th 
of November about ten persons met at the 
residence of Mr. P. Morton, on Druid Hill 
avenue, and agreed to inaugurate weekly 
meetings. No Sunday service was held un- 
til the fifth of the following February, when 
their first public service was conducted in 
the New Assembly Rooms, corner of Han- 
over and Lombard streets. Two services 
were held on this day, conducted by the 
Rev. John P. Gulliver, of Norwich, Conn. 
Two weeks later, February 19th, the Rev. 
Lewellyn Pratt, of Philadelphia, preached 
to a little congregation which met in Ar- 
mitage Hall, on North Paca street. Other 
ministers officiated for several Sundays. 
On the 16th of April a Sunday-school was 
organized and on May 17th a council was 
held at the Red Men's Hall, North Paca 
street. At this council there were dele- 
gates from Bangor, Me., Boston, Norwich, 
Conn., New York, Philadelphia and else- 
where. The new Baltimore congregation 
was recognized and duly organized on that 
day at three p. m. The Rev. Edwin John- 
son, delegate from Bangor, Me. (who had 
held services previously), was elected the 
first pastor and entered upon his duties im- 
mediately. Prior to the arrival of the Rev 
Mr. Johnson the Prudential Committee had 
begun to secure a lot. Various sites were 
canvassed and at length the present lot, on 
Eutaw street near Dolphin, was purchased 



at a cost of $7,000. The church was in- 
corporated February 19, 1866, the incor- 
porators being: Edwin Johnson (pastor), 
Henry Stockbridge, Martin Hawley, L. 
Beach Piatt, R. K. Hawley and W. G. 
Snethen. The corner-stone of the new 
chapel was laid on May 15, 1866. It was 
dedicated December 30, 1866. Its cost had 
been $24,964.25, and it was free of debt. 
A year later the upper room of the chapel 
was completed at an expense of $2,000. A 
communion service was presented to the 
new congregation by the "Old South 
Church," Boston, and an organ by other 
friends of the same city. In November, 
1869, the Rev. Mr. Johnson resigned. For 
almost a year the church was without a 
pastor, when on September 20, 1870, the 
Rev. Leonard W. Bacon entered upon a 
short pastorate, which terminated in May, 
1872. The Rev. Cyrus P. Osborn was the 
next in charge, serving until 1874. The 
Rev. Theodore J. Holmes was installed pas- 
tor December 15, 1875, ^"d continued in 
office until September 9, 1883. He was 
succeeded by the Rev. W. F. Slocum, Jr., 
on the 17th of April, 1884. In 1888 he re- 
signed to accept the presidency of Colorado 
College. On the 21st of November, 1889, 
the Rev. Edward A. Lawrence became pas- 
tor and continued to discharge his duties 
most faithfully and acceptably until his la- 
mented death in November, 1893. He was 
followed by the present pastor, the Rev. 
Henry W. Ballentine, whose installation 
took place November 30, 1894. The pres- 
ent church was built in front of the chapel 
in 1883 at a cost of $28,675.15. It is a 
beautiful and suitable edifice. The pres- 
ent membership is 186. 



442 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Canton Congregational Church. 

The first Congregational services in Bal- 
timore were held in a school house on Cuba 
street, Locust Point, in 1846. The attend- 
ants were Welsh workmen and their fami- 
lies, who were connected with the Balti- 
more and Cuba Smelting Company. When 
the Copper Works were moved to Canton 
in 1850 services were held in a school house 
on Clinton street, where preaching was 
conducted by the Rev. Thomas James and 
the Rev. Benjamin Jones. The first or- 
ganization took place in a school house on 
First street in 1855, under the direction of 
the Rev. Benjamin Davis, of Llanelly, 
Wales, as pastor. The church was con- 
nected with the Pennsylvania Conference 
which met at Pottsville. In 1866 a few en- 
ergetic men decided to erect a church edi- 
fice. The Canton Company granted the 
use of a lot on Toone street and there the 
church was constructed by their own hands. 
Often the members labored until after mid- 
night on the walls. Although the money 
contributions were small, the church was 
paid for in one year. The first pastor was 
the Rev. Thomas Richards, who was or- 
dained in the church in November, 1870. 
During his pastorate the membership rose 
to over 100, and both the church and the 
Sunday-school were largely attended. He 
remained in charge until 1871, when the 
Copper Smelting Company suspended and 
a number of the members were compelled 
to seek work elsewhere. There was no set- 
tled pastor until 1878; but in 1871-1872 the 
church was rebuilt and the property im- 
proved by Mr. J. Henry Stickney, whose 
iron furnaces were situated near by and 
who was a liberal member of the First Con- 
gregational Church. These improvements 



cost him $1,300. In 1878 the congregation 
voted to employ the Rev. J. Wynne Jones 
as Presbyterian minister and to work under 
the control of the Presbyterian Church. Up 
to this time the services had been in Welsh, 
but now a part of them was conducted in 
English. After the erection of the Abbot 
Memorial Presbyterian Church in High- 
landtown in 1883, of which the Rev. Mr. 
Jones became pastor, the services were 
somewhat irregular at the Toone Street 
Church. Subsequently a dispute arose as 
to the ownership of the property and this 
resulted in a legal conflict before the courts, 
which decided in March, 1891, that the 
property belonged to the Presbytery of Bal- 
timore. Hereupon the Congregational ele- 
ment in the congregation and vicinity 
formed the Canton Congregational Church 
of Baltimore county. Services were held 
in the ofifices of the Canton Company for 
six months, when a new edifice was erected 
at the northeast corner of Elliott and First 
streets. It was dedicated on October 11, 
1891. The Rev. T. M. BeadenkofT has been 
the pastor of this new church from the time 
of its erection. In 1893 ^^e edifice was en- 
larged through the generosity of Mr. J. 
Henry Stickney. It will accommodate 250 
persons. There are rooms in the rear suit- 
able for the Sunday-school and a night 
school maintained for working boys. I'he 
latter is the special feature of the work of 
this church. It was opened in March, 
1891, first in the Canton public school, but 
was afterwards moved to rooms built for 
the purpose by Mr. Stickney. Instruction 
is given in drawing, reading, writing, arith- 
metic and printing. About 225 boys and 
young men attend, and the school is so 
popular as to attract more than can be ad- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



443 



mitted. A class for working girls is about 
to be instituted, for instruction in dressmak- 
ing and other branches. 

Second Coxgregation.-\l Church. 
This church is situated at the corner of 
North and Union avenues. It is the 
outgrowth of the First Congregational 
Church, which on October 12, 1887, au- 
thorized the rental of a dwelling at 1841 
Harford avenue. A Sunday-school was at 
once organized there, the first meeting be- 
ing on October i6th and the Sunday-school 
being organized on the 23d. Gospel meet- 
ings were soon added to the work. Sub- 
scriptions were taken at the First Congre- 
gational Church to erect a building, and 
Mr. Robert J. Thompson was secured as 
pastor. On February 25th Martin Haw- 
ley, Esq., of the First Congregational 
Church, presented the present lot, which 
was valued at $3,000. The edifice was at 
once begun and the irrst service was held 
in it on June 9, 1888. The church was or- 
ganized with thirteen charter members, and 
was recognized by the Council on June 
29th. The same Council ordained and in- 
stalled Mr. Thompson as pastor. In 189 1 
the Rev. Thompson resigned and was dis- 
missed on September 17th. He was suc- 
ceeded by the Rev. Edward T. Root, who 
entered upon his duties on December 5, 
1891, although he was not installed until 
February 20, 1894. He resigned Septem- 
ber I, 1896, and was immediately followed 
by the present pastor, the Rev. C. H. Craw- 
ford. The membership is 100. A flourish- 
ing Sunday-school is maintained and also 
several literary and charitable organiza- 



FouRTH C0NGREGA.T10NAL Church. 

In 1895 this congregation was organized 
at Locust Point. It occupies a frame buifd- 
ing, which contains audience and Sunday- 
school rooms, which was purchased from 
an independent Methodist church now dis- 
banded. This new congregation is pros- 
pering well, and is free from debt. Its pas- 
tor from the first has been the Rev. Mark 
\\'ells. The membership is about 100. 

REFORMED EPISCOPAL CHURCH- 
ES IN BALTIMORE. 

Church of the Redeemer. 
The first meeting to organize a Reformed 
Episcopal Church in Baltimore was Held 
April 7, 1875. Twelve laymen were elected 
vestrymen. Bishop George David Cum- 
mins, D. D., was elected rector, and the 
name given to the organization was "The 
Church of the Redeemer." Services were 
held in Lehman's Hall until March, 1876, 
when the present building on Bolton street 
near Lanvale street was ready for occupa- 
tion. Bishop Cummins was succeeded in 
the rectorship by Rev. William !M. Post- 
lethwaite, D. D., who continued in charge 
for about six years. The present rector, 
Bishop J. A. Latane, D. D., has been in 
charge since November, 1891. The mem- 
bership is 126. 

The Bishop Cummins Memorial 
Church. 

A Second Reformed Episcopal Church, 
known as "The Church of the Rock of 
Ages," was organized in February, 1876. 
The first rector was the Rev. H. H. Wash- 
bur'n, and ser\-ices were held for two years 
in the old building known as the Young 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Men's Christian Association Hall, on 
Schroeder street near Franklin street. Af- 
ter the death of Bishop Cummins the name 
of the organization was changed to "The 
Bishop Cummins Memorial Church," and 
arrangements were made for the erection of 
a permanent place of worship. In the fall 
of 1878 the present church, a stone building 
on the corner of Carrolton avenue and Lan- 
vale street, was completed, but at such a 
cost and with the burden of such a debt 
that in a few months Mr. Washburn re- 
signed the charge. Bishop Latane became 
the rector in 1880 and continued in charge 
until November, 1891. The church is now 
free of debt and is at present under the 
charge of Rev. J. Hubert Jones. The mem- 
bership is 132. 



Emmanuel Church. 
The Third Reformed Episcopal Church m 
Baltimore was organized in February, 
1876, and called Emmanuel Church. Rev. 
F. H. Reynolds was its founder and first 
rector. The first services were held in a 
hall near Forrest and Monument streets, 
and the congregation continued to worship 
there until April, 1877, when a neat frame 
chapel, on the corner of Eden and Hoff- 
man streets, was ready fon occupation. The 
present rector. Rev. W. J. Way, took 
charge in March, 1893, and during his min- 
istry the vestry, with some aid from the 
Church Extension Trust of the general 
church, has erected a handsome stone 
church by the side of the old chapel. The 
membership is 97. 



CHAPTER XIII. 



Some Successful Preachers Who Have Occupied 
Baltimore Pulpits. 

By William M. Marine. 



Rev. Thomas Chasb was the father of 
Samuel Chase, "the Demosthenes of Mary- 
land," a title bestowed upon him during 
the days of- the Revolution. Samuel was 
a signer of the Declaration of Independ- 
ence. Thomas Chase was a native of Eng- 
land. He was thoroughly cultured and an 
accomplished classical scholar. He first lo- 
cated in Somerset county, Maryland, as 
clergyman in charge of a Protestant Epis- 
copal parish. Various locations in that 
section are pointed out which are hallowed 
by his memory. 

On the nth of February, 1754. Rev. 
Benedict Bourdillou, rector of St. Paul's 
Church, Baltimore, having died, the Rev. 
Thomas Chase was appointed by Governor 
Bladen to the vacancy. He not only dis- 
charged his pastoral duties with zeal, ef- 
ficiency and success, but he was a public- 
spirited citizen and bore his part of mu- 
nicipal burthens cheerfully as an example 
to induce others to pursue the same course. 
An ordinance forbade raising hogs and 
geese within corporation limits. A number 
of people agreed to pay to the clerk of the 
town individual sums to keep the fence of 
the place in order and to employ some one 
to look after it. The Rev. Thomas Chase, 
good naturedly, subscribed ten pounds . For 
the building of a market house he further 
subscribed the sum of five pounds. He 



was a useful man, energetic, bold and fear- 
less, with marked individuality of charac- 
ter. After a ministry of thirty-four years, 
Parson Chase, as he was often called, died 
on the 4th of April, 1779. 

There formerly stood in St. Paul's burial 
ground, on the main walk from the en- 
trance, an old vault with a flat iron door, 
which had succumbed to the irresistible 
ravages of time and for many years existed 
in a ruinous condition, the object of un- 
favorable remark and criticism. In that 
vault reposed Thomas Chase, his son Sam- 
uel and others of the Chase family. The 
vault was years ago leveled with the earth, 
having been filled up, and tombstones 
erected to mark the resting place of the 
illustrious dead. 

The Reverend William Edward 
Wyatt was assistant to the Right Rev. 
James Kemp, in 1814, when old Christ 
Church and St. Paul's were one rectorship, 
and denominated Christ Church and St. 
Paul's Parish. 

When Bishop Kemp died, in 1827, Doctor 
Wyatt succeeded him as rector. He min- 
istered at St. Paul's altars for fifty years, 
and died with the regrets of every class of 
citizens, June 24, 1864. His popularity 
constantly brought his talents into requisi- 
tion outside of his church on public occa- 
sions. At the dedication of Greenmount 



446 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Cemetery, July 13, 1839, he delivered a 
beautiful and impressive prayer, of which 
the following extract is given as an evi- 
dence of its ornateness and eloquence: 
"Here in this quiet retreat, from the tur- 
moil of the world, teach us, O our Father, 
the fruitlessness of discord, and the little- 
ness of ambition. Looking into the noise- 
less chambers of the tomb, where once 
angry partisans lie down together without 
strife, and rival heroes find a calm resting 
place by each other's side, may our hearts 
be touched with the vanity of the feuds 
which disturb the peace of the world. See- 
ing here the end of glory, and the emptiness 
of triumphs, may we shun the vain conflicts 
of life, and seek supremely those things 
which are spiritual and eternal." 

On the 4th of July, 1828, at the laying 
of the corner-stone of the Baltimore and 
Oliio Railroad, Doctor \\'yatt officiated in 
prayer. The death of Andrew Jackson, the 
1st of July, 1845, was observed as a solemn 
funeral occasion by the people of Balti- 
more, an immense meeting was held in 
Mount Vernon Place, where Doctor Wyatt's 
supplication of the Deity was reverently 
heard by a multitude bowed in the attitude 
of devotion. 

As a speaker he was persuasive. His 
sermons were replete with benevolence and 
amiability; his appeals were to the affec- 
tions. Earnestness and dignity belonged 
to him; he did not use many gesticulations, 
but was careful to speak in well modulated 
tones, so that apparently without vocal ef- 
fort he could he heard plainly through the 
entire space within St. Paul's Church. 

Doctor Wyatt frequently presided over 
the Episcopal State Conventions, House of 
Lay and Clerical Delegates in the General 



Convention of the Church. He was chap- 
lain at "Camp Baltimore" and preached to 
the troops; his sermon possessed great 
merit. In the University of Maryland he 
held the chair of Professor of Divinity. 

He was an author of ability, modest and 
unpretentious. Among his works may be 
classed an obituary discourse on General 
Harrison; one on "Episcopacy," which in- 
volved him in controversial discussion with 
Jared Sparks; "Family Devotion," "Chris- 
tian Altar" and "A Departed Spirit's Ad- 
dress to its Mother." 

The missionary spirit dwelt in him, and 
for years he visited regularly the peniten- 
tiary and preached to the prisoners. 

All that was mortal of this worthy rector 
was laid to rest, until the sound of the trum- 
pet, near the Fremont street wall of St. 
Paul's church-yard, where friends and 
strangers frequently resort to stand by his 
grave. 

Henry \'an Dyke Johns, D. D., was 
born in Delaware on the 13th day of Oc- 
tober, 1803. His family was not of Dela- 
ware origin, having settled in Maryland in 
1 717. Henry was a graduate of Princeton 
College, and received his theological equip- 
ment at the General Theological Seminary 
in New York. He was made a deacon in 
the Protestant Episcopal Church during the 
year 1826, and a presbyter in 1828. He 
was a chaplain in the navy, and served on 
board the vessel that conveyed Lafayette 
from the Lhiited States to France on the 
occasion of his departure after his last visit 
to this country. He was subsequently rec- 
tor at Frederick, Md., Trinity Church, 
Washington, and Christ's Church, Cincin- 
nati. 

In September. 1843. he was called to 




fyy II yf 




HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



447 



Christ Church, Baltimore, succeeding his 
brother, Rev. John Johns, who vacated 
Christ Church pulpit on being elected As- 
sistant Bishop of Virginia. Henry re- 
mained there until 1854, when Immanuel 
Church was opened for public service, and 
he became its rector, which relation he sus- 
tained to that congregation until his death, 
which happened April 22, 1859. 

During a week in October, 1852, a num- 
ber of meetings were held in the Eutaw 
Street Methodist Episcopal Church, at 
which sermons were preached in the morn- 
ing at 10.30 o'clock by Dr. Augustus Web- 
ster of the M. P. Church, Mr. .Stockton, 
Doctor Plummer, a Presbyterian, and Mr. 
Johns. Bishop Whittingham undertook to 
prevent Mr. Johns from filling his appoint- 
ment, but was not successful. A wordy cor- 
respondence took place between the Bishop 
and the clergyman, which excited interest in 
the public mind. Henry Winter Davis, him- 
self an Episcopalian, whose father was a 
clergyman of the same faith, came to the'de- 
fense of Mr. Johns and "roasted the Bishop 
alive," to the confusion and mortification 
of the reverend prelate and his supporters. 

Doctor Johns was a preacher who when 
in the pulpit had something to say and 
knew how to say it; he was profound and 
earnest, "full of the power of godliness." 
He cared nothing for denominational lim- 
itations; his brave spirit of Christian lib- 
erality brought him into repeated conflicts 
with Bishop Whittingham, but the bold 
clergyman never flinched, holding true to 
his convictions to the end. 

Doctor Johns was the recipient of univer- 
sal respect, and his death was widely re- 
gretted. The Tract Society of which he 
was a member requested the Rev. Josejih 



T. Smith, of the Presbyterian Church, to 
preach a discourse on his life and character, 
which sermon was published and exten- 
sively circulated. 

One of Doctor Johns" children was the 
late Henry V. D. Johns, a well-known mem- 
ber of the Baltimore bar. 

George D. Cummings was a native of 
Delaware, who spent long and useful years 
of his life in the ministry in Baltimore. He 
was a graduate of Dickinson College, and 
in 1 841 entered the ministry of the Metho- 
dist Church. In 1845 he left it, being or- 
dained deacon, and in 1847 priest, in the 
Protestant Episcopal Church. He was for 
many years rector of St. Peter's Church, 
and was noted for brilliancy and eloquence. 
He preached to crowded houses and was 
one of the leading pulpit attractions of the 
city. He remained at St. Peter's until the 
year of 1866. On the isth of November of 
that year he was elevated to the office of 
Assistant Bishop of Kentucky. After he 
entered upon the duties of his office the 
claims of the ritualists offended his notions 
of right and he could not admit their pre- 
tensions. In 1873 he surrendered his of- 
fice and set about establishing "The Re- 
formed Episcopal Church," and was made 
its first bishop. His case was called to the 
attention of Right Rev. Benjamin B. 
Smith, who under a canon deposed him 
from the ministry of the Protestant Epis- 
copal faith. Bishop Cummings labored 
zealously to the day of his death to build 
up his church, but its progress has been 
slow. 

Joiix Prentiss Kewley Henshaw, D. 
D., was a noted clergyman in his day in 
Baltimore. He was born in Connecticut 
in June, 1792; he graduated at the Middle- 



448 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



town College and received his A. B. at the 
age of sixteen years; he afterwards spent 
a year at Harvard and was confirmed an A. 
M. and subsequently a D. D. He was a 
lay reader in the church at Cambridge and 
while so occupied organized two congrega- 
tions in Northern Vermont, at the time of 
doing so being nineteen years of age. On 
the day of attaining his twenty-first year 
he was ordained and became rector of a 
Protestant Episcopal church in Marble- 
head, Mass. After a short pastorate he was 
installed rector at St. Ann's, Brooklyn, re- 
maining there three years, when in the 
spring of 1817 he made his home in Bal- 
timore on accepting a call to St. Peter's 
Church. Under his pastorate the church 
gained constant accessions to its member- 
ship. His style of preaching is represented 
as being "exceedingly persuasive." The 
same authority says, "when in the pulpit 
his countenance gives evidence that his soul 
is enlisted" in the cause of the Master. 

Doctor Henshaw filled delegated posi- 
tions in the State and general conventions 
of the Episcopal Church and in its benevo- 
lent associations; he was also a director in 
the American Bible and Tract Society. 

He was an author of distinction; some 
of his works are entitled "A Minister's In- 
structions to His People on the Subject of 
Confirmation," "A Selection of Hymns," 
"The Communicant's Guide," "Sheridan's 
Elocution," "Theology for the People," 
"Lectures upon the Second Advent of the 
Redeemer" and "Life of Bishop Moose, of 
Virginia." 

Shortly after General William H. Har- 
rison's death Doctor Ilenshaw delivered an 
oration upon his life, which was greatly ad- 
mired: it abounded in felicitous expressions 



of which the following quotation is an ex- 
ample: "Alas! how poor a thing is immor- 
tality upon the earth, if it proceed not from 
such a character as will secure immortality 
in heaven ? The name of Voltaire will per- 
haps be remembered in the annals of the 
world as long as that of Fenelon; but one 
will be remembered as a recreant to virtue 
and a blasphemer of God — while the other 
will be venerated as a meek example of 
devotion and a useful minister of Jesus 
Christ." 

In his discourse on Bishop Moore is this 
poetical gem: "We live in a world which 
has many attractions. Whether we look 
upon the august and sublime scenery of 
nature — upon the lofty mountain— the 
foaming cataract — the rolling ocean — at 
the heavens — now agitated and blackened 
by the wild fury of the tempest— and then 
in the mild lustre of a summer midnight, 
lifting its sparkling canopy above us; or, 
whether we look upon the calm and seduc- 
tive landscape, as it spreads before us in 
the verdant meadow, with its smooth 
stream or gurgling brook — upon the gently 
swelling hills— the noble forest clothed in 
the mellow tints and variegated hues of its 
autumnal foliage — here a field waving with 
golden harvest, and there a pasture redolent 
with flowers of surpassing beauty — we see 
on every hand loud calls for gratitude to 
the Author of our being, and much to at- 
tach us to the fair plant which he has al- 
lotted us for a habitation." 

Doctor Henshaw was repeatedly placed 
in nomination for Bishop of Maryland, but 
always failed of election. In 1843, Rhode 
Island being constituted an Episcopal dio- 
cese, he was made its Bishop. In 1852 
Bishop Whittingh'am visited England and 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



449 



during his absence Bishop Henshaw pre- 
sided in his stead. He was stricken a sec- 
ond time with apoplexy, having previously 
had a stroke in Rhode Island, and suc- 
cumbed to the disease. 

Doctor John G. Morris was for years 
the popular and esteemed pastor of the 
English Lutheran Church on Lexington 
street. He was born in York, Pa., No- 
vember 14, 1803. He was a student for 
a while at Princeton, leaving there and 
going to Dickinson College, where he 
graduated. He developed into a Hebrew 
scholar and a fine theologian and was urged 
to become the president of Pennsylvania 
College, which position he would not ac- 
cept, and upon being elected Professor of 
Hebrew and Sacred Literature in the Theo- 
logical Seminary at Gettysburg, he declined 
that honor, preferring to be the pastor of a 
Hock. Doctor Morris was a fine German 
scholar and translated Leonhard's treatis 
on Popular Geology and many other works. 
He has produced a variety of English works 
of merit and for two years edited the Balti- 
more Lutheran Observer. Apart from its 
editorial work, he at all times during his 
long and useful life was a contributor to its 
columns. Doctor Morris had gifts that 
fitted him for the lecturer's platform and 
rendered him serviceable at literary enter- 
tainments. He was fond of obliging young 
people who wished his assistance on such 
occasions. He was greatly sought after in 
consequence of his being a polished elocu- 
tionist. He was once heard to say, when 
reading before an audience, "that the two 
greatest books in the world were the Bible 
and Shakespeare." Natural history was a 
favorite field for his researches. It was his 
pleasure to discourse upon it before the 



Philomathean Society of Pennsylvania Col- 
lege. 

■ He remained in charge of the Lexington 
Street Church until i860. His success was 
unmistakable; many were added to that 
church and it greatly prospered under his 
guidance. He was talented and popular; 
his rugged, plain common sense always 
helping him to win his way to the people's 
hearts. 

On resigning his charge he was three 
years librarian at the Peabody; his position 
was rendered unpleasant, so he retired. He 
was a member of the Maryland Historical 
Society, where he spent hours of his time 
delving in the rich lore of the past. He 
was also a member of the German His- 
torical Society and contributed to its suc- 
cess. He died in Baltimore, October 10, 
1895; his remains were taken to York and 
buried by the side of his wife. 

Rev. Peter Stanislaus Schreiber was 
born in Baltimore in 1804. His father was 
a German who in youth reached this coun- 
try; his mother was the daughter of Fred- 
erick Yeiser, one of the earliest settlers of 
Baltimore; he was a soldier in the Revolu- 
tion and present at Brandywine and York- 
town. The mother was a Protestant, but 
became a convert to the faith of her hus- 
band. 

The son graduated from ]\Iount St. 
Mary's College at Emmitsburg in 1820. 
He received the order of priesthood in Sep- 
tember, 1828. Among the churches he 
served were St. Patrick's, Washington; a 
church in Richmond and later the Cathe- 
dral in Baltimore. 

St. Vincent de Paul Church, Baltimore, 
was consecrated in November, 1841. In 
its steeple, which is one hundred and thirty 



450 



[ISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



feet high, hangs a bell taken from a Spanish 
chapel in Spain, during one of its wars. At 
this church the Reverend Mr. Sclireiber 
was stationed on the death of its first 
pastor. 

It is an interesting fact worthy of pre- 
servation that Frederick Yeiser received a 
visit from George Washington and he en- 
tertained him in his home, close by the site 
of the church in which his grandson after- 
wards officiated as a priest. 

The Rev. Mr. Schreiber's friends claimed 
that he was the most attractive speaker of 
his faith in Baltimore. His congregations 
were large and attentive, his popularity be- 
ing unbounded among them. The follow- 
ing portrait was drawn of him sixty-eight 
years ago: "His style is easy and fluent — 
denoting the man of lingual refinement and 
extensive reading. His gesticulation is 
graceful, while the matter of his discourses 
plainly indicates careful thought in their 
preparation, and the workings of a heart 
of benevolence." 

He was an ardent temperance advocate 
and among the first of the clergymen of his 
church to form Catholic temperance asso- 
ciations in Baltimore. He broached the 
subject in a sermon which he preached in 
St. Peter's Church; his efforts directed the 
movement to success. 

Mr. Schreiber was a gentleman of pol- 
ished manners and pleasing conversational 
powers. He died in 1845, leaving pleasant 
memories surviving him. A tablet bearing 
his name and that of its first pastor is in the 
vestibule of St. Vincent's Church. 

Rev. James Dolan was a prelate who 
honored his calling and served mankind by 
usefulness and goodness. It was his for- 
tune to have had but one field of dutv, and 



to have served none other. His unremit- 
ting services were such as to have obtained 
for him from his admirers the title of "The 
Apostle of the Point." He was a broad- 
minded man, with no touch of intolerance 
to narrow the range of his mental faculties. 

Between Rev. Henry Sheer, the "wheel 
horse of Methodism," and him there were 
striking points of resemblance. They were 
tall and commanding in person; the shape 
of their heads was much alike, as well as 
their faces. 1 hey were equally of imperial 
wills and immovable firmness. They were 
business men who did not have to advise 
with others in order to form correct judg- 
ments and they were Godly men who were 
honored in the section in which they lived. 

On the "Point market days," it was a 
scene often witnessed, Mr. Sheer, with his 
large, well-filled market basket on his arm. 
standing on the rectory pavement of St. 
Patrick's Church, in close proximity to 
Father Dolan, and the two in earnest con- 
versation. They were great friends and ad- 
mirers and respected each other as honest 
men always do. Their intimacy was availed 
of by the story tellers and wags to unite 
their names in witticisms and jokes provok- 
ing side splitting mirth. 

Rev. James Dolan was the son of Richard 
Dolan and Bridget O'Donnell, his wife. 
He was born in "the Emerald Isle," on 
the 1st of July, 1814, and died in Baltimore 
the I2th of January, 1870. 

His mother was a woman of excellent 
qualities; after her death the people of Cas- 
hel, where she resided, were deeply afifected 
and paid her remains marked honors. Her 
son was destined in the great future to re- 
ceive similar ones. 

His devotion to his parents was sublime; 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



both of them left their impress forever on 
his mind. 

Of his mother he pathetically wrote: 
"Sainted mother, the recollection of thy de- 
parture presses heavily upon my heart." 
The subject was freshened by his reflec- 
tions on the 20th of December, 1844, when 
he said: "Dear mother, I will by the grace 
of God do all in my power to promote Hi.s 
glory and obtain my own salvation, so that 
when I leave this world of sorrow and care 
I may meet thee in heaven." Of his father 
he wrote: "His strong and holy love guard- 
ed me with every affection." 

He was sent to school in Cashel, and 
when sufficiently advanced afterwards to a 
Greek and Latin institute under David 
O'Neill. The surroundings of Cashel are 
impressive. The ruins of a pagan temple 
and fortress which exist there are famous 
the world over. It was amid such scenes 
that the imagination of young Dolan was 
nurtured ; he could not fail to be deeply im- 
pressed by his early associations. 

His mother died, and in 1832 he left 
Navan College and embarked for America 
with a colony of sixty people and two 
priests. They left Cork on the i8th of Feb- 
ruary, 1834, and arrived in New Orleans; 
from that city journeyed to Texas, settling 
amid its wilds. Death visited the colony 
and most of its people died. James O'Don- 
nell, a cousin of James Dolan, resided in 
Philadelphia, and to that city to visit him 
the cast down immigrant concluded to go. 
He made the journey and remained in Phil- 
adelphia until Friday, the i8th day of De- 
cember, 1834, when he came to Baltimore 
and entered the Seminary of the Sulpicians; 
he was admitted to minor orders in 1838; 
to sub-deacons orders in September, 1839; 



in the same month, in the following year, 
he was ordained a priest, and on the 20th 
of December, 1840, he entered upon his du- 
ties as assistant pastor of St. Patrick's 
Church. 

The church originally stood on Wilk 
street and Happy alley; it was abandoned in 
1805, and the church edifice which has re- 
cently given way to the imposing one which 
takes its place, was substituted. 

Father Kearney was pastor in charge of 
St. Patrick's when Mr. Dolan became as- 
sistant pastor. On his death Father Dolan, 
the 28th of February, 1841, succeeded to 
the pastorate. 

It is not possible to recall from that date 
to the time of his death the amount of good 
which he accomplished. It lives behind 
him and enlarges the ever expanding circle 
of its influence. In 1847 ^ body of immi- 
grants introduced the yellow fever in Bal- 
timore; it proved a dreadful scourge and 
many valuable lives were consumed by it. 
Father Dolan was constant in his vigils of 
mercy and displayed the humane side of 
his life in splendid actions. In December, 
1849, Rev. Theobold Matthew, Apostle of 
Temperance in Ireland, on a visit to this 
country, was entertained by Father Dolan. 
The presence of so eminent a man was not 
overlooked. December 14th sixty mem- 
bers of the Hibernian Society proceeded to 
the house of Father Dolan and paid their 
respects to his visitor. The occasion was 
one of cordiality, equalled by the hospitality 
of the host, who warmly welcomed his 
guests. 

His active brain was always exercised for 
good; in it was evolved the plan that 
brought into existence the Orphan .\sylum 
near Govanstown. -After his death it was 



452 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



found that one-third of liis estate was left 
to the support of that benevolent founda- 
tion. 

He left two hundred dollars to keep the 
graveyard on the Philadelphia road, where 
he sleeps, in order. In providing what dis- 
position was to be made of the money in the 
event of the ground being put to some 
other purpose, he wrote: "Graveyards, like 
old men, when they do not pay, are in the 
way." 

He had genuine sentiment; to Mrs. 
Thompson and Mary A. Davidson he gave 
each five hundred dollars, because of their 
constant attendance on the sanctuary for a 
number of years. 

Two hundred and twenty dollars a year 
he provided to pay a priest to say mass for 
Catholics at Bay View Almshouse. 

One hundred pounds sterling was left to 
the parish priest of Cashel, to be divided by 
him among the poor Catholics of that 
parish. 

His home on Gough street, where he 
lived and tlicd, he gave lu a Children's Aid 
Society and one-third of his estate he left 
for its support. Another one-third he set 
apart for a regular Catholic Free School for 
boys and girls. 

All of his Ijenefactions have blossomed 
and borne fruit. His eulogist, William P. 
Preston, said uf him: "He was a man of 
commanding intellect, untiring energy and 
holy fervor." Father Daugherty, in his fu- 
neral discourse, said: "If he had not been 
a priest he would still liave been a distin- 
guished man." That sentiment was un- 
doubtedly just. 

?Ie was practical in ]jreaching. admon- 
itory; pointing out the i)ath of duty and 
exhorting to a cx)ntinuance in it. 



In 1840 he was made chaplain of the 
Hibernian Society. He was at one time 
chaplain on the staf¥ of Gen. R. H. Carr. 
a major general of Maryland militia. 

It "rained tears" at his funeral, which wit- 
nessed the attendance of sorrowing thou- 
sands. 

James Shrigley was the pastor of the 
Universalist Church at the corner of Calvert 
and Pleasant streets. He was born in Liv- 
erpool, England, in 1814, and emigrated to 
this country when quite young; his parents 
settled in New England, where he grew up 
to manhood. His national addresses 
breathed the stalwart spirit of the patriot. 
One of them which he delivered on the 
evening preceding the 12th of September, 
the anniversary of the day of the battle of 
North Point, was exceedingly efifective. 
Mr. Shrigley was a self-educated man, who 
by persistence overcame the obstacles that 
lay in his path in consequence of neglect in 
his early education. His theological train- 
ing was under the supervision of Rev. John 
H. Willis, of Stafford, Conn. He was or- 
dained in 1835, and took charge of a 
church in Exeter, N. H., remaining there 
until 1841, when he was called to Balti- 
more. He was successful in his ministra- 
tions at the Calvert Street Church; he 
preached regularly to a thousand hearers, 
although he numbered but one hundred and 
fifty-five communicants. Young men were 
especially fond of his sermons and attended 
their delivery in large numbers. 

Mr. Shrigley was a man who did not 
spare himself, but worked untiringly. He 
is said through one winter to have delivered 
weekly four sermons, beside attending 
other church meetings and lecturing once 
a week ])cfore a society. He encouraged 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



453 



his congregation to an interest in a literary 
association called the Murry Institute, over 
the meetings of which he presided. "Lec- 
tures, recitations and debates" were con- 
ducted with spirit and profit "under his dig- 
nified presidency." 

He delivered a course of lectures defin- 
ing Universalism, which were attractive 
and by his congregation enthusiastically 
approved. He had undoubted natural "gifts 
and held respectable rank in the army of 
the ministry. His delivery was energetic; 
his voice had fullness of tone and was so 
distinct as to be audible in the remotest 
part of the church. His membership was 
bound to him by cords that were never 
broken. He was a promoter of harmony 
and avoided discord. He sought to be use- 
ful, and that being his chief ambition he 
excelled in it. 

The Rev. Georgk Washington Bur- 
nap was a native of Massachusetts, where 
he was born in 1802. He was prepared at 
Metford, \'t., for Harvard University, and 
graduated from that school in 1824. He 
next pursued a course of theological train- 
ing, and on completing it in 1827 came to 
Baltimore, as pastor of the First Independ- 
ent Unitarian Church. 

Mr. Burnap was the second pastor of his 
church. The first was the Rev. Jared 
Sparks, who left it to devote his talents to 
literary pursuits, in which he became emi- 
nent. It can be said of this congregation, 
that it has always been served by preachers 
of the highest order of ability. 

Mr. Burnap was an author of note. His 
"Lectures to Young Men," and "Upon the 
Sphere and Duties of Woman," were re- 
ceived with unbounded enthusiasm. They 
were embodied in book form and sold 



readily, their popularity making their au- 
thor famous. Jared Sparks placed an article 
by Mr. Burnap on "Leonard Calvert," in 
his "American Biographies." Besides those 
named. Rev. Mr. Burnap wrote other 
works, namely, "History of Christianity" 
and "Lectures on Unitarianism." Up to 
1843, the published sale of his productions 
exceeded 5,000 volumes. The amount of 
good done by two of his works no human 
mind can estimate; they took a hold on the 
popular fancy that was irresistible. 

George Peabody selected Mr. Burnap as 
one of the trustees of the Peabody Insti- 
tute; the only clergyman so honored. He 
was a zealous member of the Maryland 
Historical Society, and read contributions 
at its meetings. 

Godfroy, who designed the Battle Monu- 
ment, was the architect of Mr. Burnap's 
church, which was modeled after the Pan- 
theon at Rome. Its acoustic qualities 
were abominable. A writer in 1843 said: 
"We offer no apology for denouncing such 
.stupidity in architectural arrangement. 
Surely preaching never entered into the 
ideas of the architect." Mr. Burnap'i 
reputation as a pulpit orator suffers greatly 
by reason of the immense disadvantages 
under which he is compelled to utter his 
thoughts. The consequence is, strangers 
taking their seats at points remote from the 
preacher, would not preserve their patience 
five minutes, unless a previous knowledge 
of the man as a writer rendered them se- 
cure of being well repaid for a somewhat 
forced taxation of attention. The defects 
have been somewhat remedied, but not 
wholly, since Mr. Burnap's time. That up- 
right man died suddenly September 8, 
1859, mourned as a loss to the communitv. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Rev. John Glendy, D. D., was bom 
near Londonderry, Ireland, June 24, 175S; 
he graduated at the University of Glasgow. 
Mr. Glendy became offensive to the Brit- 
ish Government by denouncing its policy 
towards Ireland, and troops were sent to 
his home to arrest him. He fled to the 
house of a poor woman whom he had be- 
friended. The soldiers pursued him there, 
but he eluded their search. They went off 
to renew the hunt, and he fled in an oppo- 
site direction, but at last tired of fleeing, he 
surrendered himself. He was found guilty 
by a jury, but his life was spared and he 
was exiled. He reached Norfolk in an old 
unseaworthy vessel in 1799, and remained 
some months in that town. He supplied 
the two congregations of Staunton and 
Bethel, in Augusta county, for two years. 
About this time he was the guest of Presi- 
dent Jefferson, and delivered a sermon in 
Washington which was greatly admired. 
While on a visit to Baltimore he preached 
in a Presbyterian church, the pulpit of 
which had been rendered vacant by the 
death of Doctor Allison. ]Mr. Glendy be- 
came a candidate for the vacancy, but was 
defeated by Rev. James Inglis. 

In 1803 the Second Presbyterian Church 
was formed, and Mr. Glendy became its 
pastor. He was plunged in gloom by the 
death of his wife in 1804, a sorrow which 
was intensified by the death of a daughter 
and a son shortly afterwards. 

He was chaplain to the House of Repre- 
sentatives in 1806, and to the Senate in 
1815 and 1816. In 1822 the University of 
Maryland conferred upon him the degree 
of Doctor of Divinity. 

In 1826 the infirmities of life began to 
press upon him, and he was provided with 



a colleague in the person of Rev. John 
Breckenridge, and shortly afterwards he 
ceased his pulpit ministrations. 

He died in Philadelphia at the house of 
his daughter on the 4th of October, 1832, 
seventy-seven years of age. His remams 
were interred in Baltimore. 

Mr. Glendy's sermons were "torrents of 
Irish eloquence," and "his voice was as 
sweet as the harp of David." He was mag- 
netic in personal intercourse and "fond of 
saying agreeable things." He was not 
without eccentricities and indulged in 
pleasantries. In all respects he was a gen- 
uine Irishman. 

Being exiled from his home caused him 
to be every where received with welcome 
arms in this country. The doors of the best 
society were opened to him, and through 
them he passed and repassed. 

When the British troops menaced Balti- 
more in 1814, he stood upon his steps as 
the militia marched by; with tearful eyes, 
clasping his hands he prayed God's bless- 
ings upon them, and to give them the vic- 
tory. 

Rkv. Joh.x Mason Duncan was born in 
Philadelphia about the year 1788. He was 
educated at schools in his native city and 
in New York City. He commenced his min- 
istrations in Baltimore as a Presbyterian 
divine, his church being on the corner of 
Fayette and Aisquith streets. Mr. Duncan, 
who was a director in the Princeton Theo- 
logical Seminary, preached a sermon to the 
students and got out of the beaten path of 
strict orthodoxy. The Synod held a meet- 
ing in his church and dissolved his pastoral 
relations with his congregation. The pew 
liolders dissented and resolved that his re- 
lations to them "be not dissolved." This 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



brought on litigation by certain pew hold- 
ers, who voted "nay," to possess the church 
edifice. They were represented in Court in 
1827 by Roger B. Taney, who by man- 
damus undertook to recover control of the 
church on Fayette street. William Wirt 
was the counsel of the defendants, and for 
them won their case. The church of Mr. 
Duncan ever since its withdrawel from the 
Presbyterian Synod has been known as the 
Associated Reform Church of Baltimore. 

Mr. Duncan's views of theology en- 
gendered a controversy with a Rev. Mr. 
Miller, to whom he addressed letters in 
vindication of his beliefs. He also published 
the following books: "Creeds," and "Moral 
Government." His writings, according to 
Mr. J. E. Snodgrass, "indicate a habit of 
close thinking and an unusual strength of 
mind. They display, like his sermons, great 
boldness of conception and expression." 

Mr. Duncan was an orator; his voice was 
full of power: he believed in the liberal use 
of gestures. He warmed up in his analogi- 
cal discourses effectively. His sarcasm 
was overwhelming, and his assaults on vile 
politicians were sufficient to make them 
"blush to think themselves men." Such 
shortcomings he once characterized as "the 
politics of hell and damnation." In these 
days of money purchase of place he would 
have been constantly anathematizing such 
offenses. 

Mr. Duncan remained with his congre- 
gation until his death many years ago. 

Rev. John Leyburn, D. D., was born 
in Virginia; he was a student at the Wash- 
ington College and graduated at Princeton, 
and afterwards pursued a course of theol- 
ogy in Union Seminary, \'irginia, and 
Columbia, South Carolina. He was li- 



censed to preach by the Presbytery of Lex- 
ington, \'a., and first preached in 
Gainesville, Ala. He was successful in 
his ministrations and left the congregation 
in a flourishing condition with a handsome 
church edifice. His next field of labor was 
the Tabb Street Church, Petersburg, 
\'a. He again was the instrument of 
building an imposing church, one of the 
handsomest in Virginia. The General As- 
sembly elected him Secretary of the Board 
of Publication, which required him to take 
up his residence in Philadelphia, where he 
had charge of the publication of religious 
and Sabbath-school literature. He united 
with Rev. William Inglis, D. D., in the 
publication of the "Presbyterian," having 
charge of its editorial column. 

In i860 he made a tour of the Old 
World, visiting Syria and Palestine. His 
letters to his paper had a large circulation, 
and were an unfailing source of pleasure to 
those who read them. When at the Jordan, 
the Arabs, while he and his party were en- 
joying a bath, swooped down to the point 
at which their clothing was heaped, gather- 
ed it up and fled to the fastness of the 
mountains. There being no shops near at 
hand, where ready-made clothing could be 
procured, the situation was not the most 
agreeable 

When Mr. Leyburn returned home in 
1861, the country was in the throes of that 
celebrated struggle, which left its impress 
for good on the pages of the world's his- 
tory. He threw all his sympathies with the 
Southern cause and gave offense to many 
of his Philadelphia friends. He moved 
South, and was elected Secretary of Do- 
mestic Missions, and subsequently of Pub- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



lications, of the Presbyterian Church, 
South. 

When the war closed he visited New 
York. He was invited to preach two ser- 
mons at the Associated Reform Church in 
Baltimore. The congregation was at a low 
ebb and hastening to a crisis in its afifairs. 
Those who heard him were pleased with 
him, and he received and accepted a call to 
its pastorate. At once a transformation was 
wrought, the pews became crowded, young 
men and strangers worshiped when he 
preached. His sermons were solemn expo- 
sitions; his denunciation was rapid his 
voice monotonous, but far from unpleasant. 
He had gifts of rich copious speech, 
abounding in warnings, and could utter a 
prayer with elifect, so as to leave an abid- 
ing impression. He served this last church 
until his armor was worn out with the rust 
of old age. A few years since, this warrior 
of the cross lay down in tranquil slumber. 
His grave is in Greenmount Cemetery. 

Robert J. BrECKEnridge was a native 
of Kentucky. He was born March 8, 1800, 
a Princeton graduate and a graduate in law 
also. He practiced his profession for years 
and frequently opposed Henry Clay in the 
trial of cases. He served in both branches 
of the Kentucky Legislature and was de- 
feated for Congress. After his defeat he 
was deeply an.xious concerning spiritual 
matters; he professed a change of heart 
and joined the Presbyterian Church. His 
brother John was pastor of the Second 
Presbyterian Church, corner of Lloyd and 
Baltimore streets, until 1832, when he died. 
Robert was chosen his successor, and ac- 
cepted the call to the church, where he re- 
mained until 1845. 

His mode of preaching was plain and 



practical. "He commenced in a low and 
rather drawling manner, but he soon be- 
came fired with his theme. The flashes of 
his piercing eye denoted a brain of unusual 
energy and activity." He spoke from copi- 
ous notes, but never used metaphor or 
rhetoric. "If eloquent it was the eloquence 
of a mind upborn by the magnitude or sub- 
limity of the subject." 

While pastor of the Second Church, he 
became embroiled in a controversy with 
Catholics, and carried on a heated discus- 
sion with them. He was sued for an al- 
leged libel on Colonel McGuire. 

Mr. Breckenridge wrote a series of ar- 
ticles entitled "The Restoration of the 
Bible to the Schools," also "The Coloniza- 
tion Cause." He published the following 
books, "Papism in the XIX Century," 
"Memoranda of Travel," and "Spirit of the 
XIX Century." A critic friendly to him 
wrote: "His sentences are formed without 
regard to accepted rules of Belles Letters — 
indeed some time in apparent contempt of 
all rules." His punctuation was often to- 
tally destructive of his meaning for one not 
accustomed to his writings. The same 
critic wrote of him on another point: 
"When engaged in a personal controversy 
the destructiveness of his missiles is almost 
irresistible, and many an unlucky adversary 
has realized in Doctor Breckenridge's satire 
all the jxwer of a very Paixhan gun." 

Mr. Breckenridge, on leaving the Second 
Church, went to Jefiferson College in 
Pennsylvania, became its president, and 
after two years returned to Kentucky, and 
was pastor of Presbyterian Church and 
Superintendent of Education. He fre- 
i|uently made a visit to his old Hock, and 
stood behind the pul])it and i)rcached to 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



459 



them. When war sought to sunder the 
Union, the great and influential Brecken- 
ridge family of Kentucky was divided in 
sentiment. At the head of its loyal ele- 
ment stood the Rev. Robert J. Brecken- 
ridge. He was a delegate to the Republi- 
can Nominating Convention at Baltimore 
in 1864, and was made its temporary presi- 
dent. He ceased to preach a few years be- 
fore his death, and became professor of 
Polemic Theology in a seminary at Dan- 
ville. He died on the 27th of December, 
1871, and sleeps beneath the soil on which 
he was born. 

Rev. Hexry Scheib, once pastor of 
Zion (German) Independent Church of 
Baltimore, and an educator of rank and 
prominence, was born July 8, 1808, at 
Backarack on the Rhine. He attended the 
Reform School of the town and was after- 
wards sent to a Latin school, where, with 
the acquisition of that language, he com- 
bined other clerical studies. He was subse- 
quently entered as a scholar at the gymna- 
sium at Krenznach, while there mastering 
the Hebrew. After six years he advanced 
to the University of Bohn, and during 
1830 he graduated as a theological student. 
The money expended on his education was 
a small amount, as his parents were poor. 
Unable to find a pulpit in his native land, 
he sailed for America, where he soon after- 
wards arrived, landing in New York in 
April, 1835. 

In September, Mr. Scheib preached tem- 
porarily in Zion's Church, and in October 
following, in 1835, he became its pastor. 
The church was not a happy family when 
he assumed the pastorate, being rent with 
dissensions; but he was fortunate in re- 
storing the congregation to harmony. 



The secular school connected with the 
church was in a bad condition; he im- 
proved its morals and gave to it tone and 
reputation. He caused to be erected new 
and commodious school quarters. So that 
it became eventually one of the farnous in- 
stitutions of learning in Baltimore. 

In 1839, Mr. Scheib was married to Miss 
Lisette D. Isenbrandt. He died in Balti- 
more in the latter part of 1897. 

Mr. Scheib's belief was a religion "of 
freedom and love, opposed to force and 
fear; the worship of the Father in spirit 
and truth, and the Christianity of Jesus 
Christ as a teacher." 

He preached extemporaneously, aided 
by a retentive memory. He had a fluent 
command of language. He was graceful 
in movement, earnest and powerful in de- 
livery. 

Mr. Scheib was an artist, he had an ear 
for music and loved the beautiful; he was 
fond of his friends and of his family. He 
passed away calmly and peacefully at a 
patriarchal age, revered and respected. 

Stephen P. Hill was called to the 
Baptist Church on the corner of Sharp and 
Lombard streets in the year 1834. He 
was born in Salam, Mass., in 181 1, and 
graduated at Brown University in 1829, 
when he entered upon a course of theology 
at Newton Institute near Boston, where he 
remained three years. The remarkable fact 
in his life is, that he commenced his min- 
istry when sixteen years of age. After fin- 
ishing his divinity studies he was called to 
the First Baptist Church in Haverhill, 
Mass., in 1832. .\n afifection of the 
hmgs caused him to retire to South 
Carolina in 1834, where the climate was 
congenial. In the same year he received 



460 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



and accepted a call to the Sharp and Lom- 
bard street church. 

When he took charge of the "Rotunda 
Church," as some persons called it, he had 
a building to preach in capable of seating 
upwards of fifteen hundred persons, and a 
membership of eighty people. It was not 
long before that condition of things was 
reversed, and he had a membership of five 
hundred and was preaching to a well- 
filled house. The baptism of a large num- 
ber of people on occasions for such ser- 
vices, attracted crowds. As many as 
twenty-eight have been known to be im- 
mersed in succession. 

His Sabbath-school grew and prospered, 
and the room was filled to the number of 
six hundred, including teachers and 
scholars. He formed auxiliary schools on 
the outskirts of the city. 

Mr. Hill had a pleasant delivery; his 
sentences were perfect. The following ex- 
tract from a sermon on theatre going is a 
specimen of his style. "There is the thief, 
and what made him such? The love of 
pleasure led him into expenses beyond his 
means. The theatre was found to be a 
scheme of extravagance. In order to sup- 
port it, he had recourse to the mean and 
debasing expedient of theft. Suppose he is 
a merchant's clerk. He puts his hands in 
the desk of his employer, with many a 
smiting blush of shame, and sharp pang 
of conscience at first, but once done, his 
virtue is weakened; the temptation re- 
turns, and he advances from one act of 
transgression to another, until he has 
formed a corrupted character of injustice, 
dishonesty an<l fraud. He is a confirmed 
thief." 

Mr. Hill was a poet; he loved to dwell 



with the Sacred Nine beneath the shade of 
evening's blush, or in the \vakeful hours 
of the glowing morning. His soul kindled 
at the voice of the birds in the groves or 
the fields, and the perfumery of flowers 
were the wafted incense of nature on tlie 
altar of its God. 

He sang of the "Triumphs of Truth;" 
of the "Unlimited Progression of ]\Iind." 
The first of these poems was delivered be- 
fore the Rhetorical Societies of Newton 
Theological Institute in 1839, and the last 
before the Literary Societies of Brown 
University. 

Rev. Richard Fuller, D. D., although 
born in Beaufort, S. C, April 22, 1804, 
resided so long as pastor of a Baptist 
church in this city, that he became assmii- 
lated as one of its people. He graduated 
at Harvard University in 1824. His next 
step was to fit himself for the bar. He was, 
a year after his matriculation at Harvard, 
admitted to practice law, and proved him- 
self to possess the necessary requisites. In 
183 1 a revival of religion was in progress, 
and among those who bowed their heads 
to conviction was Richard Fuller. He 
united with the Baptist Church of Beau- 
fort, relinquished a practice worth $5,000 a 
year, and took a charge composed largely 
of colored people and a sprinkling of 
whites. He was a slave-holder, and num- 
bers of the bondsmen attended his church. 
The day he was ordained he celebrated that 
event by baptizing over one hundred col- 
ored persons. 

He and Doctor Weyland, of Brown Uni- 
versity, discussed "whether the Scriptures 
permitted the relation of master and slave ?" 
Fuller said "yes," Wayland said "no." .\ 
great many letters were written by the dis- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



putants, and, as is usual in such cases, both 
sides won the victory. 

During the year 1846, the Seventh Bap- 
tist Church of Baltimore, the church then 
being on Calvert street, invited Mr. Fuller 
to become its pastor. He conditionally ac- 
cepted; his proviso being, that they would 
somewhere else select a lot and build an 
edifice. His terms were complied with, and 
the temple that so long resounded to His 
expansive voice, on the corner of Saratoga 
and Paca streets, was ushered into exist- 
ence. He began his labors in 1847; 
and until his death he stood in the front 
rank of preachers as brave as a lion but 
gentle as a woman. Crowds flocked to hear 
him, and he levelled his guns at vice and 
evil, warned and admonished youth to keep 
out of slippery paths, and did not avoid dis- 
cussions when the opportunities presented 
themselves. In after life he said to a friend, 
"I used to be fond of controversies, but I 
am not so any longer; I gave them up long 
ago." On the completion of Eutaw Place 
Baptist Church, in 1871, Doctor Fuller be- 
came its pastor, and while serving that peo- 
ple, fell asleep in October, 1876. 

He was buried in Greenmount Ceme- 
tery, where an imposing monument with 
striking inscriptions has been reared. 

He was an able debater, a brilliant 
preacher, a true and faithful friend. He 
had a fine presence and a superb voice; fiis 
carriage was easy and graceful. He looked 
right at you, and on his firm face was a 
smile that prevented his features from be- 
ing stern and immovable. 

Rev. Daniel Evans Reese was born in 
Baltimore in 1812. He belonged to the 
Methodist Protestant Church, and was of 
a family prolific of preachers. No other 



family in Maryland produced as many, and 
probably none other in the United States. 
Several of his brothers were preachers. 
Rev. John S. was a step-brother. Rev. Levi 
R. chaplain to Congress, and Rev. E. 
Yates was widely known for his distin- 
guished gifts. 

It was reported that when Rev. E. Yates 
Reese edited the "Methodist Protestant," 
a subscriber entered his sanctum and intro- 
duced himself as "Mr. Reese." 

"Are you a relation of mine?" inquired 
the Editor. "A distant relation, I believe," 
was the reply. 

"Are you a preacher?" was next asked. 

"No;" replied the stranger, "but I have 
a brother who is." 

"I knew it," exclaimed the Editor, smil- 
ing, "for I never yet heard of a branch of 
the family that didn't produce at least one 
preacher!" 

In his youth Daniel Reese was appren- 
ticed to Jacob Daley, ornamental painter, 
who had in his business career more than 
one apprentice indentured to him to learn 
a trade who left him before being accom- 
plished in the art to preach. Daley be- 
longed to the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
and was in no good humor with the 
Methodist Protestant "seceders," as they 
were called, yet he surrendered Daniel 
Reese and cancelled his bond when he was 
nineteen years of age to enable him to 
preach in the Methodist Protestant Church. 
During his first eleven years' service he re- 
ceived little for preaching, so that his grow- 
ing family caused him to locate and em- 
bark in school teaching. He was success- 
ful, and in three years paid of? the indebt- 
edness he had curtailed while serving poor 
appointments without adequate rcmunera- 



462 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



tion. He returned to the pastorate and was 
stationed at Fayette and Asquith streets, 
where he succeeded in building a new 
churcli. Mr. Reese served his denomina- 
tion long and faithfully and ranked among 
her efficient servants. 

Bishop John Emory was one of the 
distinguished Bishops of the M. E. Church. 
He was born in Queen Ann's county, 
Maryland, nth April, 1789. He studied 
law and was admitted to the bar before 
coming of age. On the i8th of August, 
1806, the current of his life was changed; 
he was converted and dedicated to the 
church. He abandoned the practice of law 
and when twenty years of age was received 
into the Pennsylvania Conference, over 
which Bishop Asbury presided. His first 
appointment was on Caroline Circuit, Md. 
He continued in such fields of service until 
1813. At the conference held in 1813, he 
was appointed to Union Station, Philadel- 
phia, a most important charge at that time. 
He was elected to the General Conference 
that met in Baltimore, May, 1816, and con- 
tinuously to General Conferences there- 
after until 1828. In 1817 Bishop McKen- 
dree invited him to visit the New York and 
New England Conferences in his company, 
which he did. 

At the Philadelphia Conference, 1818, he 
was transferred to the Baltimore Confer- 
ence and stationed at Foundry Church. 
Washington. At this time he studied He- 
brew under "a distinguished Hebrew 
Orientalist, Dr. J. Horwitz." Finishing hi^ 
term in Washington, he was transferred to 
Annapolis, and in 1820 the General Con- 
ference sent him as delegate to the British 
Conference in England. On his return, 
and while stationed at .Annapolis, he was 



frequently in Baltimore to preach and de- 
liver addresses. In 1822 he was stationed 
in Hagerstown, but remained there only a 
short time, his health — never good — was 
impaired, and he accepted the presidency 
of the Asbury College in Baltimore. How- 
ever, before he entered upon his new duties 
he was called to New York to accept the 
book agency of his church. The General 
Conference of 1832 elected Mr. Emory a 
Bishop, and he was so consecrated. He 
selected Baltimore as his place of residence 
and settled his family in that city. Dur- 
ing the intervals when not presiding over 
conferences he was at his home in Balti- 
more, preaching in the churches of his de- 
nomination and enjoying the associations 
of her people. He once made preaching 
excursions through the Peninsula lying be- 
tween the Chesapeake and the Atlantic, and 
a second through the lower counties of 
Maryland. His death was sudden, on the 
i6th of December, 1835. He was proceed- 
ing to Baltimore in his carriage and was 
thrown out and his skull fractured, with 
fatal results. His body was removed from 
a tavern, where he had breathed his last, to 
Baltimore, and after his funeral deposited 
along side of that of Asbury, in the crypt 
beneath the Eutaw Street Church pulpit. 

Subsequently, with the bodies of Bishop 
,\shury, George and Waugh, they were de- 
posited in Mount Olivet Cemetery. 

Bishop Emory was in many respects one 
of the greatest of Methodist Bishops. He 
was the defender of that faith. Equipped 
with a fine education received at Wash- 
ington College, Charlestown, he used his 
accomplishments to the best advantage. 
He lived in an age of controversies and was 
foremost in them, but always courteous 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



463 



and persuasive. His clear legal mind 
showed itself in all his numerous writings. 
His great work was his "Defense of the 
Faith of Our Fathers." It is yet a stand- 
ard authority, and is likely to remain so. 

His gentle angel-like spirit, goodness of 
heart and refinement of disposition, won 
praise from every one's lips. He was 
modest and unassuming. His Alma Mater 
bestowed upon him a D. D. He did not 
decline it "fearing that there might be more 
of pride in its rejection than of vanity in its 
acceptance." In the publication of fiis 
works he never used it; they always ap- 
peared as written "by John Emory." He 
was evidently of the opinion of the late Dr. 
Thomas Guard, the celebrated Irishman, 
who preached in Baltimore City for Several 
years. Seeing D. D. attached to the name 
of this and that other clergyman, he rubbed 
his hands together and exclaimed, "My! 
My! I can't understand it, why in England 
it means something, and no man has that 
title but those noted for great scholarship." 
Emory in that respect, and all others, was 
worthy to be a Doctor of Divinity. 

The Rev. Henry Slicer, so long known 
as "the war-horse of Methodism," was 
among the greatest men produced by her 
itinerant system. He was born in An- 
napolis, Maryland, March i, 1801, and be- 
came a resident of Baltimore in his six- 
teenth year, where he ever afterwards made 
his home whenever his labors enabled him 
to do so On reaching Baltimore he was 
apprenticed to the firm of John Finlay and 
Company, fancy furniture painters, for the 
purpose of learning that trade. At the same 
time he professed religion at the Exeter 
vStreet M. E. Church; induced to do so 
under a sermon preached by Rev. Gerard 



Morgan. Immediately after his conversion 
he joined that church. He had received an 
English education, and being convinced it 
was his duty to preach, he commenced the 
study of theology under Bishop Emory. 
In his twentieth year he was licensed to 
preach, and was employed on the Balti- 
more Circuit under Rev. Stephen G. Roz- 
zell. He joined the Baltimore Conference 
in 1822, served seven years on circuits, 
twenty-one at stations, fifteen on districts 
as Presiding Elder, two years agent of the 
Metropolitan Church, Washington. It was 
under his supervision that that structure 
v.as commenced, and eight years as chap- 
lain of the Seamen's Union Bethel, Balti- 
more. 

After Mr. Sheer had been four years in 
the ministry, he was stationed in Baltimore 
at City Station, in 1826. His other Balti- 
more appointments were: East Baltimore, 
1844-45; North Baltimore, 1846-47; Balti- 
more City Station, 1852; Seamen's Bethel, 
1870-74. For many years and up to the 
close of his life, he resided on East Balti- 
more street near Ann street. He could 
conveniently do so as most of the time he 
was Presiding Elder and had to travel over 
his districts. During the year 1827 he was 
united in marriage to a daughter of Rev. 
George Roberts, which proved to be a 
happy alliance. He was by nature a con- 
troversialist, bold and aggressive, never 
knowing fear; few could compete with him. 
He had controversies with the Methodist 
Protestants on their secession from the par- 
ent church, dealing them hard blows; and 
with the Baptists, when serving on the Po- 
tomac District, in 1836 and 1837. He wrote 
two pamphlets when engaged in contro- 
versy with Rev. William F. Broddus, and a 



464 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



larger treatise on the subject of baptism. 
He was for seven sessions of Congress 
chaplain to the Senate of the United States, 
and by resolution at the close of his service, 
allowed the privilege of the floor thereafter. 
In 1838 he was pastor of the Fronndry 
Church and chaplain to the Senate. It 
was at this time that Mr. Celley, a member 
of Congress, was killed by Mr. Graves in a 
duel. On the 9th of July, 1838, Mr. Sheer 
delivered "a discourse upon the history, 
character, causes and consequences of 
duels, with the means of prevention." He 
afterwards published it in pamphlet form 
of sixteen double pages. 

The following selection is from that ser- 
mon: "Every man before he consents to 
send, or accept, a challenge to fight a duel, 
should consider well how he shall settle 
the account with his own conscience, how 
he shall avoid the maledictions of Jehovah, 
and how he shall escape from the ghost of 
his victim, which will pursue him in soli- 
tude and company, in his night dreams and 
in his waking hours, the balance of his 
(lays. .\ wounded spirit who can bear 
and although many and strenuous efforts 
be made to stifle conscience, and silence 
its painful voice, it will still point to the 
blood spot and his victim, ever and anon, 
arising in his pathway, shall shake his gory 
locks at him! And despite all his efforts 
at cheerfulness and gaiety, there will be a 
worm that shall gnaw at his heart's core; 
and in his imagination he will hear the 
wail of the widow, and the scream of the 
orphan, and the death groan of the father 
and the husband; and in all future time, 
when he reads or hears of death by duels 
there will come up a sad recollection of 
his own ifuilt. It would have lieen easier. 



far easier, to have borne the imputation 
of cowardice, with a good conscience, than 
to feel through life 'afraid to think what 
he has done' — conscious that all the water 
of the great ocean is not sufficient to wash 
a brother's blood clean from his hands." 

The church difficulties of 1844 were at 
hand and Mr. Sheer was ready to fight 
the Southern Church secession movement 
with all his strength. His most triumphant 
discussion was in September, 1852, when 
he was attacked in a public speech in front 
of his house by Joel G. Sever, of Louisiana, 
whom the Whigs had invited to speak in 
Frederick. A personal question arose be- 
tween them and Mr. Sheer appeared pub- 
licly upon the hustings and literally crushed 
his adversary. 

The opposition of Doctor Sheer was 
feared in the Conference when the eloquent 
Doctor Guard was an applicant for admis- 
sion. It was rumored that Doctor Sheer 
would oppose the proposition. It was a re- 
lief to Doctor Guard's friends when Doctor 
Sheer, on the floor of the Conference, de- 
nied the report, saying: '"Doctor Guard 
was not the first Irishman who had present- 
ed himself for admission and been received." 

He was a member of eight General Con- 
ferences, viz.: 1832-1840-1844-1852-1850- 
1860-1868-1872. In the book-concern con- 
troversy, consequent upon Dr. John Lana- 
han's report of irregularities in its man- 
agement; he sided with his Conference in 
sustaining the Doctor and upon the floor of 
the General Conference defended that posi- 
tion. 

President Andrew Johnson was attached 
to him. He had often heard him preach, 
and attended his church in Washington. 
He did nr.t fortjet his old friend when 





M^/Lj^ 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



465 



Executive of the Nation, but appointed 
him at one time on the annual board to 
visit West Point and be present at the ex- 
amination of the cadets. 

Doctor Slicerwas charged by some people 
with being a politician. On one occasion 
an admirer of the Doctor asked a friend 
to go and hear him preach; he agreed to 
do so, but said "he will say something about 
politics in his sermon." "No, he won't," 
promised the friend: and the Doctor did not 
in his sermon. He took up a collection 
and a few persons left while he was doing 
so, whereat he exhorted everybody to re- 
main, in stentorian tones exclaiming "you 
need not be afraid, there are no Plug 
Uglies in here." 

In preaching, he was assertive and doc- 
trinal, practical and always attractive. He 
was unlike anyone else in substance and 
method of expression. His majestic per- 
sonal presence inspired awe and respect. 
He had a big brain but a larger Eeart. In 
one of his sermons he spoke of sinners 
"throwing themselves on the bosses of Je- 
hovah's buckler." For fifty-two years he 
was a preacher and a shining light. As his 
end approached, he said "I am willing to 
preach no more if need be. I have, per- 
haps, preached long enough." On Thurs- 
day afternoon, April 23, 1874, his sun set 
on earth. Mount Vernon M. E. Church 
did not hold those who gathered to pay 
honor to the departed warrior of the cross. 
Bishop Ames and several of his fellow- 
preachers officiated ; near the evening hour, 
tender-hearted friends left him beneath the 
shades that hovered over Greenmount. 

His type is a rare one; his earthly career 
was a glorious one, and there lives no man 
like him on all this earth, his survivor. 



The race of Slicers such as he was is ex- 
tinct. 

Rev. Charles B. Tippett, D. D., was 
a native Marylander, born in Prince 
George's county, December 19, 1801. He 
was a convert under the ministry of the 
famous Henry Smith. The date of that 
event was during the year 1816. He was 
admitted to the Baltimore Conference of 
the Methodist Church in 1820, and on the 
7th of March, 1827, was married to Mar- 
garet S. Lewis, of Virginia, whose kinsman 
was United States Senator Lewis. Tlie 
churches he served in Baltimore were: East 
Baltimore, in 1825 ; North Baltimore, 1838- 
39: Baltimore City Station, 1840; Fayette 
Street, 1841 ; North Baltimore, 1848-49; 
Caroline Street, 1862-63; Exeter Street, 
1864, and Whatcoat, 1865-66; Whatcoat 
was his last appointment and while filling 
it he died, February 25, 1867. 

He was Presiding Elder for sixteen 
years ; book agent at New York four years, 
and a member of the General Book Com- 
mittee nineteen years. Besides, he was 
often sent as delegate to the General Con- 
ference. 

When he was first at North Baltimore 
Station, occurred the marvelous revival at 
Exeter Street Church, which was irresistible 
and has taken rank as among the most 
powerful in the annals of American Me- 
thodism. Mr. Tippett has always been 
credited with a large share in promoting 
that work. Wherever he was sent, spirit- 
ual success followed in his wake. He had 
in him the elements of true greatness; "the 
caste of his features, the tones of his voice, 
the courteousness of his manner, revealed 
his heart." He sought no controversies 
and wanted none. He was intensely spirit- 



466 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



ual and believed in prayer and lived rigidly 
up to all the ordinances of the church, re- 
quiring his members to do the same. 

He was a wise man and governed firmly 
but not tyrannically. At appointments in 
the Methodist Church the preachers have 
week-day classes. Mr. Tippett had one, a 
female class, the members of which were 
noted for lateness. He determined to cor- 
rect them in a novel way. At the hour 
for the meeting of the class he was promptly 
on hand; he sang a hymn, engaged in 
prayer, exhorted, gave in his experience, 
exhorted himself sung another hymn, 
praver, then dismissed class and went to 
the parsonage. He had hardly entered his 
house and closed the door before the mem- 
bers began to arrive in the class-room, and 
in fifteen minutes they filled the room, and 
thought it dreadful that Bfother Tippett 
had forgotten it was class hour. They 
went to the parsonage in a body, and when 
he entered the parlor, they all shouted: 
"Oh! Brother Tippett; you have forgotten 
class meets this afternoon." "No, I have 
not, ladies; I was there promptly, and no 
one being there but myself, I soon got 
through with class and dismissed it, and we 
shall not have class again, dear sisters, un- 
til this day one week hence." He attended 
to his pastoral duties until two days prior 
to his death. His passing away was mourn- 
ed throughotit the extended fields of his use- 
fulness and in the church of which he had 
been a conspicuous figure. 

Rev. John A. Collins is an illustrious 
example of the ephemeral nature of fame. 
When lie lived, it was to soar above lesser 
lights and to have few ef|uals, and in the 
kingdom of pulpit oratory to know no su- 
perior. Crowds did him homage; the great 



men of the land were held by his entrancing 
eloquence and paid tribute to its charms. 
Forty years have passed since he lived and 
save with his contemporaries who survive, 
and a few others who have heard of him 
from them, by everybody else, he has been 
forgotten. And so will it be with many of 
us who thirst for fame, and so has it been 
with most of the men who are the subjects 
of these sketches. Mr. Collins was born 
near Seaford, Del., in 1801 ; when he 
finished his education in Georgetown, \'a., 
he entered the office of William Wirt, to 
equip himself for the practice of the law, 
but did not complete his legal studies. 

In his twentieth year he was converted 
at a camp-meeting in Loudoun county, Va. 
For a short while he held a place in the 
PostofSce Department, under Postmaster 
General McLean. He w^as a local preacher 
from 1826 to 1830, but the last named year 
he gave up his office and was admitted to 
the Baltimore Conference. He served on 
circuits, in stations, as Presiding Elder, 
agent for Dickinson College, and in 1836, 
assistant editor of the New York Christian 
Advocate. New York's climate did not 
agree with his family, and his preferences 
were for itinerant work, so he shortly after 
receiving his appointment, resigned it. He 
was elected to the General Conference when 
eligible and to each succeeding one as long 
as he lived. It is claimed for him that in 
debate, he never had an equal on the floor 
of the General Conference. He served the 
most prominent churches in Baltimore 
and filled them with overflowing congrega- 
tions. His speech was always brilliant; he 
could not be summoned to speak and be 
found unpre])are(l. Words flowed freely 
from his mouth and his ideas were born in 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



467 



a moment. His sentences were polished 
when they fell from his lips and needed no 
revision to bring them to perfection. He 
was generous in the extreme and never en- 
vied another's good fortune. He was im- 
pulsive and in consequence indiscreet at 
times, but he was not obstinate, and freely 
admitted his error when pointed out. 

To analytical and logical power he 
added originality of thought, precision and 
clearness. Those qualities, with his match- 
less diction, made him the giant that he 
was in the church. May 7, 1857, he died 
and was buried in the Preachers' Lot in 
Mount Olivet Cemetery. 

Rev. Thomas Sewall, D. D., was born 
in Essex, Mass., April 28, 1818. He 
was educated at Wesleyan .-\cademy, 
Wilbraham, Philips' Academy, .\ndover, 
and the Wesleyan Seminary, Readfield, 
Me. 

His father was Dr. Thomas Sewall, a 
medical practitioner, and his mother was 
Alary Choate, a sister of Rufus Choate. 
Although born in Massachusetts, he lived 
the days of his life — after his manhood — in 
Maryland, and sleeps beneath her soil. 

He commenced his ministry in 1838, in 
the Baltimore Conference. It is not neces- 
sary to follow him through his line of entire 
appointments, which were always the best. 
His health in 1849 was impaired and he 
ceased preaching and for ten months, under 
appointment by President Taylor, he was 
Consul to Santiago de Cuba. His being a 
Protestant clergyman did not please the 
Papal Church and its influences with Spain, 
caused his exequator to be denied him. 
He returned home and received a position 
in the Interior Department and was after- 
wards transferred to a desk in the Depart- 



ment of State, Daniel Webster being at that 
time Secretary of State. 

He resumed pastoral work in 1853, and 
continued in the Baltimore Conference un- 
til 1864. During that time he was pastor 
of the following Baltimore churches: Fay- 
ette Street, Union Square, City Station and 
Charles Street, with one term as Presiding 
Elder of the Baltimore District. In 1864, 
Dickinson College conferred upon him the 
degree of D. D. In i860, he was sent a 
delegate to the General Conference, and 
in 1866 he was transferred to the New York 
East Conference and stationed at Pacific 
Street Church, Brooklyn. His health gave 
way and he was returned to his old Con- 
ference and located in Baltimore. He was 
appointed to a clerkship in the Baltimore 
Custom House and was serving in that 
position when death summoned him hence, 
August II, 1870. 

Mr. Sewall was a born orator, whose 
reputation was known in all the churches, 
his voice was silvery and musical. He had 
developed the finest aesthetic taste, and it 
has been said of him he was "clear in ar- 
gument, unsurpassed in description, with a 
poetic imagination under the restraints of 
sound judgment, he spoke as few living 
men can speak." 

When his voice was almost gone and he 
could no longer do other than whisper, he 
prepared for the end and coolly put his 
house in order for death. He requested 
that his funeral should take place without 
ostentation: that none of his manuscripts 
should be printed and only a plain me- 
morial as simple as possible placed at his 
grave. 

Alexander Early Gii'.sox, D. D., was 
a companion piece to John A. Collins: he 



468 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



succeeded him in the Baltimore Confer- 
ence; and if any one can be said to have 
done so, equalled Mr. Collins in eloquence 
and ability. He was born in Baltimore 
City September 2, 1825. In babyhood he 
was taken by his parents to St. Paul's Epis- 
copal Church, presided over by Doctor Wy- 
att, and that good man held liim in his arms 
and baptized him. 

When a boy of sufficient age, he was 
apprenticed to Jacob Dailey, a member of 
Exeter Street M. E. Church, who con- 
ducted a chair painting establishment. The 
apprentice attended the church of his em- 
ployer, and in his fifteenth year was con- 
verted, and in the language of the author of 
his obituary, "converted at a Methodist al- 
tar, he never ceased to be an altar worker; 
and needing the inspiration of Methodist 
responsiveness, he never could have been 
at his best in a conservative pulpit." 

He was admitted to preach in the old 
Baltimore Conference at its annual session 
of 1849; his appointments were always of 
the best. He began with Shrewsbury, Al- 
toona, Bedford, Carlisle and Williamsport, 
in Pennsylvania, and Frederick, in Mary- 
land. He was at Foundry and Waugh, in 
Washington, but Baltimore had the advan- 
tage of his gifts and services. He was at 
Baltimore City Station, East Baltimore and 
Broadway, Madison Avenue, Fayette 
Street, Exeter Street, Grace Church, Straw- 
bridge, Whatcoat, Harlem Park and Ful- 
ton Avenue. Besides, earlier he served 
the two Harford Circuits and later Laurel. 
He died on the loth of January, 1897, while 
stationed at Fulton Avenue, in Baltimore. 

His first education was received in the 
public schools of Baltimore: he absorbed 
learning so easily that his training was ex- 



ceedingly rapid. When stationed at Car- 
lisle, he was a student at Dickinson Col- 
lege, and in i860 graduated with honors, 
receiving the degrees of A. B. and A. M. 
When at East Baltimore and Broadway, he 
pursued a course of studies in medicine at 
the University of Maryland, and received 
his diploma as a M. D. He had two rea- 
sons for desiring to do so; one was to have 
a profession to fall back on if he became 
unable to preach, and the other was, that 
he might assist the poor of his cliarges who 
were without the means to employ medical 
advice. During his ministry at Broadway, 
the martyrdom of President Lincoln took 
place, and Mr. Gibson's sermon Sunday 
morning after that dismal tragedy was one 
of the most stirring, eloquent and finished 
orations ever delivered. 

His obituarist said of him: "He blended 
an iron will with a woman's tenderness. 
He would have died for a conviction, and 
yet, with his latest breath, like his master, 
would have prayed for his murderers." 
The same authority wrote: "In the pulpit 
he blended investigation with exquisite 
fancy and spiritual unction. He was of aes- 
thetic tastes, a poet and composer of music; 
nevertheless a practical man and safe ad- 
viser in the business of the church. He 
was approachable and magnetic; children 
loved him, and their grandparents lighted 
up at his coming. In the sick room he 
was a benediction, dispelling gloom by his 
sympathetic manner and cheery words." 

When Lee first invaded Maryland, being 
in Frederick, he, with a party of friends, 
ascended the tower of the old German Re- 
formed Church to view the operations of 
the two armies. A Federal soldier suspect- 
ing them to lie Confederates, covered tlieni 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



469 



with his gun, but was ordered not to fire by 
General Reno, who, with his glass, ascer- 
tained that they were led to the top of the 
tower by curiosity. 

After the battles of South Mountain and 
Antietam, he hastened to succor and assist 
the wounded. He had not graduated in 
medicine, but used what knowledge he pos- 
sessed to relieve sufTerings. He attended 
among others who were wounded, a North 
Carolina Confederate. A few days after- 
wards he was out riding, and so was the 
soldier, who, in passing him, greeted him 
with "How d" ye do, doctor? I'm getting 
along all right, thank ye." 

Dickinson College conferred upon him 
the degree of D. D. He kept up his read- 
ing and studies and was always abreast of 
the times. 

After his death, the friendly hand that 
has penned these lines in a communication 
to the "American," which appeared in that 
paper January 13, 1897, said of Doctor Gib- 
son: "In 1861 the Baltimore pulpit had in it 
men of signal ability and eloquence whose 
successors as an entirety have not reappear- 
ed. Prominent among them was a man in 
the dream day of life, with a soul of fire and 
pathos, who could thrill your heart and 
sway your emotions until you had been 
completely captivated and subjugated by 
the flashes of brilliant imagery that warmed 
in his brain, whose glow spread like a 
fiery contagion throughout his congrega- 
tion. That man was Alexander E. Gibson, 
pastor of the Broadway M. E. Church. The 
last of March, 1861, Matthew Simpson, in 
his day one of the greatest of inspirational 
.speakers, preached in Doctor Gibson's 
Broadway pulpit. War was coming! The 
speaker in his masterful sermon approached 



its close in a climax which was intense and 
dramatic. In consisted of an invocation to 
the flag and its effect was electrical. 

"During the war the finest eloquence in 
and out of the pulpit was delivered that it 
has ever been my fortune to listen to." 

"A Broadway Methodist congregation 
had swayed like trees in a windstorm under 
Simpson's invocations at the beginning of 
the struggle. Peace was at hand ! and Lin- 
coln was a martyr. Sunday after that 
tragic event the congregation in the Broad- 
way church filled every available space ; the 
hush and awe of death was there. Doctor 
Gibson for over an hour delivered a sermon 
on 'The Nation's Loss,' which, in elo- 
quence, surpassed Simpson's former effort, 
and was in its composition one of the most 
finished, stately and ornate orations it has 
ever been my pleasure to listen to. It is 
my deliberate judgment that the two great- 
est of all Baltimore orators in the past 
forty years were Henry Winter Davis and 
Alexander E. Gibson. Both of them could 
reach heights to which only men of native 
genius can ever obtain. Doctor Gibson was 
scholarly and polished in diction and utter- 
ance; he had an intense soul, and could 
feel ; no man was ever a great orator with- 
out a deep soul. His mind was graphic, 
none of your ordinary master-pieces, with 
the fire of inspiration running all through 
them. He was an artist, and his superior 
spirit in the mantlings of originality always 
struck a high key-note. His fund of logic 
was great and he wandered in the realm of 
metaphysics, but his crowning talent was 
the strength of imagery. In that he stood 
pre-eminent. I recall a sermon which he 
preached one Sunday morning at the Fay- 
ette Street Church, The audience and 



470 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



choir were bathed in tears; he had dissolved 
even himself to tears ; when he conchided, a 
painful pause existed; he could not read 
the parting hymn the choir could not sing 
the Doxology; with throbbing heart he 
stammered through the benediction." 

While he was at Fayette Street Church, 
Frederick Pinkney, the celebrated lawyer, 
was induced to go and hear Mr. Gibson. 
He was charmed with his powers. Mr. 
Pinkney on his death-bed, sent by a mutual 
friend this message: "'Tell Doctor Gibson I 
am as good a Methodist as he is, although 
I shall die in the Episcopal Church." When 
the words were delivered, the reply of Doc- 
tor Gibson was: "I am glad and thankful to 
have a message from so good a man as 
Frederick Pinkney." 

Honors befitting so illustrious a preacher 
were rendered to him. His funeral took 
place in the Whatcoat Church. His wife, 
a native of Frederick, had his remains 
buried in Mount Olivet Cemetery, in that 
city. 

His obituary, written by his friend and 
co-laborer, Rev. J. McKendry Reiley, is a 
master-piece. In less than a year he fol- 
lowed him to the grave. The obituary be- 
gins with a quotation from an introduction 
written by Dcjctor Gibson to a book called 
"Crowned \'ictors," which will conclude 
tliis sketch: 

"Only here and there along the track of 
mortals are found names perpetuated in the 
immortality of infamy; and these are pre- 
.served as warnings of the fate to be meted 
out by human justice to those who strike 
at virtue and innocence, or basely violate 
tlie rights of man. Hut by pillars of brass 
and stone; by ])olished colunms; bv splen- 
did temples of worship and learning; by 



sculpture, painting and song, and a thou- 
sand other devices born of human affection, 
the names of the wise and good — the lovers 
of their race — are kept alive, and will be 
preserved until the shadows of the last sun- 
set shall wrap the world in its mantle of 
silence and death." 

Rev. J. McKendry Reiley, D. D., was 
the son of a Methodist minister who was 
one of the organizers of the Baltimore Con- 
ference. His father was engaged in itin- 
erant work on a Pennsylvania Circuit, of 
which Broad Top, near Dudley, in Hunt- 
ingdon county, was for the time being his 
home, at which place, on March 17, 1817, 
the subject of this sketch was born. Mc- 
Kendry Reiley had the advantages of ex- 
cellent schools and was the recipient of an 
advanced education. He finished a colle- 
giate course which followed by four years 
of training in theology. On obtaining his 
majority he taught school in Richmond, 
Ind., ' and Cincinnati, O. He retraced 
his steps in a few years and as principal 
took charge of the high school at Charles- 
town, Jefferson county, W. Va. While re- 
siding there he married Miss Susan Gibbs, 
a lady of piety and ambitious in good 
works. It was she who urged her husband 
to become a preacher. Her advice was not 
lost, so that in 1843 he was admitted on 
trial in the Baltimore Conference. His wife 
having died, some years afterwards he was 
married to a daughter of Rev. Wesley Ste- 
venson. 

We shall s])eak only of his Baltimore ap- 
pointments. In 1852 he was one of the 
preachers at Harford Avenue Church; in 
1861 he was in charge of Exeter Street Sta- 
tion; after the expiration of his pastorate 
he was made presiding elder, serving on 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



his district four years. After filling promi- 
nent pulpits in Other jurisdictions, he re- 
turned to his home conference and was sta- 
tioned at Eutaw Street Church. On the ex- 
piration of his term he was sent to Wash- 
ing"ton and in a few years returned to Bal- 
timore, serving Madison Square and at the 
end of his limit going on the Washington 
District six years as presiding elder. Upon 
relinquishing that office he was stationed 
at Harlem Square Church; after five years' 
service the Conference, in consequence of 
his advanced age and feeble health, with- 
out diminution of mental power, granted 
hiip a supernumerary station. This was 
given him in ]\Iarch and he died the 23d 
of the following June, 1897, after faithful 
and unremitting services lasting over a half 
century. He was a delegate to the Gen- 
eral Conference, and was a skillful debater, 
perfectly brave and courageous and capable 
at all times of taking care of himself in wars 
of controversy. 

He was one of the attractions of the pul- 
pit; when he was away from his Conference 
he was preaching to the largest churches 
in his denomination. He swayed a mighty 
scepter in oratory, and possessed an im- 
pressive presence, suitable to his dramatic 
delivery. He had nearly all the intonations 
of a skilled dramatist, so that his reading 
of a hymn or passages of Scripture were 
doubly impressive from the stress he placed 
upon the words. It was often said of him, 
had he been an actor, he would have been 
famous over the civilized world as one of 
the matchless heroes of the stage. It must 
not be inferred that Mr. Reiley made a 
stage of his pulpits — not at all; there was 
only seen what he could not conceal and 



no more. He never sought stage effect bv 
acting. 

In the earlier part of his ministerial life 
in Baltimore he was at his best. There the 
churches could not hold the crowds that 
surged towards them. He was a master 
word painter; his figures glowed and his 
imagery was supernatural. He had two 
sermons out of an abundance of such of 
which congregations never tired and time 
and time again he was requested to 
repeat them. One, the burial of Moses, 
and the other, on the text, "\\''ho is thi.-; 
that cometh from Edom with dyed gar- 
ments from Barah," etc. It is impossible 
to describe the effect produced by those 
sermons on audiences. It was not so much 
that they created a sensational and emo- 
tional effect as it was the greatness and 
profoundness of thought embodied in their 
conception, clothed in unsurpassed richness 
of language, with flights of fancy almost 
incredible. At this tirne of which we write 
he was a star whose light was seen all over 
Baltimore . He preached morning and 
evenings in his church on the Sabbath, and 
in the afternoons on the streets or corners, 
with crowds around him, in size and ap- 
pearance resembling large mass meetings. 

He could not endure the imposed labors 
he compelled himself to undergo, and about 
1862 he was stricken down with the typhoid 
fever. When the war was at hand he be- 
came a Union patriot. His clarion voice 
rang out on the air from the rostrum, and 
wherever called upon to speak, he went, 
until sickness closed the door of his bed- 
room and for months kept him in it a pris- 
oner. Finally he was released from its 
tediousness and permitted to reappear in 
the pulpit. But his doctor required him to 



472 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



write liis sermons and avoid the excite- 
ment attending his extemporaneous efforts. 
Then a change came over his method of 
speaking. He abandoned the written ser- 
mon after awhile, but rehed on notes. His 
sermons were more thoughtful and less 
flowery and imaginative, but he never sur- 
rendered the richness of his language or the 
charm of his voice. 

He was chaplain of one of the Maryland 
regiments. Bishop Ames preferred that he 
should remain in Baltimore, so he visited 
the regiment as often as it was possible 
for him to do so. He made a speech to 
Governor Hicks and presented him with a 
flag on the part of certain donors in the 
Maryland Institute, on the conclusion of 
the Governor's term of office. When the 
war ceased he ceased all discussions out- 
side the sphere of his pulpit. 

Bishop Alexander Walter Wayman. 
— On the far-famed Eastern Shore of 
Maryland, in Caroline county, and in Tuck- 
ahoe neck, stands a log hut one story in 
height with a clay chimney; in it the sub- 
ject of this sketch was born on September 
21, 1 82 1. Nothing unusual occurred when 
he entered the world. The beginning of 
his life was not phenomenal and bore no 
contrast to what took place November the 
30th, 1865, when a bishop lay sleeping on 
the pillow of death. 

The father of Bishop Wayman was a free 
black man; his mother was at the time of 
his birth a slave, but fibsequently obtained 
the priceless boon of freedom. The father 
was a farm laborer, who had picked up a 
little book knowledge which was primary 
and limited. After his son Alexander was 
through with the day's work of tilling the 
soil and the lightened knots were kindled 



on the hearth, the father imparted to him 
knowledge from his scanty storehouse of 
information derived from books. 

The little learning which he received 
made him thirst for more, so that during 
the year 1840 he visited Baltimore. He did 
not remain there, but proceeded to Phila- 
delphia, where he was employed in a 
Quaker family, the very situation to ex- 
pedite his plans. His employer interested 
himself in his education and he was rudi- 
mentally well equipped in learning. It was 
not long before he exhorted and preached 
and in due season became a member of the 
Philadelphia Conference of the African M. 
E. Church. 

In 1864, at the General Conference of 
his church, held in Washington City, he 
was elevated to the bishopric. Previously 
he had attained to eminence as an eloquent 
divine. He was thoughtful and impressive 
in delivery, fervent and rhetorical. He was 
a graceful speaker who did not mar his 
periods or spoil his matter by extraneous 
thought. 

Honors came in quick succession or not 
at all, as the Bishop found out. He had 
hardly secured his elevation before he re- 
ceived a totally different call to serve the 
cause militant. The Government wished 
soldiers and resorted to the draft to secure 
them, when the name of Alexander Walter 
Wayman came out of the fatal box. He 
was not needed and excused from serving. 

He was assigned to South Carolina as 
his first field of visitation, and what he saw 
among his race must have astounded him. 
The emotional extravagances of his congre- 
gations were indescribable. 

He/esided in Baltimore soon after be- 
ing made Bishop and until death retained 




\^0 




HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



it there. Rev. Henry Calclazier invited him 
to preach at a point in Delaware; he ac- 
cepted the invitation, and notwithstanding 
he was of a meek and inoffensive dispo- 
sition, he was threatened with violence. 

When the monument that shields the re- 
mains of the martyred President Lincoln, 
at Springfield, 111., was completed and dedi- 
cated to its sacred use, Bishop Wayman 
was selected to deliver the opening prayer. 
He left his home without heralding the im- 
portance of his mission and only told where 
he was going to a few friends. 

Howard University conferred upon him 
in 1877 the degree of Doctor of Divinity. 

He wrote and published the following 
works: "Aly Recollections," "Wayman 
on Discipline" and "The Encyclopedia of 
African Methodism." 

Shortly after the conclusion of the late 
war the Bishop frequently on Sabbath 
evenings visited Caroline Street i\I. E. 



Church to listen to preaching and always 
walked up into the north gallery of the 
church and took a seat. Usually no one 
was there but himself. He was of imposing 
appearance, medium height, stout with a 
large, well-developed head, very dark of 
complexion. He always wore a silk hat 
and a suit of black broadcloth clothes, a 
white clergyman's tie wrapped round his 
neck and carried a cane. 

In the early part of the year in which he 
died, on Conference Sunday, at the Mount 
Vernon AI. E. Church, Dr. Luther 
Tracy Townsend, the pastor of that church, 
holding on to the arm of the Bishop, es- 
corted him into his pulpit and invited him 
to open the morning services with prayer. 
It was the only time in the Bishop's life in 
Baltimore that he had enjoyed that privi- 
lege before a white congregation. It was 
his last; in the autumn of the year he fell 
with the sere and yellow leaves that were 
strewn bv the winds. 



CHAPTER XIV. 
Medical. The First Medical Men in Baltimore. The First Faculty. 
Health Ordinances. Quarantine Regulations. Boards of Health. 
Medical Colleges. Dental Colleges. Hospitals — Special Hos- 
pitals, Infirmaries, Dispensaries. Asylums for the Insane. Lu- 
nacy Commission. Medical Societies. Medical Journals. The 
History of Homceopathy in Baltimore. The Early History of 
Opthalmology and Otology. Medical Libraries. Vital Statis- 
tics OF Baltimore in the Past — 1815 to 1883-1896. Conclusion. 
What Baltimore Physicians Have Done in the Past. 

Bv John Morris, M. D. 



The First Medical Men in Baltimore. 
The First Faculty. 

The first physician mentioned in the 
State of Maryland was Wilham Russell, 
"Doctor of Physique," and the first sur- 
geon was Anthony Bagnell, "Chiurgeon." 
These gentlemen came with Captain John 
Smith in the year 1608 to explore the shores 
of the Chesapeake and the Patapsco river, 
at the head of which now stands the beauti- 
ful city of monuments. 

Prior to the year 1799 the medical men 
who did not go abroad depended chiefly 
upon private teaching and clinical advan- 
tages at the bedside under the instruction 
of their masters. After the foundation of 
the University of Pennsylvania a few gen- 
tlemen graduated at that school, notably 
John Archer, Robert Harris Archer, Alex- 
ander Ashton, Solomon Birckhead, Wil- 
liam Haslitt Clendincn, Colin Mackenzie, 
Nathaniel Potter, James Smith and Henry 
Wilkins. 

The first programme of a medical faculty 
in Baltimore was announced in 1790 by 



Doctors Charles F. Wiesenthal, George 
Brown, Lyde Goodwin, S. S. Coale and 
George Buchanan, the last named being the 
gentleman who, conjointly with Walker, 
purchased sixty acres from Charles Car- 
roll and laid out the town of Baltimore in 
1730. 

Dr. John Archer received in 1768 the 
first diploma ever granted by a medical col- 
lege in America. 

The first medical society was organized 
in 1785 — Doctor Wiesenthal, president; 
Frederick Dalcho, secretary. In this year 
Dr. Elisha Hall addressed the medical so- 
ciety and submitted the plan for a State 
society, which plan was afterwards embod- 
ied in the charter of the Medical and Chir- 
urgical Faculty of Maryland in 1799. Dur- 
ing this year the Legislature of Maryland 
incorporated the Medical and Chirurgical 
Faculty of Maryland, its first president be- 
ing Dr. Upton Scott, granting to that body 
the power to confer the degree of L. M. 
Licentiate of Medicine, which degree 
granted all the powers of a college diploma. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



477 



Many medical men availed themselves of 
this new privilege and practiced for years 
without securing a college degree. Tlie 
Medical and Chirurgical Faculty still ex- 
ists in unimpaired strength and usefulness, 
altliough its chartered privileges have been 
greatly abridged by legislation. 

Eminent Medical Men of the Last 
Century. 

It is a very difficult task, indeed it is im- 
possible to do justice in so small a space to 
the memory of the eminent medical men of 
the eighteenth century who devoted their 
lives to the practice of medicine in the city 
of Baltimore. They were all educated men, 
classical scholars, many of them writing 
Latin with ease. Their medical education 
was received chiefly at Edinburgh. A 
number of them came from the north of 
Ireland, and their lives were characterized 
by that great vigor, earnestness and power 
of labor which so strongly mark the people 
of that portion of the Emerald Island. 

Irish. — George Brown, John Coulter, 
John Crawford (who performed the first 
vaccination in this country), Elisha De 
Butts, James McHenry, Michael Free, John 
Stevenson, Henry Stevenson, William 
Stewart. 

Scotch. — George Home Steuart, Colin 
Mackenzie, Charles Buchanan, George 
Walker. A. M. 

German. — Frederick Dalcho, Henry 
Keerl, Charles Hintze, Charles Frederick 
Wiesenthal. 

English. — Joseph Brevitt and Isaac 
Hulse, Josiah Middlemore. 

At the close of the eighteenth century, 
during the French Revolution and the re- 
volt in San Domingo, three refugees, men 



of learning, sought an asylum in the city 
of Baltimore, viz: Giraud, Ricord (the father 
of the great Surgeon Ricord) and Pierre 
Chatard. 

The prominent Americans of this cen- 
tury, also men of learning, were Joseph Al- 
lender, Alexander Ashton, Robert Harris 
Archer, Solomon Birckhead, William Has- 
litt Clendinen, John Beall Davidge, Colin 
Mackenzie, Nathaniel Potter, James Smith, 
James Smyth, George Pitt Stevenson, To- 
bias Watkins and Henry Wilkins. These 
men and their descendants contributed 
largely to the early development and the 
great prosperity of the city of Baltimore. 

Eminent Medical Men of the Present Cen- 
tury (Deceased). — Nathan Rhyno Smith 
("Emperor") primus inter pares; William 
E. Aiken, Samuel Annan, Michael Baer, 
Samuel George and William Baker, Elisha 
Bartlett, Henry Willis Baxley, Lennox 
Brickhead, Thomas E. Bond Sr., Thomas 
E. Bond Jr., James Bordley, John Buckler; 
(medicus natus) Samuel Chew, the Clen- 
dinens (four), James Cocke, Joshua Cohen, 
Frank Donaldson, William Donaldson, 
Robert Edward Dorsey, Julius Timoleon 
Ducatel, John R. W. Dunbar, Robley 
Dunglison, William Fisher, John Foner- 
dan, Charles Frick, George Frick, 
Eli Geddings, Charles Bell Gibson. William 
Gibson, John D. Godman, Richard 
Wilmot Hall, Washington R. and W. 
W. Handy, Horace Hayden, Frederick 
E. B. Hintze, William and Edward Lloyd 
Howard, Horatio G. Jameson, Samuel R. 
Jennings, Christopher Johnston. William 
M. Kemp, Jerome Henry Kidder, John S. 
Lynch, Charles and William D. Macgill, 
the Mackenzies (four), James Haines Mc- 
Culloh, Richard McSherry, Samuel B. Mar- 



478 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



tin, J. Edward Michael. John C. S. Mon- 
kur, John F. Monmonier, Dominiclc A. 
O'Donnell, John H. and Charles O'Dona- 
vin, Granville Sharp Pattison, John Patter- 
son, William Power, John R. Quinan, Dan- 
iel Meredith Reese, John Revere, A. C. 
Robinson, Louis H. Steiner, Richard 
Sprigg Stuart, William H. Stokes, Samuel 
D. Theobold, Richard H. Thomas, William 
Chew Van Bibber, Edward Warren, (Bey) 
Caleb Winslow, John Whitridge, P. C. Wil- 
liams, I. Robert Ward. Thomas H. Wright, 
Peregrine Wroth, John L. Yates, William 
Zollicoffer, Ferdinand C. Chatard and 
James Carey Thomas. 

Mount Hope Asylum. 

This asylum, under the care of the Sisters 
of Charity, is the second oldest institution 
in the State having charge of the insane. 
The number of patients in the Retreat (as 
it is termed) on October 30, 1897, was 596. 
Many of these cases come from different 
parts of the Union — South and West. A 
new laboratory has recently been erected, 
in which it is proposed to do the highest 
form of scientific work, embracing analysis 
of the blood, urine, etc. 

A very great advance at Mount Hope is 
the establishment of a training school for 
the Sisters as nurses. These devoted wo- 
men, though intelligent and gentle, had 
very little technical knowledge until this 
new mode of education was introduced. 
The medical corps of the hospital give lec- 
tures each week, and, of course, this form 
of teaching must result in great good, par- 
ticularly in cases of accident or sudden 
emergency. A very important feature in 
this training is the fact that charts denoting 
the daily pulse rate and temperature are 
kept in all the wards, and are filled up by 



the Sisters who are invested with their man- 
agement and control. 

Sheppard Asylum. 
This lovely and luxurious home for the 
insane, unequalled in the world, perhaps, 
as far as many of its appointments are con- 
cerned, owes its foundation to the bene- 
ficence of the late Moses Sheppard, of Bal- 
timore. Mr. Sheppard obtained an act of 
incorporation from the State of Maryland 
and named six gentlemen as trustees to 
whom he bequeathed his large estate in 
trust. The title "Sheppard Asylum" was 
not adopted upon his suggestion, nor in 
deference to any wish of his. His desire 
was that his bequest to the board of trus- 
tees should be used to found an asylum for 
the insane, and he made no stipulation as 
to the name of the institution. Finally his. 
consent that the asylum should bear his 
name was reluctantly obtained. He shrank 
from the publicity involved in its use and 
only consented to it upon the urgent so- 
licitation of some of his friends. A letter 
in Mr. Sheppard's own handwriting is in 
existence in which he said, "I want no such 
monument to my fame." He moreover 
added, "T wish to establish an asylum upon 
a broad and liberal basis, where the experi- 
ment may be attempted of ascertaining how 
nuich may be done to bring about recovery 
in cases of insanity by a liberal, if not, in- 
deed, by a lavish, expenditure of money, not 
only in erecting buildings on suitable 
grounds, in increasing the pro rata of nurses 
to patients, as well as in the general ar- 
rangements of the interiors of the Iniild- 
ings, in dietary, but also in everything which 
makes for the comfort and scientific treat- 
ment of the ])atients." The trustees have 
conscientiouslv endeavored to carrv out 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



479 



Mr. Sheppard's views in every particular, 
not only in the investment of the money 
left in his bequest, but in the character of 
the buildings, the number of attendants and 
even the smallest details. 

Proposed Addition of Mr. Pratt's Name. 

In September last Mr. Enoch Pratt, for 
many years one of the most prominent citi- 
zens of Baltimore, and the founder of the 
well-known "Pratt Library," died, and 
when his will was offered for probate it was 
found that the board of trustees of the Shep- 
pard Asylum had been made the residuary 
legatee upon the sole condition that the 
corporation now known as the "Trustees 
of the Sheppard Asylum" be changed to 
"the trustees of the Sheppard and Enoch 
Pratt Hospital." The trustees of the Shep- 
pard Asylum are obliged, under the terms 
of Mr. Pratt's will, to obtain from the Gen- 
eral Assembly of Maryland an amendment 
to their charter authorizing such change 
of name. Mr. Pratt imposed no other con- 
dition to his bequest except to stipulate that 
the income only of the funds devised shall 
be used in the same manner as provided in 
Mr. Sheppard's will. Mr. Pratt's bequest 
amounts to more than a million of dollars 
and will support about two hundred respect- 
able but indigent insane, some of whom 
may partially contribute to their own sup- 
port. The joint bequests of these two bene- 
ficent citizens of Baltimore constitute the 
largest legacy ever devised in this country 
for the care, maintenance and treatment of 
the insane. 

Strange to say some few persons are op- 
posing the acceptance of Mr. Pratt's leg- 
acy under the stipulations that he has im- 
posed; but the General Assembly will no 
doubt unanimously agree to amend the 



charter in accordance with Mr. Pratt's 
wishes and thus secure to the city of Balti- 
more the finest institution of its kind in the 
world. 

Home for Feeble Minded and Epilep- 
tics, Owing's Mills. 

This valuable property belongs to the 
State. Since its purchase, two cottage 
buildings have been erected in addition to 
the family mansion already in use. One of 
these cottages is occupied solely by epilep- 
tics. This cottage, costing $5,500, is named 
for the former honored President of the 
Board, Dr. I. Pembroke Thom, at whose 
expense it was built. 

At the present time there are 79 inmates 
in the Home, who show an encouraging de- 
gree of mental improvement. It is believed 
that a large appropriation will be made to 
this charity by the present Legislature 
(1898) so as to enlarge its sphere of use- 
fulness. 

The farm comprises more than two hun- 
dred acres, the land is of excellent quality, 
and there are several beautiful views on the 
estate. The buildings are lighted by elec- 
tricity and the "Waring" sewerage system 
has been introduced. 

Bay View Asylum. 

This is a city institution for the care of 
the indigent insane, white and colored. It 
is greatly over-crowded, particularly the 
wards for the colored people. There is a 
sufficient number of attendants, but owing 
to the crowded condition of the asylum it is 
impossible to employ methodical and scien- 
tific treatment. Many of the cases are 
chronic, and necessarily all the agencies 
that can be brought into use are humane 
treatment and care. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



The number of inmates at Bay View is 
four hundred and one. 

PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS FOR THE 
INSANE. 

The Richard Gundry Home. 
This Home is near Baltimore and is in 
charge of the widow and son of the late 
Dr. Richard Gundry. Mrs. Gundry acts as 
matron and Dr. Richard F. Gundry as phy- 
sician in charge. It needs scarcely be added 
that this is a well conducted retreat. On 
November 30, 1897, there were forty-eight 
patients under treatment. 

The Fort Hill Sanit.\rium for Feeble 
Minded and Epileptic Children. 
This Sanitarium is in charge of Dr. and 
Mrs. Samuel I. Fort, both of whom were 
trained to this special work at Elwyn, Pa. 
This is a very beautiful property and affords 
every advantage that location can bestow. 
The number of children in this institution 
on November 30, 1897, was twenty. 

M.\tley's Hill Sanitarium. 

This is a private institution near the city, 

in charge of Dr. Robert H. Dodge. There 

are twenty-one inmates at the present time. 

Rigg's Cottage, for the Tre.a.tment of 

Nervous and Mental Diseases. 

This is a family home in which a few 
patients are taken. It is beautifully situ- 
ated and a cottage has been added to the 
main building during the year. There are 
now four patients at this home. 

N. B. — It will be observed that all these 
institutions for mental diseases are more or 
less remote from the city and that the 
healthiest and best situations have been se- 
lected. This is eminently wise, for the rea- 



son that the insane cannot be properly 
treated in a city. 

HEALTH ORDINANCES. 

Quarantine Regulations. 

The town of Baltimore was incorporated 
by an act of the Legislature in 1723. The 
first health ordinance, it appears, from the 
manuscript records of the town, was passed 
in 1750; it is as follows: "Whereas, sev- 
eral persons permit stinking fish and dead 
creatures or carrion to lie on their lots, or in 
the street near their doors, which are a very 
offensive nuisance and contrary to acts of 
Assembly, the commissioners therefore or- 
der the clerk to put up advertisements to 
inform such persons that they are to remove 
the same: Resolved, That Dr. William Lyon 
be a committee of one to enforce the same." 

It is evident from this transcript that the 
town of Baltimore had not at that time 
health ordinances, but had to rely upon acts 
passed by the Assembly. 

Frequent epidemics of small-pox having 
occurred, not only in the city but in the 
counties of the State, in 1765 Dr. Henry 
Stevenson was appointed inoculator to in- 
oculate the people. In 1765 Doctor Steven- 
son devoted a part of his mansion on the lit- 
tle York Road to the use of an inoculating 
hospital, and opened it to all who might 
apply. In this year the first cpiarantine law 
was passed by the Legislature. In 1773 
the Legislature passed an act for the erec- 
tion of a poor and work-house in Baltimore 
for the sick and indigent and appropriated 
$20,000 for the purpose. A general State 
quarantine law was passed in this year. In 
1775, physicians to the poor were appointed, 
and twenty acres of land purchased at a 
cost of $2,000 for the site of the poor-house. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



481 



This land was located at what is now tlie 
head of Howard street. In 1776, Congress 
assembled in Baltimore. Dr. John Boyd 
was authorized by that body to sign bills of 
credit. Dr. C. F. Wiesenthal was appointed 
by the State to manufacture saltpetre. 
Inoculation was discontinued at this time 
in accordance with the order of the Com- 
mittee of Observation, the consent of the 
leading medical men of the town first bemg 
obtained. In 1777 another State quaran- 
tine law was passed. The persistent preva- 
lence of small-pox necessitated the frequent 
enactment of these quarantine laws. In 
1779, the high price of provisions induced 
the physicians of the town to attend the 
poor gratis. The citizens raised $9,000 for 
the relief of the poor. In 1784 an epidemic 
of malignant scarlet fever broke out through 
the whole State. Again a State Quarantine 
Law was passed, and still another in 1785. 

From this time on almost annually quar- 
antine laws were passed and quarantine was 
proclaimed against all the cities of the sea- 
coast at different times up to the year 1830. 
Retaliation, of course, followed. New York, 
Philadelphia and even smaller towns on the 
Eastern Shore quarantined against Balti- 
more. These proclamations were issued 
by the Governor of the State, the city not 
yet having been incorporated. In 1795, the 
inhabitants petitioned the Legislature for 
another quarantine act and an appropria- 
tion to carry it out. In this year the Legis- 
lature passed a law appointing a Health 
Officer of the Port and a hospital at Haw- 
kins' Point for the reception of patients 
from infected ports. The Board of Health 
also established an encampment. 

The city of Baltimore was incorporated 
in 1796 by the following Act: 



"An Act to erect Baltimore Town, in 
Baltimore county, into a city, and to in- 
corporate the inhabitants thereof." 

This charter was supplemented the fol- 
lowing year by other acts giving fuller pow- 
ers to the corporation. That portion of 
the charter which gives authority to the 
city to preserve the public health is found 
in Article IX and is as follows: 

"And Be It Enacted, That the corpora- 
tion aforesaia shall have full power and au- 
thority to enact and pass all laws and ordi- 
nances to preserve the health of the city; 
to prevent and remove all nuisances; to 
prevent the introduction of contagious dis- 
eases within the city, and within three miles 
of the city." 

The health of the city of Baltimore is 
protected by what are called Public Local 
Laws. These laws protect the people from 
all manner of nuisances, including the 
burial of carrion: the keeping of dog 
kennels in unclean condition; offensive 
trades-workshops and factories; pollution 
of sources of water supply; infectious dis- 
eases — small-pox; establish vaccine agencv 
and regulate the practice of rnedicine, and 
pharmacy; fix the hours of labor for chil- 
dren and also protect their morals and 
health; prohibit the sale of tobacco and 
cigars to minors; the manufacture of dele- 
terious candy or cakfe; prevent selling 
liquor to minors; prevent blindness in in- 
fants: regulate sanitation of water closets 
and out-houses in public schools; provide 
seats for female employes in stores and fac- 
tories, etc. (this last law is not generally 
enforced). 

A notable incident in the history of the 
health department of Baltimore was the ac- 
tion taken in 1855 by the City Health Board 



482 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



during the terrible epidemic of yellow fever 
at Norfolk and Portsmouth, Va. While 
other cities established barriers and strict 
quarantine regulations to prevent the en- 
trance of refugees fleeing from the pestil- 
ence, Baltimore opened wide her gates and 
welcomed these terror-stricken guests. A 
boat was sent daily with supplies of every 
kind to the sufiferers. Twenty-six found 
refuge in Baltimore, all of whom died save 
one, a child. Not a single citizen con- 
tracted the disease. Physicians and nurses 
were sent from Baltimore, all of whom died 
save two physicians. 

The immunity of Baltimore at that time 
can be e.xplained by the action of the Health 
Board (Drs. Kemp, Houck and Oilman) in 
the preceding year. Every street, alley 
and by-way was put in a sanitary condition, 
particularly the lower part of the city, where 
outbreaks of yellow fever had occurred in 
former years. 

Taken as a whole, the health laws of the 
city of Baltimore cannot be excelled by 
those of any municipality in the country. 

BOARDS OF HEALTH. 

Between 1809 and 1864 there were no 
Health laws upon Maryland statute books 
save those providing for the care of the in- 
sane and dependent classes. Attempts to 
enact vital statistics laws had several times 
failed. The earliest enactment in relation 
to public health was that of 1864, empower- 
ing the Governor to appoint a State Vaccine 
Agent once in six years. This law was 
amended in 1867, and again in 1872. 

In 1874, a law was passed creating a State 
!'-oard of Health, consisting of five mem- 
liers, to be appointed by the Governor. The 
powers and duties of this Board were en- 
larged in 1880, 1886. 1890. 



In 1882, the Infectious Disease Act was 
passed, its provisions being directed chiefly 
against small-pox. 

In 1884, a law to regulate offensive trades 
was enacted. 

By Act of Assembly in 1886, the Com- 
missioners of the several counties were 
charged with the functions of local boards 
of health. This Assembly of 1886 passed 
and amended more sanitary laws than any 
Legislature before or since. The Nuisance 
Act, that upon Pollution of Water-supply, 
the first laws against adulteration of food, 
the Act creating the Lunacy Commission, 
that providing for the safety of railroad 
crossings, the law against Opium Joints, 
and that against the committal of children 
into almshouses were all passed in 1886. 

The Legislature of 1888 passed an Act 
Regulating the Price of Medicine. This 
law was amended 1892 and again in 1894. 
The Sanitary Live Stock Board was also 
created by the xAssembly of 1888. 

The first report of the State Board of 
Health was published in 1876. The mem- 
bers of the Board were: 

Nathan R. Smith, M. D., President. 

J. Robert Ward, M. D. 

C. W. Chancellor, J\L D. 

Charles M. Ellis, M. D. 

E. Lloyd Howard, M. D., Secretary. 

Dr. Nathan R. Smith died in 1877. He 
was succeeded as President of the Board 
by Dr. E. Lloyd Howard, and the Board 
was completed by the appointment of Dr. 
Geo. C. Porter, of Allegany county. Dr. 
C. W. Chancellor was elected Secretary. 

In 1880, the organization of the State 
Board of Health was altered by amendment 
of the Act of 1874. The membership was 
increased to seven, the .\ttorney General of 




^ 



2^1^.*-*-^ ^^^^ s^^r^^ ^^2). 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



483 



the State and the Health Commissioner of 
Bahimore City becoming ex-officio mem- 
bers of the Board. 

The first Board created under this Act 
consisted of: 

E. Lloyd Howard, M. D., President. 

J. Robert Ward, M. D. 

C. W. Chancellor, M. D., Secretary. 

Jas. A. Steuart, M. D., Health Commis- 
sioner of Baltimore. 

J. Crawford Neilson, C. E. 

St. George W. Teackle, M. D. 

Doctor Howard died on September 5, 
1881, and Dr. J. Robert Ward was elected to 
succeed him as President. 

In 1883, a Sanitary Convention was held 
under the auspices of the State Board of 
Health, Prof. Richard McSherry was Presi- 
dent of the Convention. 

Dr. J. Robert Ward, President of the 
Board, died in 1883, and was succeeded 
by Prof. Richard McSherry. 

A second Sanitary Convention was held 
in September, 1884, at the Blue Mountain 
House, Washington county. Both of these 
conventions were notable on account of a 
spirited controversy between Dr. C. W. 
Chancellor and Col. Geo. Waring upon the 
disposal of sewage. 

Dr. Richard McSherry died in 1885, the 
fourth of the Presidents who passed away in 
ten years' history of the Board. 

The Board, in 1886, consisted of: 

Dr. Jackson Piper, President. 

Dr. C. W. Chancellor, Secretary. 

Dr. John Morris. 

Dr. J. M. H. Bateman. 

Mr. J. Crawford Neilson, C. E. 

Hon. Chas. B. Roberts, Attorney Gen- 
eral. 



Dr. James A. Steuart, Health Commis- 
sioner of Baltimore. 

A third Sanitary Convention was held in 
November, 1887, in Baltimore, at which 
there was an extended discussion upon 
Asiatic cholera. This was the last Sanitary 
Conference held for some years. Hon. 
\\'m. Pinkney Whyte, then Attorney Gen- 
eral, was a member of the Board at this time. 

In i89i,Hon. John P. Poe and Dr. James 
F. McShane became ex-officio members of 
the Board. 

In 1892, Dr. C. \y. Chancellor resigned 
as Secretary to accept a consulship to 
Havre. Dr. James A. Steuart was elected 
to the Secretaryship. The other members 
of the Board were: 

Dr. John Morris, President. 

Dr. J. M. H. Bateman, of Easton. 

Mr. J. Crawford Neilson, C. E. 

Dr. James F. McShane, Health Commis- 
sioner of Baltimore. 

Hon. John P. Poe, Attorney General. 

Dr. John H. Jamar, of Elkton. 

In 1895, Hon. Harry M. Clabaugh suc- 
ceeded Hon. John P. Poe as an ex-officio 
member. In 1896, the terms of Mr. J. Craw- 
ford Neilson and Dr. John H. Jamar ex- 
pired. Mr. Henry Brauns and Dr. S. Chase 
de Krafft were appointed. Dr. James A. 
Steuart resigned as Secretary and Dr. John 
S. Fulton was elected to succeed him. The 
members of the Board now are (1897): 

Dr. S. Chase de Krafift, President. 

Dr. John Morris. 

Dr. J. M. H. Bateman. 

Dr. James F. McShane, ex-officio. 

Hon. Harry M. Clabaugh, ex-officio. 

Dr. John S. Fulton, Secretary. 

There is one vacancy, Mr. Henry Brauns 
having resigned. 



484 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



The City Board of Health is composed of 
the Mayor, the Health Officer and the As- 
sistant Health Officer of the city. These 
gentlemen appoint a large number of Sani- 
tary Inspectors, inspectors of sewers and 
nuisances and also an Inspector of Plumb- 
ing. Vaccine physicians are appointed by 
the City Council. The Keeper of the Dog 
Pound is appointed by the Mayor. The 
Quarantine Officer is also appointed by the 
]\Iayor, with the consent of the City Coun- 
cil. The Local Health Ordinances are gen- 
erally amply sufficient to prevent all viola- 
tions of the Sanitary Law and consequently 
the State Board of Health does not interfere 
with the city authorities save in great emer- 
gencies. 

COLLEGES. 

The University of Maryland. 

This school of medicine, one of the three 
oldest institutions of its kind in the United 
States, originated in a private class estab- 
lished by Dr. John Beale Davidge, in 1802, 
which, in 1807 — Doctor Davidge being 
joined by Drs. James Cocke and John Shaw 
— was chartered by the General Assembly of 
Maryland and constituted a college under 
the name of "The College of Medicine of 
Maryland." In 1812 the Legislature au- 
thorized the Medical College to become a 
university, which is now our University of 
Maryland. 

A lottery of $50,000 had been granted to 
the Medical College of Maryland, but in 
1817 an additional lottery scheme of $100,- 
000 was granted to the University. At that 
time it was the custom of the Legislature 
to grant lottery schemes to public and 
benevolent institutions. The Cathedral, 
the Citv Library and manv churches 



throughout the State were established in 
this way. 

Other Universities and Colleges. 

The second medical school established in 
Baltimore was a branch of the Washington 
College, of Pennsylvania. This institution 
was located on Broadway, and is now 
known as the Church Home. Whilst this 
school was never a great success, it had 
some very able men among its teachers, 
viz., Baxley, Dunbar, McCook, Stokes, 
Fonerden, Charles Bell Gibson, Monkur 
and other distinguished physicians of that 
time. This school was merged into the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons under the 
tutelage of Dr. Thomas E. Bond, one of 
the brightest medical and literary men of his 
day. Thos. Opie, M. D., is the present 
Dean of the Faculty. 

The Baltimore Medical College. 

This college has been exceedingly suc- 
cessful in attracting students not only from 
the South and West, but from outlying 
possessions, including Canada and other 
British Provinces. David Street, M. D., is 
the present Dean. 

The Medical LTniversitv of Baltimore. 

This school is in the Eastern part of the 
city, a locality in which accidents occur al- 
most hourly, and therefore it must neces- 
sarily»iafiford great opportunities for clinical 
training and the practical teaching indispen- 
sable to young medical men. H. R. Bied- 
ler, M. D., Dean. 

The Woman's Medical College, another 
branch of teaching which has been emi- 
nently successful. It has a large corps of 
able instructors and the graduates would do 
credit to any institution in the land. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



485 



The Johns Hopkins Medical School is a 
branch of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. It 
is only intended for graduates. WilHani H. 
Welsh, M. D., is the Dean. 

There is also a Homoeopathic Medical 
College which has a full faculty and a large 
attendance of students. 

DENTAL COLLEGES. 

Dental Department, University of 
Maryland. 
This department was founded in 1882. 
It took the place of the Baltimore College 
of Dental Surgery, the oldest dental col- 
lege in this country, if not in the world. 
Large buildings have been erected on the 
university grounds on Greene street, em- 
bracing an infirmary and laboratory. Prac- 
tice Hall has also been given over to the 
department of dentistry. Drs. Gorgas and 
Harris were among the first teachers in this 
rchool, which has since attracted students 
from all parts of the world, and numbers 
at the present time more than five hundred 
graduates. 

Baltimore College of Dental 
Surgery. 

This college is connected with- the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons. Like its 
older sister it has been eminently successful 
and numbers among its graduates young 
men from all parts of the Union. Dr. M. 
W. Foster is the Dean. 

Dent.\l Department of Baltimore 
Medical College. 

This is a new School of Dentistry which is 
growing in usefulness and popularity. Dr. 
I. W. Smith is the Dean. 

An e.xtended and elaborate history of the 



Dental Schools of Baltimore has been pre- 
pared for this work by Dr. R. Grady, a gen- 
tleman eminently fitted for the task. 
The ^Iaryland College of Pharmacy. 
This institution was incorporated by 
special legislative act passed January 27, 
1841, and signed by the then Governor, 
Hon. William Grason. It had its origin in 
a meeting held June 8. 1840. at the resi- 
dence of Dr. Samuel Baker, who, with Drs. 
Wm. E. A. Akien and Wm. Riley, repre- 
sented the Medical and Chirurgical Fac- 
ulty. Pharmacy was represented by 
Messrs. Thos. G. MacKenzie, Geo. W. An- 
drews, David Stewart, Robert H. Coleman, 
H. B. Atkinson, John Hill, Jonathan Chap- 
man and J. W. W. Gordon. Regularly un- 
til 1848 instruction was given and classes 
graduated. In 1848 teaching was not re- 
sumed but reorganization occurred in 1856. 
Since then the college has been very suc- 
cessful and has been universally recognized 
by medical men as an important adjunct to 
their professional work. It was the first to 
establish a separate chair of Pharmacy and 
took the lead in making attendance upon 
the analytical course compulsory. It has 
greatly e.xtended its curriculum until it now 
includes the study of inorganic and organic 
Chemistry, Botany, Pharmacognosy, Ma- 
teria Medica, Toxycology, Pharmacy and 
Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vegetable His- 
tology, Microscopy, Pharmaceutical Man- 
ipulation, Analytical Chemistry and Assay. 
Thorough laboratory work is insisted upon. 
The present faculty consists of Wm. Simon, 
Ph. D., M. D.; Chas. Caspari, Ph. G.; D. 
M. R. Culbreth. A. M., Ph. G., M. D. Ad- 
junct faculty, John P. Piquet, Ph. G.: Chas. 
Schmidt, Ph. G.; Sam'l. Base, Ph. D. The 
college building, located on Aisquith street 



436 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



near Fayette, is well arranged and fully 
equipped. 

One of the most noted pharmaceutists of 
the early part of the nineteenth century was 
Mr. Edme Ducatel, a native of France. 
Nearly all the prominent apothecaries of the 
city fifty or sixty years ago served their ap- 
prenticeship under him. His son, Jule Tim- 
oleon Ducatel, was a distinguished writer 
and lecturer. He was Professor of Natural 
Philosophy in the Mechanics' Institute and 
filled the chair of Chemistry and Geology in 
the Faculty of Arts and Sciences in the 
University of Maryland. He resigned in 
1837 to accept the appointment from the 
Legislature of State Geologist. He after- 
wards occupied the chair of Chemistry at 
St. John's College. Professor Ducatel was 
one of the founders of the Maryland Acad- 
emy of Sciences. He was recognized as a 
high authority in Geology and took part in 
the exploration of the Upper Mississippi 
and Lake Superior. 

HOSPITALS. 

The site of the first hospital established 
in Baltimore was selected by Captain Yel- 
lott, some of whose descendants are still liv- 
ing in Baltimore county, as a temporary re- 
treat for strangers and sea-fearing people 
during the epidemic of yellow fever, which 
raged in the city in 1794. In 1798, it was 
purchased by the city and in 1808 it was 
leased to Drs. James Smythe and Colin Mc- 
Kenzie, who conducted it as a general hos- 
pital. It afterwards become the Maryland 
Hospital for the Insane, and the ground is 
now <iccupie(l by the Johns Hopkins Hos- 
pital. 

lialtimore is wonderfully well supplied 
witii hospitals, viz.. The Maryland LTniver- 



sity Hospital, connected with the University 
of Maryland ; The City Hospital with annex 
for colored patients, under the care of the 
Sisters of Mercy; St. Joseph's Hospital 
conducted by the Sisters of Notre Dame: 
Samaritan Hospital, connected with the 
Woman's Medical College; The Baltimore 
Medical College Hospital; The Hebrew 
Hospital : Hospital for the Relief of Crip- 
pled and Deformed Children; The Balti- 
more University Hospital. Every College 
has a Lying-in-Hospital connected with it, 
and also a School for Training Nurses. 

The largest hospital in the city and one 
of the best in the world is the Johns Hop- 
kins Hospital, an endowed institution, so 
named in honor of its founder. Its great 
reputation attracts patients from all parts of 
the LTnited States and remotest countries. 
Henry M. Hurd, M. D., is the Superintend- 
ent. St. Agnes Hospital conducted by the 
Sisters of Charity; United States Marine 
Hospital; The Garrett Free Hospital for 
Children ; the Maryland Homeopathic Hos- 
pital; Providence Hospital (colored), all 
deserve special mention 

Spf.cial Hospitals. 
The Baltimore Eye, Ear and Throat Hos- 
pital; The Presbyterian Eye, Ear and 
Throat Hospital: Hospital for Consumi> 
tives, and Hospital for the Women of Mary- 
land; Home for Incurables; Miss Barnwell's 
School for Crippled Children, and The 
Nursery and Child's Hospital must not be 
forgotten in the eiuuneration of the many 
charities of the city. 

Ini'irmaries. 
There are several Infirmaries, notably, 
the Union Protestant Infirmary, which can 
accommodate one hundred patients: The 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Church Home Infirmary, and Dental In- 
firmary of the University of Maryland. 
Dispensaries. 
There is a Free Dispensary connected 
with every College, and there are also four 
City Dispensaries. More than twelve thou- 
sand persons avail themselves annually of 
this charitable service. The City Dispensar- 
ies are supported by the city; those con- 
nected with the Colleges are supported by 
those institutions. Altogether it is believed 
that more than fifty thousand patients an- 
nually receive medical aid in Baltimore free 
of charge. Many are visited at their homes 
by the Dispensary pliysicians. 

INSTITUTIONS FOR THE CARE OF 
THE INSANE. 

The city of Baltimore and the State of 
Maryland are both most fortunate in the 
number and character of their institutions 
for the care of the insane. 

On November 2, 1797, the Legislature 
passed an act to authorize the erection of 
a hospital in or near Baltimore for indigent 
sick and lunatics (this became the City, 
Public or Maryland Hospital). 

On January 20, 1798, the Legislature 
appropriated $8,000 for the erection of the 
City Hospital for sick and lunatics. On 
February 20th, the same year, the City 
Council directed a committee composed of 
Mayor (Calhoun) and Messrs. Yellctt, Rich- 
ard Lawson and Alex. McKim to select a 
site, and authorize the purchase of six and 
three-fourths acres at the corner of Monu- 
ment street and Broadway for that purpose 
for the sum of £600. In November follow- 
ing the Legislature granted $3,000 more in 
aid of the erection of the hospital. In 1800 
one-third of the building was completed and 



accommodated one hundred and thirty pa- 
tients. To complete the buildings the Leg- 
islature in 1812 ordered the payment of 
$5,000 annually for three years. In 1813 
the same body authorized the Chancellor to 
commit idiots and lunatics to the hospital 
and increased the number of visitors from 
five to twelve. In 1822 Drs. Colin Mac- 
Kenzie, Frick and Macauley delivered clin- 
ical lectures in the Maryland Hospital. In 
1826 the Legislature ordered additional 
buildings to be erected for the hospital, and 
the conveyance of the claim of the city to 
the same, to be transferred to the Board 
of Visitors and President, in virtue of w'hich 
the hospital became the property of the 
State. 

From this time forward the hospital was 
entirely supported by the State; its name 
was changed to the "Maryland Hospital for 
the Insane." The act excluding all except- 
ing lunatics from the privileges of the hos- 
pital was passed in 1828, at which time the 
change of name took place. On March 7, 
1834, Dr. Richard Sprigg Stewart (really 
the true founder of Spring Grove Asylum), 
was appointed President of Maryland Hos- 
pital and Superintendent, which position he 
held for nearly the remainder of his life. 

In the year 1853 he, in co-operation with 
Miss Dix, secured the first appropriation of 
five thousand dollars from the Legislature 
to lay the foundation of the present Mary- 
land Hospital for the Insane. Dr. Sprigg 
Stewart had already purchased the land by 
subscriptions from his friend he himself 
having headed the list with the sum of 
$1,000. 

In 1846 Dr. John Foncrdon was ap- 
pointed Resident Physician. In 1869, 
nearly twentv-five years after the laying of 



488 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



the foundation, the buildings at Spring 
Grove were ready for occupancy, and all the 
patients from the old hospital (Monument 
street and Broadway) were transferred to 
their new home. The old buildings with 
six and three-quarters of an acre, originally 
purchased by the State, were sold to Mr. 
Johns Hopkins, and his trustees after his 
death erected upon this site the magnificent 
collection of buildings known as the Johns 
Hopkins Hospital. The trustees are yearly 
erecting additional structures, one having 
been recently built named the Gynecolog- 
ical Department, which is fitted up with all 
the appliances of modern science. This is a 
brief history of what was done for the in- 
sane in the early days of the city. 

Maryland Hospital for the Ixsaxe. 
(Spring Grove Asylum.) 
This, the oldest of our institutions for 
the insane, is greatly over-crowded, there 
Ijeing now 508 inmates. In addition to the 
many marked advances made in former 
years there has recently been constructed a 
tasteful mortuary chamber, separate from 
the hospital buildings; electric lights have 
been introduced a new laundry erected; 
floors renewed throughout the entire house; 
wood work repainted and mechanical in- 
dustries established. The house telephone 
system has been adopted and a Pathological 
laboratory fitted up after the most approved 
modern models. 

The "Waring" system of sewage (super- 
soil) works a(lniiral)ly on the land attached 
to this hospital, 

Sl-:COXD HnslMT.VL I'OK THE IxS.WE. 

(Springfield). 
This magnificent estate purchased from 
•ox-Governor Brown, affords immense pos- 



sibilities in the future. By this purchase 
the State has secured five or six hundred 
acres of rich, rolling land, on which there 
is a number of beautiful and extensive 
views. The buildings now temporarily oc- 
cupied by the chronic insane and dements 
(fifty-eight in number), were on the estate 
at the time the State came into possession 
of the property, and, while not adapted to 
the care and treatment of patients, have 
been well arranged by the Superintendent. 

The first group of new buildings, now 
being finished and soon to be occupied, will 
consist of a service building and three cot- 
tages, arranged on a high point surround- 
ing an open space about 150 feet square, 
all of which are near the Superintendent's 
residence. 

These new cottages, with the service 
building, form a quadrangle. These cot- 
tages are connected by open corridors, with 
a pavilion in the centre. 

There is an admirably arranged fire-proof 
stair-case in each dwelling, communicating 
directly with the exterior at ground level, 
and affording ample and sure means of exit 
for the inmates in case of any emergency. 

The heating of the entire group of build- 
ings is by means of hot water, direct radia- 
tion being applied from a central plant in 
the basement of one of the cottages. 

The electric light and pumping station 
and the steam laundry will be located at 
some distance on the bank of a small stream 
from which the water supply will be taken. 
A storage reservoir holding about 600.000 
gallons forms part of the water supply sys- 
tem, the water passing through a sand filter 
entering the reservoir. From this the water 
will be i)umped into a steel pressure tank 
capable of holding 165,000 gallons. The 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



489 



distribution of water from the pressure tank 
is through a six-inch main to the center of 
the group, whence individual supply pipes 
run to the different buildings. 

There will be four double outlet fire plugs 
in the quadrilateral by means of which 
there will be ample protection against fire. 

The main switch-board of the telephone 
system will be in the head attendant's office, 
in the service building, whence wires will 
run to the Superintendent's house, to the 
office of the physician in charge, to the first 
and second floors of each cottage, to the 
boiler-room, to the electric light and pump- 
ing station and various other places requir- 
ing telephone service. 

THE LUNACY COMMISSION OF 
MARYLAND. 

The Lunacy Commission of Maryland 
was created by an Act of the Legislature 
in the year 1886. The object of this Com- 
mission is to secure to the insane proper 
and humane care and intelligent treatment 
of their maladies, as well as due considera- 
tion for all their rights as involuntary wards 
of the State. Secondly, its purpose is to 
prevent the incarceration or detention in 
asylums, hospitals or prisons of any one 
illegally deprived of his or her liberty. 

The Lunacy Commission has supervision 
over all institutions public, private or cor- 
porate, including alms-houses in which the 
insane are confined. 

The Commission was represented during 
its first years by Alexander H. Bayley, M. 
D., of Cambridge, Md.; John Morris, M. 
D., Charles W. Chancellor, M. D., Thomas 
S. Latimer, M. D., all of Baltimore, and 
Charles B. Roberts, Attorney General, of 
Westminster, Md. At its first meeting. 



Alexander H. Bayley, M. D., was elected 
President, and William Lee, M. D., Sec- 
retary. 

On March 14, 1892, President Bayley 
died and Rufus H. Dashiell, M. D., of Prin- 
cess Anne, Maryland, was appointed a 
Commissioner by the Governor to fill his 
place. Dr. John Morris was the next Pres- 
ident. In 1893 Charles W. Chancellor re- 
signed from the Commission and Samuel C. 
Chew, M. D., was appointed in his place. 
In 1896, Dr. Samuel C. Chew resigned and 
was succeeded by I. E. Atkinson, M. D. 

The quarterly inspection of the various 
institutions in the State, in which the in- 
sane are confined, is made by the Secre- 
tary, acting under instructions from the 
Commission. In the early work of the 
Commission it was found necessary for the 
Secretary to explain the Lunacy Law and 
give all necessary information to those hav- 
ing the insane in charge concerning the 
treatment of the last named and their rights. 

Much has been done for the relief and 
comfort of the insane since the establish- 
ment of the Lunacy Commission, notably 
the structural improvement of the various 
institutions of the State; the erection of a 
building for the colored insane, doing away 
with all forms of restraint, as far as pos- 
sible; giving occupation to the insane; pro- 
tecting them from fire, and removing the 
criminal insane from prison. An asylum 
and training school for the feeble-minded 
and idiotic has been erected; an addition 
has been made to the Maryland Hospital 
for the Insane, and, most important of all. 
the recommendation from year to year of 
the State care of the indigent insane. To 
meet this requirement, the State is now en- 
gaged in erecting handsome liuildings with 



490 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



every possible provision for sanitation and 
comfort. 

The vicious practice of ^lagistrates in 
committing insane paupers to the jails and 
houses of correction has been suppressed as 
far as possible. 

The present Commission consists of John 
Morris, M. D., President; Thomas S. Lati- 
mer, M. D.; Rufus H. Dashiell, M. D.: I. E. 
Atkinson, M. D., and Harry M. Clabaugh, 
Attorney General. The Secretary is Wil- 
liam Lee, M. D., and the office of the Com- 
mission is at No. 344 North Charles street, 
Baltimore. 

MEDICAL SOCIETIES. 

The first Medical Society was organized 
in Baltimore on the 26th day of December, 
1788. It consisted of nineteen members, 
witli Dr. Charles Frederick Wiesenthall as 
President, and Dr. Frederick Dalcho, Secre- 
tary. This Society only existed one year, 
when a second Medical Society was formed 
in 1789 by many of the same members. On 
June nth, 1853, the first meeting of the 
Baltimore Pathological Society was held. 
The Medical and Surgical Society of Balti- 
more was formed by the Committee on Con- 
versational Meetings of the Medical and 
Chirurgical Facuhy, June nth, 1855. The 
records show that Drs. Christopher John- 
son, George W. Miltenberger and John 
Morris delivered orations during the 
existence of this Society. After the dis- 
memberment of the Medical and Surgical 
Society no other was formed until February 
26th, 1866, when a number of physicians 
met at the office of the Commissioner of 
Health to form a society for professional 
advancement, the diffusion of knowledge, 
antl the cultivation of friendly relations. At 
the next meeting, that is, on the 6th of 



Alarch, 1866, these gentlemen adopted a 
Constitution and By-Laws, naming their 
Society — The Baltimore Medical Associa- 
tion. This Society is still in existence and 
has a very large membership, embracing the 
names of some of the most distinguished 
medical men of the city. In the year 1868 
the Pathological was merged into the Clini- 
cal Society. In 1870 a German Medical So- 
ciety was formed, but it had only a brief ex- 
istence of two years. 

From this time the following medical so- 
cieties have been inaugurated, viz: The Epi- 
demiological Society; The Baltimore Acad- 
emy of Medicine: The Gynecological So- 
ciety; The Johns Hopkins Medical Associa- 
tion: The Society of the Woman's Medical 
College: The Neurological Society. 
MEDICAL JOURNALISM IN BALTI- 
MORE. 

The history of Medical Journalism in 
Maryland dates from 1808, when the third 
JMedical Journal published in the United 
States, and the first in Baltimore was estab- 
lished by Dr. Tobias Watkins, a graduate of 
Edinburgh and a man of distinguished abil- 
ity. This journal was called the Baltimore 
Medical and Physical Recorder, but not be- 
ing supported, its existence was brief. In 
i8n, a second efifort was made to establish 
a journal. This publication was called the 
Baltimore Medical and Philosophical Ly- 
ceum. Dr. Nathaniel Potter was the editor, 
one of the brightest men who ever adorned 
the profession in Maryland. 

The next venture in the field of Medical 
Journalism was, perhaps, less successful 
than the two aforementioned. This venture 
was undertaken in the year 1823 by Dr. 
John B. Davidge, another gentleman of dis- 
tinction. The first and only number of this 




J<:7. (^ c--<- 



^? 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



493 



publication was issued in the month of July, 
although supported by the ablest literary 
men of the time. The Vaccine Inquirer, or 
Miscellaneous Collections Relating to Vac- 
cination next appeared. 

In 1829, Dr. Horatio J. Jameson, a 
very distinguished surgeon, commenced the 
publication of the Maryland Medical Re- 
corder. During the existence of this peri- 
odical a rival journal appeared in Baltimore, 
edited by Dr. Nathan R. Smith. Its title 
was The Baltimore Monthly Journal. 
There was really no necessity for the new 
journal, as there was not sufficient support 
for one, but the jealousy of these two great 
surgeons belonging to different Schools of 
Aledicine led to this unnecessary rivalry. 
Not only the surgeons, but the medical men 
of the town were divided at that time, and 
for many years afterwards by petty jeal- 
ousies and animosities unworthy of a 
learned and liberal profession. This un- 
generous spirit has fortunately disappeared 
in a large measure. 

Both the journals above mentioned hav- 
ing suspended, as one might reasonably ex- 
pect, Baltimore was without a medical pub- 
lication until the year 1833, when the Balti- 
more Medical and Surgical Journal and Re- 
view, edited by Dr. E. Geddings, appeared. 
This journal existed for only one year, hav- 
ing fallen by the wayside for the same reason 
that caused the downfall of its predeces- 
sors — a want of support. 

In 1834, Doctor Geddings issued the 
North American Archives of Medical and 
Surgical Sciences. In his introduction to 
this publication. Doctor Geddings deplores 
in words of sadness the apathy and want 
of public spirit displayed by the medical 
profession in Maryland. This last effort of 
29 



Doctor Geddings survived only a year, and, 
saddened by his failure, he shook the dust of 
Baltimore from his feet and sought the 
genial atmosphere of Charleston, S. C, 
where, amidst honors and dignities, he lived 
and died. 

In the year 1839, the Maryland jNIedical 
and Surgical Journal was established under 
the auspices of the Medical and Chirurgical 
Faculty of Maryland and as an official organ 
of the Medical Department of the United 
States Army and Navy. This publication 
appeared regularly until 1843, when it sus- 
pended. From the year 1843 until i860, a 
period of seventeen years, the profession of 
Maryland was without a Medical Journal 
published within the borders of the State. 

In 1890 the Virginia Medical Journal 
changed its name to the Maryland and Vir- 
ginia Medical Journal. 

In 1861, Dr. Edward Warren (afterwards 
Bey) established the Baltimore Journal of 
Medicine, but the Civil War having broken 
out in that year, Doctor Warren left Balti- 
more for the South and consequently his 
journal had a brief existence. After the 
War he returned to Baltimore and estab- 
lished a journal called the Medical Bulletin, 
which, like its predecessors, enjoyed a very 
short life. It was however merged into the 
Baltimore Medical Journal, which was 
edited by Drs. E. Lloyd Hamilton and 
Thomas S. Latimer. 

The Baltimore Medical Journal made its 
appearance in 1870. It survived nearly two 
years. The next attempt at medical jour- 
nalism was made in September, 1872. when 
a publication appeared under the title of The 
Physician and Surgeon. It was supported 
chiefly by the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, under whose auspices it was in- 



494 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, IHARYLAND. 



auguratecl. After reaching No. 5, Vol. VI, 
it was discontinued. 

In February, 1877, The Maryland Medi- 
cal Journal was founded. The first number 
was issued May ist, 1877. It was edited 
and conducted by H. E. T. Manning, M. D., 
and T. A. Ashby, M. D. Tliis journal still 
survives, and is supported by the profession 
generally. It is the only medical periodical 
in the State, save the two publications of 
the Johns Hopkins Hospital. These are 
entitled The Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins 
Hospital and the News Letter, edited and 
published by several undergraduates of the 
University. 

A review of the medical journalism of 
Maryland is a mournful task. It is sad to 
consider that journals established and edited 
by some of the brightest medical men in 
America, such as Tobias Watkins, Nathan- 
iel Potter, John B. Davidge, Horatio G. 
Jameson, Nathan R. Smith, and Dr. E. Ged- 
dings, should have met with such unmerited 
neglect. The contributions to these publi- 
cations were of the very highest order. 
They were eminently practical and in this 
respect totall\- unlike the writings of the 
majority of the practitioners and teachers 
of the present day, whose literary efforts are 
made up chieHy of theories unsupported by 
facts or experience. A certain kind of med- 
ical jargon has obtained, derived from the 
Greek, but, inasmuch as not one man in ten 
knows as much Greek as William Shake- 
speare, who knew little according to Ben 
Jonson, this jargon only confuses and some- 
times leads to absolute despair. Not only 
this, but it leads to a marked increase in the 
iiomenclaturc of diseases. In 1815 only 44 
causes of death appeared in the Health 



Record; in 1883 the number had increased 
to the alarming extent of 308. Of course, 
there are not 308 causes of death, but the 
vanity of men and their great desire to in- 
vent pompous technicalities, particularly 
from the Greek and Latin, has led to this 
wonderful effusion of terms. A reaction in 
the future must necessarily take place, and a 
simple nomenclature, lessening the number 
of the causes of death, be adopted. 

THE HISTORY OF HOMEOPATHY 
IN BALTIMORE. 
The remarkable progress of Homeopathy 
in the city of Baltimore has excited general 
comment. As early as 1839 Dr. Felix R. 
McManus, a graduate of the old school of 
medicine, embraced the doctrines of Hahne- 
mann and must be considered the pioneer 
of Homeopathy in Baltimore. He was a 
sincere follower of the great German Mas- 
ter and practiced his profession successfully 
up to the time of his death. About 1841 a 
German physician. Dr. Moritz Wiener, ar- 
rived in the city and commenced the prac- 
tice of medicine in accordance with the laws 
of the new school. Three other German 
physicians followed in succession: Drs. 
Amthor, Haynel and Schmidt. Since that 
time the number has been greatly increased, 
chiefly by natives and men of learning. 
They have established two schools of teach- 
ing, two hos[)itals, beside several dispen- 
saries. They also publish a journal. All 
this has been accomplished in half a century. 
The patrons of Homeopathy in Baltimore 
have been exceedingly liberal in their con- 
tribiuions. and have no doubt added much 
to the general fame of the city for charitable 
and beneficent work. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



THE EARLY HISTORY OF OPH- 
THALMOLOGY AND OTOLOGY. 
The history of the two affections above 
named is a very interesting one. There is 
no doubt that there were some medical men 
who confined themselves to diseases of the 
eye in the last century. This is indicated by 
a resolution adopted at the convention of 
the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of 
Maryland in 1805. It was resolved that the 
Board of Examiners be authorized to grant 
special licenses to oculists and dentists to 
practice in their respective branches, sub- 
jecting them to an examination only on 
these two branches. It appears that the 
■"oculists" of that day did not stand in very 
good repute. 

The first mention we have of any institu- 
tion for the treatment of the eye is to be 
found in a treatise by Dr. Isaac Hayes. He 
states that the New York Eye Infirmary 
was opened in 1820, Pennsylvania Infirmary 
for Diseases of the Eye and Ear in 1822, 
"with respect to the institution at Baltimore 
he has but little information to communi- 
cate. It is attached to the Baltimore Dis- 
pensary and is committed to the care of Dr. 
Geo. Frick." Professor Gibson, of Balti- 
more, was the most distinguished operator 
on the eye of his day. He made the experi- 
ment of introducing a seton through the 
cataractous lens, with the view of producing 
its absorption. Professor Gibson also at- 
tempted the cure of strabisums by dividing 
the recti muscles of the eye in a manner now 
practiced universally. The next distin- 
guished operator was Dr. George Frick, the 
author of a valuable treatise on diseases of 
the eye, the first work of the kind that ap- 
peared in America. He was appointed sur- 
geon to the Baltimore General Dispensary 



in 1824. He delivered clinical lectures at 
the Maryland Hospital in 1822. He also 
devoted himself to the study of the sciences 
and belonged to all the scientific bodies of 
that day. We learn from Cordell's History 
of the University of Maryland that the foun- 
dation of the Infirmary was laid in 1823 and 
that patients were received the same year. 
Of the four wards, one was reserved for eye 
cases, instruction in ophthalmic surgery 
forming a prominent feature in the course. 
This was the time of Dr. George Frick's 
greatest activity. He was the uncle of the 
eminent clinician and author, Prof. Charles 
Frick. 

The next noteworthy surgeon who de- 
voted himself to diseases of the eye was 
Horatio G. Jameson. He was the editor of 
the Maryland Medical Recorder. He wrote 
many valuable articles for this journal. In 
one of his papers he describes two cases of 
ossification of the lens with luxation through 
the pupil, and in another he gives an inter- 
esting account of "An encysted tumor of the 
orbit." 

John Mason Gibson published, in 1832, in 
Baltimore, a work on the "Condensation of 
Matter upon the Anatomy, Surgical Opera- 
tions and Treatment of Diseases of the Eye. 
Embellished with twelve lithographic plates, 
illustrative of the anatomy, operations, and 
morbid appearance." 

Dr. John H.\kper. 
Doctor Harper, who practiced surgery 
about this time was one of the most success- 
ful operators in this country. His opera- 
tions for cataract were particularly skillful. 
His mode of operating consisted of lacera- 
tion of the capsule and lens substance, which 
he repeated as often as necessary on the 



496 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



same eye. Doctor Harper was a native of 
Ireland, and graduated at Glasgovi'. He 
was well known as an oculist. 

OTOLOGY. 

The science of Otology was very little 
cultivated in the early days of the profession 
in Baltimore. The first contribution to the 
subject was a translation of a treatise on the 
ear from the French of Saissy by a renowned 
surgeon, Nathan Rhyno Smith. This was 
the second work published in this country. 
The translator added many valuable sugges- 
tions on diseases of the external ear. Doc- 
tor Smith devised a new instrument for'per- 
forating the tympanum, which is still in use; 
also a knife designed to slit the lachrimal 
canal. 

Up to the time of the Civil War Dr. 
Joshua I. Cohen occupied alone the field of 
Otology. 

After the close of the war a number of 
very brilliant young men devoted them- 
selves to the special study of Ophthalmology 
and Otology, and their labors have been so 
successful that patients have been attracted 
to Baltimore from every part of the United 
States. As these gentlemen are all living 
we do not mention their names, fearing such 
mention might seem invidious. Baltimore 
has become a medical center for the study 
of Ophthalmology and Otology. 

.MEDICAL LIBRARIES. 
There are three medical libraries in the 
city, all of which contain very valuable 
books of a scientific character. The largest 
of these is the Library of the Medical and 
Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, which 
contains over ten thousand volumes. Very 
rare books, particularly the writings of the 
Fathers of medicine, are to be found on the 



shelves of this library. An addition of near- 
ly two thousand volumes has been recently 
made to this collection by the relatives of 
the late Dr. Charles Frick. This family has 
contributed liberally to the support and pre- 
servation of the works that they have placed 
in the hands of the Faculty. The next li- 
brary to be mentioned is that of the Johns 
Hopkins Hospital, which contains eighty- 
two thousand volumes; those of the Fif- 
teenth, Sixteenth, Seventeeth and Eigh- 
teenth centuries being especially interesting. 
Next in order is the Library of the Univer- 
sity of Maryland, which comprises more 
than three thousand volumes. This collec- 
tion is intended for the use of the students 
of the University. There is also a Medical 
Section of the Peabody Library, where works 
of the highest character are to be found. 

VITAL STATISTICS OF BALTI- 
MORE IN THE PAST— 
1815 to 1883— 1896. 
The local report of the Health Depart- 
ment of Baltimore contains a table prepared 
by the Secretary in which the total number 
of deaths from all causes in the city from 
January i, 1830, to December 31, 1883, is 
given. Though the details in it are drawn 
from ofificial reports, they are frequently in- 
correct, and consequently misleading, as 
they do not contain an exact statement of 
the causes of the mortality of the city in 
ditiferent years. 

As the experience of the present writer 
extends over half a century, it has occurred 
to him that his investigations on this sub- 
ject might not prove uninteresting. The 
examination of the mortality records of the 
past in Baltimore, while it proved a tedious 
was not, by any means, a dreary or cheer- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



497 



less task, for there is much to be found in 
them to surprise and amuse, if not to in- 
struct. 

In the very beginning, one of the things 
that strikes us is the remarkable increase in 
the number of diseases within the past fifty 
years. In 1815, only forty-four causes of 
death are given. In the Health Report for 
the year 1836, there are 141, and in 1850 
only loi, whilst in the report for 1883, the 
number of causes of death has increased 
to the alarming extent of 308. With only 
forty-four diseases to treat, the practice of 
medicine must have been a much simpler 
and less difficult art than it is in our days. 

There could have been very little need 
or room for specialists in 1815, unless they 
devoted themselves to the cure of "worms 
and fits," for we find not less than seventy- 
five deaths from the latter reported in that 
year. These two diseases seem to have held 
their own remarkably well, for they do not 
disappear from the Health Reports until 
many years later, convulsions taking the 
place of fits in the city nomenclature about 
the year 1825. Worms, however, held 
their ground until 1876-1877. In 1873, we 
took up the cause of these innocent en- 
tozoa in the medical societies of the city, 
and with some success, for there is not a 
single case of death ascribed to them in the 
health report for 1883. 

Thrush is another disease that plays an 
important role in our vital statistics. The 
first death records we have are for the year 
1815, and two deaths from this cause took 
place that year, and from that time until 
1875 it appears annually in the reports. In 
1874, there were no less than thirty-seven 
deaths attributed to its direful influences. 
It has since gradually disappeared, and in 



the report for 1883 the note of the thrush 
is heard no more. We find, however, in 
one year since 1875 a single death from 
apthae. 

Flux and mortification were two notable 
diseases in the early history of the city. No 
less than seventeen persons died of mortifi- 
cation in 1817. People must have been 
more sensitive in those days, for very fe^v 
die now from this cause, owing to the fact 
that the race has become pachydermatous 
in the process of time. 

There are 167 deaths reported from 
cholera morbus in 181 5; only seventeen in 
1883. There were 108 deaths from pleurisy 
in that year, while, strange to say, not a sin- 
gle case is returned for 1883. 

Colic is one of the diseases that killed a 
great many persons in olden times, if we 
may judge by the statements furnished us; 
eight deaths are reported in 1815, and it 
holds its place in the annual reports, either 
as simple colic, cramp colic or bilious colic, 
until the year 1878, when two deaths occur. 
In 1854, it assumed an epidemic form, and 
III deaths are reported from that cause. 
Colic reached its acme in 1871 when 271 fell 
victims to this insidious and painful affec- 
tion. There were only five deaths from 
colic in 1883. Since then it has disap- 
peared, it is hoped, forever. 

There were 218 deaths from consumption 
in 1815 and 321 in 1821. The population 
of Baltimore in 18 15 was about 40,000. In 
1883, when the population had increased 
to 360,000, the mortality from this disease 
numbered only 272, not six times as many 
deaths as in 1815. The total mortality, too, 
of the city in that year was very great. 

Ivast year, 1896, when the population had 
increased to 550,000 the returns for phthisis 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



were 1.122, a decrease of nineteen as com- 
pared with the year 1895. 

The improved condition of the health of 
the city is no doubt due to the general 
drainage and filling up of the low grounds, 
as well as the better knowledge of sanitary 
laws. Typhus fever occupied a prominent 
place in the mortality records of the past. 
There were eighty-five deaths from this 
fever in 1815; and we find a number of cases 
reported every year until 1848, 1849, 1850, 
when there was a very great increase, 143 
deaths being reported in 1849. In 1847, 
there are but twenty-nine deaths given as 
the result of typhus, yet there are 106 as- 
cribed to ship fever. This would appear a 
very queer distinction at this time, as ship 
fever is certainly a bad form of typhus. 
There is one death from "nervous fever" 
in 181 5, and there are cases reported an- 
nually for some years afterwards. It dis- 
appeared as a cause of death in the mor- 
tality tables about the year 1827, to re- 
appear in 1843 when two cases are reported, 
three in 1845 and three in 1849, when it 
gives place to typhoid fever, which first 
made its appearance in 1851, seventy-one 
deaths naving occurred from this newly 
recognized disease in that year. 

Influenza was also an important trouble 
in former times, twenty-five deaths being 
caused by it in 1815; thirty-two in 1830; 
forty- five in 1832, and thirty cases in 1844. 
During the last mentioned year it was called 
the "Tyler grip," in compliment to the dis- 
tinguished President of that name, who, 
having thwarted the expectations of the 
Whigs of that day, produced in these pa- 
triots colicky pains of a very trying char- 
acter. St. Anthony's Fire and St. Vitus' 
Dance claim an important place in the old 



nomenclature. These papistical diseases 
disappear about the time of the "Know 
Nothing" party, when they went over to 
the "Greek" communion, under the names 
of Erysipelas and Cholera. 

The old Saxon disease, flux, obtained a 
place until about the year 1830; there were 
six deaths from it in 1815. There is one 
death from "bleeding" reported in the same 
year. This surely must be an error, for if 
profane history speaks truly a great many 
persons fell by the wayside, pierced by the 
lance. 

Hydrophobia is noted as a cause of death 
in all the early records of the city, but there 
are only one or two deaths reported an- 
nually. The ignorant seemed to think this 
disease a reproach, and consequently there 
are no deaths recorded from this cause be- 
tween 1850 and i860. So great, however, 
was the fear of hydrophobia that a society 
was formed in 1814 by the medical men of 
the city for its prevention. There are a 
great many persons at the present time who 
suffer from the bites of dogs, but they re- 
sort to an old remedy, the hair of the vicious 
animal, with the happiest results. 

There is nothing notable in the Health 
Records for 1816. In 1817 there are 214 
deaths from cholera morbus. Strange to 
say, in 1832, when 853 persons died from 
true cholera, only two deaths from cholera 
morbus are noted. In this year, however, 
322 children fell victims to cholera infan- 
tum. Only 473 succumbed to this disease 
in 1883. Cholera infantum must have been 
a formidable trouble in past times, for the 
Medical and Chirurgical Faculty offered a 
prize of $50 in 1822 for the best essay on 
the subject, which was awarded to Doctor 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Cartwright, of Mississippi. This paper, 
which is sensible enough in its way, would 
not be considered an extraordinary produc- 
tion in this age. 

The Health Records for 1818, 1819 are 
missing, a fact much to be deplored, inas- 
much as a severe epidemic of yellow fever 
prevailed in the last mentioned year. 

Intemperance, delirium tremens and 
mania a potu do not appear in the mortality 
records until after the year 1820. This may 
be accounted for by the fact that these dis- 
eases were not recognized until the begin- 
ning of the nineteenth century. It is true 
Doctor Rush wrote on the subject of in- 
ebriety in the last century, but delirium 
tremens, as a disease, was first described by 
Doctor Sutton, of Kent, England, where 
it made its appearance during the wars of 
Napoleon, owing to the immense quantity 
of brandy smuggled across the channel. 

In 182 1 there were 29 deaths from intem- 
perance in Baltimore; 47 in 1822; 50 in 
1836; yet, strange to say, there are but 42 
deaths ascribed to this cause in the year 
1883. No doubt Bright's disease, cirrhosis 
of the liver, asthenia, spanaemia, anaemia, 
neurasthenia, adymania, etc., are polite 
names for the old trouble. To show how 
unreliable as a rule statistics are, it may 
be stated here that, whilst ten times the 
quantity of alcohol is consumed now com- 
pared with the amount in 1832. yet the 
mortality report of 1896 shows but 27 deaths 
from intemperance. 

There is one death recorded in 1821 from 
indigestion. This disease disappears for a 
great many years from the records, but 
makes its appearance in the last report of 
the Health Commissioner in 1883, when 6 
deaths are laid to its charge. 



Dyspepsia was recognized as a cause of 
death until 1875, and five deaths were at- 
tributed to it in 1849. There is one death 
from pemphigey in 1822, and one from yaivs 
in 1827. 

In 1824 there were two deaths from 
amenorrhoea, and one from Divine Provi- 
dence. A great deal was laid to the ac- 
count of Divine Providence in those days, 
as well as the visitation of God. My old 
preceptor. Dr. Samuel Annan, who was 
physician to the almshouse, incurred the 
displeasure of the Rev. Robert Brecken- 
ridge, a noted polemic of the time, who 
wrote a letter for the public journals, com- 
mencing thus: "Doctor Annan, by the vis- 
itation of God, physician to the alms- 
house," etc. 

Deaths from the bites of spiders appear 
in the records of several years. There is 
one death from the "bite of a dog that was 
chained in the yard" mentioned in 1822. 

After the year 1830 the names of diseases 
assume a more scientific character, though 
we still find one death from piles in 1836; 
one from phthisis, and two from spleen in 
1840. In 1839 there was one death from 
the "sting of a wasp" and two from "affec- 
tion of the nerves;" one from constipation. 
In 1836 thirty-two cases of "sudden death" 
are found in the mortality statement of the 
year. 

Suicide appears to be influenced by an 
epidemic wave. There were ten deaths from 
this cause in 1836; only six in 1871, and 
twenty-six are reported in 1883; forty- 
eight in 1896. 

The reports of the cholera epidemic in 
1832 are not very clear or explicit. The 
tables referred to in the beginning of this 
article give 853 as the number of deaths in 



500 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



that year from this cause. Of the 853 deaths 
from cholera, 502 were white and 351 col- 
ored persons. This is a very singular cir- 
cumstance and worthy of examination. 

The population in 1832 was 160,000, 
about one-fourth of the present number 
(1896). The number of inhabitants in 1883, 
when this investigation was concluded, was 
320,000. In 1832, the year of cholera, 
strange to say, there was not a higher death 
rate than obtains at the present time. 
It is a remarkable fact that there was only 
one death reported from diarrhoea in that 
year. There were, however, 114 deaths 
from influenza and 40 from intemperance. 

This term influenza must have been used 
in a very ambiguous way, for there are no 
deaths ascribed to it from this time until 
1843, when nine deaths are given; four are 
again reported in 1849. In the old records 
mumps, hives, chicken-pox, quinsy and tic- 
dodeleloreux appear as causes of death. We 
have learned to control these ailments now, 
owing to the great advance of science. 

Deaths from "cold water" are noted in 
the old reports, but in the year 1848, when 
a gentleman of classic acquirements was 
appointed to the Health Board we find the 
term changed to "haustae aquae frigidac." 
Diabetes did not appear as a cau.se of death 
until 1851. 

From an examination of the mortality 
statistics of the city it is discovered that 
small-pox prevails as an endemic about 
every five years, and as an epidemic about 
every eight or ten years. There were 79 
deaths in 1832 and 71 in 1834; 52 deaths in 
1837, and 71 in 1838. It returns again in 
1845-1846; again in 1850 and 1851; then 
in 1858, in which year there were 310 
deaths. It reappeared in 1862. when there 



were 252 fatal cases, and in 1863, when 
there were 436. In 1872, 896 persons died 
of small-pox. Since that time it has, owing 
to strict vaccination, entirely disappeared. 

In 1847, 1848 and 1849 there was an out- 
break of typhus. In the first mentioned 
106 deaths were ascribed to ship fever. Ty- 
phoid fever first appears as a cause of death 
in 1 85 1, when 71 persons died from it. 
From this time typhus disappears from the 
health reports until 1854, when there were 
190 cases given and 95 of typhoid fever. 
There are three or four cases annually 
given, up to the year 1851, of "nervous fe- 
ver." but after that time it is not mentioned. 

Cholera and yellow^ fever both prevailed 
to a limited e.xtent in 1854, yet the health 
reports do not afford evidence of the fact. 
There are but two cases of cholera men- 
tioned and not a single one of yellow fever. 
The health officer of that year denies the 
existence of cholera. This denial is couched 
in such grand and beautiful language that 
I am constrained to give an extract: "Dur- 
ing the past summer the people of Balti- 
more w-ere kept in a continuous state of ex- 
citement in consequence of the extensive 
cholera reports pouring in from almost 
every city and town in the Union, conse- 
quently every case of cholera morbus oc- 
curring from ordinary causes was magni- 
fied into cholera asphyxia," etc. He at- 
tributes this unhappy condition to the ig- 
norance of young Esculapians, whose am- 
bition far exceeds their knowledge, and he 
grievously deplores the loss of the "fall 
trade" to the city occasioned by their want 
of medical acumen." He then argues that 
inasmuch as there were but 95 more adult 
deaths in 1854, for the months of June, 
Jnlv, ;\ugust and September, than for tlie 




(^^^7^^^^^ /^ ^^j^.^.^^^^^ A. /^ 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



same months in 1853. cholera could not 
possibly have prevailed. He reports, how- 
ever, 129 deaths from cholera morbus for 
the year; only 17 cases are reported in 
1883. He also reports 395 deaths from 
cholera infantum, about the same number 
as reported in 1882, the population being 
about twice as large. As we attended cases 
of Asiatic cholera in Baltimore in 1854 the 
report of the Health Commissioner is nec- 
essarily inaccurate. One of the good re- 
sults of this outbreak was the destruction 
of the pig sties and the removal of the whole 
porcine tribe from the city, the possession 
of which they had maintained from its 
earliest foundation. 

CITY GARBAGE SYSTEM. 
In the same year. 1S54. a new garbage 
system for the city was instituted. The 
Health Commissioner in his report of that 
year prefaces his remarks with the follow- 
ing heading: 

" Family Intim.^cv with the System— A Sys- 
tem of Morals Enforced." 

" The garbage system may now be considered 
in complete and successful operation, indeed, such 
has been the intimacy cultivated between fami- 
lies and the system, that seldom are domestic ar- 
rangements made for the day without including 
in the catalogue the visit of the garbage man. 

" An ample system of ethics has also been suc- 
cessfully engrafted upon the entire street cleaning 
department ; besides faithfulness and vigilance, 
strict sobriety is demanded, etc." 

We very much fear that the street cleaning de- 
partment has deteriorated since 1854, and that a 
looser system of ethics now obtains. 

As before mentioned, yellow fever pre- 
vailed in 1854 in an endemic form as in the 
previous year, but it does not appear in the 
health reports of those years; suppressed, 
no doubt, to save the "fall trade." The 
Citv Phvsician alludes to it, however, in a 



mild form in his report for 1854. He says: 
"It is true that at one time, in August and 
September last, we were threatened with a 
lengthened visitation from that scourge of 
disease which was a type of yellow fever; 
but by precautionary measures immediately 
adopted by the Board, the disease did not 
spread beyond Will's Block and Philpot 
streets and Canton avenue, the same local- 
ity in which it had .ippeared the previous 
year." The number of cases was between 
fortv and fifty, of which about one-half 
proved fatal. There were twenty-eight 
deaths from yellow fever in 1855 not re- 
ported. These were refugees from Norfolk 
who were seized with the malady after 
reaching our city. Singular as it may seem, 
only one person attacked that year recov- 
ered, a little child. The Romans never re- 
port the death of strangers, fearing it may 
injure the reputation of the city; our health 
authorities in the past adopted the same 
prudent policy. In 1878 there was an out- 
break of yellow fever of the African type 
in the same locality. 

This vear, 1.854, was a remarkable one, 
if we may judge by the report of interments; 
106 persons died of casualty. It was in this 
year that the dreadful accident occurred on 
the Northern Central Railway, an accident 
that involved the lives of so many people. 
Seventy-one women died in child-bed. Sev- 
eral of our prominent physicians gave up 
practice for a time, on account of the preva- 
lence of puerpural fever. 

There is but one single death reported 
from cholera between the years 1834 and 
1866. The outbreak in 1866 occurred in 
October of that year. In Elbow Lane, in 
one square, twenty cases developed in two 
days among the negroes. The Board of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Health at once took decisive measures. 
Every person, both sick and well, was re- 
moved to the quarantine grounds, the sick 
placed in the hospital, and others in the 
barracks. Not a single case occurred after 
the removal, either in the alley or among 
the removed persons. The disease was very 
malignant, for out of all those attacked only 
one recovered. Death frequently took 
place in twelve hours, the characteristic 
collapse coming on after one or two dis- 
charges from the bowels. 

The Board of Health took possession of 
the houses, destroyed all the clothing, 
fumigated and disinfected the whole neigh- 
borhood, and after ten days' absence al- 
lowed the people to return. 

There are four deaths from cholera re- 
ported in 1877 and two in 1879. These 
must have been aggravated cases of cholera 
morbus, unless we recognize the dc nozv 
theory of disease. 

In the year 1871, 184 died from old age. 
There were in the same year 142 deaths 
from dropsy and 165 from "dropsy in the 
head." There are only 74 deaths attributed 
to dropsy in 1883. In 1896, the past year, 
41 cases of all forms of dropsy, general, 
cardiac and abdominal, are reported. Un- 
der the head of hydrocephalus 25 cases are 
given in the saine year. Three persons died 
of old age in 1896. In 1854, 13 died from 
dyspepsia, and 5 in 1883. This disease does 
not appear at all in the health report for 
1896. 

There were 15 fatal cases of sunstroke in 
1854; only 2 are reported for 1883; how- 
ever, 44 deaths are noted from this cause in 
1872, which was a very hot year in Balti- 
more. 

l-'.pidcmics from measles and whooping 



cough occur periodically; 314 deaths from 
measles took place in 1852, and 297 from 
whooping cough in 1857. In 1883, twenty- 
seven years later, there were but 473 deaths 
from this disease. Debility seems to be a 
singular trouble. One death from this 
cause is found in the mortality report of 
185 1 ; 175 in 1854 and only 7 in 1883. This 
increased strength on the part of our popu- 
lation must be attributed to the generous 
use of iron, which is given on every occa- 
sion to everybody for curing every con- 
ceivable ailment. 

Neuralgia is annually reported as a cause 
of death until 1875. There is one death, 
however, ascribed to it in 1877. Cases of 
death from child-birth are becoming less 
frequent, as only 14 are given in the report 
of 1883, and but 26 in this current year 
(1896). 

The history of croup in this city is worthy 
of study. In 1848, when diphtheria was 
entirely unknown, there were 165 deaths 
from croup; 229 in 1855, and in i860, 293. 
In this last mentioned year diphtheria first 
appeared. Seven deaths from it are re- 
ported that year, and no less than 707 in 
1882. Croup, as a consequence, falls ofif in 
the death statements. We find only 201 
deaths from this cause in the year 1883. and 
32 reported for this year (1896). 

Bright's disease was first recognized in 
Baltimore in 1859, when one single case 
is reported. There is no mention of this 
disease in 1870-71 ; in 1872 but 4 are given; 
15 in 1873, and from this time the number 
has increased yearly until 1883, when 115 
fatal cases are reported. Our latest record 
(1897) gives 228 deaths from this cause. 

We much desire to know the name of the 
medical man who reported the first death 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



503 



from this dreadful scourge in 1869. He 
would rank as a modern medical Columbus. 
In the mortality tables of 1870 there are 
1,079 deaths credited to "unknown infan- 
tile" and 144 to "unknown adult." In 1883 
there are but 42 "unknown infantile" and 
18 "adult." 

Cerebro-spinal meningitis first appears as 
a cause of death in Baltimore in 1872. Dur- 
ing that year 53 fatal cases occurred ; 49 in 
1873, and 37 in 1874. In 1883 the number 
of deaths reported was 42, and for 1896, 32 
are given. 

Inanition as a cause of death is first men- 
tioned in 1893, when one death is given; 
there are no fatal cases from it in 1875, yet 
in 1876 no less than 152 are reported. 

Uraemia first appears in 1874 and Addi- 
son's disease in 1875. 

The ordinance establishing the Bureau of 
Vital Statistics went into operation in 1875, 
since which time the mortality reports have 
been more reliable and of a more scientific 
character. In 1875, the death nomenclature 
is increased by the addition of albuminuria, 
anaemia, anginapectoris, adenitis, asthenia, 
anasarca, asphyxia, embolism, entero-co- 
litis, pyaemia, progressive locomotor ataxy, 
septicaemia and other equally destroying 
terms. 

Cirrhosis of the liver first makes its ap- 
pearance in this fruitful year. 1878 was also 
fertile in new names. There was one victim 
of melanaemia, one from otorrhoea and one 
from pemphigus. 

Dyspepsia disappeared this year, but indi- 
gestion took its place, one death being re- 
ported from this cause. There is one death 
from "imperfect circulation" in 1877. It 
seems that this trouble is understated, as we 
are convinced that a large number of per- 
sons die from imperfect circulation. 



In 1877 there is one death reported from 
"regurgitation;" one from coryza, and one 
from chlorosis. 

Tvpho-malarial fever, now so common, 
is first mentioned in 1876, and malarial fe- 
ver in 1877. 

A very amusing item which must not be 
overlooked is to be found in one of the 
reports, viz: "histeritis" in the male. 

The foregong brings the mortality rec- 
ords up to the year 1883 and will be found 
nearly correct. 

1896. 

The report of the Health Department for 
1896 affords some interesting statements. 
The number of deaths from all causes is 
given as 9,919. The annual death rate per 
1,000 is stated as being 19.60. 

Annual death rate per 1,000 white popu- 
lation, 17.66. 

Annual death rate per 1,000 colored pop- 
ulation, 30.76. 

Annual death rate per 1,000, total, 19.60. 

There are many new causes of disease 
given in this report. Adynaemia (cidy- 
namia is no doubt meant) claims 2 victims; 
adernitis, i ; athernoma, i ; chorosis, i ; 
dentition, 68; indigestion, 1 1 ; ichorrhaemia, 
i; leucaemia, 6; lymphadenoma, 2; neu- 
rasthenia, 7; noma, i : pemphigus, i ; salpin- 
gitis, i; stomatitis, 2; synovitis, i; spondy- 
litis, i; scorbutus, i; varicella, i; worms, i. 

Appendicitis, which did not appear in the 
earlier health reports of the city, proved fa- 
tal in 25 cases in 1896. 

CONCLUSIOX. 

Wh.\t Baltimore Physicians Have 

Done in the Past. 

The labors of the medical men of Bal- 
timore are well worthy of remembrance. 
According to Ouinan's Annals they estab- 



504 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



lished and maintained at their own expense 
for years the only inoculating hospital in 
America (1769); they employed vaccina- 
tion in Baltimore in 1800; they introduced 
into Maryland and extended thence over 
the whole United States the practice of vac- 
cination; they established the first vaccine 
institution in the United States (1802); they 
secured the passage of the first State law in 
the United States for the gratuitous dis- 
tribution of vaccine matter (1809); they 
founded the fourth medical college in the 
United States (1807); they published the 
third medical journal in the United States 
(1808); they established the first college of 
dentistry in the world (1839) and published 
the first entirely original work in America 
on dentistry (Chapin Harris, 1839); they 
were the first in the United Stares to pub- 
lish a systematic treatise on diseases of the 
eye (George Frick, 1824); they were the 
first in the United States to produce an 
original and systematic treatise on Ameri- 
can Natural History (I. D. Godman, 1831); 
they were among the first in the United 
States to publish a systematic treatise on 
materia medica (Zollicoffer's, 1819); they 
were the first in the United States to pub- 
lish a thesis advocating the propriety and 
practicability of ovariotomy (Dr. James 
Coke, 1804); they were the first in the 
United States to tie the gluteal artery for 
aneurism (I. B. Davidge); they were the 
first in the United States to perform myo- 



tomy by subcutaneous incisions (N. R. 
Smith, 1828); they were the first in Amer- 
ica to successfully tie both carotids at a 
short interval in the same subject (W. D. 
Macgill, 1823); they were the first in the 
world to ligate the common iliac artery 
(Gibson, 1812); they were the first in the 
world to divide the recti muscles of the eye 
for strabismus (W. Gibson, 1822, seventeen 
years before Dififenbach) ; they were the 
first in America (if not in advance of Great 
Britain also) in extirpating the entire paro- 
tid gland (I. B. Davidge, 1823); they were 
among the first in the United States to re- 
move the entire lower jaws for osteosarcoma 
(Baxley, 1839); they have furnished the 
best lithotome the world possesses (N. R. 
Smith's, 1831); they have furnished the 
best apparatus yet invented for fracture of 
the lower extremity (Smith's Anterior 
Splint); they were the first in America to 
excise the cervix uteri (H. G. Jameson, 
1823); they were the first to show that the 
dumb-bell crystals in the urine were not (as 
taught by Bird) peculiar to oxalate of lime 
(Charles Frick, 1850); they were the first 
in the world to successfully perform the 
caesarean section twice on the same subject, 
with safety to both mother and child in each 
operation (W. Gibson, 1834. 1827). 

The foregoing record is but a part of the 
medical achievements of the physicians and 
surgeons of Baltimore. 



CHAPTER XV. 
Baltimore the Cradle of Dentistry and the Dental Profession. 



To-Day Stomatologists, not Dentists, are Graduated. 



By Richard Grady, M. D., D. D. S. 



Though attention to the teeth as a spec- 
ialty seems to have had some recognition, 
even in ancient times, it was left for the 
nineteenth century to develop for dentistry 
anything like a position of credit as a de- 
partment of surgery. The blacksmith, the 
barber and the watchmaker are remembered 
by many still living, as the only persons to 
whom the sufferer from an aching tooth 
could apply with hope of relief; and the pro- 
cess was one of muscularity rather than dex- 
terity or scientific method. 

It was not until within the present century 
that sulphuric ether, nitrous oxide gas, 
chloroform and a number of other general 
anaesthetics, were discovered. To practi- 
tioners of dentistry, the discovery or appli- 
cation of such properties in ether and ni- 
trous oxide is due. 

In 1837 the first dental lectures in Amer- 
ica were delivered in the University of 
^Maryland by Dr. Horace H. Hayden, one of 
the earliest practitioners of dentistry in Bal- 
timore. Doctor Hayden was the first to rec- 
ognize the necessity of systematizing the 
knowledge collected by individual experi- 
ence, and as early as 1817 endeavored un- 
successfully to form an Association of 
American Dentists. He practiced in Balti- 
more from 1804 to 1843. 

It will probably be news to most persons 



to know that Baltimore has the distinction 
of having instituted the first dental college 
in the world, and of having originated the 
degree of D. D. S., Doctor of Dental Sur- 
gery, now used in all parts of Europe and 
wherever modern science has gained recog- 
nition throughout the world. Yes, such is 
the case. For many years the Baltimore 
College of Dental Surgery was the only in- 
stitution of its kind in the world. It was 
chartered in 1839 by an act of the Legisla- 
ture of the State of Maryland with this fac- 
ulty: H. H. Hayden, M. D., Professor of 
Physiology and Pathology; A. W. Baxley, 
M. D., Professor of Anatomy; C. A. Harris, 
M. D., Professor of the Theory and Practice 
of Dentistry; and Thomas E. Bond, M. D., 
Professor of Therapeutics. 

For this reason Baltimore may be said to 
be the cradle of dentistry and the dental pro- 
fession. Perhaps of no other (equal) pro- 
fession can it be said, as of dentistry, that its 
evolution is embraced within the span of 
one human life. There are men living to- 
day who were in practice in the time of its 
humble beginnings. 

It is a pleasing record for the medical pro- 
l fession to look back on and see that all en- 
i gaged in this movement were graduates in 
j niedicine (the medical portion of the faculty 
' being graduates of the University of Mary- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



land). The practical inauguration of the 
new college presented a difficulty well 
known in .-Xmerica, where professors often 
outnumbered students. At length five legit- 
imate students of dentistry were found to 
covet the honor of the new title D. D. S., and 
the first course of instruction was given in 
the winter of 1840-41. The didactic lec- 
tures were delivered in a small room pub- 
licly situated, but the teaching of practical 
anatomy demanded privacy, and other pru- 
dential considerations also suggested the 
use for that purpose of a secluded stable 
]oft, the prejudice of the community against 
dissection having shown itself some years 
before, when a mob demolished an anatomi- 
cal building on the site now occupied by the 
Hotel Rennert. It was not the first time 
that the modest place of a manger became 
the scene of an event leading to infinite re- 
sults. And looking to the vast achieve- 
ments in dental science following the stable- 
loft beginning, the statement of the fact may 
encourage others. 

Doctor Bond, in his valedictory address to 
the graduates of the Baltimore College of 
Dental Surgery, at its first commencement, 
March, 1841, says: "You have been taught 
that Dental Surgery is not a mere art sep- 
arate from, and independent of, general 
medicine; but that it is an important branch 
of the science of cure. Your knowledge 
has been based on extensive and accurate 
anatomical investigation. You have seen 
and traced out the e.x(|uisitely beautiful ma- 
chinery by which the organism is ever\- 
where knit together. You have learned the 
secrets of ner\nus conmnmication, and 
studied the sim])le, yet admirable, arrange- 
ment by which niUrition is drawn b\- each 
part from the common receptacle of 



strength. You have also carefully exam- 
ined the phenomena of health and disease, 
as they are manifested in the dental arch, its 
connections and relations. Your attention 
has been particularly directed to the ef?ect 
of irritation on the general health, and you 
have seen how readily organs apparently 
unconnected and independent may be in- 
volved in mutual disease. You have been 
taught to regard the human body as a com- 
plete whole, united in all its parts, and per- 
vaded everywhere by strong and active sym- 
pathies ; and your principles of practice have 
been carefully formed on a sound knowl- 
edge of general medicine." 

The progress made from that time in this 
country is phenomenal. From the record 
of but one practicing dentist here prior to 
the war for .American independence, the list 
has grown rapidly, till to-day we have more 
than fifteen thousand dentists, and still they 
come by hundreds a year, as graduates from 
nearly sixty dental colleges and dental de- 
partments of universities throughout the 
Unign. 

Most of the States have passed dental 
laws: Alabama was the first, as early as 
1841. Maryland passed a dental law in 
1884, and the folloaving having been recom- 
mended by the practitioners in the State "as 
eminently qualified to discharge the duties 
devolving upon a Board of Dental Examin- 
ers," were then appointed by fuivernor Mc- 
Lane the first Board, and all of them have 
been re-appointed at times since by succeed- 
ing Goyernors of Maryland: E. P. Keech, 
M. D., D. D. S., President, Baltimore; C. E. 
Duck, D. D. S., Baltimore; T. S. Waters, D. 
D. S., Baltimore; Edward Nelson, D. D. S., 
Frederick; Richard Grady, M. D., D. D. S., 
Secretarv, Baltimore. Much has been done 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



507 



toward hastening legislative action in every 
State by the well organized and concerted 
action of dental societies. There is a State 
Dental Association, but the only incorpor- 
ated local organization is the Association 
of Dental Surgeons, formed October i6, 
1888, and managed the first year by five di- 
rectors, namely, Richard Grady, William A. 
Mills, William S. Twilley, Charles E. Duck 
and Adalbert J. Volck. The first officers 
were Richard Grady, President; William A. 
Mills, Vice-President; and William S. Twil- 
ley, Secretary-Treasurer. Regular monthly 
business and social meetings are held in the 
ofifices of the members, at which papers are 
read and incidents of office practice dis- 
cussed. The present officers and members 
are: A. J. Volck, President; J. G. Heuisler. 
Mce-President; Richard Grady, Secretary- 
Treasurer; C. E. Duck, W. A. Mills. H. A. 
Wilson, M. G. Sykes, S. L. LeCron, W. S 
Twilley, C. C. Harris, C. J. Grieves, A. C. 
McCurdy, E. E. Cruzen. 

The first dental periodical in the world 
was also established in 1839 and named the 
American Journal of Dental Science. It 
was conducted under the editorial charge of 
Dr. Chapin A. Harris, of Baltimore. F. J. 
S. Gorgas, M. D., D. D. S., and Richard 
(irady, M. D., D. D. S., of this city, are the 
present editors, and it is published by the 
Snowden & Cowman Manufacturing Co., 
Baltimore, and Trubner & Co., London. 

The Baltimore College of Dental Surgery 
was organized with the design of teaching 
dentistry as a regular branch of medicine, 
in which relation only it can be regarded as 
a scientific pursuit and the practice of it es- 
teemed a profession; and the 1897 claim is: 
"To-day we are graduating stomatologists, 
not dentists. What is a stomatologist but a 



man who has charge of the mouth? Noth- 
ing more nor less, and he must be as 
thoroughly educated in the fundamental 
branches of medicine as the medical man 
himself." No one at the present day ques- 
tions the position of dentistry as a branch of 
the healing art, and as such a specialty in 
medicine. The individual members of the 
profession who have done most to secure 
recognition for the body corporate have 
been liberally or medically educated men. 
It was through the efforts and personal 
standing of these men that the profession 
was seated as a body in the American Medi- 
cal Association. 

At the time of the birth of this new pro- 
fession there were about twelve hundred 
practitioners of dentistry in America, more 
than half of whom were ignorant, incapable 
men, whose knowledge was composed of a 
few secrets which they had purchased at 
fabulous prices from some other charlatans. 
Three or four weeks they considered ample 
time in which to attain all the knowledge 
necessary to the pursuit of a successful call- 
ing. Contrast the past with the present. 
The period of instruction now is three terms 
of six to nine months each ; the work of the 
student is pursued systematically, it being- 
necessary that the studies of each year be 
completed before admission to a succeeding 
year's work is granted: at the end of the 
third year final examinations are exacted in 
the several branches, when the applicant for 
the dental degree must exhibit at least sev- 
enty per cent, familiarity with each subject 
in which he has received instruction. 

Experience has taught that three years is 
the least time in which the average young 
man can. with the very best instruction, 
qualify himself properly to practice den- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



tistrv. To understand this may be some- 
what difficult for the laity, but did they un- 
derstand the importance of this preparation 
they would insist that all young graduates 
whom they employ should have received it. 

Dentistry is a peculiar calling, requiring 
a variety of talents and qualifications as the 
mechanism is exceedingly intricate and in- 
volves some of the most important princi- 
ples. Take, for instance, making artificial 
teeth. When practiced with the skill which 
its importance demands it is a difficult me- 
chanical pursuit. It involves manipulation 
of gold in many cases as intricate as in any 
branch of jewelry; of working platinum and 
fusing minerals; of making gum bodies and 
imitating the natural gum, and the manipu- 
lation of rubber and other materials for that 
purpose. Each requires a dififerent system. 
Filling teeth simply as a mechanical opera- 
tion is a most difficult pursuit and great ex- 
cellence is reached by but few. Then in the 
preparation of artificial teeth such a knowl- 
edge of art is required that when properly 
done, the denture shall be so life-like in color 
and shape and so conformed to the contour 
and grace lines of the face as to conceal the 
fact that they are artificial. 

Now here are two trades and an art com- 
bined in the filling of teeth and the making 
of artificial teeth. Added to this a dentist 
should be as well educated in the funda- 
mental principles of medicine as he should 
be if he were to treat the various diseases of 
the eye, the ear, or any other separate organ 
of the body. To understand this he must 
understand general anatomy, the general 
principles of chemistry, physiology, pathol- 
ogy, the nature of therapeutical remedies as 
well as the general principles of surgery. 
In fact no man can make an intelligent prac- 



titioner in the treatment and care of any dis- 
ease of the body unless he understands the 
general principles that underlie the treat- 
ment of all other diseases. To meet the de- 
mand dental colleges have partial courses 
of medical teachings, and some of the 
schools are conducted in connection with 
medical colleges where these principles are 
taught by regular medical professors as fully 
as in the teaching of medical students, and 
dental students are required to pass the 
same examination. 

The presence of women in the dental pro- 
fession is one more star in the escutcheon 
of a profession that has advanced more rap- 
idly from its birth than any other. Dentists 
have seemed to agree that nothing is im- 
possible; prejudice has nowhere an abiding 
place. They are willing to cast out old 
ideas and accept new theories, put them to 
the test, and if good, assign them a place in 
the dental curriculum. Even so have they 
accepted women. They have extended to 
them the right hand of fellowship and given 
them a place in the front ranks. The pro- 
fession generally has accepted the female 
sex gracefully, not as a necessary evil, but 
as a power for good, knowing that the wo- 
men who have joined their ranks are from 
good social strata, and must eventually ele- 
vate the calling socially and professionally. 
Dental societies have given them a welcome 
and assigned them duties in public meet- 
ings. 

About twenty-five w'omen dentists at- 
tended the World's Columbian Dental Con- 
gress, all of whom were members of recog- 
nized dental societies, with the exception of 
three foreign representatives. They contrib- 
uted some papers of no common interest 
in several sections, including one on "Aler- 




/L<_oXc^U,7t/ ^,'C<^^//, (jUy. ^ , ^ ^ , S. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



511 



curie Chloride as a Germicide," which 
showed a famiHarity with the operations of 
bacteriological research as yet possessed by 
few dentists. 

Women are admitted to the Baltimore 
College of Dental Surgery, subject to the 
same requirements as men: one woman 
graduate in dentistry is now practicing in 
Baltimore. 

The dentists of to-day can well quote an 
American humorist's saying — "The amount 
that the ancients didn't know is volumin- 
ous" — and not be far astray. Note a few 
appliances considered indispensable now, 
which were unknown: The operating chair, 
with all its conveniences: the lathe; napkins; 
duct compressors; the hand, the automatic, 
and the electrical mallets; the dental engine 
in its various forms; the rubber dam; the 
diiiferent forms of gold; and many, many 
other appliances of minor, yet of great, 
importance to the dental operator. 

The discovery of the cohesiveness of gold 
laid the foundation for a new era in opera- 
tive dentistry, and the discoverer who made 
it known in 1855 and shared it with the 
whole profession was Dr. Robert Arthur, of 
Baltimore, one of the two regular graduates 
of the first class of the Baltimore College of 
Dental Surgery. 

Great improvements have also been made 
in prosthetic dentistry. Artificial teeth 
were rudely inserted in early days by bands 
attaching them to adjoining natural ones. 
Later both teeth and base were carved out 
of ivory or bone, and, as a consequence, 
but ill adapted for fit comfort and 
use. Natural as well as human teeth, and 
also those of animals, were attached to bone 
bases. Still later metallic plates holding 
mineral teeth were used, either clasped by 



bands to natural teeth remaining in the 
mouth, or in the case of full or entire den- 
tures, held together on the jaws by means 
of spiral springs. At the present time arti- 
ficial teeth, especially upper sets, are so well 
adapted to the mouth that the adhering 
force is atmospheric pressure, applied either 
by close adaptation, or by the aid of a 
vacuum cavity in the surface of the plate 
next to the palate. Lower sets when entire 
areso adaprted by closeness of fit that attach- 
ment to the upper sets by means of the spiral 
springs is no longer necessary. 

George Washington had several sets of 
artificial teeth, two of which are owned in 
Baltimore. The teeth in one set were 
carved out of ivory and the plate was of 
gold. The other set, probably the first the 
immortal George ever had, is now in the 
possession of Edmund Law Rogers, who is 
a lineal descendant of Mrs. Washington. 
The plate of this set is lead and the work- 
manship is of a very crude and poorly con- 
structed nature. 

While remembering and honoring Drs. 
Hayden and Harris, it should not be for- 
gotten that Baltimore gave to the profession 
one of the most learned men and greatest 
teachers she ever had. Dr. Philip H. Austen ; 
that there is living in this community Dr. F. 
J. S. Gorgas, the founder and still dean of 
the University of Maryland Dental Depart- 
ment, who, with one exception, is the oldest 
teacher of dentistry, in point of continuous 
service, now acting as such, in the world; 
and that Dr. A. J. Volck is the oldest gradu- 
ate of a dental college in Baltimore. Dr. 
Volck is one of the veterans in dentistry, 
has witnessed the great advance made in 
tools and appliances, materials and methods, 
and has contributed especially to the im- 



512 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



provcniL-nts in sponge gold, gum enamel, 
enamel fillings and obturators for cleft pal- 
ate. For nearly half a century he has been 
eminent as a man, as a dentist, and as an 
artist, and has won the affection of every 
one who has had the pleasure of his friend- 
ship. The Association of Dental Surgeons 
of Baltimore City, of which he is president 
again, for the third time, has appointed a 
committee to arrange for the celebration of 
his seventieth birthday, April 14. 1898. 

Modern dentistry has recognized much 
more injury than that which is local to the 
structures of the teeth. The term dentistry 
is so closely associated with mere operative 
work, and comprehends so much that is 
more mechanical than clinical, that another 
word has been adopted to include the whole 
subject of the diseases of the mouth. 
"Stomatology," the science of the mouth, is 
the word. There are those who look for- 
ward to the time when every person who 
aspires to be a member of the dental "pro- 
fession" will be required to enter it through 
the doors of the medical college. Doubt- 
less the establishment of professorships of 
stomatology in medical schools would has- 
ten this reform. Lectures on the pathology 
of the teeth, both as to their local and gen- 
eral relations, have been given a place in the 
program of studies in four of the medical 
schools of Baltimore on the same plane as 
the recognized specialties ; and medical stu- 
dents arc thus made aware by systematic in- 
struction that the teeth are as much objects 
of medical treatment as the eyes or the 
stomach. h\>r(l. J. S. Oorgas, M. D., D. D. 
S.. is i)rofessor of ]>rinciples of dental sur- 
gery in the University of Maryland School 
of Medicine; B. Holly Smith, M. D., D. D. 
S., is professor of principles and practice of 



dental surgery as applied to medicine, in the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons; Rich- 
ard Grady, M. D., D. D. S., is lecturer on 
stomatology in the Baltimore Medical Col- 
lege; and Harry A. Wilson, D. D. S., is lec- 
turer on dental surgery in the Baltimore 
University School of Medicines. 

There are three dental schools located in 
Baltimore; (i) The Baltimore College of 
Dental Surgery, the oldest and for many 
years the only dental college in the world, 
chartered in 1839; (2) The University of 
Maryland Dental Department, chartered in 
1882, as a new department of the University 
of Maryland, whose original charter for a 
medical school was granted in 1807, when 
Baltimore, with a population of 33,000 was 
the third city in size in the United States; 
and (3) The Dental Department of the Bal- 
timore Medical College, incorporated in 
1895, whose medical school was the first in 
the United States to propose to graduate 
dentists with the degree of M. D. 

B.M.Tt.MORE College of Dental 
Surgery. 

M. W. Foster, M. D., D. D. S., Dean, 9 
W. Franklin street, Baltimore, Md. 

This institution enters on the fift\-eighth 
year of its career with its ])ros]K'cts for use- 
fulness brighter than ever. It has added to 
its faculty and clinical corps strong and ac- 
tive men, and is better equipped than at any 
period of its existence. The results of its 
work in fifty-eight years are world-wide in 
their influence upon dentistry. 

Eighteen hundred and seventy-nine (1,879) 
graduates have gone from this College into 
practice, and these are scattered all over the 
civilized world. They are located in nearly 
every city of Europe. They lead the pro- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



513 



fession in all the great centers of civilization, 
and have won eminence in England, France, 
Russia, Prussia, Switzerland, Spain and 
Italy. They have carried the honors of the 
institution into Asia, Australia, and the land 
of the pyramids, while in every State in the 
United States they have demonstrated their 
own worth and the excellent training of 
their Alma Mater. 

The College may well point with pride to 
the standing of its graduates. Many of 
them have reached high stations in the pro- 
fession: many have become renowned for 
their attainments, original discoveries and 
writings. They have met with signal honor 
abroad, nearly every court dentist in Europe 
being a graduate of this institution. Very 
many of them are men of broad culture, who 
had previously been trained in other high 
educational institutions, and collectively 
they have developed a degree of worth and 
usefulness which reflect the highest credit 
upon the College. Four thousand and fifty- 
four (4,054) students have matriculated at 
this College. 

Faculty.— M. Whildin Foster, M. D., D. 
D. S., Professor of Therapeutics and Pa- 
thology; William B. Finney, D. D. S., Pro- 
fessor of Dental Mechanism and Metal- 
lurgy ; B. Holly Smith, M. D., D. D. S., Pro- 
fessor of Dental Surgery and Operative 
Dentistry; Thomas S. Latimer, M. D., Pro- 
fessor of Physiology and Comparative 
Anatomy; William Simon, Ph. D., M. D., 
Professor of Chemistry; Charles F. Bevan, 
M. D., Clinical Professor of Oral Surgery; 
J. W. Chambers. M. D., Professor of Anat- 
omy: George H. Rohe, M. D:, Professor of 
Materia Medica; T. S. Waters, D. D. S.. 
'Chief Clinical Instructor. 



Dcnwiisirators.—Wimam G. Foster, D. D. 
S., Demonstrator of Operative Dentistry; 
George E. Hardy, M. D., D. D. S., Demon- 
strator of Mechanical Dentistry ;F;dw. Hol¥- 
meister, A. B., Ph. G., D. D. S., Demon- 
strator of Chemistry. 

University of Maryland. 
Dental Department. 

F. J. S. Gorgas, M. D., D. D. S., Dean, 
845 N. Eutaw street, Baltimore, Md. 

The sixteenth regular or winter course of 
instruction in the University of Maryland 
Dental Department began on October i, 
1897. The University of Maryland, of 
which this Dental School forms one of the 
Departments, is the fourth oldest medical 
school in this country. 

The hundreds of graduates of this College 
of Dentistry are now located in almost every 
part of the civilized world, and by their abil- 
ity have established a high reputation for 
themselves and also for their Alma Mater. 
The rapid advance of the art and science of 
dental surgery and the recognition of it by 
the leading Medical Associations as a spec- 
ialty of medicine, as well as the desire of 
every reputable dental practitioner to have 
it accepted as such, renders it necessary to 
increase the facilities by which dental stu- 
dents can acquire not only a thorough 
knowledge of the profession of their choice, 
but also a knowledge of the collateral sci- 
ences. By placing dental surgery, as con- 
nected with oral surgery, in a position where 
it is accepted as a department of medicine 
its status is exalted, a large number of in- 
tellectual men enter its ranks, and a new im- 
petus to thought and investigation is therc- 
bv created. 



oU 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



In order to accomplish such purposes, 
the Dental Department of the Faculty of 
Physic, University of Maryland, was organ- 
ized in accordance with a charter granted by 
the Legislature of Maryland, and is con- 
ducted by competent and experienced in- 
structors, among whom are some of the old- 
est teachers of dentistry in the world. This 
school was the first to institute a post-gradu- 
ate course, although the credit of such an 
undertaking has been erroneously ascribed 
to another institution. 

Faculty. — Ferdinand J. S. Gorgas, A. M., 
M. D., D. D. S., Professor of Principles of 
Dental Science, Dental Surgery and Dental 
Prosthesis; James H. Harris. M. D., D. D. 
S., Professor of Operative and Clinical Den- 
tistry; Francis T. Miles, M. D., Professor of 
Physiology; L. McLane Tiffany, A. M., M. 
D., Clinical Professor of Oral Surgery; R. 
Dorsey Coale, A. M., Ph. D., Professor of 
Chemistry and Metallurgy; Isaac Edmond- 
son Atkinson, M. D., Professor of Thera- 
peutics; Randolph Winslow, A. M., M. D., 
Professor of Anatomy; Charles W. Mitchell, 
M. D., Professor of Materia Medica; John 
C.Uhler,M. D., D. D. S.. Professor of Pros- 
thetic Dentistry; Isaac H. Davis, M. D., D. 
D. S., Demonstrator of Operative Den- 
tistry: Clarence J. Grieves, D. D. S., Lec- 
turer and DenKMistrator of Crown and 
Bridge Work. 



Baltimore Medical College. 
Dental Department. 

J. W. Smith, D. D. S., Dean, 712 N. 
Eutaw street, .Baltimore, Md. 

The Dental Department of the Baltimore 
Medical College possesses a complete col- 
lege and laboratory plant. The dental stu- 
dent will have the advantage of the same in- 
struction in medicine as is given by the Fac- 
ulty of the Baltimore Medical College to the 
medical student. Organized in June, 1895, 
the attendance has increased fifty per cent, 
each year. There were six graduates in the 
first class, 1897. 

Faculty.—]. W. Smith, D. D. S.. Profes- 
sor of Dental Prosthesis, Metallurgy, Crown 
and Bridge Work; J. E. Orrison, D. D. S., 
Professor Operative Dentistry, Dental Sci- 
ence and Dental Technique; William A. 
Montell, D. D. S., Professor of Dental Pa- 
thology, Dental Therapeutics and Dental 
Materia Medica; A. C.Pole, M.D., Professor 
of Anatomy; J. D. Blake, M. D., Professor 
of Operative, Clinical and Oral Surgery; 
Samuel T. Earle, M. D., Professor of Physi- 
ology ; J. Frank Crouch, M. D., Professor of 
Materia Medica and Therapeutics; W. B. D. 
Penniman, Ph. D., Professor of Chemistry. 

Demonstratoys.—\-^er\non W. Egerton, D. 
D. S., Demonstrator in Operative Dentis- 
try; E. E. Cruzen, D. D. S., Demonstrator 
in Prosthetic Dentistry, Crown and Bridge 
Work. 



CHAPTER XVI. 



Railroad History. 



Political economists gauge the wealth of 
a nation by the consumption of soap. 

Philosophers gauge the civilization of a 
people by their roadways and the facilities 
of transportation. 

It may be that the thought of good road- 
ways and soap as a lubricant has some 
analogy in the transportation question. 

In the light of history we find that the 
Romans, as soon as they conquered a peo- 
ple, immediately commenced developing 
the means of transportation, not only for 
military, but for postal and commercial ben- 
efits, rendering accessible the most remote 
places in their vast empire. 

The European settlements along the 
North American coasts increased in num- 
ber and population, and finally were merged 
into the colonies of Great Britain and 
France. 

The colonists, true to the racial instincts, 
commenced explorations, opening up and 
utilizing the natural channels, the water- 
ways of the country, and when these would 
avail no further, then making short roads 
or land passages over dividing water sheds. 

The French Jesuits in the north of the 
English possessions, and the Spanish mis- 
sions in the south, had a chain of communi- 
cation from the Atlantic to the Gulf of Mex- 
ico, and from the Gulf to the Pacific Ocean. 

The impress of those early explorers is 
stamped indelibly on the country in its 
nomenclature and people. 



The wealth developed roused not only the 
cupidity of the colonists, but the mother 
country, and resulted in the colonial wars 
at the close of the seventeenth and all of 
the eighteenth century, wars that ended in 
Great Britain becoming owner of the North 
American continent, but the pregnant fore- 
runner of events that changed dynasties and 
the map of the world. 

The Reformation and the introduction of 
three elements — the printing press, gun- 
powder and the mariner's compass — had 
modified the bigotry of the European na- 
tions, had revolutionized commerce, broken 
through the crust of mental stagnation and 
redeemed Europe from the Saracen, but 
had at the same time engendered jealousies 
that made Europe a vast field of battle. 
To Europe this resulted in voluntary ex- 
patriation of thousands who sought the new 
world. The colonial wars mentioned above 
waged by colonists animated by the spirit 
of freedom and progress, and their descend- 
ants, developed a spirit that little brooked 
restraint. The colonists had found that they 
did not sufifer by comparison with the pop- 
ulation of the older countries in physical 
and mental ability. 

The result was, when the pressure of the 
fear and menace of the French was re- 
moved, the formation of a people, the de- 
velopment of a spirit that resisted European 
control, the war of the American Revolu- 
tion and the birth of a new nation. 



516 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



At the same time the enormous expenses 
and losses to the nations of continental 
Europe resulting from desolating wars, 
coupled with the wanton extravagance of 
the nobility, made taxes so enormous that 
the people, aroused to madness in their pov- 
erty and oppression, were driven to resist- 
ance. The French Revolution and the Re- 
bellion of 1798 were the natural outcome 
of the historic developments that preceded 
them. 

At the beginning of the present century 
the whole European world was engaged on 
the continent in the Napoleonic struggles, 
while the arbitrary Berlin and Milan decrees 
of councils of war hindered and obstructed 
the commerce of the United States. The 
entire coast of Europe from the Mediter- 
ranean to Cape North was blockaded by 
the English and allied fleets. The only port 
open was "Arch Angel," and it was crowd- 
ed with hundreds of American ships, la- 
dened with naval stores, flour, etc., while 
full return cargoes of Russian and Swedish 
iron, hemp, linens, etc., were ready. The 
absolute prohibition by Spain of her colo- 
nies in the new world and in the Orient 
from engaging in commerce with other na- 
tions caused every expedient of our mer- 
chants engaged in the shipping trade to be 
devised to carry the products of this coun- 
try into blockaded and prohibited ports. 
These difficulties produced a class of men 
not only bold and daring in their enter- 
prises, but amassed for the infant and 
struggling commerce of the country con- 
siderable wealth to aid in its development. 

The white sails of the Baltimore clippers 
were known and recognized on every sea. 
The names of Baltimore merchants and 
bankers on bills of lading or exchange were 



recognized all over the world. Immediately 
after the close of the War of 1812 and the 
cessation of hostilities in Europe by the 
downfall of Napoleon, there commenced a 
development in an entirely new line. Watt 
and Stevenson were at work developing the 
engine and locomotive. Tramways at coal 
mines were abandoning the use of horses 
as motive power. The roads were being 
lengthened and general traffic being han- 
dled. Steam was coming into play as an 
important agency, not only as the motor 
for manufacturing industries, but also as the 
motor to be employed in transportation. 
The owners of the quarries in Massachu- 
setts, the iron mines of northern New Jer- 
sey, eastern Pennsylvania and Maryland, 
were not slow to perceive the advantages 
that were to accrue by the use of this new 
agent. 

Among the earliest of the roads that was 
chartered in Maryland and Mrginia was 
the Baltimore & Ohio, chartered in Mary- 
land in February, 1827, and in Virginia the 
following month. The States, cities and 
counties all contributed to this enterprise. 
The venerable Charles Carroll, one of the 
signers of the Declaration of Independence, 
on the 4th of July, 1828, near the Relay 
House, Maryland, amid imposing cere- 
monies, turned the first shovelful of dirt and 
laid the foundation of the first bridge of the 
railway, that was eventually to connect the 
Atlantic seaboard with the great Mississippi 
Valley. The road was started with the ex- 
pectation of using horse power. The early 
inceptors of the line were the Carrolls, How- 
ards and Ellicotts, whose iron industries 
were located at and near what is now known 
as Ellicott City, about seventeen miles west 
of Baltimore; thev- needed a better and 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



517 



cheaper means of reaching the markets for 
their products. After the railroad reached 
the ElHcott works, the ElHcotts appear to 
have no further relation to its development 
and the enterprise was then pushed for- 
ward by the Howards, Harrisons, Patter- 
sons, Gambrills, Chauncey Brooks and 
others. Under the able management of the 
Harrisons the road was pushed on until 
finally the coal fields in the vicinity of Cum- 
berland, Md., were reached, and the prob- 
lem of railway transportation and the fu- 
ture of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad was 
established. 

Like all great enterprises, it had many 
and bitter opponents, and its progress was 
delayed by the strong and persistent ad- 
vocacy of those who favored State aid in 
completing the Chesapeake and Ohio 
Canal. The success of the Erie of New 
York (as projected by DeWitt Clinton) and 
of the Delaware and Raritan Canal in aiding 
and developing the commerce of the cities 
of Xew York and Philadelphia induced a 
large and intiuential body of citizens to be- 
come advocates of waterways as opposed 
to the new and comparatively untried steam 
railways. 

The possibilities of the locomotive had 
not been developed. Mechanical engineers 
in America — Peter Cooper, Richard Mor- 
ris and M. W. Baldwin — were still experi- 
menting. The civil engineers — La Trobe, 
Stone, Kneass, Thomson, Schlatter, Howe, 
Haupt, Coryell and Shunk — were still grop- 
ing in the dark as to gradients, curves, tun- 
nels and bridge strains. But the light of a 
new day was dawning, and first one and 
then another of the engineers caught a ray 
which gave the light that solved the prob- 
lem. 



From Cumberland the road finally 
reached the Ohio river near Wheeling. To 
show the pernicious influence of the old- 
fashioned State rights doctrine one can 
point out here at this date the efifect on the 
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. The better 
terminus on the Ohio river would have been 
the city of Pittsburg, Pa. The State of 
Virginia refused to grant a charter that 
would permit the completing of the road to 
Pittsburg and insisted as they were giving 
financial aid and a charter, that the charter 
rights and franchises of the road must and 
should give a terminal at Wheeling. When 
the engineers came to locate the road it 
was found that the better location from an 
engineering standpoint, in reaching Wheel- 
ing, required the running of the road within 
the jurisdiction^ of the State of Pennsylva- 
nia. The citizens of western Pennsylvania, 
angered at not getting the terminus at 
Pittsburg, had political influence sufficient 
to prevent the road getting privileges 
through the State of Pennsylvania. Con- 
sequently the Baltimore & Ohio, to reach 
Wheeling, had to take an inferior location 
(from an engineering point of view) within 
the State of Virginia, crossing the moun- 
tains with very heavy grades, which add 
materially to the permanent cost of every 
pound of freight that is carried over this 
road. 

But the most singular part of the whole 
proceeding is to be narrated. When the 
line attempted to enter the city of Wheel- 
ing the local authorities insisted upon a lo- 
cation which the corporation would not 
agree to, and consequently the road was 
built and terminated on the Ohio river four 
miles south of the city of Wheeling. 1 
merely mention this to show the short- 



bU 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 



sig-htedness of the lawmakers in placing ex- 
actions that prevent, frequently, the con- 
summation of the object they have in view. 
It is far better to enact liberal laws, which 
can be adapted to particular cases or exi- 
gencies without involving a violation of 
their spirit. The Baltimore & Ohio met 
with varying success, completing branches 
into the valley of Virginia, aiding the rail- 
roads south of W^ashington and making 
connections into the State of Ohio. In the 
early fifties Mr. John W. Garrett, of Jhe 
banking firm of Robert Garrett & Sons, of 
Baltimore, became the president. Prior to 
the Civil War Mr. Garrett had completed 
the connections through, via Parkersburg, 
to Cincinnati, O. While the Baltimore & 
Ohio was engaged in making these efforts 
at extensions, other parties interested in the 
development of the commerce of Baltimore 
had not been idle. In 1829, the centennial 
year of the founding of Baltimore, a charter 
was granted to the Baltimore & York Rail- 
road, and with varying "ups and downs" 
the road was finally started to be built in 
1834; the corner-stone of the present build- 
ing use<l for general offices of the company 
was the stone marking the initial point of 
the line, and completed under the presi- 
dency of Mr. John S. Gittings to the city 
of York, Pa., in 1854, with a branch to 
Hanover. By a consolidation with the 
York & Cumberland Railroad it was com- 
pleted to Harrisburg, Pa., and corporate 
title changed to Northern Central Railway, 
giving connections at that point with the 
Pennsylvania Railroad system and all points 
in the great Cumberland and Kebanon val- 
leys of Pennsylvania. 

Although completed from Baltimore to 
Harrisburg and doing a good local busi- 
ness, the line had not yet reached tlie an- 



thracite coal fields, which the then manage- 
ment had been looking forward to as the 
objective point for a large tonnage of at 
least a thousand tons per week. I wonder 
what these gentlemen, Johns Hopkins, 
Francis T. White, Michael Herr, A. B. 
Warford, if living to-day, would think of 
their "infant." whose anthracite tonnage for 
1897 was nearly five times in one day what 
they had hoped to carry in six — to say noth- 
ing of the grain, fiour and merchandise and 
ore traffic that is treble the anthracite ton- 
nage. It had no outlet to tide-water and 
never succeeded in getting any, although 
repeated efforts were made for nearly fifteen 
years after this date. In fact, such an in- 
fluence had the Baltimore & Ohio manage- 
ment on the legislative bodies of the State 
of Maryland and the city of Baltimore that 
when obligations of this company, the 
Northern Central Railway, for State and 
municipal aid — which had been advanced 
the old company — came due, the State and 
city officers treated this company in the 
harshest manner and practically threw them 
into bankruptcy. So much was the cor- 
poration involved that Mr. Gittings, the 
then president of the company, abandoned 
the management and stated that it was im- 
possible to financier the company. It was 
then that the wonderful foresight and abil- 
ity of the Pennsylvania Railroad manage- 
ment was displayed. General Herman 
Haupt, who was the then general superin- 
tendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad, ad- 
vised his superior officer, Mr. J. Edgar 
Thompson, the then president of that cor- 
poration, of the advisability of securing con- 
trol for the Pennsylvania system, not only 
of this road, but of the Cumberland Valley 
Railway. The material aid which this 
F'enns\lvaiiia Railroad Compain- rendered 




/^W^^fyL^j^-^JV^^ 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



519 



to the Northern Central enabled it to meet 
its obligations and make rapid progress un- 
der the new management to attain not only 
good physical but fair financial standing. 
They were still, however, handicapped by 
want of a terminal at tide-water and an out- 
let to Washington. They were making 
every efTort to secure these when the Civil 
War intervened, and for four years changed 
the entire aspect of the commercial rela- 
tions, not only of the railroad, but of the 
city of Baltimore itself. 

The immense southern trade which they 
had enjoyed was entirely cut of?, and al- 
though the operations of the Union armies 
gave a large business and distributed large 
sums of money to the mercantile and trans- 
portation interests centering at Baltimore, 
yet the railroad business suffered. Jusr 
prior to the commencement of the Civil 
War the Western Maryland Railroad had 
been chartered and this company had com- 
menced building from a point on the North- 
ern Central Railroad out towards Owings' 
Mills and Westminster, into Carroll and 
Washington counties, and was opening up 
a very rich section of the State of Maryland, 
when they, too, were stopped from the same 
cause. 

The close of the Civil War left the Bal- 
timore & Ohio Railroad in a fair physical 
condition for roads at that time. The im- 
mense collection of locomotives, cars and 
other transportation facilities which the 
United States Government had been using 
on the military railroads was sold. The 
Baltimore & Ohio management availed 
themselves of this material, and a large por- 
tion of their claims against the Government 
for transportation of troops and supplies for 
the armies were settled by their taking over 



this rolling stock. It practically gave to the 
Baltimore & Ohio management the finest 
equipment of any railroad in the country 
at that date (1866). 

Up to that period Mr. Garrett, the then 
president of that corporation, deserved the 
highest praise for his management of this 
property. His financial management of the 
securities of the company up to the time of 
his death, through his banking house, en- 
abled the Baltimore & Ohio to place their 
stocks and bonds on the markets of America 
and Europe at from one to three per cent, 
lower rates of interest than rival corpora- 
tions, yet the physical condition of the road- 
way and bad location was a standing ex- 
pense in the movement of its tonnage, which 
no one could improve. Mr. Garrett seemed 
to lack the ability to grasp the necessity of 
extending and controlling the connections 
to the great Northwest, or even to the 
Southwest; and thus rival Hues occupied 
fields that should naturally have been con- 
trolled by them in the interest of the Bal- 
timore & C)hio Railroad Company. 

In the early seventies the Pennsylvania 
system had secured an outlet to tide-water 
and a charter for the Baltimore & Potomac 
Railroad, while the Baltimore & Ohio had 
obtained control of the Pittsburgh & Con- 
nellsville, and the two systems began to se- 
cure the control of sections from which they 
had hitherto been excluded. Col. Thomas 
A. Scott, the then vice-president of the 
Pennsylvania Railroad, whose wonderful 
grasp of the railway and transportation 
business of the country has probably never 
been excelled and perhaps never equalled, 
except by his immediate successors and 
proteges in the Pennsylvania system 
(Messrs. A. J. Cassett and Frank Thomp- 



HISTORY OF Baltimore;, Maryland. 



son), before entering upon the construction 
of the Baltimore & Potomac Railroad, 
seemed intuitively to foresee what would be 
the result of entering upon this gigantic 
rivalry, and had made the following propo- 
sition to Mr. Garrett, of the Baltimore & 
Ohio Railroad: That if Mr. Garrett, as rep- 
resentative of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- 
road Company, would give to the Penn- 
sylvania Railroad Company traffic arrange- 
ments and interchanges of business between 
Baltimore and Washington, would abandon 
building and transfer the control of the 
Pittsburgh & Connellsvilie to the Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad; that on the part of the 
Pennsylvania Railroad they would abandon 
and turn over to the Baltimore & Ohio the 
charter of the Baltimore & Potomac Rail- 
road; would not extend the Cumberland 
Valley road south of Hagerstown to Win- 
chester, Va.; would abandon the contem- 
plated building of the Bedford & Cumber- 
land road into Cumberland, and would 
transfer to the Baltimore & Ohio corpora- 
tion all their investment in the Southern Se- 
curity Company, would give the Baltimore 
& Ohio full traffic and trackage rights be- 
tween Columbus, O., and Chicago over 
wliat is now the Pan Handle Railway, and 
over the Cleveland & Pittsburgh into Cleve- 
land (the Baltimore & Ohio to abandon the 
contemplated lines to Cleveland and Chi- 
cago); the Pennsylvania Railroad also to 
give rights and terminals over the united 
railroads of New Jersey between Phila- 
delphia and New York (the P. W. & B. 
road, between Baltimore and Philadelphia 
would be used as a neutral line by both 
companies). Mr. Garrett declined the prop- 
osition and both roads continued making 
their extensions, and, in some instances. 



paralleling each other. The result of this 
competition helped to bring about the 
financial panic of 1873. So little did the 
Baltimore & Ohio management appreciate 
the almost impregnable strength of the 
system of the Pennsylvania Railroad, that a 
Vice-President of the B. & O. R. R., said: 
"Mr. Garrett, I believe the Penna. R. R., 
will be in the hands of the receiver within 
two years." This was in the summer of 1871. 
While the rivalries between these two 
great systems has existed at an immense 
cost to the stockholders in the respective 
corporations, it has been of the utmost ben- 
efit to the city of Baltimore. Probably no- • 
where can a better example and a more 
forcible illustration be given of the relative 
merits of protection and free trade than irt 
the management of these two trunk lines. 
The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, notwith- 
standing the immense realty investments of 
the capital controlling that corporation at 
and in the city of Baltimore, have never 
given any encouragement to manufacturers 
to locate in Baltimore. They have always 
catered to competitive and distant points, 
and in favor of the mercantile as against 
the manufacturing industries. Not only at 
Baltimore, but at all points along their sys- 
tem, there is the jnost remarkable scarcity 
of manufacturing plants except at competi- 
tive junction points, though a large length 
of their road is located in territory rich in 
minerals, timber and fuel. Instead of strik- 
ing out boldly and relying upon the busi- 
ness to pay for the investment, they have 
in nearly all their extensions looked to and 
depended upon State or municipal aid, and 
one of the curses that the State of Maryland 
and city of Baltimore rest under to-day is 
an exemption from taxation claimed by 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



these railroad corporations, because at one 
time the Commonwealth of Maryland, or 
the cities and counties therein, were part 
owners in these railroad properties. 

On the contrary, the plan outlined by the 
early managers of the Pennsylvania sys- 
tem (Messrs. J. Edgar Thompson; Foster; 
Haupt; Lombaert; and Scott) was to en- 
courage manufacturing industries, develop 
the mineral properties of the territory adja- 
cent to their road, and in no instance to 
charge a manufacturer or shipper at a non- 
competitive point a higher rate to reach his 
raw supplies or a market for his product 
than was charged on or to shipments from 
competitive points. In other words, the lo- 
cal rates were never to exceed the through 
rates. The result has been that while the 
Northern Central Railway has been practi- 
cally owned by the Pennsylvania Railroad 
Company (the controlling interest has been 
owned by the Pennsylvania Railroad Com- 
pany for nearly forty years, and the invest- 
ment from purely a financial standpoint has 
been highly remunerative), the management 
of the Northern Central Railway has been 
entirely free in making rates to and from 
Baltimore independent of the Pennsylvania 
Railroad management. The Pennsylvania 
Railroad recognizes that Baltimore, from 
her geographical position at the head of the 
Chesapeake Bay, is the nearest seaport for 
the outlet of the whole region tributary to 
the Great Lakes; and for any point north 
of Indianapolis or St. Louis, the Pennsyl- 
vania system gives the shortest and most 
direct connections, and all traffic to or from 
Baltimore on the Northern Central Railway 
over their Pennsylvania Railroad system is 
a direct gain. 

The competition between these two great 



trunk lines has been the most beneficial in 
character in developing the commerce of 
Baltimore. While at times it has, by the 
introduction of rate wars, been almost sui- 
cidal, yet a healthy competition has existed 
and the city has received the benefits. 

When Mr. Garrett rejected the proposi- 
tion of Mr. Scott he directed his energies to 
meet the coming struggle. He planned the 
extensions to, Chicago and Cleveland and 
unsuccessfully attempted to secure Phila- 
delphia, Wilmington and Baltimore R. R., 
in this he was defeated by his rival, and the 
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, in their efiforts 
to obtain an outlet to the North and East, 
in competition with the Pennsylvania Rail- 
road, built the line from Baltimore to Phila- 
delphia in 1880. 

There was no physical connection be- 
tween this Philadelphia extension and the 
main line at Baltimore. Passengers and 
freight were carried in the cars by a steam 
ferry-boat across the harbor of Baltimore. 

This transfer was tedious and expensive, 
and to obviate it several plans were pro- 
posed, one by Major Hutton, of the United 
States Engineer Corps, to tunnel across the 
harbor. Another, that of Col. Henry T. 
Douglas, to use an elevated structure from 
Camden Station along Pratt street to Can- 
ton in East Baltimore, where a connection 
would be made with the Philadelphia line. 
Major Hutton's plan was cheaper, while 
that of Colonel Douglas was probably the 
better on account of its being an open line 
above ground. Singular to say, neither plan 
was adopted, but a charter was secured and 
the plan adopted of a belt line railway, a 
large portion of which was a series of tun- 
nels and deep cuts under the city streets and 
around the outskirts. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



This belt railway cost upwards of a 
million dollars per mile for the seven miles 
in length. Difficulties that were not fore- 
seen by the projectors were encountered by 
the engineer in charge of the construction. 
]\Ir. Samuel Rea, who had long been con- 
nected with the Pennsylvania Railroad, 
solved the engineering difficulties in this 
connection, and the line was successfully 
built and put into operation. One of the 
greatest difficulties encountered was that of 
ventilation and drainage. The cjuestion of 
ventilation was successfully overcome by 
the introduction of electricity as the motive 
power to be employed in conveying trains 
through the tunnels. 

The honor, therefore, of being the first 
road to successfully use electricity in the 
conveying of heavy freight and passenger 
trains at high speed belongs to this division 
of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad; if we 
take into the calculation the magnitude of 
the work that was done we can begin to 
realize what was accomplished. 

The Pennsylvania system had, at about 
the same period, introduced electricity as a 
motor in the Mt. Holly branch of their New 
Jersey <livision, while the New York & 
New Haven Railroad had introduced the 
same on their Nantasket Beach Railway, 
which does a very large summer excursion 
traffic. 

The electric motors on the Belt Line at 
r.altimorc. three in number, weigh over 
ninety tons each and haul successfully at a 
speed of twenty miles jjer hour as high as 
forty-si.x loaded cars over an eighty-five 
feet grade. These electric motors and the 
installation of tlie plant were under the di- 
rect supervision of Dr. l,o\iis Duncan, of 



the Johns Hopkins University, and the Gen- 
eral Electric Company. 

If it were not for this use of electricity it 
would be impossible to use the Belt tunnel 
for passenger service on account of the dif- 
ficulty in securing ventilation; the freight 
service would also be restricted. 

While we have thus elaborated very fully 
the advantages of the two most important 
lines, we must not ignore the advantages of 
the Western Maryland. If this line can 
only secure tide-water facilities with the con- 
nections that it has to the West and North 
through the Philadelphia & Reading and 
other connections, it will divide the business 
and contest actively with its two great ri- 
vals. At Baltimore two other important 
railway systems terminate, although they 
reach Baltimore by their steamboat con- 
nections, which tljey own, and which must 
not be ignored, viz: The Southern Railway, 
through its York River Line reaching out 
to New Orleans, La., and Memphis, Tenn , 
wdiile the Seaboard Air Line, through its 
old "Bay Line" connection, reaches all im- 
portant points in North and South Carolina', 
Georgia and the Southw-est, giving to the 
Baltimore merchants almost absolute con- 
trol of the commerce of that section of the 
country. The importance of these tw-o 
southern lines to the commercial interests 
of Baltimore and the large area of country 
tributary to them in the Southern States, 
is hard to be computed. The management 
of both these systems for the past tw'O de- 
cades have worked along the same lines to 
induce immigration into the territory in 
which they operate, to develop the mineral 
and manufacturing industries, and to have 
the population engaged in the culture of 
tlie soil divcrvifv their crops and industries. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



523 



Instead of the agriculturists now depend- 
ing on cotton and corn, they have engaged 
in the cultivation of fruits, berries and what 
goes under the general name of "garden 
truck," i. e., early vegetables for the north- 
ern markets, finding their distributing point 
through the merchants of Baltimore. This 
has made Baltimore pre-eminently the 
cheapest city in the United States as a place 
of residence, and probably few of the citi- 
zens of Baltimore, except those whose at- 
tention has been directed to it, realize that 
geographically the city of Bahimore is 
shorter in distance to all points west and 
north of Canandaigua, N. Y., than the great 
city of New York is. In the distribution 
of perishable freight, this means the control 
of the markets. 

There are two places in the United States, 
Baltimore, Md., and Buffalo, N. Y., that 
are the ideal centres for the location of man- 
ufacturing plants, the collection at low rates 
of freight and the raw material for use and 
the distribution of the product of such in- 
dustries. For no other places in the coun- 
try are so located as to obtain fuel at a mini- 
mum cost, either anthracite or bituminous, 
while Bufifalo has the advantage of Niagara 
as a power for the development of electric- 
ity; Baltimore has within available limits 
the valuable water power of the Susque- 
hanna, Patapsco and the great falls of the 
Potomac, with the additional advantages 
before mentioned as the cheapest point for 
food supplies in the United States, and a 
milder climate. 

We have mentioned heretofore the West- 
ern Maryland Railroad and the large pe- 
cuniary interest which the municipality of 
Baltimore: Carroll, Washington and other 



counties through which the road passes 
have in this company. 

The advantages locally to these Alary- 
land communities which patronize it have 
proved highly beneficial in developing the 
resources along the line. The president of 
the company, Mr. John M. Hood, has 
thrown out feeders connecting in the north 
and west with the Philadelphia & Reading 
Railway system, and on the southwest with 
the Maryland and West Virginia coal and 
lumber regions, reached through a connec- 
tion with the West Virginia Central (com- 
monly known as Senator Davis' road). 

With the latter connection there arc 
magnificent possibilities of other connec- 
tions with Pittsburg, Pa.; Wheeling, W. 
Va., and through these great industrial 
centers an outlet with the railways from the 
North and West terminating at these places. 
While these western connections will give 
to Baltimore another trunk line, this road 
will then experience the same lack of ter- 
minal facilities at tide-water that was noted 
in the history of the Northern Central. 

From the location of both these roads. 
Northern Central and Western Maryland, 
they must terminate on the north side of 
the harbor, and the terminal facilities at 
tide-water can be obtained only in that 
section of the city known as Canton. 

Far back in the "thirties," the leading 
merchants of Baltimore, in connection with 
a number of New York capitalists, bought 
large tracts of land and river frontage on 
the Patapsco and formed the Canton Com- 
pany. Many of the men in the councils of 
the Canton Company were broad and lil> 
eral in their views, while others were just 
the opposite, and as one or the other have 
predominated in the management, so have 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



terminal facilities been given and manu- 
facturing industries fostered or retarded. 

Every encouragement, except that of 
municipal aid, should be given the West- 
ern Maryland to secure proper terminals on 
the harbor, and the Canton Company 
should second their efforts. 

A curious incident in the history of the 
Northern Central Railroad was during the 
prevalence of "epizooty." This road be- 
ing a north and south one, suffered more 
extensively than any other road in the 
country, and for si.x weeks the business of 
this important trunk line was absolutely 
suspended on account of this horse sick- 
ness preventing the delivery of freight to 
and from the various railway stations, what 
little delivery or movement of goods was 
attempted being done by means, of oxen. 

Another singular event in the history of 
this road was some ten years later, when 
from the want oi sufficient side tracks and 
warehouses and facilities for handling 
freight at Baltimore, cars had to be handled 
and shifted in and out from depots so often, 
that this expense amounted to more than 
the freight earnings. 

This merely illustrates what nice adjust- 
ment nuist exist between the different de- 
partments of a railroad company to pro- 
duce successfully pecuniary results. 

There are several small systems of rail- 
ways on the Eastern Shore of Maryland 
that connect by water lines centering at 
Baltimore. These roads give an outlet at 
a small expense to the Delaware and Mary- 
land seashore, while the great rival lines to 
the north from I'-altimore through Phila- 
delphia give direct connections to all the 
principal seashore points on the New Jer- 
sey coast. As at Baltimore the finest sail 



vessels were developed in the "clipper," so 
Baltimore took the lead in developing the 
tram road and followed it up in changing 
the tram into a street railway; as the first 
gas works in the United States were built 
in Baltimore; as the original telegraph line 
was built and operated between Baltimore 
and Washington, so, too, was she active in 
adapting for intermural purposes improved 
methods of transportation. It is a little 
singular that although the original street 
railway was chartered prior to the Civil 
War, viz.: On March 28, 1859, the incor- 
porators being well-known and prominent 
business men of Baltimore and Philadel- 
phia, viz.: Henry Tyson, John W. Wal- 
ker, Wm. Chestnut, A. W. Markley, John 
W. Randolph, Conrad S. Grove, Jonathan 
Brock, Wm. S. Travers, Robert Cathcart, 
Joshua B. Sumwalt, and Wm. D. Goey. So 
jealously did the State guard what they 
considered the vested rights of its citizens, 
that it was incorporated on the franchise 
that before the street railway commenced 
operations they should purchase the vari- 
ous omnibus lines then running over the 
various streets upon which the railway 
tracks were to be laid. The owners of these 
omnibus routes were James Mitchell, Cole- 
man & Bailey, and Wm. Robertson. Their 
lines were valued and paid for in cash. 
Nothing was practically done by citizens 
towards the building of the line for many 
years, and this charter which is now part 
of the Baltimore City Passenger Railway, 
was taken up and the line built by cajjital 
from Harrisburg, Pa. These capitalists, 
after demonstrating its success, were satis- 
fied with moderate profits and sold out to 
local capitalists. The returns proved so 
handsome, many hundred per cent., that 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



ver)' soon other lines of street railway were 
projected and proved remunerative to the 
capital invested. It was not, however, un- 
til Mr. T. Edwin Hambleton, of the bank- 
ing house of John A. Hambleton & Co., 
took hold of the Druid Hill Line that rapid 
transit was given to the city of Baltimore. 
Through the efforts of Mr. Hambleton, 
capital was procured to introduce the cable 
system which had been operated for several 
years in San Francisco and other western 
cities to such advantage. Remarkable suc- 
cesses attended this venutre and an impetus 
was given to building operations at points 
that were considered almost inaccessible on 
account of the elevations, which this line 
overcame. Shortly after this the first elec- 
tric line ever started or operated in the 
country with the use of storage batteries, 
was operated in Baltimore, and the first 
trolley line that, I believe, was ever erected 
in the country, was erected out along the 
Huntingdon avenut road, an experimental 
line about a mile in length. 

The introduction of electricity extensively 
as a motor was due to Mr. Nelson Perin, a 
gentleman from Cincinnati, who came to 
Baltimore and secured control of one of the 
horse lines and changed the motive power 
from horse to electric trolley. The intro- 
duction of the trolley gave to Baltimore an 
impetus the beneficial effects of which she is 
already feeling, although the adoption of 
the trolley dates from very recent years. 
The suburbs of Baltimore have long been 
celebrated and recognized for their beauty, 
but owing to the undulating nature of the 
country, access to them was difficult and 
expensive. Electricity has practically level- 
ed the hills, and nowhere in the United 
States will vou find better evidences of 



domestic comforts than in the suburban 
homes of the city of Baltimore. 

Allusion has been made previously to the 
freedom from taxation which many of the 
railroads centering at Baltimore have under 
their charters. This, in a great measure, 
has very seriously injured the value of 
warehouse property in the city belonging 
to individuals, making taxes heavier on 
private realty, at the same time lessening 
the value of rentals. Another factor 
operating against the individual warehouse 
men is the competition between the various 
railroads and transportation companies, 
which has given rise to practically giving 
free storage on much of the freight that 
they handle. This freedom from taxation, 
while undoubtedly an aid to the railroads 
at their inception, was certainly never in- 
tended or contemplated by the Legislators 
in granting charters, as conveying a right 
to railroads to act as warehouse men. The 
railroad companies have erected at termi- 
nals splendid warehouses and facilities for 
the handling of tobacco, flour and general 
merchandise. They have also erected ele- 
vators with a capacity of nearly six million 
bushels of grain, capable of handling in and 
out over i.ooo cars per day, and this has 
made Baltimore the leading export city for 
grain on the Atlantic coast. 

While it is extremely gratifying to see 
these facilities for grain shipment, it would 
be much better for the general interests of 
the country at large, for shipping mer- 
chants and transportation companies, if the 
grain had been advanced in manufacturing 
in this country and shipped in the nature of 
flour, meal, etc. We in this country would 
not only have the profits from the manufac- 
turing, but the ofTal products for feeding 



526 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



cattle, and a more stable foreign market. 
By the introduction of floats and scows, all 
points in the harbor of Baltimore are reach- 
ed at very moderate cost, making this city 
a very^cheap port for the handling of freight 
destined to foreign markets. 

Another industry that railways have built 
up and fostered has been the shipment of 
cattle, sheep and horses to Great Britain 
and the Continent. This business now ag- 
gregates over 100,000 head per annum. 
The cattle shipped from Baltimore are the 
finely bred cattle from southwestern \'ir- 
ginia, Ohio and Kentucky, and bring the 
very highest prices in the English market; 
while the horses are used on the Continent 
for military purposes. I would direct at- 
tention here to an extract from the i6th 
Annual Report of the Northern Central 
Railway, made by its then president, J. D. 
Cameron, as exhibiting the plan and policy 
of that company. After referring to the 
plans by which the Northern Central Rail- 
road, chartered in 1829, built to York in 
1838, extended to Harrisburg in 185 1, sub- 
sequently to Sunbury in 1854, obtaining 
control of the lines north of Williamsport 
to Canandaigua in 1863, pursuing a steady 
uniform policy of reaching the anthracite 
coal fields of Central Pennsylvania, and an 
outlet to the Great Lakes, and showing that 
in the year previous tq^his report that 42 
per cent, of the imports of the city of Balti- 
more had been carried to the West and 
North by the Northern Central Railway. 
He then says: "Our experience has taught 
us that trade can be increased by a judicious 
reduction uf tolls, and that when the in- 
creases established, that road which adopts 
and adheres to a liberal policy with its cus- 
tomers, can secure its share of traffic." 



It therefore rests with the merchants of 
Baltimore whether they will maintain the 
advantages which she possesses from her 
geographical position, in which transporta- 
tion companies centering at Baltimore are 
ready to assist in developing and giving 
outlets for any and all business offered. 

The Baltimore and Ohio management 
had, through the State of Maryland and 
City of Baltimore having a stock owner- 
ship in their company, so thoroughly in- 
trenched themselves, that it was considered 
almost an impossibility for a rival corpora- 
tion to secure a footing so as to compete 
successfully for an outlet south to the city 
of Washington, the capital of the Nation. 
For seventeen years they prevented the 
Northern Central from getting an outlet at 
tide-water after that corporation had 
reached the great anthracite coal fields of 
Pennsylvania, and established connections 
with the West and North. 

The Civil War found the cities of BaUi- 
more and Washington connected by a 
single-track road, almost destitute of sid- 
ings, totally inadequate to handle the busi- 
ness thrust upon it. 

It was here that the almost superhuman 
abilities of a number of gentlemen were 
shown. I refer to Col. Thomas A. Scott, 
Assitant Secretary of War; Gen. Herman 
Haupt, J. H. Devereaux, Adnah Anderson, 
W. Prescott Smith, Anson Stager, David 
Brooks, and Samuel H. Shoemaker; with 
the exception of Devereaux, Anderson and 
Smith, they were all Pennsylvania Railroad 
men or af=filiatcd with the system. With 
Colonel Scott as the j^residing genius the 
United States Military Railway organiza- 
tion was effected and placed in charge of 
Gen. Herman Haupt, with Devereaux and 



.^^^L.^^ 



MARYLAN' 



and bring u 

nglish markt 

. the Contincr. 

>uld direct a: 

.ol irom the i6u. 

Northern Central 

■u pr-iauu, T^ D. 



ii companies 
ally to assist 
outlets for any and al' 
The Baltimore and 
' ';1, through the State m . 
\ of Baltimore having a 
in dicir company, so tin / 

ves. that it was consirien_d 
■ibility for a rival corpora- 
footing so as to compete 
m outlet south to the city 



ings, tot; 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



529 



Anderson as assistants. W. Prescott 
Smith had charge of N. Y. & Washington 
Air Line, and was general superintendent 
of the B. & O. R. R. General Stager and 
Colonel Brooks had charge of the telegraph 
lines, and Mr. Shoemaker of the express. 

The effect was shortly apparent — order 
came out of chaos. The wonderful ability 
of Haupt, seconded by his assistants, in 
utilizing the resources of the country and 
keeping up the supplies needed by the 
army, won the admiration of the world. 

But the crowning achievement was when 
the President and Secretary of War asked 
Colonel Scott how long it would take to 
move two army corps (80,000 men) and 
equipment from the East to the operations 
in the West, where troops were needed. The 
modest reply of Colonel Scott was he would 
place them in Tennessee in ten days, but 
"They, the troops, must be moved without 
military interference with my orders." The 
troops were moved without accident and in 
the time. 

One amusing incident of this movement 
is worth relating. General , ac- 
customed to the ordinary leisurely move- 
ment of troops, concluded to spend a few 
days in Washington, and ordered his chief 
of staff to report by wire the progress of his 
command. Telegram No. i came from 
Martinsburg, 10 a. m. ; No. 2 from Cum- 
berland, 2 p. m., and No. 3 from Grafton, 4 
p. m., when the General considering pro- 
gress was too fast, wired from Washington 
to hold his command at Bellaire. Upon 
which Gen. Anson Stager promptly arrest- 
ed him and sent him to Louisville, Ky., un- 
der arrest, where he was released and sent 
forward with his command. 

During the Civil War, or just about its 
31 



close, some parties in the southern coun- 
ties of Maryland secured a charter for a 
railroad from Baltimore to Pope's Creek, 
and a branch to the city of Washington. 
This was the Baltimore and Potomac, 
which was secured by the Pennsylvania 
Railroad system, and was built under the 
management of the late J. N. DuBarry and 
Gov. Oden Bowie. The resources of 
this line and its business has been carefully 
developed under the management of Mr. 
Geo. C. Wilkins, the General Agent of the 
Pennsylvania Company at Baltimore, to 
whose untiring energy and business ken 
much of the success of the company is due. 
Immediately on opening the B. & P., fares 
between Baltimore and Washington drop- 
ped from 5 cents per mile to 2i cents per 
mile, and in 1897 both roads for two days 
in each week issued round-trip excursion 
tickets at about i^ cents per mile, and both 
companies claimed to have been satisfied 
with the results and the earnings. 

To the lovers of the picturesque, the little 
Narrow Gauge Road, "The Milky Way" 
(Baltimore and Lehigh), presents many at- 
tractions. At Loch Raven, about sixteen 
miles out from Baltimore on the Gunpow- 
der, will be found the location of the power 
house, reservoir, etc., from which the city 
of Baltimore derives its water supply. 

About ten miles beyond is the wonderful 
geological formation, "The Rocks of 
Deer Creek." At this point most of the 
flint used in the New Jersey, Ohio and 
Missouri potteries is found. At Delta, 
partly in Pennsylvania and partly in Mary- 
land, is found the celebrated "Peach Bot- 
tom Slate," that finds a market wherever 
slate is used for roofing purposes. 



530 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



In the streams adjacent to this road are 
found blooming in season the beautiful 
rhododendron (wild) and ferns of every 
variety. 

To those who admire scenery and can 
spare a few days, the Pennsylvania lines 
up the Susquehanna from Baltimore via 
Philadelphia to Columbia and Harrisburg 
will repay them. In the month of August 
the sunset view along the river front at 
Harrisburg is one that pleases the artist's 
eye. Before you is spread the beautiful 
Susquehanna, dotted with green covered 
isles, while to the west the sun is setting in 



the Blue Ridge Mountain Gap, through 
which the river has broken its way to the 
sea. Each spray of water is capped with 
ambient tints, while the dark greens of the 
mountains form a back gound in bold con- 
trast to the fleecy colored clouds of heaven 
and the rippling water of the river. Our 
partiality to the Susquehanna region must 
not permit us to overlook the scenery along 
the Baltimore and Ohio, about Harper's 
Ferry on the Potomac, nor the magnificent 
mountain and historic country reached by 
the Western Maryland at and around High 
Rock, .A.ntietam and Gettysburg. 



CHAPTER XVII. 



The Monuments of Baltimore. The Washington. The Battle. 

The Monument at the Advanced Position of the Americans 

AT North Point. The Odd Fellows Monument to 

WiLDEv. The Columbus Monument. 

By William M. Marine. 



When there were but two shafts erected 
within the Hmits of Baltimore — one to 
George Washington and the other to com- 
memorate the battle of North Point and 
the defense of Fort McHenry — the place 
was called the Monumental City, a name 
which it has retained. Since then the mon- 
ument to Wells and McComas, two youths 
who, by some reports, are credited with 
having shot and killed General Ross, and 
one to Thomas Wildey, the father of Odd 
Fellowship in America, have been erected. 
A third stands on the breastworks of Gen- 
eral Benjamin Butler's encampment, built 
on Federal Hill in 1861. All that need be 
said about it is, that it replaces a tablet to 
the memory of Mayor Armistead, which 
once stood in the City Spring, on North 
Calvert street. The tablet was permitted 
to go to decay and finally, without official 
knowledge, was carted away as rubbish. 
The monument on Federal Hill was orig- 
inally located on Eutaw Place, but the pro- 
test of the citizens of that locality against 
its continuance there caused it to be placed 
in its present position, the objection of the 
residents being that its diminutive size did 
not accord with its pretentious surround- 
ings. 



The Odd Fellows have erected to James 
L. Ridgely a bronze statue in Harlem 
Square. The work is by an authoress who 
resides in Kentucky, and it is mounted on 
a pedestal high up in the air, so that a vis- 
itor cannot scan the features of Mr. Ridge- 
ly's face. Other statues are those to George 
Peabody and Chief Justice Taney in Wash- 
ington Square. 

In 1809 John Canegys, James A. Bu- 
chanan, David Winchester and other prom- 
inent citizens were authorized by the Leg- 
islature to raise the sum of one hundred 
thousand dollars to erect the monument to 
Gen. George Washington. 

It was intended to place the Washington 
Monument in the present Battle Monument 
Square, but the securing of the right to 
do so was neglected, and after the War of 
1812 the people were so grateful that their 
city was saved from Britain's clutches that 
the square was made the site of the Battle 
Monument. Howard, a soldier of the Rev- 
olution, presented to the Washington Mon- 
ument Association the site on which that 
monument stands. 

The laying of the corner-stone took place 
on the 4th day of July, 1815, at noon. The 
number present was in the neighborhood 



532 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



of thirty thousand persons. People of dis- 
tinction, civil and military, were there. The 
corner-stone was laid by the Masons; na- 
tional airs were sung, and a salute of thirty- 
nine guns was fired, signifying that that 
number of years had passed since the 
Declaration of Independence gave to the 
world a new nation. James A. Buchanan, 
president of the managers, made an ad- 
dress, and Bishop Kemp offered a prayer. 
When speech-making was ended Mr. Mills, 
the architect; William Stewart, who com- 
manded a regiment at Fort AIcHenry dur- 
ing the bombardment, and Thomas Tow- 
son, masons, placed the corner-stone in po- 
sition. In the stone was deposited a copper 
plate and on one of its sides was engraved, 
"On the 4th day of July, A. D. 1815, was 
laid this Foundation Stone of a monument 
to be erected to the memory of George 
Washington." On the reverse side were 
the names of the managers, twenty-three 
persons in all, that of the secretary and 
Robert Mills, architect, with this further 
mention: "The site presented by John 
Eager Howard, Esqr. Edward Johnson, 
Mayor of the City." After the Masonic 
ceremonies incident to such an occasion 
were completed Mr. Buchanan addressed 
to Mr. Mills some words of patriotism. Mr. 
Mills responded in a similar vein. Rev. 
Dr. Inglis offered up a prayer and pro- 
nounced the benediction. Music was ren- 
dered and a salute of one hundred guns was 
fired, "Yankee Doodle" being played by the 
bands while the salute was in progress. A 
line of infantry discharged three volleys 
at the close of the day's exercises, and in 
the evening tlie sky was lighted up by rock- 
ets from Fort McHenry. 

On the 25th of November, 1829. the com- 



pletion of the monument was announced, 
and the noble Doric column, which rises t3 
an elevation of two hundred and eighty feet 
above tide water, proclaimed to the world 
the fame of Washington. It was the first 
monument erected to his memory; others 
have since followed, but none have sur- 
passed it in beauty. It came near being 
spoiled, for the architect contemplated iron 
balconies, which the lack of funds forbade. 
The proceeds of licensed lotteries were used 
in its construction and it was provided that 
when finished it should be the property of 
the State. 

The statue on the summit of the monu- 
ment is of white marble, which was quar- 
ried on the York road. Mrs. F. T. D. Tay- 
lor made a present of it to the managers. 
The statue is sixteen feet high and in three 
several pieces, each block when chiseled 
and polished weighing five and a half tons. 
Henry Cancici, an Italian, was the artist 
whose chisel gave shape to the statue of the 
Father of his Country, who is represented 
in the attitude of resigning his commission 
as commander-in-chief of the army. 

The following inscriptions appear on the 
base of the monument in iron letters. Over 
each of the four doors, "To George Wash- 
ington, by the State of Maryland." On the 
north side of the monument is "Yorktown, 
Octojjer ly, 1781. Trenton, December 26, 
1776." On the south side is "Born Febru- 
ary 22, 1732; died December 14, 1779." 
On the east side is "Commission resigned 
at Annapolis, December 23, 1783." "Com- 
mander-in-chief of the American .\rmy, 
June 15, 1775." On the west side is "Re- 
tired to Mount \'ernon, r\Iarch 4, 1797." 
"President of the United States, jNlarcli 4, 
1789." 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



During the British investment of Balti- 
more the administration of the afifairs of the 
city was in the hands of a Committee of 
Mgilance and Safety, ccmposed of the 
ablest and most influential of its citizens. 

It was this committee which gave re- 
newed impetus to the movement after the 
war to erect a monument to the citizen sol- 
diers of Baltimore, who saved it from their 
city desolation. In consequence of the en- 
ergy displayed by the committee, on the 
1 2th of September, 1815, the corner-stone 
of the monument was placed in position in 
tlie square. The laying of that stone was 
])receded by a procession, the line of which 
was formed on East Baltimore street. The 
customary and suggestive funeral car was 
on hand, on the top of which was to be seen 
curiously exhibited a plan of the monu- 
ment, designed by Maximilian Godefray, 
and executed by John Finley and Rem- 
brandt Peale. At the square select and en- 
trancing music was rendered by a marTial 
band. Bishop Kemp, of the Episcopal 
Church, offered prayer. Upon its conclu- 
sion the architect supervised the laying of 
the corner-stone in the presence of Gen- 
eral Smith, General Strieker, Colonel Armi- 
stead and the Mayor. 

The following articles were placed in the 
corner-stone: A subscription book in which 
was recorded the names of those who had 
contributed toward the erection of the mon- 
ument; the daily newspapers of the city and 
several pieces of silver, gold and copper 
coins, with a copper plate having upon it 
this inscription: 

September XII. 

A. D. MDCCCXV. 

In the XL year of Independence. 

James Madison being President of the U. S. 



To the memory of the brave defenders of this city, 

who gloriously fell in the Battle at North 

Point on XII September, 1S14, 

And at the bombardment of Fort McHenry on the 

the XIII of the same month : Edward 

Johnson, Mayor of the City. 

Major General Samuel Smith, Brig.-Gen. John 

Strieker and Lieut. Col G Armistead 

of the U S Artillery, 

Laid the corner stone of this Monument of public 

gratitude and the deliverance of this City. 
Raised by the munificence of the citizens of Balti- 
more, and under the superintendence of the 
Committee of Vigilance and Safety. 
J. Maximilian M. Godfroy. Architect ; J. G. 
Neale, S Baughman, and E Hare, stone 
cutters ; \V. Atley, stone mason. 

The Rev. Dr. Inglis, a prominent Pres- 
byterian clergyman, delivered the oration; 
at its conclusion the Federal artillery from 
Fort McHenry fired a salute and the cere- 
monial proceedings were at an end. 

During the period occupied in the mov- 
ing of the procession minute guns were 
fired and muffled church bells were rung, 
business was closed and every one was in- 
terested in what was taking place. It had 
been but a short while since the British had 
threatened to make Baltimore feel the sting 
of their humiliation, by selecting it for their 
winter quarters. The people of that day 
felt "a public gratitude" to the defenders 
and styled their achievements a "deliver- 
ance of the city." 

There appears on the monument this in- 
scription: 

Battle of North Point 

12th of September, A. D. 1S14, and of the Inde 

pendeuce of the United States the thirty ninth. 

Bombardment of Fort McHenry. • 

September 13th, A. D. 1S14. 

John Lowery Donaldson Adjutant 27th Regiment. 

Gregorius Andre, Lieut, ist Rifle Battalion. 
Levi Claggett, 3d Lieut, in Nicholson's Artillerists. 
G Jenkins, H GMcComas, D Wells, 

J Richardson, J Burnestou, RKCooksey, 

W Alexander, G Fallier, J Wallack, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



T V Buston, J Jephson, J C Byrd, 

D Howard, E Marnott, W Ways, 

H Marriott of John, J Dunn, C Bell, 

J Armstrong, P Bj'ard, J Clemm, 

M Desk, B Reytiolds, T Garrett, 

J Craig, J Gregg, J Merriken, 

R Neal, A Randall, C Cox, 

J Evans, J H Cox, U Prosser, 

J Haubert, J Wolf, B Bond. 
D Davis, 

The square in which the monument is lo- 
cated is a hallowed one. From time im- 
memorial it was a tribune of the people, 
where their political assemblages were held. 
The survivors of the defense of Baltimore, 
on the anniversary of their battle, with 
cockades on their hats and crape on their 
arms, marched round the monument with 
uncovered heads. The last to honor the 
custom was James Morford; he was too 
feeble to walk and was driven round it in 
a hack, accompanied by Mr. Todd Hall 
and William M. Marine, the last named 
person for a great number of years orator 
of the Association of Defenders. When 
Mr. Morford died it was supposed he was 
the final living member of the association; 
recently that assumption has been discov- 
ered to be incorrect. There was until lately 
living, and may be surviving at this writ- 
ing, Elisha Glenn, in Newark, N. J., over 
one hundred years of age, and John Lani- 
berson, ninety-six years of age, residing in 
Baltimore, and two in Texis — Jarett Carl, 
one hundred and two, and Joseph Coffman, 
ninety-six years of age. 

Prior to 1850 a military body existed in 
Baltimore known as the Wells and Mc- 
Comas Riflemen. The last drill room oc- 
cupied by them as a military company was 
the third story in the building on the south- 
east corner of Gay and Front streets. They 
inatigurated .1. movement to erect a monu- 



ment to their namesakes. It passed through 
many vicissitudes; finally on the 13th day 
of September, 1858, a movement was made 
in fulfillment of the program for the 
monument. The bodies of Wells and Mc- 
Comas were originally buried in the Metho- 
dist graveyard where the Johns Hopkins 
Hospital fronts on Broadway. From there 
they were removed to Greenmount Ceme- 
tery. On the day mentioned they were 
finally interred in Ashland Square, where 
a plain, unpretentious shaft was subse- 
quently placed over their graves. The in- 
scriptions relate to their names, births and 
their having been killed in battle. 

When their bodies were exhumed in 
Greenmount they were placed in new cof- 
fins and removed to the Maryland Insti- 
tute, where they lay in state, surrounded 
by a military guard. On the 13th a mam- 
moth procession paraded through the 
streets; the coffins were born upon a fu- 
neral car. In the rear were hacks contain- 
ing relatives of the two deceased young 
men. Those of Daniel Wells were numer- 
ously represented; but one person related 
to McComas was present. The line passed 
down Baltimore street to Aisquith street, 
and north along that street to the square. 
Dr. John McCron impressively prayed and 
Mayor Swann spoke on behalf of the city. 
The set oration was delivered by Judge 
John C. Legrand, a connection of AIcCo- 
mas; it was not an oration to inspire the 
audience and failed to do so. 

Six miles from Baltimore, on the spot 
where the advance party under Major Up- 
ton Heath met the advance party of the 
British under General Ross, who was by a 
collision of the forces killed, is another of 
Baltimore's monuments. It is intended to 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



perpetuate the memory of Aquilla Ran- 
dall, who fell there. The Mechanicals 
Company, under Captain Benjamin C. 
Howard, marched to the ground, Monday, 
July 28, 1817. Colonel Heath, Colonel 
Barry, Major Stewart and others joined 
them there. The monument, under the su- 
pervision of Lieutenant Townson, of the 
company. The officers of the regiment, 
who were invited guests, and the men of 
the company, were drawn up in front of 
it and addressed by Captain Howard. Af- 
ter the oration three volleys of fire arms 
were fired over the monument. 

The following inscriptions appear. On 
the north side: 

"Sacred to the Memory of Aquilla Randall, 
who died in bravely defending his country and his 
home. On the memorable 12th of September. 
1814, Aged 24 years." 

On the south side : 

" How beautiful is death when earned by 
virtue." 

On the east side: 

" In the skirmish which occurred on this spot 
between the advanced party under Major Richard 
K Heath of the 5th Regiment. M. M. and the 
front of the British column Major General Ross, 
The Commander of the British Forces Received 
his Mortal wound." 

On the west side: 

" The First Mechanical Volunteers commanded 
by Captain Benjamin C Howard. In the 5th 
Regiment. M. M. Have erected this monument as 



a tribute of their respect for the 
gallant brothers in arms." 

For a long time the monument, which 
stands in the middle of the country road, 
was uncared for. It is now watched over 
and sacredly guarded by a lady owning the 
tavern on the roadside opposite to which it 
stands. The marble has been painted white 
to prevent its crumbling, the lettering hav- 
ing been traced in black. 

On Broadway, opposite the building in 
which Edgar Allan Poe died, stands the 
Odd Fellows Monument. It is fifty-two 
feet in height and is intended to perpetuate 
the name and fame of Thomas Wildey, the 
founder of the order which he instituted 
in America. The base of the monument is 
surmounted by a Doric column, which is 
in turn surmounted by a statue representing 
the care of orphanage. 

On an elevation, in the grounds of the 
Samuel Ready Institute, on North avenue, 
is a shaft constructed out of brick and cov- 
ered over with cement, which is in the 
neighborhood of sixty feet in height. It is 
claimed to be the first monument erected 
in the United States to Columbus. A 
doubt has been advanced to mar the gen- 
uineness of the claim, it being said that the 
former owner of the estate was a famous 
horseman and buried a favorite steed 
named Columbus upon the spot now mark- 
ed bv this statelv monument. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 
Biographical Sketches. 



A Biographical Sketch of Mr. A. Leo 

Knott, with a Brief Review of the 
Political Condition of Mary- 
land FROM 1 86 1 to 1 868. 

Mr. A. Leo Knott is a native of Frederick 
county, Maryland. He received the first 
rudiments of a classical education in St. 
John's College, Frederick, an institution 
of learning founded and conducted by the 
Jesuits and of considerable note and promi- 
nence in its day. 

On the removal of his family to Baltimore 
he entered St. Mary's College in this city. 
This College was founded in 1791 by the 
celebrated Sulpician Order of French 
Catholic Priests, who had taken refuge in 
Maryland from the storms of the French 
Revolution. From this institution, after a 
six years' course, Mr. Knott was graduated 
with honor; and he subsequently received 
from it the degree of A. M. St. Mary's Col- 
lege enjoyed a high reputation among the 
educational establishments of our country, 
and numbered among its alumni some of 
the most distinguished citizens of our own 
State, as the late Archbishop Eccleston, 
Governors Bradford and Bowie, the Hon. 
S. Teackle Wallis, Hon. J. H. B. Latrobe, 
Hon. Frederick W. Pinkney, Hon. Re- 
verdy Johnson, Jr., as well of other States as 
Governor Roman, Hon. Charles W. Villere, 
of Louisiana, and Hon. Donelson S. Cafifrey, 
now United States Senator from that State. 

.After his graduation Mr. Knott entered 



on the study of the Law in the office of the 
late Hon. William Schley, a lawyer of emi- 
nent standing in his profession and of exten- 
sive practice. While pursuing his profes- 
sional studies Mr. Knott found it necessary 
to devote a portion of his time to teaching. 
He was for a period of two years assistant 
professor of Greek and Mathematics in his 
Alma Mater, and subsequently established 
and for some time conducted a classical 
school near St. John's Church, in Howard 
county, known as the Howard Latin School. 
Admitted to the bar of Baltimore he 
formed a partnership with Mr. James H. 
Bevans, which was dissolved after an ex- 
istence of two years, since which time Mr. 
Knott has continued in the practice of his 
profession in this city, with the e.xception of 
a brief interval when he filled an important 
office in the city of Washington. In 1867 
he was nominated by the Democratic party 
as its candidate for the responsible position 
of State's Attorney for Baltimore City, and 
was elected without opposition. He dis- 
charged the duties of this office with such 
fidelity and acceptance that in 1871 he was 
renominated and re-elected for a second 
term of four years, and again renominated 
and re-elected for a third term in 1875. 
While holding this office Air. Knott tried 
many important cases, both of a civil and a 
criminal character; some of them involving- 
interesting and important questions of con- 
i^titutional law. among them the question of 




^c. ^^.^ /5^W^^^^-^^ 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



53'! 



the constitutionality of the law of Maryland, 
taxing the bonds of other States and of mu- 
nicipalities without the State held by our 
citizens: the constitutionality of which was 
upheld in the Court of Appeals and in the 
Supreme Court of the United States; and 
also the question of the constitutionality of 
the laws passed by Congress to enforce the 
XIV and X\' amendments to the Constitu- 
tion, then recently declaimed as adopted and 
which were known as the Force Bill. In a 
letter dated Ann Harbor, November ii, 

1879, written to Mr. Knott by Judge 
Thomas Cooley, that eminent jurist and 
writer on constitutional law expressed his 
approval of several of the points made by 
Mr. Knott in a brief in the case of State of 
Maryland vs. Snyder and others in the 
United States Circuit Court before Judge 
Bond against the constitutionality of the 
provisions of the Fore 2 Bill imposing on 
Federal Judges the duty of appointing 
supervisors of election and superintending 
their conduct in the discharge of the duties 
as supervisors, on the ground that these 
provisions did not prescribe any judicial 
duty or function either at common law or 
under the grant of judicial power contained 
in the Second Section of Article III of the 
Constitution, and that they were an usur- 
pation of the appointing power vested ex- 
clusively in the President by the Second 
Section of Article II of the same instru- 
ment. 

Upon his retirement from this office in 

1880, he resumed the general practice of his 
profession. In 1882 the nomination for a 
seat on the Bench of Baltimore City was of- 
fered him by the Independent party on what 
was then known as the New Judge ticket, 
but this nomination was declined bv him. 



In political views and sympathies IMr. 
Knott has always been a consistent mem- 
ber of the regular Democratic party; though 
sometimes in local elections, and when the 
principles and policies of the party of his 
choice were not in issue, he has exercised 
his rights as a citizen and supported inde- 
pendent nominations; of these vital princi- 
ples and policies, however, he has been in 
National and State elections a firm and an 
undeviating supporter. 

In 1859 he took part in the reform move- 
ment in this city which culminated in the 
deliverance of our State and City from the 
hands of the Know-Nothing party. In the 
memorable campaign of i860, Mr. Knott 
first took an active part in politics. Seeing 
the division of his party on the issues raised 
in the Democratic National Convention, 
which assembled in Charleston, in April, 
i860, inevitable, he determined to investi- 
gate and decide for himself on which side 
the right lay and whither duty called him. 
For this purpose he made several visits to 
Washington in the interval between the ad- 
journment of the convention at Charleston 
and its reassembling in Baltimore and 
listened to the discussions in the Senate on 
the famous resolutions reported by the 
Committee of Thirteen on the subject of 
slavery in the Territories, the rights of the 
people of the States therein, and the policy 
pursued by the Democratic party with rela- 
tion to this exciting question. He was pres- 
ent at the great debate between Judge 
Douglas and his celebrated antagonists, 
Mr. Davis, Mr. Benjamin and Mr. Toombs. 
He became convinced that whatever might 
be the abstract right of secession — if there 
were any such right at all under the Consti- 
tution — the circumstances of the situation 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



and of the country did not justify or call for 
its exercise; that the attempt could only lead 
to civil war and bloodshed ; and that the se- 
cession of the Southern States from the 
Democratic party meant, and must neces- 
sarily by the irresistible logic of events lead 
to, the secession of those States from the 
Union. On the split in the Democratic 
party, which subsequently took place at the 
Front Street Theatre, Baltimore, (where 
Mr. Knott was in attendance as a member of 
the Committee of Arrangements on the part 
of the Democratic City Convention) he ac- 
tively and warmly espoused the cause of 
Judge Douglas, not only as the regular 
Democratic nominee entitled to the support 
of the party, but because he believed that 
nominee best represented the principles and 
traditions of the Democratic party: and for 
the further reason that the election of Judge 
Douglas would constitute the only barrier 
against disunion and civil war. But the dis- 
ruption of the Democratic party at Balti- 
n'.ore had assured the success of the Re- 
publican candidate. Mr. Lincoln was 
elected. And then in rapid succession trans- 
pired those events which every student of 
history, every intelligent inquirer into the 
motives and springs of human conduct, 
every impartial observer of events, who 
could keep his mind free from the heats and 
rlelusions of the hour, foresaw would hap- 
pen. The Southern States, one after the 
other, with the exception of the border 
States, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and 
Missouri, passed ordinances of secession 
and went out of the Union ; the Government 
of the Confederate States was launched into 
being at Montgomery, Ala.. an<! war 
between the States was begun, .\fter the 



war became flagrant, however, and the 
choice lay between the belligerent North 
and the belligerent South, Mr. Knott's feel- 
ings and sympathies were with his State 
and section, whatever may have been the 
inclinations of his judgment as to the ulti- 
mate result of the conflict, and he declined 
to unite with the Republican, or as it was 
then designated in Maryland, the Uncon- 
ditional L nion party. He felt convinced 
that, whatever might be the professions 
then put forth by that party, or the patriotic 
motives which might inspire its members, 
the course of events then rapidly develop- 
ing would sweep that party sooner or later 
on to a course of policy and to the adoption 
of measures towards the Southern States, 
outside of the Constitution, and which 
neither his judgment nor his conscience 
could approve. Events justified this con- 
viction. 

It was believed by many at the time, that, 
if peace could be preserved for ninety days, 
and the people of both sections have time 
and opportunity fully to realize the gravity 
of the situation into which they had been 
plunged by rash and intemperate leaders: 
" Daring pilots in extremity. 

Pleased with the danger, when the waves went 
high ;" 
they would repudiate that leadership, and 
war with its inevitable horrors would be 
averted, and the Union preserved. 

I'.ut the extremists on both sides were 
eager to precipitate the conflict: the ultra se- 
cessionists, in the belief that the firing of the 
first gun would sunder forever the bonds of 
the Union: the abolitionists, that it would 
prove the death-knell of slavery. Wide as 
the poles ajiart on every other public ques- 



rORY OF BALTIMORE, ilARYLAND. 



tion, these two parties, numbering but a 
small faction of the whole people, were one 
in the sentiment that a blow must be struck. 
They were gratified; but at what a cost of 
blood and treasure! Events demonstrated 
that the abolitionists were wiser and more 
far-seeing in their forecast of the results of 
the conflict. For after aJl with them were 
the irresistible tendencies of the times, 
the deep irreversible drift and current of 
public sentiment throughout the civilized 
and Christian world ; whatever might be the 
political considerations and commercial in- 
terests which might for a time be arrayed 
on the other side. 

I. 

The Revival and Reorganization of 

THE De.mocratic Party in 

Maryland in 1864. 

The Adoption of the Constitution of 1S64. 

In 1864, the Democratic party of Mary- 
land, which had been suppressed by the 
Federal troops during the Civil War, was 
reorganized under the leadership of ex- 
Gov. Thomas G. Piatt, Judge Richard B. 
Carmichael, Col. John F. Dent, Oliver Mil- 
ler, Oden Bowie, Col. James T. Briscoe and 
others, at a meeting held in the city of An- 
napolis in February of that year. At this 
meeting Mr. Knott was present by invita- 
tion and took part in its deliberations. A 
committee was formed to carry out the 
purposes of the meeting. This committee 
afterward became merged in a State Central 
Committee to take charge of the interests of 
the Democratic party of the State, of which 
committee Col. (afterwards Gov.) Oden 
Bowie was made chairman and Mr. Knott 



was appointed secretary. This committee, 
which gradually attracted to its active mem- 
bership many of the most distinguished 
Democrats of the State, aimed: First, to 
prevent, if possible, the success at the polls 
of the call for a convention to frame a new 
Constitution for the State. A bill providing 
for the submission of such a call to the peo- 
ple was then pending in the Legislature and 
was, as anticipated, subsequently passed by 
that body. This measure was opposed by 
the Democratic party on the grounds that 
no fair election could be held under the cir- 
cumstances in which the State was placed; 
that the convention, if assembled, would not 
represent the sentiments or interests of the 
people, but rather the passions and antagon- 
isms engendered by the conflict of arms in 
the midst of which we were: that the politi- 
cal disabilities, which had already been im- 
posed on the people by legislative enact- 
ment and military authority, would, there 
was reason to believe, be incorporated in 
the organic law which would be framed by 
that convention, and that the Constitution 
of the State, which should be the inviolable 
charter of a people's rights, would thus be 
perverted into a permanent instrument of 
tyranny and oppression. 

Secondly: To put the Democratic party 
of the State in full accord with the Demo- 
cratic party of the country as constituting 
the only safeguard of the rights, liberties 
and interests of the people, seriously men- 
aced by the radical and revolutionary influ- 
ences which had secured the supreme con- 
trol of the Republican party. This object 
derived additional significance from the con- 
sideration that events now- portended the ul- 
timate, if not speedy, overthrow of the Con- 
federate government. 



HISTORY OF •BALTIMORE, MARVLAXD. 



Thirdly: In the event of the adoption of 
the proposed Constitution by the disfran- 
chisement of its opponents, to begin at 
once an agitation against the prescriptive 
features and political disabilities which the 
friends and advocates of that measure open- 
ly avowed it was their intent and purpose 
to insert in the instrument, and which were 
inserted according to their program, and to 
prepare the public mind at some time in the 
near future, either for an entire change of 
the organic law or for the removal of its 
proscriptive and obnoxious provisions. 

In the first of these objects this commit- 
tee failed. Their efforts to bring out a full 
vote against the call for a convention and 
subsequently against the adoption by the 
people of the Constitution, which was the 
offspring of that body, were frustrated by 
the simple but effective expedient of dis- 
franchising a large part of the Democratic 
vote of the State. 

On the nth of June, 1864, Mr. Knott as 
secretary of the committee appointed at An- 
napolis, published in the daily papers of Bal- 
timore a call addressed to the Democratic 
\( iters of tlie city, requesting them to meet 
in their respective wards, and to send five 
delegates from each ward to a City Conven- 
tion to be held at Rechabite Hall. Among 
otl-.er business it was the duty of this con- 
vention, when assembled, to send a delega- 
tion to represent the city in the Democratic 
State Convention, called under the same au- 
thority, to meet in Baltimore on the i6th of 
June. It was the first call issued to the 
Democratic party of the .State since the 
beginning of the war. 

Both the City and State Conventions as- 
sembled in pursuance of this call and were 
fullv attended. This Citv Convention met 



at 5 o'clock in the afternoon at Rechabite 
Hall, on the corner of Gay and Fayette 
streets. That hour was selected because it 
was not deemed safe or prudent under exist- 
ing conditions to hold the meeting in the 
evening. Dr. John Morris presided, and 
among the members of the convention were 
William Kimmel, Albert Ritchie,J.A.L.Mc- 
Ckire, Edward J. Chaisty, Jr., John T. Gray, 
Mr. Joseph S. Heuisler, Augustus Albert, 
J. Q. A. Robson, John Strible, Dr. Milton 
N. Taylor, Jesse Morrison, William Black, 
George F. Thompson, James E. Carr, Rob- 
ert Renwick, William H. Perkins, James R. 
Brewer, Bartholomew Smith and Samuel I. 
Smith. The State Convention met at the 
New Assembly Rooms on the corner of 
Hanover and Lombard streets; Col. Oden 
Bowie was chairman. The latter body sent 
a delegation to represent the Democracy of 
the State in the National Democratic Con- 
vention, w^hich was to meet in Chicago on 
August 27, 1864. Mr. Knott was a dele- 
gate to these three, City, State and National 
Conventions. He took an active part in 
their respective proceedings and was chair- 
man ol a local committee for Baltimore 
City appointed by the State Convention. 

The National Convention nominated Gen. 
George B. McClellan and Hon. George H. 
Pendleton as the candidates of the Demo- 
cratic party for the offices of President and 
Vice-President of the United States. For 
reasons growing out of the action of General 
McClellan in our State at the beginning of 
the war, in carrying out the orders of the 
President for the arrest of several distin- 
guished citizens of our State, holding at 
the time official positions, a most arbitrary 
and high-handed proceeding, his nomina- 
tion was unacceptable to some of the Demo- 



HlSTcJRY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



541 



crats of the State: and several gentlemen 
who had taken part in the movement now 
fell away from it. But the Democratic State 
Convention, which assembled in Baltimore 
on the 29th of September, ratified these 
nominations with great unanimity. Subse- 
quently on the 28th of October, 1864, an- 
other Democratic State Convention met in 
Baltimore and put an electoral ticket and 
full State ticket in the field. At the head of 
the electoral ticket were the Hon. Wjlliam 
Schley, of Baltimore, and John R. Franklin, 
of Somerset. 

Hon. Ezekiel F. Chambers, of Kent 
county, was nominated as the Democratic 
candidate for Governor and Hon. Oden 
Bowie, of Prince George county, as candi- 
date for Lieutenant Governor, and Hon. 
Bernard Carter as Attorney General, and 
H. Lingen Jarrett, Comptroller. At a Dis- 
trict Convention held in Baltimore on the 
29th of October, 1864. Mr. Knott was nomi- 
nated as the Democratic candidate for Con- 
gress for the Third Congressional district. 
Early in October an active canvass had al- 
ready been begun in support of the candi- 
dates of the Democratic party for Presi- 
dent and Vice-President, and also for 
the purpose of arousing and concentrating 
public sentiment against the Constitution, 
which had just been framed by the 
State Convention, and which was to be 
submitted to the people, at an election 
specially provided in that instrument to 
be held in the city of Baltimore on 
the 1 2th day of October, 1864. and in the 
counties on the 12th and 13th days of the 
same month. The campaign now proceeded 
with additional spirit and vigor. The State 
was then under military rule, and both the 
State and City governments were wholly in 



the possession of the Republican party. For 
these reasons, though it was a well-known 
fact, and conceded even by the very violence 
of the measures resorted to defeat it, that the 
Democratic party was in a majority in both 
State and City the outlook was not encour- 
aging. But a duty was to be performed 
without regard to results, and under circum- 
stances the most adverse a gallant fight was 
made. 

Meetings were called and the city and 
State partially canvassed. But mobs fre- 
quently dispersed these meetings and as- 
sailed the citizens who attended them. The 
offices of several Democratic newspapers 
were raided by soldiers, the property de- 
stroyed and their editors arrested and im- 
prisoned. Some of these gentlemen were 
sent beyond the lines; others compelled to 
take oath of allegiance and to give security 
against the publication of unauthorized 
news of the army movements or of what was 
then termed "disloyal sentiments." What 
were "disloyal sentiments" was not defined 
by any law or left to be determined by judi- 
cial tribunals. The definition of the phrase 
lay altogether in the breast of the commander 
of the military department, to be applied by 
him in each case as he thought fit, or of the 
Secretary of State, or of War, or of the Pro- 
vost-Marshal, or of a policeman sometimes, 
or of an informer who always wore the cap 
of invisibility and consequently of irrespon- 
sibility; he might be your dearest friend or 
your dearest enemy. There was a notable 
instance of this sort of partisan violence in 
the case of a Democratic mass meeting at- 
tempted to be held at Maryland Institute 
Hall, Baltimore, on the 4th of November, 
1864. There was a large attendance. Gen. 
Lewis Wallace (he of Ben Hur fame) was 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



then ill command of the miUtar}' depart- 
ment. Induced, it was said by information 
given him by some local politicians as to the 
character and objects of the meeting, he had 
ordered a company of Federal soldiers to 
take possession of an armory (situated on 
the corner of Baltimore and Frederick 
streets and belonging to avolunteer military 
oganization of the city). About 8 o'clock, 
just as the meeting was called to order by 
Mr. (now Judge) Albert Ritchie, the chair- 
man, some of these soldiers mingled with 
the mob, which wholly unchecked by the 
police, of which there was a large number 
scattered thrdugh the audience, broke into 
the Hall and quickly dispersed the meeting. 
Some of the ofiticers and speakers of the 
meeting were compelled to seek safety by 
escaping by means of a rope from the rear 
hatchway of the Institute on Second street. 
Two of the gentlemen who made their exit 
from the Hall in this suddenly improvised 
manner received painful injuries. 

The absurd story reported to have been 
told General Wallace on this occasion, was 
that those who got up the meeting intended 
to seize this armory and the guns and am- 
munition stored in it and attack the United 
States forces then garrisoning the city with 
the view of creating a diversion of troops 
from the Army of the Potomac, and thus aid 
the cause of the rebellion. It is almost im- 
possible to believe that General Wallace 
could have l^een imposed upon by so trans- 
parent and preposterous a falsehood which 
\N()ul(I seem to have exceeded the utmost 
i)ounds of credulity. Hut in those days of 
internecine strife and civil confusion there 
was no invention of fear or malice too ab- 
surd for belief l)y those who wished to be- 
lieve and who at the same time wished to 



make that belief the ground of political 
proscription. It is more credible that he 
may have thought it better to allay in this 
manner the apprehensions of his informants 
and their friends, whose patriotism or timid- 
ity was continually getting the better of 
their good sense and veracity, as well as on 
his part, perhaps, out of abundant caution, 
to take the proverbial ounce of prevention 
by seizing this armory and allowing his sol- 
diers to lend a hand in the dispersion of an 
alleged "disloyal" meeting. 

The Constitution was defeated by the peo- 
ple of the State, the majority against it being 
two thousand. But that instrument con- 
tained a provision directing the taking of the 
votes of the Maryland troops in the field. It 
is needless to say on which side that vote 
was reported to be cast. It took ten days to 
collect and return the soldiers' vote. On the 
24th of October the final returns of this 
vote were announced to be twenty-two 
hundred and ninety-four for the convention 
and seventy-six against it. This wiped out 
the popular or home majority against the 
Constitution and left a small majority in its 
favor. The Constitution further provided 
that if the Governor, to whom the returns 
were to be made, was satisfied that the Con- 
stitution had been ratified, he should also 
declare by proclamation, in order that the 
Constitution should go into effect on the 
1st day of November, 1864. 

A sub-committee of the Democratic State 
Central Committee, of which Judge Cham- 
bers was chairman, had in the meantime 
called on Governor Bradford and filed with 
him a remonstrance and protest against 
counting the soldiers' vote on the ground 
tiiat under the Constitution of 1851, still the 
existing fundamental law, no election could 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



543 



be held outside of the State; that voters 
must cast their ballots at the polling places 
of their legal residences; that the new Con- 
stitution could not confer these privileges 
claimed for the soldiers since that instru- 
ment had not yet been adopted by the 
people, and might never be adopted; and 
on the additional ground that there were 
many and manifest frauds and irregu- 
larities in the returns of the soldiers' vote; 
and the committee demanded an oppor- 
tunity to inspect and canvass these returns. 
Hon. William Schley, I. Nevett Steele and 
Thomas S. Alexander appeared for the 
Democratic State Central Committee before 
the Governor; Hon. Henry Winter Davis 
and Mr. Henry Stockbridge represented the 
Republican party. The protest was una- 
vailing. A Democratic State Convention 
which met in Baltimore on October 28th, 
and of which Col. Oden Bowie was chair- 
man and Mr. Knott secretary, protested 
against the action of Governor Bradford 
but in vain. On the 29th of October the 
Governor issued his proclamation declaring 
the ratification of the Constitution by the 
people; the vote being thirty thousand, one 
hundred and seventy-four for the Constitu- 
tion and twenty-nine thousand, seven hun- 
dred and ninety-nine against it ; the majority 
being the very narrow one of three hundred 
and seventy-five. The deed, involving the 
wholesale spoliation of the rights of prop- 
erty, the impoverishment of thousands of 
our fellow-citizens and the disfranchisement 
of a majority of the voters of the State, was 
consummated. It is due to truth and can- 
dor to add in this connection, and the fact 
should be put on record, that but for the 
conduct of some Democrats in Baltimore 
City of note and prominence, some of them 



the eager, solicitous and successful aspirants 
for the offices and honors of the party in 
the days of its former prosperity and who 
became such aspirants again after its restor- 
ation to power in 1867, this Constitution 
would have been defeated ; and the people of 
the State spared the long and arduous strug- 
gle which ensued for the recovery of their 
political rights. Some of these gentlemen 
not content with declining all participation 
in the movement which had been set on foot 
without their consent, exerted their influ- 
ence to deter others from entering into it, 
and unfortunately in many instances with 
success. This extraordinary conduct, so 
little to be looked for considering the 
political antecedents of these gentlemen, 
was in marked contrast with the uniform 
conduct of the Democrats throughout the 
counties who gave that movement their ac- 
tive and energetic support. 

The Presidential and State election took 
place on Tuesday, November 8th, under the 
new Constitution thus proclaimed as 
adopted. The Fourth Section of Article I 
of this instrument was a wholesale bill of 
pains and penalties, of exclusions and pro- 
scriptions against the Democratic voters of 
the State. This section provided that "No 
person who has at any time been in armed 
hostility to the United States, or the lawful 
authorities thereof, or who has been in any 
manner in the service of the so-called "Con- 
federate States of America" and no person 
who has voluntarily left this State and gone 
within the military lines of the so-called 
"Confederate States of America" with the 
purpose of adhering to said States and 
armies, and no person zulw had gk'cn any aid. 
comfort, countenance or support to those en- 
gaged in armed Iwstility to the United States, 



544 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



or in any nianticr adhered to the enemies of the 
United States either by contributing to the 
enemies of the United States or unlawfully 
sending within the lines of such enemies 
money, or goods, or letters, or information, or 
who has disloyally held communication with the 
enemies of the United States, or who has ad- 
vised any person to enter the service of said 
enemies, or aided any person so to enter, or who 
has by any open deed or word declared his ad- 
hesion to the cause of the enemies of the United 
States, or his desire for the triumph of said 
enemies over the arms of the United States, 
shall ever be entitled to zvte at any election to 
be held in this State, or to hold any office of 
honor, profit or trust under the laivs of this 
State,un]ess since such unlawful acts he shall 
have voluntarily entered into the military 
service of the United States, and been hon- 
orably discharged therefrom, or shall be on 
the day of election actually and voluntarily in 
such service, or unless he shall be restored to 
his full rights of citizenship by an Act of the 
General Assembly passed by a vote of two- 
thirds of all the members elected to each House; 
and it shall be the duty of all officers of Regis- 
tration and Judges of Election carefidly to ex- 
clude from voti)ig or being registered, all per- 
sons so as above disqualiiied; and the 
Judges of Election at the first elec- 
tion under this Constitution shall and 
at any suljsequent election may ad- 
'minister to any person offering to vote 
the following oath or affirmation: I 
do swear or affirm that I am a citizen of the 
United States, that I have never given any 
aid, countenance or support to those in aimed 
hostility to the United Stales: that I have never 
expressed a desire for the triumph of said 
enemies over the arms of the United States, 
* * * and I make this oath or affirmation 



ivithoid any reservation or evasion, and believe 
it to be binding on me; and any person declining 
to take such oath shall not be allozved to vote, 
but the taking of such oath shall not be deemed 
conclusive evidence of the right of such person 
to vote; and any person swearing or affirming 
falsely shall be liable to the penalty of perjury. 

Section 7 and Section 8 of Article I were 
equally severe in their proscriptive require- 
ments. By Section 7 it was required that 
"Every person elected or appointed to any 
office of trust or profit under this Constitu- 
tion or under the laws made pursuant 
thereto, before he shall enter upon the du- 
ties of such office shall take and subscribe 
the "an oath or affirmation" which required 
the affiant among other things to declare 
"That I have never directly or indirectly, by 
word, act or deed, given aid. comfort or en- 
couragement to those in rebellion against 
the United States." By Section 8 it was 
provided that "Every person holding any 
office of trust or profit under the late Con- 
stitution or under any law of this State who 
shall be continued in office under this Con- 
stitution or under any law of the State shall 
within thirty days after this Constitution 
shall have gone into effect take the oath set 
forth in Section 7 of this Article," and on 
failure to do so his office was declared ipso 
facto vacant. 

It is manifest from these sections that it 
was the intent and purposes of their authors 
to exclude forever, or so long as the constitu- 
tion they were framing slioidd endure, all 
persons who had committed the acts or 
entertained or expressed the sentiments, 
denounced in these sections, from all share 
and participation whatever in the political 
government of the State, and thereby to 
secure and perpetuate the rule and su- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



545 



premacv of the Republican party. With 
the malignant and painstaking industry of 
inquisitors they sought to probe the con- 
science of the voter and to compel him un- 
der the penalties of perjury to disclose and 
lay bare his inmost thoughts and to make 
such disclosures thus forced from him 
matters of crimination and exclusion 
against him. One reads these sections now 
with amazement. Democrats of that day 
also read them with amazement, not un- 
mingled, however, with fear and appre- 
hension. The authors of these disqualify- 
ing and expurgatory clauses seem to have 
gone back two or three centuries, to the 
days of civil and religious intolerance for 
examples and precedents. They read like 
sections frorr the penal statutes of England 
or of a decree of the Parliament of Paris, 
or of an edict of Philip II. of Spain, ui the 
sixteenth century. The terms employed 
are as broad and comprehensive "as the 
casing air," as the most searching and ma- 
lignant ingenuity could suggest or the 
English language could furnish. But this 
was not all. They were open to the widest 
and wildest expansion by construction at 
the hands of the officers of the Registration 
and Judges of Election in their discretion. 
These officers charged with the administra- 
tion of a law on which depended the dearest 
rights of freeman, but selected for their 
notorious and unscrupulous partisanship, 
were instructed in these sections not to re- 
gard as conclusive the oath taken by the 
voter, but to go beyond it in their inquisi- 
tions into his mind and conscience. All the 
dictates of humanity, all the ties of natural 
love and afifectipn, all the r,weet and sooth- 
ing offices of friendship were reprobated 
and ruthlessly aimed at and stricken down 



by these provisions. It was well known 
that thousands of the citizens of Maryland 
had fathers, brothers, sons or friends in the 
armies of the Confederate States. By any 
communication with these relatives or 
friends, by any "aid or comfort" given 
them, by any expression of a wish for their 
safety, or success when they stood on "the 
perilous edge of battle," the party so of- 
fending contracted the deadly guilt of dis- 
loyalty, and incurred as a consequence the 
loss forever of all his political rights and 
privileges. A system of espionage, a body 
of informers was necessary to round out 
and complete this constitutional bulwark 
against "incivism," as the "terrorists" of 
the French Revolution characterized such 
acts of love and friendship, nor were these 
wanting, as many a Democratic voter of 
that time could bear witness. 

That the officers of registration and 
Judges of Election were willing and pre- 
pared to execute these provisions of the 
Constitution in the vindictive spirit in which 
they were conceived was abundantly dem- 
onstrated. 

At the meeting of the Judges of Election 
of the city of Baltimore held on Friday, No- 
vember 4, 1864, it was on motion of one Mr. 
E. L. Thomas among other things unani- 
mously resolved : 

/. That the simple taking of the oath should 
not be deemed conclusive evidence of the lovalty 
of the party (i. e. applicant to vote). 

2. That the judges be instructed to put such 
other questions to voters outside of the oath as 
shall satisfy them that the party offering to vote 
is not a rebel or a rebel sympathiser. 

_•?. That the judges be requested to commit 
to the custody of the police any person offering 
lo z'otc zclw ill their opinion had szvorn falsely. 



546 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, ilARYLAND. 



It will be seen that these resolutions went 
far beyond the requirements of the fourth 
Section of Article I of the Constitution, se- 
vere as they are in their denunciations; they 
outraged all law and every sentiment of jus- 
tice. Under their operation the unfortu- 
nate Democratic voter was indeed "put to the 
quest ion" as that term was employed by Tor- 
quenmnda and his familiars, or by the min- 
isters of the penal laws in the reigns of Eliza- 
beth and James the First. 

Mr. Thomas, the State's Attorney at that 
time, was present and advocated the adop- 
tion of these resolutions. One of the judges, 
a Reverend Mr. Jarboe not only supported 
the resolutions and bestowed his benedic- 
tion in advance on the political autos da fc 
of Democrats proposed to be celebrated on 
the ensuing election day, but offered an ad- 
ditional resolution of so stringent and ex- 
treme a character, however, that it shocked 
even the callous sensibilities of the laymen 
I)resent and they left his resolution to be 
acted on by the judges in their discretion. 

There were, according to report, out of 
the two hundred and forty Judges of Elec- 
tion just exactly seventy present at this 
meeting, but the absent Judges on the day 
of election acted on these resolutions, so 
that they may be regarded as the accepted 
and authoritative exposition of the 4th Sec- 
tion of Article I of — the creed of the Re- 
publican party. Mr. Lincoln was returned 
as having received a vote of fourteen thou- 
sand eight hundred and thirty-four against 
a vote of two thousand seven hundred and 
seventy-six for (K-neral McClcllan, the to- 
tal vote of the city being onlv seventeen 
thousand six hundred and ten. 

As the total vote of the city of lialtimore 
in the Presidential election of 1860 four 



years before, when every voter exercised 
his right without fear or favor, was thirty 
thousand one hundred and fifty-five, and as 
the total vote in 1867, three years after his 
election, when there was, as is known and 
admitted, a thoroughly fair and honest ex- 
pression of public sentiment, was twenty- 
four thousand seven hundred and fifty-six 
— the Democratic majority being fifteen 
thousand and fifty-six — we may form some 
estimate of the number of Democratic vot- 
ers of the city of Baltimore disfranchised in 
the election of 1864. 

The Republicans carried their electoral 
and State tickets by five thousand majority 
in the State. Outside of the city they were 
defeated. The election on the adoption or 
rejection of the Constitution in the previous 
October had gone against them on the 
popular vote. They were put on their 
guard by this result so unexpected on their 
part, and which had made them iiustle in 
tlie camps and among the camp followers to 
overcome it. They realized that to a party 
in the minority the unscrupulous exercise 
of power is the price of success. 

It was some time after admitted to the 
writer of this sketch by a distinguished gen- 
tleman once high in the councils of the Re- 
publican party and of the country, that the 
Democrats carried the State at this election, 
and also defeated the Constitution in Octo- 
ber; but that the imperious necessities of the 
war, the rule, Sains rcipublicae suprcina lex 
— a maxim often perverted to the worst pur- 
poses of tyranny, to the overthrow more fre- 
(juentl)' than to the salvation, of republics — 
re(|uircd the defeat of (k-neral McClellan 
and the success in a non-seceding Southern 
State of a Constitution which abolished 
slavcrw .-Xn apprehension began to be felt 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. JIARYLAND. 



547 



lest the war should end without the total 
extinction of slavery. The emancipation 
proclamation of Mr. Lincoln of January i, 
1863, did not extend to the States of Dela- 
ware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri, 
which, though sflbjected to military rule, 
and to treatment as disloyal communities 
and to all the ravages of Civil War, had not 
passed acts of secession and made war 
against the Union. If therefore these 
States could be induced either voluntarily, 
or by the exertion of military constraint or 
political pressure to abolis'h that insinua- 
tion, it would be a great point gained and 
would relieve the country and the Repub- 
lican party from a grave and an embar- 
rassing situation in the future. Maryland 
was therefore to be constrained to point the 
way which the other three States must fol- 
low. 

Thus was the Democratic party of Mary- 
land after an interregnum of four years re- 
suscitated, and started again on a career, 
which though marked in its early stages by 
trials and defeats, was destined in the end 
to be crowned with success. 

II. 

Federal Interference in Maryland 
Elections — Mr. Lincoln's Con- 
nection WITH Emancipation 
in that State. 
That the interference of the Federal 
troops with the elections held in Maryland 
during the war, especiall\' in 1863 and 
and 1864. was authorized and sanctioned 
by President Lincoln is made clear by 
reference to the correspondence between 
the President and Governor Bradford on 
that subject to be found in the elaborate 
life of Mr. Lincoln by Mr. John Hay and 



Mr. John G. Nicolay, vol. 8. pages 450, 462, 
463. In order to understand fully the bear- 
ings and significance of this correspondence 
it is necessary to premise a few observa- 
tions on the political condition of the State 
at that period. 

The disruption of the Democrati.c party 
at Baltimore in i860, and the fact that the 
large majority of the voters of that party 
supported the Breckenridge-Lane ticket in 
the election of that year, had undoubtedly 
predisposed the minds of many in our State 
for the secession movement which took 
place immediately after that election, as a 
necessary consequence of that disruption. 
This disposition was further encouraged 
and strengthened by the visits of com- 
missioners from several of the Southern 
States and also by numerous public meet- 
ings held during the winter of 1860-1861 in 
Baltimore, notably at Maryland Institute 
Hall and Taylor's Hall, Fayette near Cal- 
vert street. At these meetings addresses 
of an passionate and exciting character 
were made by gentlemen, some of whom 
were frank and outspoken in favor of Mary- 
land casting her lot with her sister States of 
the South at once; while others had no other 
object in view than to spread their sails to 
the popular breeze, blow from what quarter 
soever it might, which promised to waft 
them into the safe and pleasant havens of 
office, to which they had become accus- 
tomed by long continued occupation. The 
latter class as is usual with the insincere 
and selfish were the more violent and intem- 
perate in their harangues. 

Unfortunately for themselves and still 
more so for their hearers, the standards by 
which these gentlemen were used to gauge 
public opinion were unequal to the task of 



548 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



measuring the great and profoundly preg- 
nant events, in the midst of which they all, 
unconsciously, were playingtheir little parts. 
While anticipating a prosperous voyage 
over a comparatively smooth sea only to be 
a little disturbed perhaps by the ripples of a 
shortlived agitation, they were suddenly 
struck by the awful storm of Civil War, and 
the places which had known them knew 
them no more — that is for six or seven 
years — until the storm had wholly abated, 
the waters of the deluge had gone down, 
and they felt the terra firma of assured offi- 
cial position safe under their feet. A majority 
of the people of the State were at the begin- 
ning of the war opposed to secession and so 
remained, there is every reason to believe, 
to its close. But a majority was equally 
opposed to the war made on the South, 
believing and rightfully believing, that a 
union achieved by force and cemented by 
blood was not the union formed by the 
founders of the government, and that the 
mere contemplation of such union would 
have been as abhorrent tO' those founders, 
as it was to themselves. In this belief the 
people of Maryland remained firm and con- 
stant without regard t" tin- iliic ^pun theo- 
ries and speculations ..i la\\\rr,-, aud politi- 
cians about the abstract right of secession on 
the one side, or about the constitutional duty 
to defend what was termed the nation's life 
on the other; but taking their ground on 
the broad principles of the Declaration, that 
all governments derive their just powers 
from c :nsent of the governed, and that 
when any government becomes destructive 
of the ends for which government is insti- 
tuted — the protection of the unalienable 
rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of hap- 
piness — it is the right of the people to alter 



or abolish such government and institute a 
new government. By the light of these 
great and indefeasible principles the people 
of Maryland could see no right or justice in 
the war between the States. 

But in times of civil commotion and in- 
ternecine strife reason and judgment, like 
the laws, are silent. In such times, 
" The genius and the mortal instruments 
Are then in council, and the state of man, 
Like to a little kingdom suffers then 
The nature of an insurrection," 
and the voice of passion and of tumult is 
alone heard. 

This attitude of the people brought upon 
our State first the censure, and then the 
active hostility of the administration at 
Washington. The State was promptly 
taken possession of by the military forces 
of the United States, a large number of its 
prominent citizens arbitrarily arrested and 
imprisoned: its legally constituted authori- 
ties either suppressed or permitted to dis- 
charge their duties and functions only in 
subordination to, and at the let and hind- 
rance of those forces. There was indeed a 
complete overthrow of all constitutional 
and legal government in Maryland, as much 
so as if the State had gone into the rebellion. 
A military rule was established whose chief 
officer was a Provost Marshal acting under 
orders from a Major General commanding 
the department. The liberty, the property, 
even the very lives of our citizens were at 
the discretion of an irresponsible personal 
dictatorship with an appeal only — not to 
the laws and established tribunals of the 
land, but to the President at Washing-ton 
or his Secretary of War. It is true after a 
while the ordinary civil tribunals when re- 
constructed in their personel by military 
force, and put in the hands of loyal men. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



549 



were permitted to relieve the militar)' 
authorities of a share of the responsibility to 
conduct the government; but it was only 
a permission extended, which at any time 
might be withdrawn if occasion required, 
or political or military necessity dictated. 
Such was the political condition of Mary- 
land during the war. As that war pro- 
gressed and the policy of the Republican 
party developed and became more and 
more pronounced in its hostility to the 
South and to the institution of slavery, 
division appeared in the ranks of that 
party here in Maryland. It became di- 
vided into two factions. One was known 
as "The Union party" simply; it was con- 
servative in character, was opposed to 
meddling with the institution of slavery 
in the State, and also to the high handed 
courses pursued by the Government in 
dealing with the loyal State authorities. It 
was headed by Governor Bradford, Hon. 
Thomas Swann, William H. Purnell, Edwin 
Webster. Mayor Chapman, C. C. Fulton. 
J. V. L. Findlay. The other faction went 
by the name of the "Unconditional Union 
party," and, as its name imparted, was 
radical and revolutionary in its chararcter. 
It favored and supported any and every 
measure favored and supported by the 
Government at Washington and deemed 
by that government necessary or ad- 
visable to suppress the rebellion. The 
leaders of this faction were Hon. Henry 
Winter Davis, J. A. J. Creswell, Judge 
Bond, Henry Howes Goldsborro, Arch- 
ibald Sterling, Jr., Henry Stockbridge, 
and it embraced a majority of the rank 
and file of the party especially in the 
counties. In obedience to the command 
of the authorities at Wa.shington, as well 



perhaps as in accordance with the convic- 
tions of some of its leaders, this party fa- 
vored the abolition of slavery in the State 
by constitutional action, and to this party 
for that reason Mr. Lincoln lent his all pow- 
erful influence. It was mainly on this issue 
of abolishing slavery in the State that the 
division had taken place. 

In November, 1863, an election was to be 
held for a State Comptroller and the Gen- 
eral Assembly of the State. It was im- 
portant for the radical faction to secure a 
majority in that body in order to enable it 
to carry oiit its policy of emancipation by 
passing a bill for calling a convention to 
frame a new Constitution for the State. 
This election furnished an opportunity for 
the two factions to make a trial of their 
strength. They each nominated a candi- 
date for Comptroller. The Conservative 
or Union candidate polled 15,982 votes; 
the Radical or Unconditional Union candi- 
date 36,360. The contest was quite bitter. 
The Radicals claimed to represent the 
wishes and to carry out the policy of the 
administration, and strange to say charged 
their opponents with a want of loyalty. 
Hon. Thomas Swann, chairman of the Re- 
publican State Central Committee, wrote a 
letter dated October 26, 1863, to President 
Lincoln, complaining that union z'otcrs had 
a susf^icion that the election umik! be at- 
tended zvith undue influence on the part of 
persons elainiing to represent the govern- 
ment. ]\Ir. Lincoln replied disclaiming any 
desire to interfere. In view of extracts from 
some of Mr. Lincoln's letters of about the 
same date hereafter given this disclaimer is, 
to say the least, a little singular. 

In October, 1863, a few weeks before the 
State election, Gen. Robert C. Schcnck, 



550 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



then Military Commander of the Depart- 
.nent of Marylantl, issued the following 
orders: 

1 . That provost marshals and other military 
officers should arrest disloyal persons found 
at or lianging around the. polls or plaees of 
election. 

2. That provost marshals and other inditary 
ofhccrs should support judges of election in 
recjuiri}ig an oath of allegiance to the UnUed 
States as a test of citizenship of any one, 
zuhose vote may be challenged on the ground 
that he is not loyal. [ 

3. That provost marshals and other military 
officers should report judges of election refus- 
ing to require such oaths. 

Vol. 8, Chap. XIX, 462, of Hay and 
Nicolay's Life of Lincoln. 

General Schenck had also informed the 
President by letter that the Union men in 
the State had assured him (Schenck) that 
they would not attend the polls or run a 
ticket without the assurance of military 
protection. Ibid, 463. 

And this demand for military protection 
at the polls was made at a time when the 
Union men of the State, conditional and 
unconditional alike, were proclaiming to the 
outside world that a great majority of the 
people of the State were cordially with them 
in sentiment and feelings; when the Na- 
tional State and City Governments with 
their vast machinery were wliolly on their 
hands, and every quarter of the State was 
occupied b"y United States troops. There 
was false representation in one or the other 
of these two wholly irreconcilable state- 
ments. 

The test of loyalty also became more 
severe and exacting in consecjuence of the 
division in the Republican party. To be 
deemed trulv loval it was no longer suffi- 



cient to take the oath of allegiance, to sup- 
port the Government, to vote supplies for 
the war, to urge its unrelenting prosecution 
until the last rebel in arms disappeared — 
killed or captured — to hold an office or to 
secure a contract. These were old and 
unsatisfactory criteria of loyalty. The very 
salt had lost its savor according to this new 
theory. The voter or the candidate had to 
be loyal according to the pattern pre- 
scribed at Washington, and that pattern 
was to obey orders received from the Cap- 
ital, through the Military Commander, or 

I the Provost Marshal, unargued and without 
(juestion. 

Governor Bradford was a thoroughly 
loyal citizen and Chief Magistrate, a sin- 
cere and an honorable gentleman. He had 
given abundant evidence of his devotion to 
the cause of the Union in his office, and was 
celebrated as one of the famous "War Gov- 
ernors." Yet he thus saw his authority 
summarily set aside and himself disparaged 
by these wholly illegal orders of a military 
commander from the State of Ohio. He 
bore it ill that he should thus be treated 
after all his services and sacrifices, and ad- 
dressed a communication to President Lin- 
coln, protesting against these orders as an 
usurpation and contempt of his authority 
and an insult to the people of the State. 
This appeal and protest met with a response 
from Mr. Lincoln in a reply dated Novem- 

I ber 2, 1863, which is to be found on pages 
462, 463 of Vol. 8 of Hay and Xicolay 
biography. In this letter the President 
fully appproved of and sustained, with but 
slight and wholly immaterial changes, the 
orders of General Schenck and thus made 
these orders his own. He says to Governor 
Bradford: "Your suggestion that nearly all 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



551 



the candidates are loyal, I do not think quite 
meets the case. In this struggle for the 
nation's life, I cannot so confidently rely on 
those whose election may have depended on 
disloyal I'otcs. Such men zchen elected may 
prove true, but such zvtes are given them 
in the expectation that they zvill prove false. 
Nor do I think that to keep the peace at the 
polls and to prevent the persistently disloyal 
from voting constitutes a just cause of offense 
to Maryland. If I mistake not, it is precisely 
what General Di.r;" — and here Mr. Lincoln 
administered a sly dig, a /;; quoque which ad- 
mitted of neither reply or response, to the 
Governor, anent his election three years be- 
fore over Gen. Benjamin C. Howard — 
"zdien your E.vcelleney zvas elected Governor 
in 1861." So sustained and upheld by Pres- 
ident Lincoln over and against the protest 
of the Governor of the State, a man of unim- 
peachable loyalty and of distinguished ser- 
vices in the Union cause, General Schenck 
and his provost marshals and "other military 
officers" conducted and supervised the elec- 
tions in Maryland in the fall of 1863, with 
the result that a large majority of the mem- 
bers elected to the Legislature were of the 
most radical character. 

Extreme measures were adopted during 
the ensuing session of that body of 1864. 
A registration act, bristling with pains and 
penalties, was passed, as was also a bill sub- 
mitting a call for a convention to frame a 
new Constitution for the State; and, to put 
the success of<this measure beyond all per- 
aflventure, every precaution was adopted 
that ingenuity could suggest to prevent the 
intrusion into the ballot box of Democratic 
votes against it. Indeed this was the crucial 
measure. To vote for the Bill and afterward 
to vote fo- the Constitution became the 



supreme and only test of loyahy. It made 
no difiference what might have been an in- 
dividual's services and sacrifices, though he 
had given all his substance to the cause of 
the Union and poured out his blood like 
water, he was but tinkling brass and a 
sounding cymbal, unless he gave his voice 
and his vote for the measure, for by this 
measure slavery was abolished in the State. 
It was for this reason that Mr. Lincoln gave 
this measure, and the party in the State that 
advocated it, his warm and active sympathy 
and support. Indeed his biographers claim 
for him the high merit of having "prompted" 
the whole movement. See Vol. 8, page 465, 
Hay and Nicolay's Life. 

That this is true admits of no doubt 
after reading the letter of Mr. Lincoln to 
^Ir. J. A. J. Cresswell, a distinguished 
leader of the radical wing of the party and 
a senator in Congress. In this letter, dated 
March 17, 1864, Mr. Lincoln says: "It 
needs not to be a secret that I rvish success 
emancipation in Maryland. It would aid much 
to end the Rebellion. Hence it is a matter of 
national consequence in which every national 
man may rightfully feel a deep interest. I 
sincerely hope the friends of the measure li'ill 
alloz\.' no minor consideration to divide and 
distract them." 

This was written while a bill for a con- 
vention was still pending in the Legislature, 
where it was fought with untiring zeal and 
courage by a small Spartan band of Demo- 
crats led by Oliver Miller of Anne Arundel, 
and Col. Jonn F. Dent of St. Mary's. 

After the convention had completed the 
task set it by the President, and its work, 
the Constitution, was before the people of 
the State for ratification or rejection, Mr. 
Lincoln, in answer to an invitation from 



552 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Hon. Henry W. Hoffman, then Collector 
of the Port of Baltimore, to send some 
word of encouragement to a meeting to be 
held in that city in favor of ratifying the 
Constitution, wrote a letter dated October 
10, 1864, in which he observed "that he only 
felt an interest in the provision in that instni- 
ment (the Constitution of 1864), abolishing 
slavery. I desire it on every consideration, 
and I shall be gratified exceedingly if the good 
people of the State shall by their votes ratify 
the Constitution." Vol. 8, page 467, Hay and 
Nicolay's Life. 

The biographers add: 

"The election proved one of the most 
closely contested elections during the war. 
Rigid provisions had been adopted to prevent 
disloyal persons from voting, end liberal pro- 
visions had been made for taking votes of 
Maryland soldiers on the question in the camps 
or stations zvhere they might be serving. The 
result of the vote was 30,174 for the Con- 
stitution, 29,799 against it. A majority of 
only 375 out of a vote of 60,000, a very 
narrow majority. But, however small was 
the majority by which the result was ob- 
tained, it was in entire harmony with the 
manifest popular will of the State; for within 
the succeeding month occurred the Presi- 
dential election of 1864 at which were cast 
40,152 votes for Mr. Lincoln, and 32,759 for 
McClellan, giving the President zulio had 
prompted and aided Stale onancipatinn a pop- 
tdar majority of 7,414. 

"This," continue the enthusiastic biogra- 
phers, "was a remarkable transformation." 
".\ remarkable transformation" indeed! 
How that transformation was brought 
about has already been shown in this rela- 
tion. By what wholesale exclusion of 
Democrats from voting in Baltimore City 



and in the western and middle counties of 
the State, by what arrests and intimidation 
of voters by the military authorities, by 
what fears aroused by General Schenck's 
orders, by what fraudulent manipulations of 
the returns of the soldiers" votes this "re- 
markable transformation" was effected is 
now known of all men, but the two collabo- 
rateurs of these ten bulky volumes. But 
for these instrumentalities of violence and of 
fraud, deliberately planned and provided by 
General Schenck in contempt of tlie au- 
thority of the Governor, and "against the 
peace, gcvernment and dignity of the 
State," and sanctioned by the highest au- 
thority in the country. President Lincoln, 
the Constitution of 1864, which disfran- 
chised forever two-thirds of the voters of the 
State, would have been overwhelmed under 
an avalanche of the honest votes of an indig- 
nant people, and General McClellan would 
have triumphantly carried the State. Out- 
rages innumerable were perpetrated in Bal- 
timore. To be known as a Democrat was 
sufficient proof of disloyalty. 

Let the story of one instance suffice as 
an illustration. Mr. Knott, the Demo- 
cratic candidate- for Congress from the 
Third District against General (now Judge) 
Charles E. Phelps, was challenged at his 
polling place. North Amity near Lexington 
.street, his vote rejected and a warrant made 
out for his arrest on the ground of disloy- 
alty, in that he vv"as in arms against the Gov- 
ernment on the loth of .Aprjl. 1861. The 
fact was that Mr. l-Cnott was, and had been 
from its formation, a member of the 33rd 
Regiment, wnich, together with the other 
military org-.mi7ations of the city, had been 
called into service to protect life and prop- 
erty by til.' express orders of Governor 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



553 



Hicks. The arrest was not carried out, 
however, owing to the kindly suggestions of 
one of the Judges, a Mr. Baughman, a 
neighbor and acquaintance of \h. Knott, 
thiat he knew several Union men who were 
in arms on that occasion, and, moreover, 
that it would not look well to arrest a Dem- 
ocratic candidate for Congress. 

Proceedings like these, carried on 
throughout the city and the State on the 
day of the Presidential election by the 
judges of election acting under the or- 
ders of the Provost Marshal, sufficiently 
account for "the remarkable transforma- 
tion" of a beggarly 375 majority for 
the Constitution on the 13th of October 
into a majority of 7.414 for Mr. Lincoln 
on the 4th day of November. 1864, and 
efifectttally dispose of the utterly fictitious 
claim that the result of the vote on the Con- 
stitution "was in entire harmony with the 
manifest popular will of the State." 

III. 

The Transactions of 1865 — Interview 
OF Democratic Committee with 

President Andrew Johnson. 
On the 19th day of July. 1865, a commit- 
tee representing the Democratic State Cen- 
tral Committee, and composed of Gen. Wil- 
liam P. Maulsby, of Frederick; Col. Wil- 
liam Kimmel and Mr. Knott, of Baltimore 
City, waited on President Andrew Johnson 
in \\'ashington, upon the suggestion and at 
instance of Mr. Francis P. Blair. Sr., and of 
his son, Hon. Montgomery Blair. These 
gentlemen were anxious that representa- 
tives from Democratic organizations should 
call on President Johnson to assure him of 
their sympathy and support in the struggle 
which thev then saw was imminent and in- 



evitable between him and the Republican 
Congress on the grave question of the re- 
construction of the Southern States. The 
interview was arranged through Col. 
Wright Rives, then Military Secretary to 
President Johnson, a personal friend of 
Mr. Knott, and now a resident of Wash- 
ington City. 

This committee laid before Mr. Johnson a 
memorandum setting forth the political con- 
dition in Maryland, and the situation of par- 
ties: and' representing that under the Con- 
stitution of the State, recently proclaimed as 
adopted, and as it was interpreted by the 
party in power, and under the proscriptive 
registration laws, which were most arbitrar- 
ily construed, two-thirds of the voters of 
State, constituting the bulk of the Demo- 
cratic party were disfranchised; that while 
that party would, it was believed, earnestly 
support the President's policy towards the 
Southern States, as that policy had been 
outlined and was understood, it would be 
impossible to make that support efTective so 
long as this disfranchisement continued; 
and that his (the President's) friends in the 
Republican party in JMaryland must realize 
the utter hopelessness of their cause with- 
out the aid of the Democratic vote, which 
could not be given without a change in the 
Constitution or a repeal or an essential mod- 
ification of the existing registration laws. 

Mr. Johnson listened with attention, and 
at the close assured the committee of the in- 
terest he felt in the political situation in 
Maryland, and his sympathy with the aims 
and purposes of the committee; that without 
committing himself to any definite propo- 
sition, he felt that where there was a com- 
munity of views, a common ground of action 
could no doubt be reached. For himself, he 



554 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



added, that having been a Democrat on prin- 
ciple and conviction, and having acted with 
the RepubHcan party only so long as the 
country was at war, and the Union in dan- 
ger, now that the war was over and its pur- 
pose accomplished in the restoration of the 
Union, he was in favor of a policy of con- 
ciliation: that he believed the Southern 
States should be restored to the exercise of 
their constitutional rights and functions — 
suspended or interrupted by the war — with- 
out the exaction of conditions other than 
those imposed by the Constitution itself and 
by the inevitable results of the war. 

The policy of reconstruction pursued and 
carried out at this time by the Republican 
Congress is a pregnant illustration of the 
gross and glaring inconsistencies to which 
the excesses of party spirit and faction will 
oftentimes lead mankind. 

At the outbreak of the war the Republican 
party proclaimed that the Union was not 
dissolved, and was indissoluble, by reason 
of the several acts of secession passed by the 
States that went out of the Union ; that these 
acts were unconstitutional, void and of no 
effect. This was the attitude taken and con- 
stantly and solemnly maintained by that 
party before the country and before the 
world, at home and abroad. 

The seceding States, it was gravely rep- 
resented by the highest authorities, were but 
erring sisters temporarily seduced or forced 
from their duty and allegiance, and when 
undeceived or relieved from the armed 
pressure and constraint which had been 
placed tu.ion them, and brought back by 
the gentle ministrations of the Union army, 
they would be welcomed to, and be re- 
instated in, their former positions in the 
sisterhood of States, with all their constitu- 



tionial rights and privileges undiminished 
and unimpaired. On this ground the war 
was begun and its patriotic support by the 
people invoked until it was triumphantly 
closed at Appomattox Court House. After 
the war, by keeping the Southern States 
out of the Union for several years, by 
converting them into military satrapies 
until they should perform certain condi- 
tions, not enumerated or provided in the 
Constitution, and should agree to certain 
amendments to that instrument, the Re- 
publican party turned completely around, 
and acknowledged, thereby, by necessary 
and logical implication, the constitutional 
and legal efficacy of those very acts to be 
what the secessionists originally claimed to 
be, and the fact of the dissolution of the 
Union as efifected by them. 

The formula of that party was the utterly 
absurd and untenable tone: A territory by 
coming into the Union becomes a State, a 
State (■ co)nrrso by going out of the Union 
becomes a territory: and thus has to un- 
dergo a sort of a political palingenesis in 
order to qualify it for re-admission into the 
Union. This theory was in total disregard 
of the historical fact that four of the seced- 
ing States, Virginia, North Carolina, South 
Carolina and Georgia were sovereign and 
independent States, making war and peace, 
thirteen years before they entered into, or 
rather in conjunction with their sister sover- 
eign States, made the Union; as well as of 
the settled constitutional doctrine that the 
new States when admitted are on a footing 
of entire and absolute equality with the old 
States. I'.ut a theory had to be found or 
made to fit the unconstitutional measures 
already resolved upon, and this was as good 
as any other for that purpose. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



55E> 



Several interviews subsequently took 
place between President Johnson and the 
members of this sub-connnittee. And it is 
but just to add that the Democratic party 
of Maryland owe to the memory of that 
statesman a debt of gratitude for the valua- 
ble aid he gave to it, at more than one im- 
portant crisis in the long and arduous strug- 
gle it maintained for the rights of the peo- 
ple against a desperate and an intolerant 
faction of the Republican party, which did 
not number at any time during its usurpa- 
tion of power, as the elections subsequently 
showed, more than one-third of the voters 
of the State. 

The defeat of the Democratic party in 
1864, the ratification of the Constitution 
with its odious and intolerant provisions; 
the passage of the registration law conceived 
in the same spirit of political animosity, the 
tragic death of Mr. Lincoln and the harsh 
and vindictive measures of reconstruction 
proposed and subsequently carried out by 
Congress, all conspired to plunge the 
people of Maryland into a condition of 
almost hopeless indifference if not despair, 
as to the political situation and the exercise 
of their political rights and duties. 

The Democratic State Central Commit- 
tee, however, undeterred by these discour- 
aging circumstances, resolved to continue 
the work of agitation and reform. On Sep- 
tember 2, 1865, about two weeks before the 
work of registration was begun, the com- 
mittee issued an address, drawn up by Mr. 
Knott, to the Democratic voters of the State 
explaining the clauses of the Constitution 
imposing political disabilities for acts of dis- 
loyalty committed during the war, and the 
provisions of the registration law passed to 
enforce these clauses. It pointed out that 



under governments claiming to be free acts 
only were and could be, punished, not senti- 
ments and opinions. ' That the great body 
of the Democratic voters under any fair and 
honest construction of the disqualifying 
clauses of the Constitution of 1864 did not. 
and could not come under their ban, and 
concluding with an earnest and fervent ap- 
peal to claim and exercise their right and 
dutv as citizens, to present themselves for 
registration, tender their readiness to coni- 
ply with the law and demand and insist upon 
their names being entered on the registra- 
tion lists, and if refused to appeal to the 
courts for redress. The address had a salu- 
tary effect. It served to reanimate the spirit 
of the people, to call attention to the politi- 
cal situation of the country, and the grave 
consequences to be apprehended if that situ- 
ation should be prolonged by the indiffer- 
ence or apathy of the people. But the re- 
sults conclusively showed that, the officers 
of registration were swayed by a spirit of 
bitter and uncompromising partisanship and 
that the Republican party was detennined 
to perpetuate its ascendancy by the entire 
disfranchisement, if necessary, of its Demo- 
cratic opponents. 

IV. 
The Two Conventions of January 24, 
1866 AND February 25, 1866, to Se- 
cure A Modification of the Reg- 
istry Law and to Sustain Pres- 
ident Johnson. The Trium- 
phant Election of a Demo- 
cratic Conserv.ative Leg- 
islature ON Nov. 6, 1866. 
Early in the year 1866 in compliance with 
a general sentiment shared in by the Repub- 
licans of note and of patriotic character, it 
was resolved to make one more appeal to 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



the sense of justice of the party in power and 
to memoriaHze the Legislature then in ses- 
sion, to relieve the people of the State from 
the political burdens that oppressed them. 
In accordance with a call issued by the com- 
mittee for that purpose, a State Convention 
was held in Temperance Temple, North Gay 
street, Baltimore, on Wednesday, January 
24, 1866, of those who were in favor of a 
repeal or a relaxation of the harsh provisions 
of the registry law. It was largely attended. 
The city of Baltimore and the counties were 
fully represented and by some of the most 
distinguished citizens of the State. Hon. 
E. K. Wilson, Levin L. Irving, Isaac D. 
Jones, Col. Sam Hambleton, Daniel M. 
Henry, George R. Dennis, Lloyd T. Tighl- 
man, Hiram McCollough, Gov. Philip 
Francis Thomas, Henry D. Farnandis, John 
B. Brown, James U. Dennis, Henry W. 
Archer, Samuel Lirady, Jacolj Kunkel, .\. K. 
Syester. James Wallace, Richard H. Alvey, 
William M. Merrick, Outerbridge Horsey, 
Anthony Kinimel, James T. Blackistone, 
Benedict Hanson, Frederick J. Nelson, 
George AI. Gill, James R. Brewer, William 
T. Hamilton, J.ilm Glenn, Edward Ham- 
niiind, W. W. Watkins. Sprigg Harwood, 
W. W. Crichton, Zachariah S. Claggett, 
James B. Groome, J. Carroll Walsh, John 
Thompson !\lason, J. Dixon Roman, Ed- 
ward Belt and George H. Carman were 
among the members of the convention. 
Hon. Montgomery Blair presided and an 
address to the people and a memorial to the 
Legislature praying for a repeal or modifi- 
cation of till" registry law were adopted. The 
Baltimore Sun in its issue of the 27lh of 
January referred to the representative char- 
acter of the members of the convention, the 
moderation of its utterances and com- 



mended its resolutions to the consideration 
of the Legislature. 

A committee of eleven, of which the Hon. 
Montgomery Blair was chairman and Mr. 
Knott, secretary, was appointed to present 
the memorial to the Legislature of the State. 

On the day following the adjournment of 
the convention the committee went to An- 
napolis to perform this duty. The House of 
Delegates, on motion of Hon. Oliver Miller, 
had voted to give the committee a public 
hearing. The committee was courteously 
received, though not without a subsequent 
protest by a few of the more radical mem- 
bers, one of whom characterized the appear- 
ance of the committee on the floor of the 
House on the errand on which they came 
as a piece of "unparalleled presumption and 
unwarranted impertinence." A committee 
of the House, to which this memorial was 
subsequently referred, made on February 
yth. an elaborate report in which they de- 
nounced the memorial and the action of the 
convention as "insolent self-assertion," its 
representations "tlic clamor of an unrepentant 
and unshrk'cd multitude, of men of unregencr- 
atc tempers, not seeking vicrey. but demand- 
ing the reslonition of rights zchieh had been 
justly forfeited." "Let tliem stand." con- 
tinued the report, "in the position they have 
taken," and it concluded with a resolution 
that "neither the temper nor the conduct of 
the people of the State, who have hereto- 
fore l)een hostile to the Government, nor the 
condition of our n'ational afTairs nor the 
princi])les of the Con.stitution of the State, 
-i^'arrant any interferenee xvith the registry 
law and thai it ouglit to be rigidly enforced." 
The report and resolution were adopted by 
the House. This action convinced the 
people that no measure of relief could be 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



557 



looked ioT from the Republican party. 
Henceforth the people must work out their 
own redemption. 

On the 26th of Februar}', 1866, a meeting 
under the joint auspices of the Democrats 
and conservative Republicans was held in 
Maryland Institute Hall to sustain Presi- 
dent Johnson in his policy towards the 
Southern States. The union between these 
two organizations was then the subject of 
negotiation, but had not been consummated. 
Some of the conservatives desired that this 
meeting should be confirmed exclusively to 
an endorsement of President Johnson and 
his administration, and that in the proceed- 
ings no reference should be made to local 
issues, especially to the burning question of 
a repeal or relaxation of the proscriptive 
features of the registry law. These gentle- 
men were not prepared for so decided a 
step. As the Democrats were to furnish 
the bulk of the meeting or to use a phrase 
of Dean Swift's were "to furnish the con- 
gregation," they very naturally thought 
they were entitled to have something to say 
about the doctrine to be set forth on the 
occasion. They insisted therefore that 
while the gentleman chosen to preside 
should be a conserv'ative of the most thor- 
oughly loyal type, he should also be one 
concerning whose attitude on this import- 
ant question there should be no doubt or 
misunderstanding, and that that attitude 
should be made plain in his speech at the 
meeting. They represented that one could 
hardly be considered a real friend of Mr. 
Johnson and his policy and at the same time 
be willing to keep his friends and supporters 
excluded from the polls. While a very con- 
siderable number of the distinguished Re- 
publicans of the State approved of the 



policy of the President, the great majority 
of the leaders and of the rank and file of 
that party were opposed to it, and the suc- 
cess of that poHcy in Maryland without the 
Democratic vote was therefore impossible. 
They also contended that the Democrats 
should have one well-known orator, who 
should have the right to speak out as the 
spirit moved him at the meeting. President 
Johnson, who all along had been kept fully 
informed of the political situation in Mary- 
land, was finally appealed to on this 
point of difference between Uie par- 
ties, and by telegram and letter sent 
through Col. Wright Rives, his Secre- 
tary, to Mr. Knott he sustained the views 
of the Democratic committee. The meet- 
ing took place under these conditions. It 
was large and enthusiastic. Lieutenant- 
Governor Cox presided. The Hon. I. 
Nevett Steele, the eminent lawyer, of Balti- 
more, was selected to represent the Demo- 
crats among the speakers, and Hon. Edgar 
H. Cowan. U. S. Senator from Pennsylva- 
nia, and Hon. James R. Doolittle, U. S. 
Senator from Wisconsin, made eloquent 
addresses. The effect of the meeting was 
encouraging. It demonstrated that the 
overwhelming sentiment of the State was 
with Mr. Johnson and also in favor of the 
home policy of the Democratic party. It 
laid a solid and impregnable foundation for 
the union of the Democrats and conserva- 
tives of the State and gave the alliance, 
which was subsequently cemented between 
them, a consistent and an intelligent plat- 
form of principles. While the conservatives 
did net, as already intimated, bring to that 
alliance any large body of adherents, they did 
bring certain elements of strength, certain 
factors, growing out of previous political 



558 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Status, wliich, in the existing conditions of 
the country and the state of public senti- 
ment, was indispensable to success. In the 
judgment of all fair and candid minds 
throughout the country a movement could 
not be successfully arraigned at the liar of 
public opinion for disloyalty in its purposes 
and aims, which numbered among its lead- 
ers men who had been at the forefront of 
battle on the L'nion side on many a vic- 
tO'riou's and many a stricken field, or who 
had served that cause in cabinet and conn- 
In 1866 a large body of Republicans in 
this State, headed by Governor Swann, 
Hon. Montgomery Blair, Hon. William H. 
Purnell, Col. William H. Leonard, Gen. 
(now Judge) Charles E. Phelps, Hon. J. V. 
L. Findlay, Gen. John S. Berry, Hon. John 
M. Carter, Secretary of State under Gov- 
ernor Swann, Col. Edwin H. Webster, col- 
lector of the port, and many other gentle- 
men, who deemed a continuance of the dis- 
abilities and proscriptions contained in the 
Constitution of 1864, now that the war was 
ended, and the Union restored, equally un- 
just and impolitic, and who moreover sus- 
tained and supported the policy of President 
Johnson, in dealing with the Southern 
States, and were opposed to the reconstruc- 
tion measures of the Republican Senate, 
flefinitely sejiarated themselves from the 
Re]>ublican party. 

With this body of genllenien and their fol- 
lowers the Democratic partv which had all 
along entertained these views, and whose 
])rinci])les were on a line with the polic\- of 
President Johnson, formed, under the lead 
of the Democratic State Central Committee, 
a very natural union or alliance. The ob- 
jects of the Democratic Conservative party. 



which sprang out of this alliance, were: The 
support of the policy and administration of 
President Johnson : a change in the Consti- 
tution of the State, an essential modification 
of the registration and election laws, and a 
fair and just administration of these laws by 
honest officers until their repeal or modifi- 
cation could be secured by legislative enact- 
ment. Bad as these laws were in themselves, 
they had been made infinitely more oppress- 
ive and intolerable by the arbitrary and ca- 
pricious manner and vindictive spirit in 
which they had been executed. These 
methods were purposely designed to ex- 
clude altogether from the polls Democratic 
voters who were stigmatized as rebels. In 
pursuance of the policy inaugurated in the 
formation of this alliance. Governor Swann 
during the Summer of 1866 appointed as 
registrars men, who, while adhering strictly 
to the law, so fairly and justly interpreted 
its provisions as to register a very large 
number of Democratic voters throughout 
the State and had secured them, as it was 
thought, in their rights to the elective fran- 
chise. This action threatened the continued 
ascendancy of the Republican party in the 
State, and a determined effort was made to 
prevent a result which would prove noth- 
ing short of a catastrojihe to that party. 

V. 
The Elections in Baltimore City in 

October and November, 1866. The 
Triumph of the Democratic 
Conservative Party and 
Overthrow of the Con- 
stitution OF 1S64, 

In the nnmicipal election which took 
place in Baltimore on the nth of October, 
1866, the Board of Police Commissioners, 
composed of Mayor John Lee Chapman, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



559 



ex-officio, Closes Hindes and Nicholas 
Wood, refused to appoint a single Demo- 
cratic judge or clerk of election, but selected 
their appointees for these offices from the 
ranks of the most bitter and uncompromis- 
ing partisans, many of whom were men of 
notoriously ill repute. These officers, in vio- 
lation ofthe registration law went behind the 
lists of registration, and examined the vot- 
ers on oath as to their qualifications ; and not 
content with asking questions prescribed by 
the law as to the acts of the applicant made 
inquisition into his thoughts and opinions, 
and put any hypothetical case that their cap- 
rice or malevolence suggested, and required 
him to answer it under the penalty of ex- 
clusion from registration. The consequence 
of this conduct was the disfranchisement of 
a great majority of the Democraltic voters 
of the city. For this ofifense of appointing 
men well-known to be unfit, as well as for 
other ofifenses committed by them. Gover- 
nor Swann, in pursuance of the law sum- 
moned the Police Commissioners before 
him on charges of malfeasance and mis- 
conduct in office. They answered with a 
protest against his jurisdiction and refused 
to appear. They were tried, however, 
and on full proof of the charges were 
convicted and removed from office by 
the Governor. Mr. William T. Valiant and 
James Young, citizens of high standing and 
character, and of thorough and unimpeach- 
able loyalty, were appointed in the places of 
the Commissioners thus removed. These 
gentlemen entered upon the discharge of 
their duties, made demand upon the re- 
moved Commissioners for the possession of 
the station houses and other property of the 
Board, and that the control of the police 
force should be surrendered to them. This 



demand was peremptorily and defiantly re- 
fused. 

These gentlemen nevertheless proceeded 
in the execution of their office and prepared 
to appoint and organize a police force which 
should be under their control. Mr. William 
Thompson, the sherifif of Baltimore City, in 
compliance with a requisition to that effect, 
recognized their authority, put himself 
under their direction, and began the work of 
summoning the posse comitatus. This was 
on Friday, the 2d of November. 

Early on the morning of Saturday, the' 3d 
of November, Mr. George Maund, the 
State's Attorney for Baltimore City, ap- 
peared before Judge Bond of the Criminal 
Court and applied for a bench warrant 
charging these Commissioners and the 
sheriff with a breach of the peace, and the 
Commissioners with the additional ofifense 
of an unlawful interference with the Police 
Commissioners in the execution of their 
duty, meaning the Commissioners who had 
been removed by Governor Swann. On 
these charges the bench warrant was issued 
by the judge, and the newly-appointed 
Commissioners and the sherifif were arrest- 
ed and brought before the Court. They 
were accompanied by their counsel, Hon. 
Wm. Schley and Hon. J. H. B. Latrobe 
and Mr. Orville Horwitz. The charge was 
wholly unfounded and frivolous and the 
warrant illegal on its face. This was made 
clear on the brief argument which took 
place between the counsel of the Commis- 
sioners and tlie Sherifif and the State's At- 
torney, who was assisted by Mr. Henry 
Stockbridge, Mr. Archibald Sfirling and 
Mr. Stockett Matthews representing the 
deposed Commissioners and the Re- 
publican party. Judge Bond was inex- 



560 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



orable. however. He required the Com- 
missioners and the Sheriff to give bail in 
the sum of $20,000 to keep the peace, and 
the new Commissioners were further re- 
quired to refrain from any attempt to e.x- 
ercise the duties of their office. Under the 
instruction of counsel these officers declined 
to give bail. They were forthwith com- 
mitted to the jail of Baltimore City by 
Judge Bond, until they should give the re- 
quired bail of $20,000, to keep the peace 
and also to refrain from exercising the du- 
ties of Police Commissioners. This commit- 
ment was a legal document of a novel char- 
acter and was commented upon by Judge 
Bartol in the habeas corpus proceedings 
which subsequently took place. It was in 
the nature of an injunction or restraining 
order, wholly outside of the authority and 
jurisdiction of the Criminal Court, and fur- 
nishes, perhaps, the earliest example or 
precedent of an attempt at government by 
injunction, a judicial theory and practice 
with which of late we have become too 
familiar. 

At the instance of the friends of the im- 
prisoned Commissioners and Sheriff, a writ 
of habeas corpus was on the same day is- 
sued by Judge Bartol of the Court of Ap- 
peals directed to the warden of the city jail 
returnable before him on Monday, the 5th 
of November, the day preceding the elec- 
tion. On that day memorable in our city 
annals, the petitioners and respondent ap- 
peared by counsel. Mr. James, the warden 
of the jail, tiierc was reason to believe, 
would respond at once to the writ and pro- 
duce his prisoners. This expectation was 
doomed to disappointment. The warden, 
influenced by the threats or persuasions of 
the Republican leaders, availed himself of 



a law recently passed giving to the respond- 
ents in habeas corpus proceedings four days 
after the service of the writ within which to 
make answer and return. One of the ear- 
liest acts of the succeeding Legislature was 
an act repealing this law designed to ob- 
struct and subvert the great writ of personal 
freedom. 

There was nothing to be done. Judge 
Bartol was compelled to postpone the hear- 
ing to Thursday, November 8th, two days 
after the election. On that day the Com- 
missioners and Sheriff were brought before 
Judge Bartol amid a vast concourse of citi- 
zens assembled around the Court House. 
The argument, involving the consideration 
of the questions of the legality of the action 
of Governor Swann, in removing the old 
Commissioners, in appointing their succes- 
sors, of the authority of the new Commis- 
sioners under such appointment, and of the 
legality of the conduct of the Sheriff in sup- 
porting that authority, was entered upon 
and consumed three days. 

On Tuesday, November 13th, Judge Bar- 
tol delivered his opinion fully and unquali- 
fiedly sustaining the action of the Governor 
in removing the old Commissioners and fill- 
ing their places by the appointment of new 
Commissioners, and also sustaining the acts 
and conduct of the new Commissioners and 
of the Sheriff — which were made the 
grounds of the charges on which they had 
been arrested and committed — as a rightful 
exercise of authority on their part. He ani- 
madverted in just and severe terms on the 
lawless and rebellious course pursued by 
the removed Commissioners, and on the 
wholly unwarranted and illegal action of the 
Judge of the Criminal Court and of the 
State's Attorney in ordering and effecting 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



561 



the arrest and imprisonment of these offi- 
cers of the law. The Commissioners and 
Sheriff were discharged amid the applause 
of a crowded Court room and of a vast audi- 
ence outside, after an illegal and unjust in- 
carceration of ten days. In the meantime 
the election had taken place (Tuesday, the 
6th of November), and the tyrannic 
oligarchy which had for six years ruled the 
State had been overthrown. 

It was this lawless and rebellious action 
of tlie Mayor and the deposed Police Com- 
missioners of the city of Baltimore, sus- 
tained and aided by the Judge of the Crim- 
inal Court and the State's Attorney, over- 
throwing the authority of the State as it did 
in this city, and inciting to insurrection, that 
led Governor Swann to call on President 
Johnson for the aid of the Federal Govern- 
ment in maintaining the authority of the 
State. In answer to this call President 
Johnson sent General Grant to investigate 
and report on the condition of things in 
the city to enable him to determine whether 
a case existed for his interference. The de- 
posed Police Commissioners had continued 
to hold their offices — ^their successors hav- 
ing been, as above stated, incarcerated in 
the Baltimore City jail by order of the 
Judge of the Criminal Court — and were 
now proceeding with their preparations for 
the State election to be held on Tuesday, 
the 6th of November. Their failure to ap- 
point a single Democratic Conservative 
Judge or clerk at the municipal election in 
October constituted one of the charges of 
malfeasance in office, on which they had 
been tried, convicted and removed from 
office. This offense they were preparing to 
repeat. 

General Grant arrived in the city on Sat- 
33 



urday evening and had taken quarters at 
the Eutaw House. Early on Monday 
morning he, together with General Canby, 
who had come over from Washington on 
the same errand as General Grant, had an 
interview of some length with the leaders 
of the Republican party, the Mayor of the 
city and the deposed Commissioners being 
among the number. After this interview 
these officers called on Governor Swann 
and the Democratic Conservative commit- 
tee at the Governor's residence on Franklin 
street. They expressed to the Governor 
and to the Committee their hope for a 
peaceful solution of the difficulties, and 
their belief that under the arrangements 
which had been made by the old Commis- 
sioners, a fair and honest election would be 
held. General Canby further assured the 
Committee that he had obtained from these 
Commissioners the promise that they would 
appointed a Democratic Judge and clerk at 
each of the polling places and urged the 
Committee to furnish such list at once. 
This was all that the Committee had asked 
and with this assurance they were well con- 
tent. There was no delay. A list of Judges 
and clerks which had already been prepared 
was immediately taken by Mr. John T. Ford 
and Gen. John W. Horn to the office of 
the Commissioners in the Old Assembly 
Rooms, then standing on the northeast cor- 
ner of Holliday and Fayette streets. But 
these gentlemen, after being kept waiting 
for some time in an ante-room, were finally 
refused admission to the presence of the 
Board, and were informed by one of its 
counsel through a half-opened door that 
the Judges and clerks of election had been 
appointed and that no changes would be 
made. The door was then closed in their 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



faces. In the meantime General Canby had 
returned to Washington, whither General 
Grant had already preceded him on an 
earlier train. There was no redress. These 
distinguished officers of the army came and 
saw, but did not conquer the obdurate par- 
tisanship of the old Commissioners and 
of Judge Bond. The result of their visit 
was distinctly unfavorable to the success of 
the cause of constitutional reform. Gover- 
nor Swann's application for Federal aid in 
maintaining his authority was not pressed. 
General Grant in his interview had made it 
quite plain : -• the Governor, and to the 
Democratic Conservative committee, that 
in his opinion Federal interference was un- 
necessary. 

This act of turpitude on the part of the 
old Commissioners of Police, involving as 
it did a serious breach of faith, certainly 
with General Canby, and presumably also 
with General Grant, as well as a gross vio- 
lation of public duty, and the imprisonment 
of the new Police Commissioners and of the 
SherifT of Baltimore City, from which, as 
already narrated, Judge Bartol was unable 
to relieve them, indicated to the Democratic 
Conservatives what they had to ex])ect on 
the day of election. But while disappointed 
they were not disheartened. These high- 
handed and arbitrary acts, occurring as they 
did almost simultaneously, aroused the pro- 
foundest indignation and resentment; and 
as the intelligence of them spread through- 
out the city and all hoi)e of an honest elec- 
tion seemed dissipated, an outbreak was for 
a while imminent. But through the active 
exertions of tlie Democratic Conservative 
leaders wiser and peaceful counsels prevailed 
with the excited multitude. The citizens of 
f?altimore were inspired with the determina- 



tion to make the fight at all hazards, con- 
scious of the rectitude of their motives and 
conduct, and of the importance and magni- 
tude of the rights and interests at stake. 
Meetings were held that night in every 
ward throughout the city: tickets were dis- 
tributed and speeches were made urging 
the Democratic voters to exercise their 
rights and perform their duty to themselves 
and to their fellow-citizens at the polls on 
the ensuing day. 

The Democratic Conservative voters ac- 
cordingly went to the polls the next day, 
without a single judge or clerk of election 
throughout the city to represent them; 
where they had to confront not only a solid 
phalanx of hostile judges and clerks with 
stacks of blank warrants instead of ballots 
on the window sills of the polls for the 
arrest of Democratic voters, as it was an- 
nounced, and a hostile police force; but a 
specially appointed constabulary of several 
hundred men, drawn from the slums of the 
city and armed with bludgeons, slung-shots 
and revolvers. But all these nefarious ef- 
forts to prevent an expression of the popu- 
lar will were in vain. The reformers de- 
manded their rights in such unexpected 
numbers, and in a mood that so plainly in- 
dicated they would brook no trifling, that 
this contemplated crime against the elective 
franchise and the rights of the citizens, de- 
liberately planned by the Republican party, 
and sustained and aided by Judge Bond of 
the Criminal Court, the State's .Attorney 

dercd incapable of being carried out, i)y 
their surprised and now thoroughly alarmed 
co-conspirators, the judges and clerks of 
election charged with its execution; and 
though hundreds of voters were disfran- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



563 



chised, the Democratic Conservatives car- 
ried the three Legislative districts of the 
cit)' b_v safe majorities; thus securing the 
requisite two-thirds votes in the two Houses 
of the General Assembly of the State to 
make a new convention a certain and an 
assured success. In the Senate they had 
obtained by this vote in Baltimore City just 
the number requisite for that purpose under 
the existing Constitution. That body would 
stand sixteen Democratic Conservatives to 
eight Republicans. Had the friends of 
Constitutional reform failed to carry any 
one of these Legislative districts into which 
the city was divided, and thus lost one 
Senator, the labors of the Democratic party 
would have probably been in vain. Cer- 
tainly their future efforts would have been 
serioiisly embarrassed and obstructed. 

On the night of that election Mr. Knott 
was himself made the victim of an act of 
\-iolence at the hands of this special police 
force. A great throng of rejoicing and en- 
thusiastic Democratic Conservatives had 
filled North street between Baltimore and 
Fayette streets, awaiting the announcement 
of the returns of the election from the office 
of the Baltimore Eirning Transcript, the 
able and courageous organ and advocate of 
the movement from its beginning to its 
close, edited and conducted by Mr. James 
R. Brewer and Gen. ^^'illiam H. Neil- 
son, the latter gentleman being one of the 
Legislative candidates elected. Mr. Knott, 
among others, was calle<J upon to address 
the immense audience, which he did in a 
few words of congratulation on the victory 
which had been achieved. A few moments 
later while passing the corner of North and 
Fayette streets, on his return to the Demo- 
cratic headquarters at Barnum's Hotel, he 



was seized by two of these special officers, 
one brandishing a policeman's club and the 
other a slung-shot, and threatened with in- 
stant violence if he did not submit to arrest. 
Upon their showing their badges of office, 
Mr. Knott submitted, and was hurried to 
the Middle District police station, where he 
was hailed with curses, loud and deep, by 
a crowd of policemen, both regular and 
irregular, gathered there after the closing 
of the polls. He was taken before Justice 
Hebden, who that morning had been ap- 
pointed in place of Justice Spicer, the regu- 
lar Police Justice of that district, who had 
resigned. On demanding the charge against 
him, the "Specials" were for a moment 
dumb-founded. They evidently did not an- 
ticipate that any charge was necessary for 
the arrest of a Democrat on that day, and 
they had nothing to say, until some one in 
the room cried out "inciting a riot." Tlie 
suggestion was accepted at once by the 
"Specials" and that charge was made. Or- 
ders had been issued on the evening pre- 
vious by the Police Commissioners to the 
Police Justices to commit without bail all 
who should be arrested on the day of elec- 
tion. But the result of the election was 
now known and its meaning understood 
and felt. The political chains which had 
bound the people of Baltimore for six years 
had been dissolved in the heat of that day's 
conflict. i\Ir. Knott told the Justice the 
facts, and denounced the arrest as an out- 
rage. After a few whispered words by 
Captain Mitchell, the Justice dismissed the 
charge and Mr. Knott was released. He 
left the station house amid a chorus of 
epithets, among which "traitor" and "rebel" 
were the least offensive. It was the expir- 
ing growl of as malignant a faction as ever 



564 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



misgoverned a city and trampled upon the 
rights of its citizens. Largely recruited 
from the ranks of the defunct Know- 
Nothing organization which had gone to 
pieces after its expulsion from power in 
i860, and mainly controlled by its old lead- 
ers, by reviving and renewing the odious 
methods and practices which had stamped 
that organization with a peculiar infamy, it 
seriously discredited and compromised the 
Union cause — of which it assumed the ex- 
clusive guardianship — in our city and State. 
Subsequently in the prosecution of his office 
as State's Attorney it fell to Mr. Knott's 
duty to meet several of these special police 
officers of that day on their way through 
the Criminal Court of Baltimore City to the 
jail and penitentiary. 

This chapter in the history of the redemp- 
tion of a State should not close without an 
appropriate tribute to the services of Hon. 
Montgomery Blair in the work ol that re- 
demption. Leaving the Republican party 
when it was at the height of its power and 
prosperity, when, flown with insolence and 
pride at its triumphant termination of the 
war between the States, it was preparing to 
violate all the principles of the Constitution 
and the rules of modern civilized warfare 
in dealing with the conquered, in order fur- 
ther to subdue and humiliate the spirit of 
the South, he allied himself with the Demo- 
cratic party at its hour of deepest depres- 
sion and sorest need; but when it alone 
stood for the liberties of the people, the 
rights of the States, and for the good faith 
and honor, which, in the language of Mr. 
Burke, "liulils the moral elements of the 
world together." In the cause of the Dem- 
ocratic party he labored with indefatigable 
zeal, unfaltering courage and a singular dis- 



regard of personal interests, to the close of 
a useful and honorable life. It is painful 
to add that the treatment he subsequently 
received at the hands of some members of 
the Democratic party of the State was not 
encouraging to the repetition of such self- 
sacrificing conduct on the part of our pub- 
lic men. There were not wanting men in 
the ranks of that party, who, ignorant or 
careless of his services in which themselves 
had taken no share or part, could only 
remember that Mr. Blair was once a mem- 
ber of Mr. Lincoln's cabinet. 

VI. 

The Legislature of 1867, The Passage 
OF THE Reform Measures, The En- 
franchisement Act, The Conven- 
tion Bill and the Military Bill, 
The Election of Governor 

SWANN as SEN.ATOR, HiS RES- 
IGNATION AND ITS Causes. 

In the election of November 6, 1866, Mr. 
Knott was chosen a delegate from the Sec- 
ond Legislative district of Baltimore to the 
General Assembly of Maryland. This body 
embraced among its members some of the 
most eminent men of the State. In the 
Senate sat Hon. James T. Earle, George 
Vickers, Oden Bowie, William B. Stephen- 
son, Levin L. Waters, Wm. Kimmel, Jacob 
Tome, Barnes Compton, Richard Mackall. 

Gov. Philip Francis Thomas, Rich- 
ard B. Carmichael, Isaac D. Jones, George 
R. Dennis, Oliver Miller, Edward Ham- 
mond, Henry Williams, James C. Clark, 
afterwards President of the Chesapeake & 
Ohio Canal Company, and later of the Ohio 
& Mobile Railroad; Charles B. Calvert, 
Chas. C. Magruder, Henry S. Magraw, 
Alexander D. Evans, Upton Burhman. 



It seems to me the occasion is worthy of, and 
calls for, an address from our committee. I am 
i too much engaged just now, however, in railroad 
matters to go up to consult j-ou all about the 
matter, and as at this distance from the real battle- 
field (Baltimore City) I might make a mistake in 
the kind of address our allies would think best, I 
write to ask you to prepare such a one as on con- 
sultation you think best, and publish it as coming 
from ourselves. In haste. 

Yours very truly, 

Oden Bowie. 

Several other letters of a similar import 
and character were received from the coun- 
try members of the Democratic State Cen- 
tral Committee. In accordance with the 
suggestion of Colonel Bowie, a brief address 
of congratulation to the Democratic voters 
of the State was issued. 



The following letters from Gov. Oden Bowie and Judge Richard B. 
Camiichael having been iuadverteiitl}^ omitted are here inserted. 

The success of the Democratic Conserva- 
tive party in Baltimore was the subject of 
profound satisfaction throughout the State. 
Our friends in the counties were aware of 
the difiSculties we had to encounter; of the 
conduct of the removed commissioners; the 
action of Judge Bond; the encouragement 
which the radicals had received from the 
visits of General Grant and General Canby; 
the want of sympathy and support from a 
number of Democrats in our city, men who 
could forget nothing and could learn noth- 
ing, and who, either indisposed or afraid to 
take any part in the movement, did not wish 
others to do so, and they almost despaired of 
our success. These friends were corre- 
spondingly elated when the news was 
flashed over the wires that, after a hard 
fight, we had carried the entire delegations 
from the three legislative districts of Balti- 
more City in the General Assembly; thus 
ensuring the passage of all the reform 
measures advocated by the Democratic 
party, including that of a call for a Con- 
stitutional convention; the constitutional 
two-thirds votes of each House necessary 
for the passage of that all-important meas- 
ure having been obtained by our victory in 
the city. From Col. Oden Bowie, the able 
and intrepid chairman of the Democratic 
State Central Committee during the three 
years of strife and struggle through which 
we had passed, and whose services were de- 
servedly rewarded by his nomination and 
election as Governor in 1867, Mr. Knott re- 
ceived the following letter of congratula- 
tion : 



CoLLiNGTON, PR. Geo. Co., Mn., 
Sih Nov., 1866. 
Mv Deak Kxott, 
Laus Deo : 

You have covered yourself all over with glory 
Most heartily do I congratulate you. 



Judge Carmichael, of Queen Anne's 
"clarttm ct vcncvabilc nomcn," was one of the 
leading spirits in this movement for the re- 
demption of the State from its beginning to 
its close. He was present at the initial meet- 
ing in Annapolis in February, 1864; was 
one of the delegates-at-large to the National 
Democratic Convention at Chicago in that 
year; was chairman of the joint committee 
of the Senate and the House to report a bill 
for the call of a convention, and he crowned 
his labors by presiding over the delibera- 
tions of the body which framed the Con- 
stitution of 1867. He was the Ulysses of 
our movement, sagacious in council and 
fearless in the field. He had in earlv life 
been a member of Congress, and was famil- 
iar with the traditions and the great men of 
the Jacksonian period. He had imbibed 
the spirit of those great men and imparted 
some of it to the younger men who were 
associated with him. On the resignation 



of Governor Swann of the office of United 
States Senator, as subsequently narrated, 
the Democratic Conservative members of 
the Legislature turned instinctively and al- 
most unanimously to Judge Carmichael as 
their choice for the Senate; but he declined 
the nomination, as he subsequently declined 
to have his name presented for the nomina- 
tion of Governor at the first election under 
the new constitution which he contributed 
so much to ordain and establish. He was 
content to serve his State with a disinter- 
ested patriotism, and to aid by his wisdom 
and courage the emancipation of her people. 
That work accomplished he returned to 
private life, from which no temptation of 
office could withdraw him. Mr. Knott has 
always accounted it a peculiarly happy cir- 
cumstance of his life that he was honored 
with the confidence and friendship of this 
really great and good man. On his first 
nomination as State's Attorney for Balti- 
more City, Judge Carmichael sent him the 
following congratulatory note: 



Bki,i,e View, Md., 
6th Oct. , j86y. 
A. Leo Knott, Esq., 
3Iy Dear Sir : 

I have only a word to convey my congratula- 
tions on the occasion of your nomination and to 
express my pleasure at it. 

Perhaps you will permit me " ettlre nous " to 
remind you that the duties of the place will re- 
quire all the emphasis which drew down upon 
you, last winter, the fierce retort of " the honor- 
able member " from Dorchester. 
I am, very truly yours, 

RiCHD. B. C.\RM1CH.\EL. 

The allusion in this letter to "the fierce 
retort of the honorable member from Dor- 
chester," refers to a personal incident which 
occurred between the Hon. Francis P. 
Phelps, of Dorchester, and Mr. Knott in 
the House of Delegates in the discussion 
which took place in that body on the bill 
for a State appropriation to aid in the con- 
truction of an ice boat for Baltimore City, 
which measure was strongly antagonized 
by "The honorable member" frotn Dor- 
chester. The difficulty was settled, how- 
ever, by the intervention of common friends. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



565 



members of the House of Delegates. In 
this body Mr. Knott took a prominent part. 
He was a member of the joint committee of 
ten of the Senate and of the House, which 
was appointed on the second day of the 
session to frame and report a bill for the 
call of a convention of tlie people of the 
State to form a new Constitution. This 
committee was composed of the following 
gentlemen: Messrs. William Kimmel, Oden 
Bowie, George Vickers, G. Fred Maddox 
and Levin J. Broadwater on the part of the 
Senate, and Messrs. Richard B. Carmichael, 
A. Leo Knott, Francis P. Phelps, Wm. Tell 
Bixler and George W. Morgan on the part 
of the House. Messrs. Kimmel, Bixler and 
Knott were the members from Baltimore 
City. It was proposed in this committee, 
and the original draft of the bill brought in 
by its author, Judge Carmichael, the chair- 
man of the committee, provided, that in the 
convention to be assembled under the call, 
the representation of the city of Baltimore 
and of several counties should be on the 
basis fixed in the Constitution of 1851. 
Under the Constitution of 1851 Baltimore 
City was represented in the General Assem- 
bly of the State by one Senator and ten 
members in the House of Delegates. The 
Constitution of 1864 divided Baltimore City 
into three Legislative Districts, and gave 
to each district one Senator and six dele- 
gates in the Lower House. It was sought 
in the committee to vindicate this proposed 
basis of representation on the grounds that 
the Constitution of 1864 had never been 
adopted by the people, that in no moral 
sense could it be regarded as the expression 
of their supreme will; that it was forced 
upon them by Federal interference and 
Federal bayonets; and that its provisions, 



wherein it differed and departed from those 
contained in the Constitution of 185 1 — the 
last authentic expression of the popular will 
— should therefore be disregarded and ig- 
nored. 

To this proposition in regard to repre- 
sentation in the convention ■Mr. Knott 
strenuously objected, contending that while 
the proposed basis of representation would 
but slightly afifect the rights and interests 
of the counties, it would afYect most seri- 
ously and materially the rights and interests 
of Baltimore City by reducing its repre- 
sentation in the convention by nearly half, 
from twenty-one to eleven. That it might 
well be feared that the basis thus proposed, 
if adopted in the bill, might be accepted by 
the convention assembled under it as a rule 
Oi precedent to regulate its own action in 
fixing the basis of representation of the city 
and the counties in the Constitution which 
would be the work of its hands, and 
thus the representation of the city of Bal- 
timore might be permanently reduced and 
the equality of its people with the rest of the 
people of the State denied. He declared 
that while it was true that the Constitution 
of 1864 had been forced upon the people of 
the State by military rule and the disfran- 
chisement of a large number of its voters, 
yet it could not be denied that the basis of 
representation established in that instru- 
ment was just and equitable. ]Mr. Knott 
further reminded his Democratic colleagues 
in the committee that for many years be- 
fore the Civil War broke out, the in- 
equality of the basis of representation be- 
tween the city and the counties in the Gen- 
eral Assembly had been regarded as a great 
and serious grievance: that the Democratic 
party of the State had frequently, but in 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



vain, protested against it, and sought its re- 
dress, and that it would ill become that party 
now, when in complete and undisputed con- 
trol of the means of remedying that griev- 
ance, to refuse to do so, solely because the 
Republican party had availed itself of an op- 
portunity, however obtained, to anticipate 
what would be or ought to be the action of 
the Democratic party in that behalf. He 
warned the committee that if the proposed 
basis should be adopted, it would seriously 
endanger the success of the call when sub- 
mitted to the people even should the bill 
pass both Houses of the General As- 
sembly of which, in the present political 
composition of that body, and should 
the proposed basis of representation 
be adopted, there was grave doubt, the dele- 
gation from Baltimore City in the House 
being equally divided between Democrats 
and Conservatives. And finally, that if the 
majority of the committee should persist in 
embodying such basis in its report, he would 
feel it his duty to submit a minority report 
giving to the city of Baltimore and the coun- 
ties the representation to which they were 
entitled under the Constitution of 1864. 
These views, after considerable discussion, 
prevailed. The basis of representation con- 
tained in the Constitution of 1864 with slight 
modifications was accepted; the citizens of 
lialtimore were secure in their rights to a 
fair and e(|ual representation with the rest 
of the people of the State; the bill was unan- 
imously reported to the House and subse- 
(juently passed. 

He was a member of the joint committee 
of the Senate and House on Federal Rela- 
tions, to which conmiittee was referred the 
(luestion of the ratification by the State of 



the XIV Amendment to the Constitution of 
the United States, which Had just been sub- 
mitted by Congress to the States. This 
committee, of which Hon. Isaac D. Jones 
was chairman, framed and reported a reso- 
lution refusing the assent of Maryland to the 
proposed ratification, which resolution was 
adopted by the General Assembly by a strict 
party vote. He was a member of the Judi- 
ciary Committee, and chairman of the Com- 
mittee on Elections and of the Committee 
on Internal Improvements. As chairman 
of this committee, Mr. Knott reported a bill 
making amendments to the charter of the 
Baltimore and Potomac Railroad, which 
passed the House notwithstanding the 
powerful influence of the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad Company, which was ar- 
rayed against them. These amendments 
enabled the Baltimore and Potomac road 
to construct a new line of railway com- 
munication between Baltimore and Wash- 
ington. 

As chairman of lire Bahimore City dele- 
gation Mr. Knott reported, advocated and 
secured the passage of a bill for the 
apjjropriation of $75,000 annually by the 
State for two years to aid the city of 
Baltimore in the construction and running 
of an ice boat to keep open a channel 
through the ice in the harbor of Balti- 
more. This measure met with opposition 
from an unexpected quarter. The mem- 
bers from the Eastern Shore counties were 
at first almost to a man against it. They 
wanted as a condition for their votes for the 
bill that the boat should also be employed 
in the harbors of all the towns oi the Eastern 
Shore situated on tide-water. This would 
have left very little if any time for the opera- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



567 



tions of the boat in Baltimore harbor. A 
committee composed of Messrs. Robert R. 
Kirkland, Israel M. Parr and William 
Crichton, prominent merchants of Balti- 
more, and representing the Board of Trade, 
were assiduous in their attendance during 
the action of the Legislature on this bill, 
and materially contributed to its success by 
their intelligent arguments and explana- 
tions. 

During Mr. Knott's term in the House 
he secured for the first time in the history of 
the State a recognition of the value of the 
noble public work done by the charitable 
institutions in Baltimore City connected 
with the Roman Catholic Church. Tlie 
committee appointed to visit and report 
upon the condition and wants of the public 
institutions of Baltimore receiving aid from 
the State, were invited to visit the House of 
the Good Shepherd and the foundling hos- 
pital known as St. Vincent's Infant Asylum. 
This committee was so impressed by the 
good work and admirable management 
of these two institutions that it unanimously 
recommended a State appropriation of 
$3,000 to each of them for two years. 
These appropriations received the almost 
unanimous sanction of the House, but 
they failed in the Senate. A conference 
committee between the two houses sub- 
sequently agreed to and reported an ap- 
propriation of $1,500 to each of them. 
In this recognition by the State of deserving 
public charities, Mr. Knott was aided by 
the members of the city delegation, by Hon. 
Oliver Miller, speaker of the House, who 
appointed some members of the committee 
on his recommendation, by Hon. James C. 
Clerk, chairman of Committee on Appro- 



priations, and Hon. Charles H. Nicolai, of 
Baltimore county. 

The Legislature had now been in session 
for more than two months and yet the bill 
for the call of a convention to frame a new 
Constitution, although it had been intro- 
duced at a very early period of the session, 
was not yet passed. It had been called up 
twice, but the call had been suspended on 
the discovery of the fact, that, on each occa- 
sion, owing to the absence of some of the 
members of the House, and also to some 
jealousies which had sprung up between the 
Democratic and Conservative members of 
that body, the requisite two-thirds vote 
could not be secured for the bill. These 
deplorable jealousies had their origin in a 
primary election which had recently been 
held in Baltimore to nominate a Democratic 
Conservative candidate for mayor at a spe- 
cial municipal election provided to be held 
in April by an act which had been passed 
early in the session. This act, however, it 
was afterwards discovered failed to comply 
with certain requirements of the general 
election law, and the election under it was 
abandoned, and the act itself was repealed. 
A new bill providing for the same purpose 
had been introduced and was still pending 
in the Senate, where it had encountered a 
decisive check by the ruling of the Presi- 
dent, Lieutenant Governor Cox, on a point 
of parliamentary law. The rivalries and ill 
feeling enkindled by this political contest in 
Baltimore were unfortunately transferred to 
Annapolis and entered as a very disturbing 
element into the question of the failure or 
success of the measures of reform still pend- 
ing. They were finally adjusted, but not 
I without considerable difficulty. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



VII. 

Efforts of the Republicans to Pre- 
vent BY Intrigue and Intimidation 

THE Call for a Convention, The 

Election of Governor Swann to 

THE United States Senate, 

His Resignation of that 

Honor, Its Causes and 

Consequences. 

Even after the Legislature had convened 
the policy of terrorism, intimidation and in- 
trigue which had been inaugurated by the 
radical Republicans before the election and 
which had nearly succeeded at that time, 
was continued in order to deter that body if 
possible from proceeding in its work of 
emancipation and reform, and especially 
from passing a convention bill, the most im- 
portant, comprehensive and indispensable of 
all its proposed measures, without which in- 
deed the others were Ijut temporary expedi- 
ents of uncertain results. 

In the early part of the session. Governor 
Swann in recognition of the valuable and 
patriotic services he had rendered to the 
cause of constitutional reform had been 
elected Senator of the United States for the 
term of si.x years from the 4th of March, 
1867, as successor to Hon. John A. J. Cres- 
well. This gentleman, who subsequently 
entered General Grant's cabinet as Postmas- 
ter General, had, on the death of Hon. 
Henry Winter Davis, in December, 1865, 
succeeded that brilliant orator as the recog- 
nized leader of the radical wing of the Re- 
publican party in this State. Though the 
representative of a Southern State, ^Ir. 
Creswell had zealously supported by his 
voice and his vote the most extreme and 
radical courses of the Republican majority 
in the Senate towards the Southern State. 
It was a matter of profound gratification. 



therefore, to the people of the State that his 
place in that body was to be filled by a gen- 
tleman of conservative views and principles. 
Governor Swann had intimated his accept- 
ance of the honor conferred upon him and 
had fixed on Tuesday, the 26th of February, 
as the day of his retirement from the Guber- 
natorial office, and of the installation of his 
constitutional successor, Lieut. Gov. C. C. 
Cox. Both Houses had made arrange- 
ments for the ceremonies usual at the per- 
formance of that function, and on Thursday, 
the 2 1 St of February, had adjourned over to 
Monday, the 25th. 

Late in the evening of February 22d, Mr. 
Washington Bonifant, the United States 
Marshal for Maryland, called 'at Barnum's 
Hotel, Baltimore, bearing a message from 
Hon. Montgomery Blair, of Washington, to 
Hon. (afterwards Judge) Edward Ham- 
mond, a delegate from Howard county in 
the General Assembly, and to Mr. Knott. 
Mr. Hammond was not at the hotel, having 
gone the previous evening, immediately on 
the adjournment of the House, to his home 
in Howard county. The purport of the 
message thus sent was, that rumors of a 
grave and alarming character were rife in 
Washington as to what would take place at 
Annapolis upon the resignation of Gover- 
nor Swann and the inauguration of his suc- 
cessor. These rumors were that Governor 
Swann would be refused admission to the 
Senate on the ground that his election was 
the result of a bargain with the disloyal ele- 
ment in the State; that it was a violation of 
the spirit if not of the letter of the Eastern 
Shore law — which had been repealed before 
Governor Swann's election as Senator and 
re.stored to the Statute Book afterwards — 
and that the vacanc\- thus created in the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, IIARYLAXD. 



569 



Senatorial representation of the State would 
be filled by the appointment of Senator 
Creswell by the new Governor. It was fur- 
ther represented that Governor Swann's 
successor in the ofiice, Lieutenant Governor 
Cox, would use all his official influence to 
defeat the bill for the call of a convention, 
and failing in that would obstruct and pre- 
vent its being carried into effect, and to that 
end aid would be given him from Washing- 
ton even to the extent of sending troops of 
the United States into the State, if neces- 
sary, and that thus the State would be taken 
out of the hands of the rebels and its gov- 
ernment once more placed in loyal hands. 

This information was so startling, it so 
deeply impeached the personal and political 
integrity of the party concerned, it seemed 
so contradictory to the general tenor of his 
sentiments and conduct since his co-opera- 
tion with the Democratic Conservative 
party, that for a moment Mr. Knott, to 
whom this information was imparted, could 
at first hardly give it credence. But par- 
ticulars were given as the conversation pro- 
ceeded and circumstances detailed, which 
were well calculated, on reflection, to arouse 
suspicion and alarm. It was known beyond 
c|uestion that the gentleman implicated by 
these rumors had been in Washington for a 
week, absent from his official duties in Ann- 
apolis as presiding officer of the Senate; and 
the message of Judge Blair besides con- 
veyed the distinct and positive assurance 
that it was a fact known to him (Judge 
Blair) that during his visit to Washington 
Lieutenant Governor Cox had held two in- 
terviews, each of some length, with Secre- 
tary Stanton at the War Office. The Secre- 
tary was a most bitter and unrelenting foe 
of the South. Called to the Cabinet of Mr. 



Buchanan a few months before the- retire- 
ment of that gentleman f-om the office of 
President, Stanton, had on many occasions 
manifested both by speech and conduct his 
sympathies with the South in the extreme 
co'urse it pursued and had fully sustained 
his chief in all the views he expressed in 
regard to the treatment of the seceding 
States; as a member of Mr. Lincoln's 
cabinet he had illustrated the truism that 
there is no hate like the hate of a false friend 
and a renegade. Odif qucm dcccpit. In this 
conduct he was but a type of most of 
the Buchanan-Breckenridge leaders of the 
North; Gen. Benj. F. Butler, Caleb Gush- 
ing, General Dix, Daniel S. Dickinson, Gen. 
Isaac O. Stevens; men who in the National 
Democratic Convention of i860, both in 
Charleston and in Baltimore, and during 
the Presidential canvass of that year and 
for some time subsequently, by their 
voices and votes had encouraged the leaders 
and the people of the South in the 
unfounded and unfortunate persuasion and 
belief that in their secession from that 
convention, and, consequently, from the 
LTnion, they would have the sympathy 
and support of a majority of the northern 
Democracy. To this general course of 
conduct on the part of the supporters of 
the Breckenridge-Lane ticket in the North 
after the Civil War began there was one 
notable and conspicuous exception — the 
Hon. Jeremiah S. Black, of Pennsylvania. 
He stood throughout that great struggle 
and during the dark period of reconstruc- 
tion a grand and heroic figure, an Abdiel 
among so many faithless. He had never ad- 
vised nor encouraged secession, and there- 
fore he never had occasion to run with inde- 
cent haste in order to atone for one apostasy 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



by committing another, and to purchase his 
pardon and safety by the cruel exploitation 
of those who were unfortunate enough to 
have placed confidence and belief in his 
counsels and assurances. During the war 
lie met the storm of vehement and vindic- 
tive abuse and denunciation which fiercely 
beat upon him with an ability and eloquence 
so masterly, with a courage so calm, fearless 
and unquailing, that he conquered the re- 
luctant admiration of his bitterest foes. 
The hired advocates of arbitrary power 
felt rebuked by his presence when he 
entered the forums of the law to defend 
the imperilled liberties of the citizen or 
to uphold the prostrate rights of the States. 
His State has erected no monument to his 
memory, nor is it meet that it should so long 
as it numbers the Camerons, the Quays, and 
the Wanamakers among its great men and 
leaders. That time indeed may never come 
to the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, but 
his name will live in the memories of honest 
and patriotic men who esteem and cherish 
the qualities of truth, justice, courage and 
honor as among the priceless treasures of 
mankind. 

It was called to mind that during the dis- 
turbances which had taken place in Balti- 
miire at the election in the preceding No- 
vember, the radical leaders of that revolu- 
tionary movement had held some sort of 
correspondence with Secretary Stanton. It 
was known also that since the election mem- 
bers of the Republican party, some of them 
high in its councils, had on several occasions 
made threats and had given out intimations 
to the efifect that tlie ascendancy of the Dem- 
ocratic party in the State would be short- 
lived, and that loyal men would soon have 
their own again. These threats an,j intima- 



tions were regarded at the time as puerile 
and amusing, but with the intelligence thus 
imparted they ceased to be amusing and be- 
gan to wear "a weighty and a serious blow." 
This information, Mr. Blair further re- 
quested, should be immediately communi- 
cated to Governor Swann. This was done 
on that night. The Governor was not dis- 
posed to give weight or consideration to the 
rumors. He regarded them as wild and ex- 
travagant; but he declared, however, that 
he would communicate with friends in 
Washington and ascertain, if possible, what 
foundation existed for them. 

It is needless to say that this information 
occasioned profound anxiety to the friends 
of constitutional reform in the city, to a few 
of whom it was communicated on the fol- 
lowing day ; for it was not deemed advisable 
to give it too extensive a circulation without 
additional facts and further inquiry. 

On Sunday, the 24th of February, Mr. 
Knott, to whom this message from Mr. 
Blair had been delivered, had an interview 
with the Hon. S. Teackle Wallis. This in- 
terview was suggested by the knowledge 
Mr. Knott had acquired of certain contro- 
j versies which had for some time been pend- 
ing in one of the courts of Baltimore City, 
and which liad been very recently settled. 
From Mr. Wallis facts were learned of an 
important character concerning tran.sac- 
tions wihich threw a flood of light on the 
subject and opened a clew to the motives 
and causes which, it might very well be 
supposed, could and would, operate with 
potent influence to bring about the condi- 
tion of things in the State which was indi- 
cated and threatened by these rumors 
should Lieutenant Governor Cox be in- 
stalled in office. The facts thus obtained 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



571 



were immediately communicated to Gov- 
ernor Swann with an earnest appeal to him 
to remain at the helm of State, at least until 
these rumors could be investigated, and 
either their truth established or their false- 
hood exposed. It was urged on the Gov- 
ernor that whatever doubt there might be as 
to the truth of the rumors reported to be in 
circulation in Washington — though the fact 
of the two interviews with Secretary Stan- 
ton gave them great color of probability and 
support — there could be none whatever con- 
cerning the facts of grave import and sig- 
nificance communicated by Mr. Wallis. 

Other gentlemen, both in Baltimore and 
at Annapolis, whither Governor Swann had 
returned on Monday morning, united in 
pressing these views, and in following up 
this appeal to Governor Swann. Among 
the gentlemen of Southern views and sym- 
pathies who called on Governor Swann in 
Baltimore on that Sunday to tender to him 
their sympathy and support, to express to 
him the sentiments of their appreciation of 
his services to the State, and their hope that, 
in the grave exigency w'hich had so unex- 
pectedly arisen, he would postpone, for the 
present at least, his retirement from the 
Gubernatorial chair, were Mr. Samuel 
Smith, Mr. Neilson Poe, Sr., and Mr. Sam- 
uel H. Taggart. In a conversation with 
Governor Swann on the evening of Satur- 
day, the 23rd of February, the Governor 
liad complained to Mr. Knott of the want 
of sympa.thy and supfxjrt he had met with 
from the Democrats and Southern sympa- 
thizers during the election troubles in the 
preceding November, and since, notwith- 
standing his exertions and sacrifices to se- 
cure them their political right. "He had," 
he said, "burnt his bridges behind him so 



far as his connections with the Republican 
party were concerned, and had estranged 
some of his oldest and closest friends 
(naming some of them), gentlemen who," 
he declared, "had always been his stead- 
fast supporters in all the positions he had 
ever held, as President of the Balti- 
more & Ohio Road, as Mayor of the city, 
as Governor and as President of the First 
National Bank; that w-hile he had lost, he 
presumed, the friendship of these gentle- 
men on account of his efforts to secure the 
people their rights, he had failed to concili- 
ate the cordial sympathy and support of 
many of his new allies." The complaint 
wras just. The visit, however, of the gen- 
tlemen above named, and the call made 
upon the Governor at his official residence 
in Annapolis by Judge Carmichael and Gov. 
Philip Francis Thomas on the afternoon of 
Monday, the 25th of February, contributed 
to allay this just irritation of Governor 
Swann. After fully weighing the matter, 
the Governor, late on the evening of Mon- 
day, the 25th of February, invited several of 
his friends, members of the Legislature, to 
the Executive chamber and informed them 
that he had concluded to defer his re- 
tirement from office of Governor for the 
present, and that the inauguration of his 
successor would not take place on the day 
following, the 26th, as designated. This 
announcement produced a profound sense 
of relief as it became known. On Fri- 
day, the 1st day of March. Governor 
Swann sent to both Houses of the Legisla- 
ture a formal message, announcing his defi- 
nite and final resolution not to accept tlie 
position as Senator, but to remain in office 
as Governor of the State. In this message 
he stated: "It had been my purpose, in re- 



572 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



sponse of the people of the State, to have 
accepted the high trust; and I had so ex- 
pressed myself on various occasions, and 
more recently in an interview with the Lieu- 
tenant Governor. Within a short time past 
however, and up to the date of my commu- 
nication to that officer on the 26th ult., when 
my resignation was to be officially an- 
nounced to the Legislature, I have been 
visited by such appeals from the representa- 
tive men of the State, urged with an earn- 
estness and unanimity which could hardly 
be mistaken, asking my continuance in the 
Gubernatorial chair, that I did not feel at 
liberty to consult an)- individual preference 
of my own in making up a final judgment 
upon this subject. I have no right, from 
any motive of personal ambition in connec- 
tion with the Senatorial office, if such could 
be supposed for a moment to influence my 
action, to disregard my paramount obliga- 
tion to the people of my State. I deem it 
proper to avail myself of the earliest oppor- 
tunity compatible with the public interest, 
and in deference to what I believe to be my 
duty to the people of the State of Maryland, 
to decline the appointment of Senator of the 
United States for six years from the 4th of 
March, 1867. and to return to the General 
Assembly of ^Maryland my grateful appre- 
ciation of the distinguished honor they have 
conferred upon me." 

To this message the General Assembly of 
Maryland, by joint resolutions offered in the 
House, by the Hon. Isaac D. Jones, return- 
ed the following answer: "Resolved by the 
General Assembly of Maryland. That the 
conmiunication just received from his Ex- 
cellency, Thomas Swann, announcing his 
declination of the office of United States 
Senator, to which he had been chosen bv the 



present Legislature with great unanimity, 
has under the peculiar circumstances which 
surround it, impressed the Legislature with 
profound sensibility; and that in view of the 
momentous interests involved, and the cause 
of constitutional government in all States, 
Governor to remain firmly at his post in the 
Executive chair, at this juncture in the af- 
fairs pf the State, an evidence of the same 
devotion to its welfare which has in the past 
earned for him its highest honors and will 
in the future more strongly commend him 
to the confidence of the people." 

These resolutions adopted by the General 
Assembly by more than a two-thirds vote in 
each House fully expressed the opinion of 
the members of that body on the gravity of 
the crisis which had arisen, and their sense 
of relief that the crisis had been averted 
through the patriotic course pursued by 
Governor Swann, and also their apprecia- 
tion of the personal sacrifice on his part 
which that course involved. 

To complete the history of this incident 
it is proper and necessary to add: That on 
the 4th day of the ensuing March, from his 
place as the President of the Senate, Lieu- 
tenant Governor Cox delivered an address 
to that body in which he denied the truth 
of the rumor which attributed to him the 
intention, in the event of his succeeding 
Governor Swann and of the refusal of the 
Senate of the United States to admit that 
gentleman to a seat in that body; to appoint 
Hon. J. A. J. Creswell to fill the vacancy 
thus created and the imputation on his per- 
sonal and ])olitical integrity which that 
rumor carrie<l with ii. and requesting the 
appointment of a committee to investigate 
the rumor. A committee was accordingly 
appointed. This committee on the 21st of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



573 



Alarch reported that they had called on 
Governor Swann who "had disclaimed bas- 
ing his action in resigning the office of Sen- 
ator on this rumor and that his (Governor 
Swann's) course had been dictated by high 
motives of State policy," and that these 
rumors had in all probability originated in 
the excitement incident to the sudden and 
unexpected action of Governor Swann. 
There was no disposition to press this mat- 
ter further as the State had been delivered 
from the peril which threatened it. That 
that peril was grave, all realized, and the 
resolutions of the General Assembly above 
quoted, adopted by more than a two-thirds 
vote of each House, bear witness. There 
has never been since any reason or ground 
furnished to change or modify the opinion 
and belief at that time so generally and au- 
thoritatively expressed. On the contrary, 
subsequent events confirmed that opinion 
and belief. After the adjournment of the 
Legislature Lieutenant Governor Cox re- 
moved to the city of Washington, and in a 
short time thereafter was appointed health 
officer of that city. Subsequently he was 
appointed by President Hayes United States 
Commissioner to the World's Fair, held in 
1879, at Melbourne, Australia. On his re- 
turn from that mission he was seized with a 
mental ailment from which he never recov- 
ered. He died in 1880. 

The Republicans of Maryland fully real- 
ized how vitally important to them was the 
defeat of the bill for a convention to frame 
a new Constitution, and they strained every 
nerve to accomplish that defeat. They were 
persuaded that if the Constitution of 1864, 
with its iniquitous 4th Section of Article L 
and its sweeping and comprehensive denun- 
ciations and disabilities, should remain the 



fundamental law, they would have an im- 
mense advantage in that fact in future con- 
tests for political supremacy in the State. 
They would in that case also retain posses- 
sion of the judiciary; and the Democratic 
Conservatives of Baltimore had in the con- 
duct of Judge Bond recent and painful ex- 
perience of how powerful an instrument for 
party purposes that branch of the govern- 
ment may be made in the hands of men who 
sink the judge in the partisan. Nor was 
Judge Bond alone in this respect. The con- 
duct of some of the judges in other parts 
of the State, and the decisions of the Court 
of Appeals by a majority of four judges to 
one in the cases of Hardesty vs. Taft and 
Anderson vs. Baker, in 23 Md. Rpt., illus- 
trate the truth of which the history of Eng- 
land, and of our own country as well, fur- 
nishes examples: That Judges after all are 
but mortal and fallible men, that when 
elected or appointed upon party considera- 
tions and for party or personal services, they 
are not forgetful nor ungrateful, when great 
party interests are involved in questions be- 
fore them; and that in the last resort the de- 
fense and preservation of a people's rights 
and liberties cannot with safety be intrusted 
in other hands than those of the people 
themselves. 

The enfranchisement act had been passed, 
but only as a temporary measure to meet 
emergencies which might arise before a new 
Constitution could be framed, adopted and 
put in operation. In regard to that act it 
may be said that there was a plausible, nay 
a reasonable doubt, as to whether the saving 
clause in the 4th Section of Article L which 
gave to the General Assembly under certain 
conditions the power "to restore the citizen' 
who had committed any of the enumerated 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



acts of disloyalty "to Iiis full rights of citizen- 
ship" would be construed to sustain so gen- 
eral and sweeping an enfranchisement of the 
people of the State en bloc, as was effected, 
or attempted to be effected, by that act. 
The municipal bill for giving a new govern- 
ment to the city of Baltimore had not been 
passed ; but in anticipation of its passage the 
radical Mayor and City Council of Balti- 
more had already made an appropriation of 
$20,000, and authorized the employment of 
counsel to contest its validity in the Courts : 
and Mr. Henry Stockbridge and Mr. Archi- 
bald Stirling, Jr., had been retained for the 
purpose. Both these measures would have 
to run the gauntlet of a hostile judiciary, 
should the convention bill be not passed, 
and the Constitution of 1864 remain the 
law of the land. 

In the meantime too the conHict between 
President Johnson and the Republican Con-^ 
gress had reached a point of intensity which 
rendered the impeachment of that magis- 
trate inevitable. Should impeachment pro- 
ceedings end, as it was generally believed 
they would end, in the conviction of Presi- 
dent Johnson and his removal from office, 
that result would remove the most powerful 
obstacle to the accomplishment of the pur- 
]Joses of the Republican party in the State. 
Xo wonder then that the Republicans in- 
trigued and threatened. The change of a 
single vote in the Senate would defeat the 
hill for a convention. One of the results 
of the miserable scramble which had taken 
])lace in Baltimore for the mayoralty nomi- 
nation had been, it was claimed, to transfer 
two votes in that body to the ranks of the 
op])onents of the bill. The claim was not 
without foundation. These two votes were 
however afterwards secured for the conven- | 



tion bill by the abandonment of the pending 
municipal election bill. 

VIII. 
The Convkntion Bill, The Military 
Bill, and the Baltimore Mu- 
nicipal Bill. 
The people of Baltimore City were for 
many just and substantial reasons, anx- 
ious for as speedy a deliverance as pos- 
sible from radical mal-administration of 
their municipal affairs under which thev 
had suffered so long. But they did 
not realize the practical difficulty which 
confronted the representatives of the 
Democratic Conservative party in Annap- 
olis in the alternative presented between an 
abandonment of that measure of local relief, 
the numicipal election bill, which, if. even 
passed, would have a doubtful result, as al- 
ready pointed out, and the loss of the con- 
vention bill. Numerous appeals by letter 
and in person were made to members of the 
House from Baltimore City urging upon 
them the passage of the municipal election 
bill even at the sacrifice of the convention 
bill. These appeals were sometimes threat- 
ening in their tone. Meetings were held in 
several of the wards of Baltimore City, and 
delegations of citizens visited Annapolis for 
the same purpose. Even a part of the city 
press uninformed as to the actual situation 
and of the nature of the issue indulged in un- 
favoral)le criticism of those who were doing 
everything in their power to avert a threat- 
ened peril to the State and to extricate the 
Democratic i)arty from the entanglement 
and difficulty in which it had become involv- 
ed through the narrow and selfish policy of a 
few of its members. Without the aid of the 
Conservative Republicans the success of the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



movement in the election of Xovember, 
1866, would have been doubtful: indeed, im- 
possible. Xow that the war was over and 
the danger past the mortifying spectacle 
was presented in our city of men who dur- 
ing the conflict had done nothing or had 
kept in close hiding, demanding, with Fal- 
staffian courage, the exclusion of all Con- 
servative Republicans from official posi- 
tions in disregard of the manifest fact that 
without the aid of Conservative Republican 
votes i:. the House the <:onvention bill 
could not be passed. 

Later on, however, when the citizens of 
Baltimore became better informed upon this 
subject and realized the danger to which the 
course they had recommended would have 
subjected their greater and paramount in- 
terests they did full justice to the motives 
and conduct of those who against their pro- 
tests and remonstrances had the courage 
and foresight to carry out a policy they 
deemed necessary to the complete and final 
emancipation of the people of the State. 
With some, however, it was a question of 
the immediate possession of the spoils of 
office. It was in vain pointed out to these 
persons that by the course they wished pur- 
sued, they would get a lawsuit on their 
hands and not the offices; that the conven- 
tion could, in the new Constitution which it 
would frame, order a municipal election and 
give to Baltimore a new city government 
which would be free from all objections, and 
beyond the reach of any controversy in the 
Courts because these tribunals would at the 
same time be wholly reconstructed by that 
instrument. 

This suggestion was subsequently carried 
out by the convention, and Article XI, Title, 
City of Baltimore, makes its appearance in 



the Constitution of 1867. This article pro- 
vided for an election in October, 1867, of a 
Mayor and City Council invested with cer- 
tain powers and duties, but saving to the 
General Assembly of the State full control 
over the corporation thus created and di- 
recting that the article should not be so 
construed as to make Baltimore independ- 
ent of the State. This experiment and anom- 
ally in Constitution-making — an innova- 
tion without a parallel in the fundamental 
law of any State — was made in deference to 
the wishes of the people of Baltimore, and 
has its explanation in the circumstances 
here narrated. In the recasting of the net, 
however, into the pool of municipal offices, 
which, in consequence of this course, was 
rendered necessary, some of these recalci- 
trant gentlemen lost the prizes which they 
had so selfishly coveted and which they had 
regarded as secured, and they never forgot 
nor forgave those who, in their judgment, 
had been, however innocently, instrumental 
in the loss. 

In conclusion, it may be affirmed that had 
the Legislature of 1867 adjourned without 
passing a convention bill, the radical Re- 
publicans of Maryland would have at once 
prepared to make a desperate attempt to re- 
gain the political control and possession of 
the State. In this attempt, in addition to 
"the coign of vantage," the retention of 
the Constitution of 1864 and of the judiciarv 
of the State would have given them, they 
would have commanded some powerful out- 
side influences and resources which would 
have enabled them at least to prolong the 
struggle for supremacy for an indefinite per- 
iod, certainly until to the close of General 
Grant's administration, even had they been 
ultimately unable to accomplish their avow- 



BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



ed purpose, the permanent recovery of the 
State into "loyal" hands. Xo one famihar 
with the events and circumstances immedi- 
ately preceding the election of November, 
1866, and General Grant's connection with 
those events and circumstances, as previ- 
ously recounted, and also familiar with the 
course pursued by General Grant in Louisi- 
ana in 1872, under circumstances analagous 
to those which would have existed in Mary- 
land, in the hypothesis of a failure of the 
convention bill, can doubt on which side in 
that struggle for the political control of our 
State the sword of General Grant would 
have been cast. 

No sooner was this difficulty, growing 
out of its own domestic dissensions re- 
moved, when the Democratic Conservative 
party was called to confront a new danger. 
At a meeting of the Republican State Cen- 
tral Committee it was foreshadowed, indeed 
threatened, that should the convention bill 
be passed Federal interference would be in- 
voked. The alleged grounds for this inter- 
ference were: that the Legislature itself was 
illegally elected in violation of the registra- 
tion laws, and of the provisions of the Con- 
stitution of 1864; that it was chci>cn 1)v, and 
was largely composed of, disfranclii-vil nh- 
els; that the call for a convention was in dis- 
regard of that Constitution, and that the 
body convoked under it would be revolu- 
tionary in its character. It was also boldly 
asserted that should such convention assem- 
ble, a government under the Constitution 
of 1864 would at once be organized, and 
Frederick City, it was said, was selected as 
the place for its organization. This gov- 
ernment would appeal to Congress for rec- 
ognition and to the war department — then 
imder the exclusive control of Secretary 



Stanton— for military support. There 
were not wanting timid counsellors who ad- 
vised a postponement of the bill for a con- 
vention to some more opportune time, to a 
time more free from the difficulties and em- 
barrassments growing out of the existing 
condition of the country, to a future General 
Assembly, which under the general enfran- 
chisement act, that had been already passed, 
it was thought that the Democratic Con- 
servatives of the State would at any time in 
the future be able to control. But this 
course would have endangered evervthing; 
as the enfranchisement act itself in the 
meantime, as before stated, would have to 
undergo the criticism of a hostile judiciary. 
To meet this emergency and to prevent the 
disastrous results involved in such surren- 
der of everything that had been contended 
for during three years of painful struggle, a 
caucus of the Democratic Conservative 
members of the Legislature was promptly 
called, two weeks before the close of 
the session. In this caucus IMr. Knott 
offered the following resolution: "Rj- 
solved. That the Democratic Conser- 
vative members of the Legislature in 
caucus assembled, hereby pledge them- 
selves to lay aside for the present every 
other measure of a political character, in- 
cluding tlic hill noTi,> pending in tlic Senate for 
a sf^eeial municipal election in Baltimore, and 
to postpone all private business; and to de- 
vote the remaining part of the session, if 
necessary, to the passage of the convention 
bill and of the military bill for the organiza- 
tion of the militia of the State : to the prompt 
]3assage of which measures we hereby 
pledge ourselves." This resolution was 
adopted with great unanimity, after a brief 
discussion, in which the absolute import- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



577 



ance of these two measures was explained 
and insisted upon. These two bills were 
immediately put upon their passage and car- 
ried through the Legislature, the two recal- 
citrants in the Senate having been won over 
by the sacrifice of the Baltimore municipal 
election bill. This was the answer of the 
General Assembly of Maryland and of the 
Democratic party of the State to the threats 
of armed Federal intervention. The call for 
the convention was sustained by an over- 
whelming popular vote. The convention 
assembled in pursuance of the call, and gave 
to the people of the State a Constitution 
stripped of all obnoxious and proscriptive 
clauses and disabilities, and restored the 
people to the full enjoyment of all their 
rights and liberties as freemen. And in less 
than a )ear under the operation of the pro- 
visions of the military bill, Baltimore wit- 
nessed the largest and finest display of its 
citizen soldiery that ever before had been 
seen on its streets. This, too, was the be- 
ginning of that splendid military organiza- 
tion, the Fifth Regiment of xvhich our city 
and State are so justly proud. 

The work of the Democratic State Central 
Committee, begun in February, 1864, after 
more than three years of arduous and al- 
most incessant labor under circumstances 
of great discouragement, and even of dan- 
ger, was now triumphantly accomplished. 
Maryland was again free. 



Mr. Knott represented his State in the 
National Democratic Convention of 1864, 
and in that of 1872; and was a member of 
the National Democratic Executive Com- 
mittee from 1872 to 1876. 

In 1884 he took an active part in the cam- 
paign which resulted in the election of the 



Democratic candidate for President, Grover 
Cleveland, making speeches in Maryland, 
West Virginia, New Jersey and New York. 

In 1885 Mr. Knott was ofifered and ac- 
cepted the position of Second Assistant 
Postmaster General under Mr. Cleveland's 
first administration, a position which he 
filled to its close. 

On the appointment of Mr. Knott to this 
office the Baltimore Sun in its issue of 
Thursday, April 2, 1885, made the following 
editorial comment: "The appointment of 
Mr. A. Leo Knott to be Second Assistant 
Postmaster General is in every respect one 
of the very best that could have been made. 
It is as honorable to the President and to 
Mr. Vilas, the Postmaster General, as it is 
gratifying not only to Maryland, but to all 
who are acquainted with Mr. Knott, and 
who know with what conspicuous ability he 
filled for twelve years the office of State's 
Attorney for the city of Baltimore. During 
the three successive terms for which he was 
elected, he proved himself to be one of the 
most energetic and fearless prosecuting 
officers that Baltimore has ever had, and on 
his retirement from a position that was both 
delicate and arduous, the thoroughly noble 
manner in which his official dtities had been 
performed was made the subject of the 
warmest approval from the press of the city. 
Mr. Knott has been heartily in accord with 
the principles of the Democratic party ever 
since the time when, in 1858, he first began 
to take an active part in political affairs. He 
has not been a blind partisan, but, while 
holding to his party, has shown on occa- 
sions a conservatism and a spirit of inde- 
pendence that won for him the respect even 
of those with whom he differed on points of 
policy or methods of action. He has filled 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAXD. 



various places of honor in tlie party, being 
a member of the Legislature, of the State 
Democratic Convention of 1864, and was a 
delegate to the National Democratic Con- 
ventions of 1864 and 1872. As an eloquent 
public speaker his services have been fre- 
quently in request at home and in other 
States. His appointment as Second As- 
sistant Postmaster General has, therefore, 
been well earned, and to Maryland it is es- 
pecially welcome, as it is intimately con- 
nected with that branch of the service which 
concerns the transmission of the mails. 
We have no doubt that Mr. Knott will bring 
to the work that is before him the same zeal 
and thoroughness for which he was dis- 
tinguished as State's Attorney, and which 
has been a marked feature of his political 
and professional career." 

While holding this office Mr. Knott 
introduced several changes and improve- 
ments in the branch of the postal service 
under his charge — the transportation of the 
mails — the value of which was recognized 
liy their retention by his successors in office. 
Tn 1886, Mr. Knott prepared with the aid of 
two of his subordinate officers, and submit- 
ted in his annual report tn the Postmaster 
Cieneral and to Congress, a plan for adjust- 
ing the pay of railroad companies for rail- 
\vay mail transportation and postal car ser- 
vice, tile cost of which had grown enor- 
mously under the existing system. This plan 
— the leading feature of which was the sub- 
stitution of car space used in the transporta- 
tion of the mails for weight of mails carried 
as the basis of remuneration — it was reliably 
estimated would save tiie ( jovernment at the 
rate of $1,200.00 annuall}'; while the railroad 
companies would be spared tlie arbitrary 
and capricious reductions which Congress 



made from time to time whenever an 
economical fit seized that body, and 
there were no other objects to exercise 
it on. In 1876 and 1878 Congress 
had made such reductions; the first of 
ten per cent, and the second of five per 
cent., on the whole cost of this service. 
These summary, indiscriminate and pro- 
cru'Stean methods of dealing with an intri- 
cate and complex problem — the solution of 
which demands the consideration of the con- 
stantly changing requirements of the ser- 
vice and of the ever varying wants and con- 
ditions of the countrw excited the resent- 
ment of the railroad companies and were 
detrimental to the service. But Congress 
and the Postmaster General took no action 
on the matter. In the meantime the cost 
of this branch of the postal service has con- 
tinued to grow until it now reaches the vast 
sum of thirty-fovir million dollars annually. 
In 1886, he was sent by the Postmaster Gen- 
eral to arrange with the Governor General 
of Cuba an agreement for the transmission 
of the Spanish mails between Cuba and 
Spain by way of Key West, Tampa and New 
York by the steamers Olivette and Mas- 
cotte, in connection with the Plant system 
of railway between New York and Tampa: 
which agreement was entered into, in De- 
cember, 1886, on the resignation of Judge 
William .-X. Fisher from the bench of Balti- 
more Citw Governor Lloyd offered to Mr. 
Knott, through Hon. Robert \. Dobbin, 
llie appointment to till the vacancy thus cre- 
ated, lie accei)ted it, but subsecjuently, in 
deference to the expressed wish and request 
of President Cleveland to remain in the 
Post Office I)e])artmcnt until the close of his 
administration, Mr. Knott declined the ap- 
pointment. On his retirement from office. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAN'D. 



579 



in April, 1889, Mr. Knott resumed the prac- 
tice of his profession, opening offices in 
\\'ashing1;on and Baltimore. In 1890, Mr. 
Knott became associated with the late Mr. 
Linden Kent, Mr. R. Byrd Lewis and Rob- 
ert J. Washington, in the conduct and man- 
agement of the interests of the heirs of 
Henry Harford, the last Lord Proprietary 
of Maryland, in the suit instituted by the 
United States Government under an act of 
Congress to adjudicate and settle the right 
and title of parties to the submerged lands 
under the Potomac river opposite Wash- 
ington. These lands the Government pro- 
posed to reclaim and improve for public 
purposes. The case was argued in 1895 be- 
fore the Supreme Bench of the city of Wash- 
ington, and is now pending in the LTnited 
States Supreme Court. 

Mr. Knott took part in 1892 in the cam- 
paign in favor of Mr. Cleveland, and in that 
of 1896 in favor of Mr. Bryan, the nominee 
of the Democratic party, and in support of 
the Chicago platfoTm. 

Mr. Knott is the son of Edward Knott, a 
native of Montgomery county, and for many 
years a farmer and tobacco planter in that 
county, and an officer in the War of i8i2,and 
of Elizabeth Sprigg Sweeney, a daughter of 
Allan Sweeney of Chaptico. St. Mary's 
county, and of Ellinor Neale, his wife. Ed- 
ward Knott was the son of Zachary Knott, 
who removed from St. Mary's county, and 
settled in what was then known as Frederick 
county, in 1771, and engaged extensively in 
tobacco planting. This Zachary was a de- 
scendant of John Knott, who came into the 
province of Maryland from Yorkshire, Eng- 
land, in 1642. (See Kilty's Landholder's 
Assistant ; pages 69, 76.) 

Both on his father's and mother's side Mr. 



Knott is connected with Neales, the Med- 
leys, the Darnells, the Digges, the Spald- 
ings and other Catholic families of the col- 
ony of Maryland. Through these families 
Mr. Knott is descended from the first colo- 
nists of Maryland, the Pilgrims of the Ark 
and of the Dove, of the men who, in the 
language of Bancroft the historian, "were 
the first in the annals of mankind to make 
religious freedom and basis of the State." 

He is a member of the Roman Catholic 
Church, by birth, education and conviction. 
He has been called upon to deliver many ad- 
dresses on literary and historical subjects 
before collegiate and other bodies in Balti- 
more, New York, Washington, and other 
cities. In October, 1 891, at the celebration 
of the Centennial Anniversary of the found- 
ation of his alma mater, St. Mary's College, 
he delivered the alumni oration. On Octo- 
ber 1 2th, 1892, he delivered the oration on 
the occasion of dedicating the monument 
erected to Christopher Columbus in Druid 
Hill Park by the Italian Societies of Balti- 
more. He has been a frequent contributor 
to the press on political and historical sub- 
jects. 

In 1873, he married Regina M. Keenan, 
the daughter of Anthony Keenan, an old 
and respected citizen of Baltimore, and of 
Mary Phelan, his wife. The ancestors of 
Mary Phelan came from Waterford, Ire- 
land, in 1776. Two of her uncles, John 
Phelan and Philip Phelan, joined the Amer- 
ican army at Boston, in September of that 
vear. John Phelan entered as ensign and 
was promoted January ist, 1777, to the rank 
of lieutenant in Colonel Smith's regiment of 
the Continental Army. Philip Phelan was 
lieutenant of the Third Company of Col. 
Henry Jackson's Sixteenth Regiment of the 



580 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Massachusetts Line. He afterwards held 
the same rank in the Continental Army. 
Both these officers were with General 
Greene in his southern campaigns. Philip 
fell at the battle of Eutaw Springs. John 
Phelan went through the revolutionary 
struggle, remaining in the army until its dis- 
bandment at Newburgh, in October, 1783, 
in the meantime attaining to the rank of 
captain and also of major by brevet. 

After the war John Phelan settled in New 
York and entered on a mercantile life. He 
made several voyages as a supercargo, 
in the last one of which he was 
shipwrecked with the loss of all he 
possessed. On his return to this country 
he removed to Baltimore and opened 
a classical and mathematical school on 
North Exeter street. He had among his 
pupils the late Christopher Hughes, an ac- 
complished diplomat in his day and for 
many years the American Minister at the 
Hague; Mr. George W. Andrews, in his 
time a well known chemist of Baltimore, 
and the late Hon. William H. Gatchell. He 
was a member of the Cincinnati Society. 
He died in Baltimore, September 13, 1827, 
an<l was buried with military honors. 

Mr. Knott is a member of the Maryland, 
University, the Country, and Catholic Clubs 
of Baltimore, and of the Society of the 
War of 1 81 2. 

John H. Hkwitt, Poet, by William M. 
Marine. — One of the well known poets in 
Baltimore's earlier days was the subject of 
this sketch, Rufus Dawes entertained a 
flattering o])inion of the value of his friend- 
ship and acknowledged the merit of his 
verse. As is usual in instances of this char- 
acter, Mr. Hewitt believed Mr. Dawes one 



of the truest of men and a poet equal to the 
best singers of his time. 

Harmony and melody inspired Mr. Hew- 
itt's soul. He had an eye for the beautiful 
and saw nature only to comprehend more 
fully the mighty working power of God. 

The creations of his mind were pure and 
simple as rain drops; he sought no eyrie out 
of sight, cloud capped and hidden from ob- 
servation. He sang to the comprehension 
of the people, of love and of patriotism. Of- 
ten he descended from his serious strain in 
the latter days of his life and, under the 
"nom de plume" of "Jenks." wrote for the 
rural presi, verses on every day topics. 
Some of his sweetest songs were published 
under the name of Eugene Raymond. 

He sold "his talents;" a great deal he 
wrote was published under other names 
than his. However despicable is the habit 
some people have of publishing other peo- 
ple's effusions as theirs, it is a frequent and 
censurable one. Hewitt sold the product of 
his talent to meet his necessities. There was 
nothing wrong in that; those who were the 
purchasers and published his effusions un- 
der their names, to obtain a prominence to 
which they were not entitled, defrauded the 
public by such conduct. 

Mr. Hewitt had his moods; all poets 
have. At such times he was melancholy and 
disposed to believe fate had singled him out 
to pour her vials of wrath upon his head. 

He wrote rapidly, and permitted his pro- 
ductions to go to print without exercising 
proper care in correcting them. He was 
the father of American ballad poetry, and 
being a skilled musician, he took rank as 
the only early .American who composed and 
set his stanzas to music. "Our Native 
land," which he composed and set to music. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



581 



was the first of our national songs of such 
origin. It was played by the band at the 
Centennial in Philadelphia in 1876. 

When Thomas Moore visited America, 
Mr. Hewitt's father resided on the banks of 
the Schuylkill river. He entertained at his 
home the Irish poet, who, while at his house, 
penned several of his lyrics. Mr. Hewitt 
caught from his genius the flame of ballad 
style which he cultivated so successfully. 
He always retained a recollection of his 
father's distinguished visitor, including the 
mighty stock he wore round his neck. 

No fashionable repertoire in the days of 
his ballad publications was complete with- 
out them. The "Minstrel's Return from 
War" was prodigiously popular in this 
country and Europe. Mr. Hewitt once said, 
"I suppose when I am dead, they will carve 
on my slab, author of "The Minstrel's Re- 
turn from the War." The music of "Rock 
Me to Sleep, Mother," and "All Quiet on 
the Potomac" were from the inspiration of 
his fertile mind. 

"Flora's Festival," a pastorial oratoria, 
had successful seasons for the theatre 
boards. "The Rival Harps" was none the 
less popular. 

Of Mr. Hewitt's patriotic poems, "The 
American Boy" took high rank. It is found 
in numerous elementary readers of fifty 
years ago. For beginners in elocution it is 
especially adapted. A negro thinking the 
author of it dead and forgotten reproduced 
it as his production. Mr. Hewitt, fixing the 
theft upon him, with a shot-gun of words, 
invited the thieving Son of Ham to stand 
and deliver! 

Mr. Hewitt was a commemorative poet. 
When the bronze statue to Baron de Kalb 
was unveiled at Annapolis he furnished the 



poem for that occasion. Other notable 
events were graced by the flow of his 
metrical pen. 

A volume of Mr. Hewitt's poems was 
published by Nathaniel Hickman, Balto., 
1838, having one hundred and thirty-five 
pages, containing one hundred and thirty- 
two poems. In his "Shadows on the Wall," 
published by Turnbull Bro., Balto., 1877, a 
book dealing with glimpses of the past fifty 
years of his life; is included his longest 
and (as he estimated) best poetry. 

"De Soto, Or the Conquest of Florida," 
makes three lengthy cantoes. It is full of 
poetic thrill, and gems of rare beauty shine 
throughout it. The following lines are per- 
fect: 

" Hail, queen of night ! whose silver beam 
Kisses the riplets of the stream ! 
Heaven's jewelled front, in starry blaze, 
Is spread before thy wandering gaze ; 
And, on the river's sparkling breast 
The placid star beams seem to rest '' 

In depicting the approach of a barque to- 
ward the shore, nothing can be more felici- 
tous : 

" The helmsman cast his eye aloft. 

And marked the quivering topmost sail ; 
On viewless wmgs and whispering soft, 

Came creeping on the gentle gale. 
A ripple, then a hurried flaw, 

When lo ! the sails began to fill ; 
The barque leapt gaily toward the shore, 
Clearing the billows with a will." 

"St. Cecilia and the Angel," a poem show- 
ing genius, will yet take rank as a work of 
art. 

In the newspapers and magazines of his 
day will be found the majority of his poems, 
many of them worthy of enduring fame. In 
their present condition they are not obtaina- 
ble by the public : an efTort will be made to 
collect and publish them. His newspaper life 



582 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



was eventful: he was connected with the 
leading- papers of Baltimore a half century 
ago, among them being the j\liucr:\i Tran- 
script, Jefferson Reformer, Enterprise and 
Despateh, all of which papers have long 
since passed away. He was the founder of 
the Baltimore Clipper, and for a long time 
its editor. Several Baltimore weeklies were 
furnished from his pen editorial food and 
contributed articles. 

His misfortunes he called "Hewitt luck." 
When ]\Ir. A. S. Able was about starting the 
Baltimore Sun, he invited Mr. Hewitt to 
join him in the venture. In years after- 
wards, speaking of his having declined to do 
so, he remarked, "That was the worst kind 
of Hewitt luck." 

He was a native of New York State, 
where he was born July ii, iSoi. In 1818 
he was appointed a cadet to West Point, 
where he rounded out the prescribed course 
of studies for graduation, and was notified 
he would, at commencement, secure his 
ci inimis>i.jn as a lieutenant in the army. On 
the strength of that statement he visited 
Xew York City, and attended a party, in a 
lieutenant's uniform. For that he was sum- 
moned before the commandant, and a dis- 
pute resulted, ending in Mr. Hewitt chal- 
lenging the commandant to fight a duel, 
who declined the proffer and had the chal- 
lenger deprived of his graduation honors. 
That trying circumstance he called the de- 
velopment of "Hewitt luck." 

At West Point, Willis, a graduate of the 
celebrated Lagier, the leader of the band, 
taught him music: he became proficient. In 
after life his perfect knowledge of it ser\'ed 
him to earn a livelihood. He was known in 
consequence of giving lessons in music and 
teaching in colleges, as Profcssdr Hewitt. 



After adventures in early life north and 
south, he tinally reached Baltimore, where 
he resided from 1825 until his death, ex- 
cepting a short period when he was employ- 
ed in \'irginia colleges as instructor and 
during the interval when the South was at 
war with the Government. 

When hostilities occurred, he was appoint- 
ed a drill master of southern troops in Rich- 
mond. Throughout the war he resided 
South. When Confederate fortunes waned,, 
he wrote "Hearts of Steel," and "Never 
Despair," pronounced by literary critics, in 
England and America, among the best ly- 
rics produced during that trying season. 
F'rior to the war, in the piping times of 
peace, he was captain of the Marion Rifles, 
a crack military company of Baltimore. 

At the close of war, he returned to Balti- 
more dispirited and poor; he roused up his 
energies and vigorously battled anew for 
fame and bread. His Hewitt luck pursued 
him. There was no difficulty to find space 
in papers for his productions, but pay for 
them was another thing. He wrote consid- 
erable verse for the Baltimorean, and num- 
erous sketches for some of the dailies. One 
of his best poems he constructed late in life, 
"The Creation of Man," founded on the 
Biblical account in Genesis of his origin. 
It was published and favorably received, but 
did not yield him a penny. 

An important event in Mr. Hewitt's life 
has been dwarfed so far as he was con- 
cerned. Indeed he has been shamefully 
treated by all of Edgar Allan Poe's biog- 
rajihers, who have shrivelled him into an 
atom in the space of Poe's genius. When 
Mr. Hewitt was the editor of the Baltimore 
I'isitor. the projirietor offered two pre- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



niiums: one. of Sioo, for the best story, and 
$50 for the best poem. The award commit- 
tee consisted of John H. B. Latrobe, John 
P. Kennedy and Dr. James H. Miller. 
These gentlemen were naturally enough 
impressed with Poe's manuscript, "Found 
in a Battle," and Hewitt's poem, "The 
Song of the Wind," and so awarded the first 
prize to Poe, and the second to Hewitt. 

The committee was influenced in its de- 
cision, possibly, by the fact that Poe re- 
ceived the first award; he being a competitor 
also for the second. Mr. Hewitt embodied 
in striking verse the song of the wandering 
wind. The poem started with an inquiry, 
"Whence come ye with your odor laden 
wings?" and that question was answered, 
"Oh I have come fresh from the sun-beaten 
climes," "I have kissed the white crest of the 
moon-lit wave," "I have wandered along the 
seas pebbly shore," "I have wildly careered 
through the shivering shrouds." The wind 
is made to witness "the rent reef'd sail of the 
corsair in twain," "The wreck of a ship," a 
solitary survivor who cried out, "My com- 
rades. Oh! where are they now?" The an- 
swer being forthcoming to the query, then 
the survivor "smote on his breast ;" "a strug- 
gle — a sigh — and his spirit had fled." The 
poem concludes: 

Where the citron tree pouts with its golden hued 
fruits. 
And the coffee-plant shakes to the fiery breath ; 
I have waken'd the song of the Spanish girl's lute. 
While I placed on her lips the cold signet of 
death. 
For the death plague had perched on my shadow- 
less wings, 
And the form that I touched became lifeless and 
cold ; 
To the dirge I had awaken'd the lute's steeping 
strings. 
And it sung of the maiden whose days were all 
told. 



I hurried me on— and the things of the earth 

Fell stricken with death as I wauder'd along ; 
I blasted the smile of the board and the hearth. 

And I levelled alike both the feeble and strong. 
But shrink not— I've gathered the sweets of the 
flowers, 

And, laden with perfumes, I come to thee now. 
To kiss the dew-lips of the rosy-wing'd hours, 

And play with the dark locks that shadow your 
brow. 

Hewitt did not accompany his poem with 
his name, but an assumed one. He pursued 
that course because of his editorship of the 
paper. He preserved the proof of the com- 
plete identification of his poem in the event 
of a dispute and on the $50 being awarded 
him, declined the money, preferring a silver 
goblet which was substituted, and is now 
the property of a member of his family.- 

Poe was not pleased with Hewitt, who 
had criticised stiffly his poems published by 
Hatch and Dunning in 1829. Poe, in ignor- 
ance probably, of how Hewitt had submitted 
his competing poem, met him, after the 
award and hot words followed. Poe told 
Hewitt, being editor of the paper, he had no 
right to do as he had done. Hewitt ex- 
plained his method of action. It ended in a 
refreshing encounter in which a few blows 
were struck, without injury resulting to 
either. Poe and Hewitt met once after- 
wards. Nothing was said of what transpired 
at their former meeting. Poe asked of 
Hewitt a favur. which was cheerfully grant- 
ed and they separated never to meet again. 

Mr. Hewitt died in Baltimore, Tuesday, 
October 7th, 1890, and was laid to rest in 
Louden Park Cemetery. 

The vines creep over his unmarked grave. 
Before he shall have lain in it as long as Poe 
slept in a similar one, possibly, kind-hearted 
people will give him a stone. 

His body, after his funeral, was placed in 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



the cemetery vault, to where it was followed 
by a large concourse of people. In a 
few weeks it was interred in the earth, 
his wife, children and the writer of 
this sketch were present. Mr. Hewitt was 
manly in all the relations of life; warm- 
hearted, impulsive and generous. There 
was no alloy in his metal; it is pleasant to 
record that he was of a lovable disposition, 
good and great, Chesterfieldian in man- 
ners with rare conversational powers. 

In the following poem which he inscribed 
to Wm. M. Marine, which was written by 
him on the fly-leaf of a copy of "Shadows 
on the Wall," which he came across in the 
library of that gentleman vhen on a visit 
to him during the summer of 1884, he gives 
vent to his life's disappointments. The re- 
sult of the legacy of "Hewitt's Luck:" 

My friend, while o'er this little book 

Your searching twinkler glances, 
You need not for rare beauties look, 

Or ideals that entrances. 
The carping critics of the times 

My claims have shorn and shaven ; 
The truest grinder out of rhymes 

Was he who wrote the "Raven." 
Well be it so— instead of bread 

To keep poor Poe from starving, 
They've placed a stone above his head 

Elaborate with carving. 
Yes, mine will be a buried name. 

Ambition early blasted. 
No place upon the roll of fame. 

Much ink and paper wasted. 
Acres of paper, seas of ink. 

Long years of study squandered. 
Thinking of all a mau could think 

While with the Muse he wander'd, 
Wandered around Mount Helicon, 

By the Castilian gutter. 
But ne'er an inspiring sip he won 

To save his bread and butter. 
Three score of years, and more of work, 

In hopes of immortality. 
Better he'd been a tinker's clerk 

And lived on the reality. 



You've read the book ? Well that's enough. 
Now cast it in the place that blazes. 

They'll call it worse than common stuff 
When I'm asleep beneath the daisies. 

Mr. Hewitt was twice married; first, to 
Estelle Mangin, early in his life. She died 
in i860 leaving him seven children; his sec- 
ond wife was Alethia Smith, whom he mar- 
ried when sixty years of age; she is living in 
Baltimore. By her he had children, two of 
whom survive. 

Mr. Hewitt prior to his death sickness 
collected and edited his poems and wrote a 
full and detailed sketch of his life. These 
treasures are reserved for future publication. 

William Matthew Mari.xe. — The an- 
cestors of Mr. Marine, on the paternal 
side, on coming to America, settled in 
North Fork district, Dorchester county, 
Md. The records of that county, and 
of Susse.x county, in Delaware, where 
branches of the family resided, reveal the 
spelling of the name Mareen, Merine, Ma- 
rine, Alarene, Morean, Marain, Mareain, 
Morine, Marean and Marign. In the colo- 
nial days of the family, the persons whose 
names were thus WTitten were each related 
to the other. 

At what year the family reached .\merica 
cannot be precisely stated. In the Land Of- 
fice at Annapolis exists a signed paper by 
Milleson Mareen, whose signature is in dis- 
tinct, well-formed letters, in which the date 
of his arrival in Maryland is fixed at 1655. 
A similar one states the arrival of .\lcxander 
Merine to have been 1669. After the fam- 
ily was transplanted from the okl to the new 
world, its ramifications were ?ubsc(|uently 
found east, south and west. 

The Maryland branch has representatives 
in North Carolina. Indiana, Illinois. Iowa, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



585 



Nebraska and Tennessee. The late elo- 
quent and scholarly Rev. Dr. A. Marine, of 
the M. E. Church; his brother, S. A. Marine, 
an editor of the Globe Gazette, Mason City, 
Iowa: their first cousin James Whitcomb 
Riley, and John C. Merine, their uncle, late- 
ly deceased, an artist of eminent standing, 
who during his life resided in Kansas City, 
are representatives of the Indian branch 
of the family. 

The ancestors of the subject of this sketch 
had the method of spelling their names 
which is preserved in mentioning them, (2) 
William Alerine, farmer; a resident of North 
Fork district, where Milleson settled, had 
nine children ; the fourth (3) Zorababel Ma- 
rain, was born in 1736 and died eighty-five 
years of age. In manhood he married 
Frances Heyvvard, a connection of the fam- 
ily in South Carolina, which produced a 
signer of the Declaration of Independence. 
They had ten children. One of them, John 
Marain, was a private in the Second Alary- 
land Regiment, serving in the War of the 
Revolution. The muster roll with his name 
thereon is in the Land Office at Annapolis. 
Zorababel was a farmer; his grist mill at 
Federalsburgh was the first built in that sec- 
tion. During its construction a mud sill be- 
came wedged and defied the efforts of the 
workmen: he ordered them ofT, contemptu- 
ously saying, "Away, weaklings!" and put- 
ting his shoulder beneath the sill moved it 
into position ; his shirt adhering to his fiesh 
in consequence of the effort. (4) William 
Merine, farmer, Zorabable's son, was mar- 
ried to Mary Fletcher, who was descended 
from the New England family to which 
Grace Fletcher, wife of Daniel Webster, be- 
longed. Thomas C. Fletcher, a Union man 
and e.x-war governor of Missouri, is a native 
of Dorchester countv, Md., and a scion of 



the old family of that name in that county. 
In a letter to the subject of this sketch, 14th 
of January, 1896, he wrote: "I figure it out 
that your great-grandmother, Mary Fletch- 
er, was the daughter of John Fletcher, who 
was brother to my grandfather, Thomas 
Fletcher. I am a member of the New Eng- 
land Fletcher family association." (5) Mat- 
thew Marain, fourth child of William and 
Mary was bom in Dorchester county, Au- 
gust 19th, 1797; he died in Sharptown, then 
Somerset, now Wicomico county, Md., No- 
vember 27th, 1854. Nancy Rollins, his 
wife, was bom January 9th, 1803, in Dor- 
chester county and died April i6th, 1870, in 
Sharptown. She was a daughter of John 
Rollins, whose wife was Mary Mezzick,both 
of French parentage, whose ancestors were 
Huguenots and early settlers on the Eastern 
Shore. The father of John was Luke, and 
Leah was the first name of his wife. Luke's 
father was named Jewel; he immigrated 
from France. Matthew and Nancy had eight 
children, three of whom died young. Wil- 
liam John, the youngest son, was a lawyer, 
editor and a member of the Twelfth Mis- 
souri Federal Cavalry. He was severely 
wounded at Chickamauga. Matthew was a 
prosperous merchant at Sharptown, and one 
of its largest landed proprietors, who was re- 
puted to have built and owned a larger 
number of bay craft than any one other per- 
son on the line of the Nanticoke river. He 
possessed the family trait of courage. The 
late Hon. John W. Crisfield said of 
him that "at every other term of 
Court at Princess Anne, they had Matthew 
on the jury; an indispensable juror." The 
late William S. Waters, of the Baltimore 
bar, formerly of the same town, stated. 
"The Whigs never could hold a meet- 
ing at Sharptown unless Matthew Ma- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



rain was present to keep order." He was 
decidedly opposed to the institution of slav- 
ery, but purchased Pete Stanton, who was 
sold to a Georgia slave dealer at Stanton's 
solicitations to prevent his being sent South. 
Stanton was placed on board of his pur- 
chaser's vessel and on one of its voyages to 
Baltimore, it returned without him. He 
was kidnapped, cooped and sold South 
where he was found by Matthew's son 
William during the war. (6) Fletcher 
Elliott Marine, named after kindred 
families, the Elliotts being numerous 
in the Carolinas, was the second child 
of Matthew and Nancy. He was born 
March ist, 182 1, and died in Baltimore Sep- 
tember 19th, 1889. He began life a clerk 
in the store of his father; he merchandised 
in Vienna from 1847 to 1854: in the fall of 
that year he moved to Baltimore, where he 
engaged in the lumber commission busi- 
ness, which he conducted until his death. 
Early in life he was licensed a class leader, 
exhorter and local preacher in the M. E. 
Church: he was junior supply preacher on 
the Dorchester Circuit in 1852; after his re- 
moval to Baltimore he was, by tlie Balti- 
more Conference, ordained deacon and sub- 
sequently elder. Each Sabbath found him 
regularly filling appointments to preach. 
During the Civil War he performed chap- 
lain services at hospitals and army posts in 
and around Baltimore. He was a member of 
the Christian Commission, and for a period 
of two years President of the Local Preach- 
ers' Association. He had the exclusive 
honor of being exalted perpetual chaplain 
of his lodge of Odd I'ellows; he wrote the 
life of John Hersey and edited and published 
the Pioneer for a number of years, a paper 
devoted to primitive Methodism. His deeds 
of usefulness and cliaritv filendcd with fiftv 



years of religious activity in the church of 
his choice and through other agencies. He 
was married the 7th of September, 1842, to 
Hester Eleanor Knowles. They had eight 
children, three of whom died in infancv. 
The survivors are William. Emma, James, 
Hester and Jane. 

In Caroline Street M. E. Church, Balti- 
more, to the north of the pulpit, has been 
placed a marble tablet to his memory and 
that of his wife, by their son William, who 
at its unveiling Sunday afternoon, Septem- 
ber 1 2th, 1897, delivered an address on the 
character of his father. 

The inscription on the tablet reads. "In 
memory of Rev. Fletcher Elliott Alarine, 
born March 1st, 1821, died September 19th, 
1889. Member of the M. E. Church fifty 
years. Of this station eleven years. Thir- 
ty-seven years a useful local preacher wlnise 
last sermon was delivered in this church. 
His life was pure; his death triumphant. 
Also Hester Eleanor Knowles ^larine, his 
wife. Born 1820. Died 1896. Their son 
William M. IVIarine erects this tablet." 

Addresses were also delivered on the oc- 
casion by Rev. William S. Edwards. Pre- 
siding Elder, and Rev. William G. Herbert, 
the pastor of the church. 

The paternal ancestors of Hester Eleanor 
Knowles settled in Sussex county. Dela- 
ware, probably during th.e middle or latter 
part of the year 1600. Xo effort has been 
made to trace the ancestors of the family 
to the original settlers in America. Eph- 
raim Knowles was survived by a son of his 
full name, who married Mary Ann Wilson. 
They had ten children; the eldest William 
Knowles, father of Hester, was born on the 
ancestral estate April 19th, 1875, and died 
there on the 3d of December. 1857; his wife 
was Nellv Collins; thcv had four children. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 



587 



of whom Hester Eleanor was the wife of 
Fletcher E. Marine; she was born July /tli, 
1820, and died in Baltimore December 17th, 
1896. From girlhood she was a member of 
the M. E. Church. At her funeral, her pas- 
tor, Rev. Dr. George Miller, of Grace 
Church, remarked in his discourse that "She 
was regular in attendance on the services of 
the church," and that he "felt in her death 
like a leaf had been torn out of his prayer- 
book." On the same occasion, Rev. E. S. 
Todd, her former pastor, said, "She was a 
woman of firm religious convictions and 
woe betide him who crossed the path of 
thenL Had she lived in the days of the 
martyrs she would have gone to the stake."' 
Her father w^as a well-to-do farmer and a 
man of influence: he was for fifteen years 
one of the Judges of the Levy Tax Court of 
Sussex county. During the War of 1812, 
he enlisted at Laurel, in Capt. Thomas 
Rider's company, Delaware militia, which 
saw service on the Atlantic coast. Captain 
Rider was related to Nelly Collins, William 
Knowles' wife. John Knowles, William's 
brother, was in the military service in Cap- 
tain Law's Delaware company. Nelly Col- 
lins was the daughter of Joseph Collins: she 
died the 6th of November, 1846, sixty-six 
years of age. The late William H. Collins 
of the Baltimore bar, and the Rev. John A. 
Collins, an eloquent preacher, of the Balti- 
more Conference M. E. Church, were de- 
scended from collateral branches of the fam- 
ily, which had its several representatives in 
the .American army during the Revolution. 
(7) William Matthew Marine, eldest child of 
Fletcher and Eleanor, was born in Sharp- 
town, Md., August 25th. 1843: he was 
sent to the village school in \^ienna, and for 
a short time at a cross-roads school near 



Bacon Quartet, Somerset county, Md., 
taught by Isaac K. Wright, husband of 
his mother's sister Patience: and in Balti- 
more to Thomas Gale's private school ; sub- 
sequently to Irving College, a military insti- 
tution at Manchester, Md., and there- 
after to the Cumberland \'alley Institute, 
Mechanicsburg, Pa. During the war 
for the L'nion, though a mere boy, he 
was ardent in its cause; he witnessed the 
19th of April tragedy in the streets of Balti- 
more, and the next day appeared with the 
American flag on the lapel of his jacket, 
which caused him to be threatened with 
bodily harm. He assisted Capt. S. H. Tag- 
gart in raising a company for the Ninth 
Alaryland Infantry Regiment. Taggart 
was to have been captain, the Rev. Jona- 
than Turner first and Marine second lieu- 
tenants. The lieutenant colonel of the regi- 
ment was destitute of a nice discriminating 
sense of justice. He was a floater from 
New York, who after the war was relegated 
to that native obscurity from which he had 
immerged. He assumed to have the pri- 
vates of the company to elect its officers and 
named those who w-ere elected. He 
marched the men from their barracks in La- 
fayette Square, to a clump of bushes west of 
it, where he made them a speech in behalf 
of his nominees,' an unofficer like proceed- 
ing. 

The lieutenant who took the place of Mr. 
Marine, was separated from the service 
without fame or renown after the disastrous 
fiasco at Charlestown near Harper's Ferry, 
in which many members of the regiment 
were captured and imprisoned at Richmond. 
On their exchange several of the soldiers 
called on Mr. JNIarine; one of them Private 
Samuel Webb, who was reduced bv con- 



588 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



sumption to a mere skeleton, was unable to 
leave his carriage, on Mr. Marine going to 
him, he said, "I called to paj' you my re- 
spects, lieutenant, and to say that you were 
fortunate in not being with us; you would 
never have returned." 

Mr. Marine, at first was disposed to ap- 
peal to Governor Bradford for redress, but 
finally abandoned that purpose. He se- 
cured papers showing his activity in recruit- 
ing soldiers, among which was included the 
folfowing certificate: 

Mustering Office 

July 2Sth /S63. 
Governor BradJorJ. 

Sir. This is to certify that Mr William M Ma- 
rine, has brought to this office in the past six 
weeks, over twenty five men, all of whom he has 
recruited for company K of the 9th Md Kgt, 
which company has been consolidated with com- 
pany H of the same Regt. 

Mr Marine has been one of the most energetic 
men in recruiting that has been in this office, and 
inasmuch as we think he has been unjustly delt 
with, we freely make this statement. 

WlI,I,IA.M H NORRIS 

Surgeon sth Md Rgl and 
Examining Surgeon. 
M P Miller 
Ut Lcut 4lb U S Arty 
MO. 
During Gilmor's raid and that of a de- 
tachment of Confederates around Balti- 
more, Air. Marine served in a company of 
Fourth ward volunteers, remaining in ser- 
vice until the withdrawal of the invaders. 

Having completed his law studies in the 
oiSce of Hon. Thomas Yates Walsh, he was 
admitted to practice by Judge Robert N. 
Martin, of the Superior Court of Baltimore, 
September loth, 1864. 

The Bel Air Times, in an editorial 17th 
of January, 1890, contained this paragraph: 
"As a lawyer Mr. Marine would undoubt- 
edly have gained a competency had not liis 



business been so often interrupted by the 
demands of his party. He has been en- 
gaged in many cases of note, and has earned 
the reputation of a well-equipped and ready 
advocate." 

Judge George W. Dobbin, of the Superior 
Court, was favorably impressed with his 
legal possibilities and encouraged him to ap- 
ply himself exclusively to the law. In a 
note he addressed to him, 7th August, 1882, 
the Judge wrote, "I have never changed the 
opinion I once formed of you, that your true 
course was at the bar and not in politics." 

Early in his professional career he tried 
many criminal cases, among them, Peters. 
Robinson, Jones and McLaughlin for mur- 
der; he afterwards drifted into common law 
and equity practice. 

The Local Option law of Harford county 
was subject to constitutional test by the 
liquor interests. Mr. Marine was of coun- 
sel for the State, and took a leading part in 
the trial of those cases; he was also engaged 
in the trial of the so-called "big gun" cases 
before the Harford Court; he was retained 
for the defense and succeeded in securing 
acquittals of the accused. He appeared for 
the Hopper heirs with Henry W. Archer, in 
the condemnation proceedings of the B. & 
C). R. R. Co., a proceeding for the right of 
way to build their bridge from the west to 
the eastern bank of the Susquehanna river, 
and in an appeal of the case to the Circuit 
Court of Harford county, he took a leading 
part in its trial. He was of counsel defend- 
ing and securing the acquittal of Col. Wil- 
liam Louis Schley in the United States Dis- 
trict Court, charged with pension violations. 
In 1S75 h^ took up his residence in Ellicott 
City; he was appointed City Solicitor of that 
town; he retained his Baltimore office, ap- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMOKE, MARYLAND. 



589 



pearing at the Howard county tenns of 
Court. In 1878 he moved to his es- 
tate in Harford, near Aberdeen, going daily 
to Baltimore except during the terms of the 
Harford county Court, when be was in at- 
tendance at their sessions. He was ap- 
pointed Solicitor of Havre de Grace, revis- 
ing, while in office, the town charter, which 
bill for its alteration as proposed by him was 
passed by the Legislature. In 1884 Sheriff 
Airey, of Baltimore, selected him as counsel 
to his office. That efficient officer had the 
unprecedented good fortune to have had 
only two suits docketed against him during 
his term of office, both of which were dis- 
missed by his attorney without trial. On 
retiring from the Sheriff's office, Mr. Airey 
generously acknowledged through the pub- 
lic press his indebtedness to his attorney for 
having secured him harmless from litiga- 
tion. Under act of Congress creating State 
Finance Commissioners, for the Phila- 
delphia Centennial Exposition, he was 
among those named from Maryland and on 
the organization of the State Board selected 
its secretan-. 

Mr. Marine engaged in politics early in 
life; he cast his first vote for Abraham Lin- 
coln, when he was a candidate for re-elec- 
tion to the Presidency. On the 4th of July, 
1865, Postmaster General Randall was the 
orator of the day at Patterson Park. Upon 
his concluding his oration, Mr. Edward S. 
Lambdin, member of Council from the 
Third ward, turned to the chairman and 
said, "Here is another speaker; introduce 
him." Without warning, Mr. Marine was 
looking in the faces of eight thousand peo- 
ple. The report in the American on the 
following day was "That he acquitted him- 
self handsomely in his maiden speech." In 



the fall of the same year he was a delegate 
from the Fourth ward to the Second Con- 
gressional Union Convention, that nomi- 
nated John L. Thomas for Congress. He 
supported his nomination and prepared the 
platform adopted by the Convention; it 
was submitted the previous night to Mr. 
Thomas, Alfred JNIace, Jehu B. Askew and 
Samuel M. Evans and approved by them. 
One of its planks read, "Resolved, That 
this Convention repudiate the States right 
doctrine of secession, and affirm that the 
Government delegates powers to the States, 
not the States to the Government." The 
opposition press challenged the correctness 
of the declaration. The suggestion was 
made by friends of Mr. Thcwnas to modify it, 
which its author refused to do. Before Mr. 
Thomas' succeeding nomination by a Re- 
publican Convention, Congress and the 
President were at war over reconstruction 
measures. The congressional plan suc- 
ceeded. Mr. Thomas was criticised for his 
vote in its behalf; he appeared before the re- 
nominating convention and defended his 
action on the ground of the previous in- 
struction. In ^[r. Thomas' first canvass for 
Congress he was accompanied by Mr. Ma- 
rine through Baltimore county and Balti- 
more City. Mr. Marine made his first po- 
litical speech during that canvass at Park- 
ton. In Thomas' second canvass, Mr. Ma- 
rine accompanied him throughout his dis- 
trict; a gun was discharged at the ambu- 
lance containing them, on returning from a 
meeting held in Woodberry. At Havre de 
Grace, a mob compelled everyone to leave 
the stand but Mr. Marine, who was at the 
time speaking; he defiantly remained and 
finished his speech. 

Governor Swann followed President 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Johnson out of the Union party into the 
Democratic ; in 1866 Mr. Marine was among 
the earliest of those who made speeches at- 
tacking the Governor for his desertion; it 
was his first appearance before a Harford 
audience at a meeting held in "Jones' 
Woods," near Bel Air. Shortly thereafter 
seventy-four names were apix-nded to a«call 
left at the counter of the American calling 
a meeting at the Front Street Theater for 
the purpose of renewing the existence of the 
Republican party in Maryland, which, dur- 
ing the war lapsed into the Union party. 
Mr. Marine's name was appended to the call 
which read in part, ■".V mass meeting of 
those who voted for Abraham Lincoln and 
were in favor of suppressing the Rebellion 
by force, and who now support the loyal 
men of the nation in their efforts through 
their representatives in the Congress of the 
United States to provide such terms of ad- 
mission for the rebellious States as will se- 
cure payment of the national and the repudi- 
ation of the rebel debt; the effectual aboli- 
tion of slavery and the future peace and se- 
curity of the country * * * will be 
held at Front Street Theater on Tuesday 
evening at yi o'clock." He was selected 
one of the vice-presidents of the meeting. 

In 1867. the Freedmen's lUireau in Mary- 
land, under the management of Major Gen- 
eral Gregory, established the first colored 
schools in the State. That measure was in- 
tensely uniiopular with the white popula- 
tion. Not a half dozen natives of the State 
who were speakers, connected themselves 
with the movement. Mr. Marine was one 
of the few who did. A\ Cutiiberland in July, 
1X67. Judge Hugh L. I'.ond and Mr. Marine, 
after addressing a meeting favorable to the 
schools, while crossing the street in the dark 



to the St. Nicholas Hotel, were assaulted 
with rotten eggs. The AUeganian had this 
reference to the meeting: "A shoulder- 
strapped individual with the prefix of Gen- 
eral to the patronymic Gregory: an appar- 
ently unsophisticated youth of a contempla- 
tive poetical cast of countenance, with a reci- 
tative style of delivery, probably one of the 
paid emissaries of the Congressional elec- 
tioneering committee, and Rev. Wilson, 
parson of a colored congregation, were 
among the notables who occupied seats 
u]ion the stage." The Ci7'iliau published the 
following: "Some white persons who are 
enemies of the colored race, were displeased 
with the success of the meeting, vented their 
spleen by throwing eggs. One gentleman 
informs us that he saw one of the parties 
throw, and pointed him out to a policeman, 
but arrest was refused." 

In compan}- with General Gregory and 
George M. McComas, Mr. Marine made 
dedicatory speeches at the opening of the 
scliool houses for the reception of colored 
scholars in Harford county. A newspaper 
]niblished larcenies of colored people under 
the head of "Marine News," sluringly say- 
ing, "that since the advent of Messrs. Ma- 
rine and McComas on their educational er- 
rands petty thieving of all kinds had become 
prevalent beyond all former experience." 

Judge Williem Alexander appointed Mr. 
Marine one of the Board of Standing Com- 
missioiiers of his Court. He held that of- 
fice from 1865 to 1,867, when the Democrats 
obtaining power he was succeeded by John 
B. Tidy. The Judge subsequently ap- 
l)oiiite(l during Mr. Marine's term, as his 
colleague Frederick Pinkney, eminent as a 
lawyer and scholar. The two formed a 
friendship, which was fervent and enduring. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Two years prior to Mr. Pinkne_v's death he 
exacted a promise from his friend to speak 
at the bar meeting when held after his death 
in lionor of his memory, of which Mr. Pink- 
ney reminded him in his last sickness, which 
promise Mr. Marine sacredly kept. A few 
days prior to Mr. Pinkey's death he told his 
wife he "must write to Marine." In a few 
lines with a pencil he scrawled the last words 
he ever wrote: "God bless and reward you. 
1 am very thankful for all your kindness to 
me, but am unable to say how nuich I es- 
teem it at this moment." 

In the fall of the year 1867, Air.' Marnie 
was nominated and defeated for the House 
of Delegates from the lower wards of Balti- 
more City; in 1868 he was :i Grant electoral 
candidate, engaging actively in the cam- 
paign and speaking in Maryland, Wiscon- 
sin, Illinois, West Virginia and Pennsylva- 
nia. A speech made by him in Vienna, 
published in the Cambridge Era, appeared 
in pamphlet form as a campaign document. 
He favored emancipation and advocated 
by speech the fifteenth amendment to the 
Constitution of the United States; in 1870, 
when the colored citizen cast his first ballot 
in Maryland, it was for five members of 
Congress; the Republican candidates were 
Henry R. Torbert, William M. Marine, 
Washington Booth, John E. Smith and 
James A. Gary. The entire Republican 
vote of the State was 57,630, and that of the 
Democratic was 76,403, their majority be- 
ing 18.773. It was an exciting canvass. 
Mr. Marine was opposed by Stevenson 
Archer; they mutually agreed to abstain 
from personal detraction and became insep- 
erable friends. When Mr. Archer, years 
afterwards, was nominated an independent 



candidate for Chief Judge of his judicial cir- 
cuit, Mr. Alarine presided over the conven- 
tion nominating him. 

On the eve of the close of the canvass the 
American stated editorially, "Air. Marine 
has done all that could be accomplished, and 
far more than was anticipated at the outset 
of the campaign. Notwithstanding his 
comparative youth he was demonstrated a 
prudency of management, and a maturity of 
judgment which have gratified his more in- 
timate friends, and are hailed as auguries of 
his further usefulness and distinction. 
Should our untiring and gallant standard 
bearer be defeated the fault will not lie at 
his door, and the fruit of the organization 
which he has afifected throughout the coun- 
ties of his district will be harvested, if not 
this fall certainly during the more e.xciting 
contests of next autumn." 

In 1872, Mr. Marine was a second time 
nominated Grant Presidential elector. He 
was constantly in requisition for speech 
making. An editorial in the Frederick Ex- 
aminer, November 20th, 1872. from the pen 
of the late Dr. L. H. Steiner, entitled "Our 
Speakers from Abroad," made this refer- 
ence to him. "He is rapid in enunciation, 
but argumentative and connected in his rea- 
soning, full of happy illustrations, com- 
manding invective when necessary but most 
happy in stirring appeals to the patriotism 
of his audience." He was present to speak 
at the Cross Street Market Hall; the meet- 
ing was dispersed by a mob, who fired pis- 
tols and wounded with a billy C. Irving Dit- 
ty, an ex-Confederate soldier, who was at 
the time addressing the meeting and to- 
wards whom the hostility was directed ; Mr. 
Alarine accompanied that gentleman be- 



592 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



tween a file of policemen to a druggist where 
Ditty's wound was dressed. Every one 
else of their proclivities had fled. 

On attaining his manhood, he shortly af- 
terwards purchased a tract of land near 
Swan Creek, Harford county, where for 
more than a decade of years he made his 
home. During the summer months, with 
his family, they reside amid its healthful hills 
overlooking in the distance the Chesapeake 
Bay. 

In 1879, without being consulted, he was 
announced a candidate for State's Attorney 
of Harford county, to enable his party to 
have a nominee (all of his nominations were 
of that character); and in 1884 he was a 
Blaine and Logan electoral nominee; in 
1885, a candidate for clerk of the Court of 
Appeals; in 1886 a nominee for Congress. 
He was surprised at the action of the last 
convention, according to the statement in 
the Anicricaii. he "told the committee he 
had served the party so often it was not fair 
to spring a nomination on him and force 
his acceptance of it. It took a good deal of 
persuasion to induce him to go to the con- 
vention." The following was his speech of 
acceptance : 

"Mr. President and Gentlemen of the 
Convention : I assure you this honor is un- 
expected. I accept it with reluctance, hav- 
ing served the party on numerous occasions, 
through twenty years' service, I am entitled 
to be relieved from future nominations. It 
is demanded by you that it .shall be other- 
wise. I am a Republican liecause of my 
love for the principles of the party. It is easy 
enough to accept a nomination when sure of 
an election, but it requires courage, sacri- 
fice, independence and manhood to be the 
continual nominee of a i-inority party. It is 



not in my province to say whether we shall 
succeed, out this I can affirm, that in no 
State is there greater need of political re- 
generation than in Maryland. I am grati- 
fied at the '^steem you have shown for me by 
your action. To you and your constituen- 
cies I return my thanks for this additional 
evidence of unmerited confidence.' 

In December of 1887 a league convention 
of Republican clubs was held at Chickering 
Hall in New York City. Mr. Marine at- 
tended as a delegate; he seconded the nomi- 
nation of Gen. Nathan Gofif for its president. 
A New York paper said: "Marine, of 
Maryland, got the floor and made a vig- 
orous speech for Gofif and it was plain the 
GolY boom was growing;" he said: "The 
Republicans of Maryland clasp hands with 
the Republicans of Pennsylvania, and we 
throw our arms around our sister State, 
West Virginia." 

May 30, 1888, imposing services were 
held at the tomb of Gen. John A. Logan, 
in Rock Creek Cemetery; Representative 
Mason, of Illinois, subsequently L'nited 
States Senator, and Mr. Marine were the 
prominent speakers. 

Mr. Marine was but a few times absent 
from Republican State Conventions after 
his entrance upon politics up to 1890. He 
had spoken in every county in the State, 
in the majority of them repeatedly. He 
has spoken in each year's campaign since 
he was twenty-one years of age, excepting 
the years when holding the office of Col- 
lector of the Port, then he refrained from 
appearing on the Maryland stump, but was 
not deterred from speaking in Indiana dur- 
ing the last Harrison campaign. In 1888 
he was a delegate from the Second Dis- 
trict to the National Convention that met in 



ISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



593 



Chicago, and nominated Benjamin Harrison 
for President; he voted for his nomination 
on each of the eight ballots required for a 
selection. After Major McKinley had re- 
ported ana read the platform, delegates in 
the auditorium from all parts of it clamored 
for recognition; Mr. Marine, through the 
efforts of friends, was recognized. The 
American in its report said: "At the morn- 
ing session Mr. William M. Marine by a 
timely hailing of the chair succeeded in 
getting off a speech on the platform, a feat 
attempted by several others, but which the 
Marylander alone succeeded in accomplish- 
ing. It was just after McKinley had fin- 
ished reading the resolution and Warner, of 
Missouri, had aired himself for a great ef- 
fort — so also, by the way, had the delegate 
from Harford. Both Marine and Warner 
demanded recognition. The gentleman 
from Maryland obtained the floor, and he 
at once launched his peroration, prefacing 
his speech with the motion to adopt the 
report of the Committee on Resolutions. 
The convention thought the motion would 
wind up the matter, but to their surprise 
the rotund Marylander went right on and 
made a rattling good speech. Quite often 
he was interrupted by the applause of the 
audience, and when he concluded he re- 
ceived an ovation. His splendid tribute to 
the platform enthused the audience and 
stamped out threatened opposition from 
those who favored a temperance plank. 
Some trouble was expected on this question 
and to prevent further discussion the pre- 
vious question followed Mr. Marine's 
speech." 

Senator Hoar remarked to James A. 
Gary: "It was a brave act; it succeeded 
and saved the convention from a tangle; 
35 



had he failed he would have been mortified." 
Mr. Marine was assigned on the committee 
to notify the candidates of their nomina- 
tions. He was present in Indianapolis in 
the performance of that duty. Chairman 
Estee selected him to draft the notification 
to Mr. Morton, the Vice-Presidential can- 
didate, which draft was accepted. Subse- 
quently Mr. Marine was invited to partici- 
pate in the Indiana canvass which was one 
of the greatest in modern American cam- 
paigns. He spent two weeks daily speak- 
ing, traveling long distances, frequently 
throughout the night, to reach his appoint- 
ments the following day. Often he spoke 
twice a day. The People's Paper, Coving- 
ton, had the following kind words to say 
of him: "His speech was a splendid one, 
lasting for two and one-half hours, holding 
the vast audience spell-bound from begin- 
ning to end; he attracted the attention so 
closely he could have held them until the 
rising of the sun. His arguments were new 
and his eloquence stamped him as one of 
America's greatest champions." Upon his 
return to Baltimore he was given a public 
reception in the New Assembly Rooms by 
the Logan Invincibles. 

In the Presidential campaign of 1892 he 
was recalled to Indiana; he was assigned to 
speak at Fort Wayne with Robert T. Lin- 
coln, Minister to England. Mr. Lincoln 
spoke at noon and Mr. Marine at night. 
The Rink was packed with fifteen thousand 
people at each of those meetings. A paper 
on the following day said his "speech 
was one of the ablest ever delivered 
in Fort Wayne." At Covington, a mam- 
moth meeting had been called together 
to hear him: he spoke and left im- 
mediatelv for hiime in obedience to a 



594 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



telegram, and reached there to find his 
daughter Susie dead. The People's Paper 
said: "Few realized the great strain he 
labored under; he was speaking at a disad- 
vantage." After his daughter's funeral, so 
urgent was the demand for his services that 
he returned to Indiana and remained until 
Saturday before the election. The Indian- 
apolis Journal styled him "one of the best 
speakers on the stump." In 1894 he was 
summoned to Indiana to participate in the 
Congressional campaign. In the Presiden- 
tial contest of 1896 he spent two weeks in 
East Tennessee, and left with the regret of 
the State Central Committee, to return to 
Maryland to assist in finishing the campaign 
in that State. Five appointments were ar- 
ranged for him in Indiana, but he was not 
informed of them in time to fill them. While 
General Grant's funeral services were held 
at Mount McGregor, a large memorial 
meeting was held at noon at the New As- 
sembly Rooms, Baltimore. Md.. and was 
addressed by Mr. Marine. On the Sunday 
after President Garfield's death, in the after- 
noon of that day, he spoke in the ]M. E. 
Church in Havre de Grace. In 1873 at the 
North Point battle-field he addressed the 
Defenders' Association of the War of 1812: 
afterwards, with a few exceptions, he was 
annually the orator of the association. He 
delivered orations before them on their visit 
to the Centennial in Philadelphia, and also 
when they made their final visit to An- 
napolis. The last oration to which, as an 
association, they ever listened, he delivered 
to them on the nortli portico of the mansion 
in Druid Hill Park, Se])tember 13, 1882. 
Twelve members wvw living, eight of whom 
were present. In 1883 the last annual meet- 
ing was held, but the ye;niv oratinn was 



omitted; short addresses were delivered by 
Gen. R. H. Carr and Mr. Marine. 

In 1885-6-7-8 Robert Rennert annually, 
on the 1 2th of September, gave a dinner to 
James Morford, the surviving Defender. 
Mr. Marine was present as Mr. Morford 
requested, "to remind him of the past." 

The Defenders were greatly attached to 
Mr. Marine and he to them. They made 
frequent visits to his office calling on him 
to chat. After the membership of the So- 
ciety of Defenders were dead, Mr. Marine 
was spoken of as "the last of the old De- 
fenders." 

The Society of the Sons of the War of 
1812 succeeded the Old Defenders; at its 
first observance of the battle of North Point 
and the defense of Fort McHenry, Mr. Ma- 
rine was their orator. At the one-hundredth 
anniversary of the existence of the fort, he 
spoke with others from a platform on the 
southern wall of the fort to a large audi- 
ence and on each recurring occasion he 
has addressed them. May 20, 1891, the St. 
Johns Lodge of Masons, Baltimore, enter- 
tained at a banquet in the Court room of 
the United States Court House, the Leb- 
anon Lodge, of Washington. Leading 
Masons of both cities were present. Mr. 
Marine was assigned the toast "Masonry 
Socially and Fraternally." The St. Johns 
Lodge adopted a flattering resolution of 
thanks to the speaker, elaborately vn- 
grossed and framed, with the eiui)lems of 
Masonry att.-iched, which was presented to 
Mr. Marin-, testifying appreciation of his 
speech. 

He has been in demand on the 4th of 
July. 22n<l of February and Union .Memo- 
rial Day; he is a fretpicnt guest at banquets. 
.\ r.altimore weekly newspaper said: "The 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



595 



secret of his popularity as a public speaker 
is that he feels the patriotism he expresses." 

He was the personal selection of Presi- 
dent Benjamin Harrison — backed up by a 
powerful influence — who appointed him 
Collector of the Port of Baltimore March 
15th, 1890; he held that office four years and 
two months; one year and two months of 
which he served under President Cleveland. 
He ranked among the most efficient of col- 
lectors; his decisions were rarely reversed 
and he was generally sustained when re- 
versed by the Treasury Department offi- 
cials ; he never expended his appropriations 
and materially reduced the expenses of col- 
lecting the duties at his port. 

On the 28th of January, 1891, during his 
term as collector, the Maryland State 
oyster-force's steamers, Governor Thomas 
and Governor AIcLane were reported for 
violation of a Federal statute in not keeping 
a correct list of passengers when running as 
ferry boats between Bay Ridge and Clai- 
liorne. The ]\IcLane was also reported for 
carrying an excess of passengers. Governor 
Jackson, then Executive of the State, and J. 
B. Seth, commander of the oyster force, 
were officials of the Eastern Shore Railroad. 
The railroad steamer used between the 
points named were disabled, and the two 
State officials innocently made use of the 
State steamers to carry railroad passengers. 
The collector imposed a fine of $100.00 on 
the captain of the Governor Thomas; 
$400.00 on the captain of the Governor Mc- 
Lane. and on the State of Maryland a fine 
of $2,500.00 The Governor and Commo- 
dore Seth were present at the hearing. Sub- 
sequently the fines were remitted, the col- 
lector, whose course was under statute im- 



perative in imposing fines joining in the 
recommendation. 

Mr. Marine has a fondness for literature; 
he is the author of articles that would fill 
several large volumes. He sent his first 
contributic n to the Clipper when seventeen 
years of age, advocating the election of John 
Bell and Edward Everett, President and 
Vice-President. He was so radical in his 
Union proclivities as to evoke from Mr. 
Walsh, his friend and law preceptor, the re- 
mark that "there was no blacker abolitionist 
in Massachusetts." During the Presiden- 
tial campaign of i860, he nailed a pole to 
the yard fence of his home and hoisted a 
small flag with Bell and Everett's names 
thereon. 

Throughout all the dreary days that fol- 
lowed the 19th of April that flag floated 
from its s-tafl. When excitement was at its 
height, his father said: "William, you had 
better take down your flag." The answer 
was: "Father, I put it there and you will 
have to haul it down." The father had not 
the inclination to do so an(,l it remained. 

His second communication appeared in 
the Clipper, the purport of which was that 
"peace parties in the loyal States were a 
cloak for secession." Thereafter he was a 
frequent contributor to the'Aincrieau. He 
wrote four controversial articles on "Eman- 
cipation," and among other articles, "John 
Minor Botts," "Southern Sympathy for 
Maryland," "William L.Yancey," "Charles- 
ton," "Lt. Col. Henry Howard," "General 
Jas. Cooper," "The Nominations" and "Di- 
visions in the Union Party." 

The Union party in Harford county in 
1866 started an organ called "The Bel Air 
-American." Mr. ]\Iarine wrote many of its 
editorials and its Baltimore correspondence 



596 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



during its short-lived existence. The Cour- 
ier, a Baltimore weekly, drafted on his pen 
for articles. About this same period he 
wrote essays and letters which were printed 
in various papers. William J. Graham took 
charge of the Baltimore Presbyterian ^ahout 
1885; the two became such fast friends that 
Mr. Marine was relied on by Graham to 
help him out; he furnished editorials, criti- 
cisms, a series of letters (fourteen in num- 
ber), on slave times; essays, descriptive let- 
ters and stories for that paper. Graham 
was the soul of genuineness; he left Mary- 
land and took up his residence in Macon 
county, Tenn., at the town of Lafayette. 
There he edited the Progress. The follow- 
ing editorial was the first knowledge Mr. 
A'larine had that his friend had gone so far 
from him: 

"Marine, of Maryland, a cup of gladness 
to you on the appointment of your ancient 
friend, 'Uncle Jerry' Rusk, to a high posi- 
tion of trust and honor, whose accjuaintance 
you made when orating on the prairies of 
Wisconsin, when twenty-four years of age. 
May you reach a high position of trust and 
honor is our wish and hope, for your faith- 
ful services as an original Harrison man, 
voting all the time in the Chicago Conven- 
tion for him, and for doing yeoman ser- 
vice for him among the Hoosiers, in the 
closing month of the campaign. These 
faithful services will secure for you a title 
clear to a first-cIass position under the new 
administration. 

"When a stripling, without a vote, you 
shouted for Bel! and Everett. You showed 
the National colors when Pratt street was 
filled with a howling mob, crying for the 
blood of the Yankee soldiers. In behalf of 
colored education, you took the stump, witli 



Judge Hugh Bond, when the opposition 
witheringly spoke of you as 'Master Ala- 
rine.' You have twice ran for Congress, 
three times been on the Presidential elec- 
toral ticket, and a candidate of your party 
for Clerk of the Court of Appeals. You 
have been a leader of a forlorn hope on 
many a well-contested battle-field. You 
were the genial "Scraps" of the Presby- 
terian Observer — the chosen orator, year 
after year, of the 'Old Defenders,' and their 
spokesman in the Centennial Hall. You, 
the jovial companion, the true friend and 
faithful adviser — may the sun of your politi- 
cal fortunes reach the soaring heights of a 
worthy ambition. Comfort and prosperity 
be yours, down to green old age! 

"Many of the dreams of our youth have 
vanished as unsubstantial visions. Here 
and there one of the little party of friends 
that traveled daily (Sunday excepted) to 
and from Port Deposit and intermediate 
points to the Monumental City, have 
stopped for ever, and you now are the last 
traveler, the sole member of Captain Gilli- 
gan's 'boys.' But our hopes, tempered by 
experience, are as buoyant now as then, and 
we as eagerly press forward to reap, sub- 
stantially, the fruits of future labors. Our 
lives still run along in the same old channels 
— law, literature and politics with you; jour- 
nalism and literature with me." 

The Golden Hours, a youths' paper, and 
Tlie Oriole Tidings, a story paper, both 
ephemeral, contained tales contributed by 
Mr. Marine. In 1886 he visited Europe 
and wrote for The Baltimorcan fortv let- 
ters, descriptive of what he saw in Eng- 
land, Scotland, Ireland, France, Italy, Swit- 
zerland, Germany and Belgium. His chief 
work is an unpublished history of the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



597 



invasion of I\Iaryland during the War 
of 1812. Besides prose, he has writ- 
ten verse in profusion, having developed 
that inclination when at Irving College. 
After leaving school it was a dormant fac- 
iilt\- for years; at last it burst forth again. 
A poem entitled "My First Grey Hair," and 
another, "Our Seven Little Ones," have had 
extensive circulation. 

Mr. Marine is of a retiring disposition 
and unostentatious in person and habits: 
he is a member of the Maryland His- 
torical Society, the Sons of the Sol- 
diers of the Maryland Society War 
of 1812, its historian, and a member of its 
Executive Committee; a Mason — being a 
Past Master of Susquehanna Lodge, No. 
130 — and an honorary member of the 
Junior Order American Mechanics. He 
was married to Harriet Perkins Hall, 
daughter of Richard D. Hall and Susanna, 
his wife, of Prince George's county, j\Id., 
November 9, 1871. The father -of Susanna 
was John Perkins, dry goods merchant, of 
Baltimore, who was at Bladensburg and 
North Point battles ; a private in the Bahi- 
more United Volunteers. Mr. and Mrs. 
Marine have two children dead. Matthew 
Harrison anti Mary Susannah ; five children 
are living, viz.: Madison, a member of the 
bar of Baltimore; Richard Elliott, Harriet 
P., Amelia Eleanor, and Frances Elizabeth. 

Air. Marine bears a striking resemblance 
to the late Rev. Charles H. Spurgeon. of 
London ; in Quebec and also in England the 
resemblance was commented upon. Con- 
sul General King, when at Paris, after the 
great divine's death, thus wrote to Mr. Ma- 
rine: "I think you must have sat for the 
portrait of Spurgeon in the American, and 
doubtless had you paid as much attention 



to religion as you have to politics, you 
would have resembled him in other re- 
spects." 

Mr. Marine is engaged in his professional 
calling at the Baltimore bar, but finds time 
to deliver speeches on national occasions, 
one of his latest speeches of that character 
was on Decoration Day, at Mount Olivet 
Cemetery, May 30, 1898; an abstract fol- 
lows: 

"The peaceful dove has forsaken the calm 
of the skies and fields, and the warlike eagle 
has descended upon our plains; his talons 
are poised to strike the semi-civilized 
Spaniard and to further the will of Him 
whose set purposes are accomplished by His 
chosen people. 

"For the first time in thirty-three years 
the flag has been unfurled to the smoke of 
conflict: the roll-call of beating drums and 
the preparation for deadly battle. The 
nation is in arms; the voice that speaks 
through our brothers' blood is crying out 
from the oarth, stirring the sympathetic 
American heart. The republic is in mourn- 
ing for the loss of the "Maine" and its gal- 
lant crew. On the eve of eventualities it 
halts in its mission of death at this hour and 
before proceeding to expell the Spaniard 
from North America and adding another 
era of military conflict and triumph to the 
history of '.he United States, with perennial 
remembrance it awaits our strewing the fra- 
grant flowers upon the lowly mounds of the 
Federal dead, who are the ever-living, 
speaking evangels of 'liberty and union, 
one and inseparable, now and forever.' 

"To-day those who wore the blue render 
holy offices of afifectionate gratitude to 
comradeship. To-morrow they who wore 
the gray :nay perform like ceremonials of 



598 



rroRY OF BALTIMOKE, MARYLAND. 



respect to those panoplied who on the en- 
sanguined field touched elbow amid the 
blaze of battle, falling out of the column 
into the arms of death, and thereafter in 
closed ranks that know only one flag, one 
uniform, and keeping step to the same 
strains of inspiring music, both shall march 
in the pathway of duty and honor. 

"The soldiers whose sleeping dust be- 
longs to the nation, and over which it ITas 
set a vigilant guard to watch their mounds 
and keep them green with grasses of re- 
membrance and love, gave libations, service 
and death to perpetuate our fabric of gov- 
ernment, that mankind everywhere might 
have one protecting shield from the dread, 
untimely blast of tyranny and oppression; 
that it might gaze while in travail on one 
constitutional bulwark of freedom, over 
which no hirelings should march in their 
onslaughts on the natural rights of man, 
to deprive him of self-government. 

"The sailor on shipboard and the soldier 
in the ranks will learn from the service of 
this hour oi a heroism crowned with imper- 
ishable wreaths that will endure. The blos- 
soms of immortality springing from decked 
mounds, with above the flaming sky, a tab- 
let bearing for all time the achievement of 
the volunteers who made the nation proud, 
strong and indestructible, will speak their 
fame. .Ah! ye, who shall advance with in- 
vincibility our banner and plant it in tri- 
umph wherever it goes, your proudest rec- 
ollfction will prove that your fathers had 
the sublime courage of devotion to country 
to furnish you the unswerving example of 
allegiance to duty, and under such an in- 
spiration your deeds will correspond in 
brightness with the martial actions of the 
sleepers whom we are not here to awake, 



but on a pilgrimage with hands as full of 
flowers as our hearts are of affection for 
them and their holy cause. 

"No, we would not disturb their sleep, 
but hallow it. We will with reverent step 
walk by the narrow rooms where they 
dwell, and beautify them with our offerings. 
Perhaps their sleep will be deeper and 
sweeter for our having been here. Perhaps 
in the chancery of Heaven, in the great 
book of good deeds in which are recorded 
the names of the blessed dead, opposite 
theirs may be ours, who have done what 
we could in springtime to keep their memo- 
ries green where in winter all is withered 
and lifeless." 

The Marvlaxd Tierxaxs.— The family 
of Tiernan was originally associated with 
the County of Meath, Ireland. The origin 
of the name is Celtic, Tier signifying chief, 
and nan being merely a modifying suffix or 
termination. Some of the family immigrated 
to America during the last century. Pat- 
rick Tiernan, a cousin of Luke Tiernan, 
served in the army of the Revolution, and is 
represented in Rembrandt Peak's historic 
picture, "Washington before Yorktown," 
which is one of the attractions of Mount 
\'ernon. The specific design of the paint- 
ing is to illustrate and commemorate Wash- 
ington's decision of character, as exhib- 
ited by the following incident: "Washing- 
ton, with his generals, having surveyed the 
ground and decided on the spot, rode to his 
tent, took a hasty meal, remounted with his 
staff and rode back to the ground, where he 
found nothing done In a voice unusually 
loud, he called to Colonel Tiernan. who 
rode up to him, startled and pale. "Sir, said 
Washington, did I not order the entrench- 
ments to be begun here? If they are not 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



begun in ten minutes. I shall know the 
reason why." In ten minutes, there were 
two hundred men at work. Chief Justice 
Alarshall said of the portrait: "I have never 
seen a portrait of that great man which ex- 
hibited so perfect a resemblance of him. 
The likeness in features is striking, and the 
character of the whole face is preserved and 
exhibited with wonderful accuracy. It is 
more Washington himself than any portrait 
of him I have ever seen." 

Patrick Tiernan married in Hagerstown, 
Md.,in 1S72, ^Margaret, daughter of Michael 
McKieman. His oldest son, JMichael, lived 
in Pittsburg, Pa. Michael's daughter, Eliza 
Jane Tiernan, became religious and was the 
foundress of the order of the Sisters of 
Mercy in the United States. 

Paul Tiernan, the father of Luke Tiernan, 
was born in the County of Meath, Ireland, 
in 1728: he died near Dublin in 1818. 

Luke Tiernan, his son, was born on the 
River Boyne, near the scene of the famous 
battle of 1690. He came to America about 
1783, and settled first in Hagerstown, Md., 
probably in consequence of the fact that 
some of tlie family had already found a home 
there. 

Luke Tiernan removed to Baltimore in 
1795, and entered into business as a com- 
mission merchant. He was the first person 
engaged in the shipping trade between Bal- 
timore and Liverpool. 

During his long and active career, he 
occupied many positions of dignity, trust 
and responsibility, in civic as well as polit- 
ical life, and was brought into intimate rela- 
tion with some of the most brilliant and re- 
nowned characters that have illustrated the 
history of our country. 

As a conspicuous illustration of this 



statement, may be mentioned the fact 
that he was in 1S24 one of the Presi- 
dential electors for John Quincy Adams, 
was a member of the National Republican 
Committee which met in Baltimore, De- 
cember 13, 1831, and unanimously nom- 
inated Henry Clay for the Presidency, 
the thanks of the convention being unan- 
imously tendered to Luke Tiernan and 
six others, members of the National Repub- 
lican Committee. He was a warm personal 
friend of Henry Clay, who was frequently 
his guest, and who pronounced him the "Pa- 
triarch of the Whig party in Maryland." 
In the account given by the Baltimore Sun, 
March 18, 1848, of the "Anniversary 
Supper of the Baltimore Hibernian So- 
ciety," at which Henry Clay was the 
guest of the society, we read: "The toast 
was given by Hugh Jenkins, president of 
the society, 'The Hon. Henry Clay, Amer- 
ica's distinguished son, the star of the West, 
like the glorious king of day, as he advances 
to his close, he casts a brighter radiance 
round his name.' Mr. Clay arose amid the 
most deafening cheers, and addressed the 
company: T have, during the course of a 
life by no means short, been honored with 
the respect, love and friendship of many 
Irishmen. A friendship that could never be 
broken, bounded by mutual love and es- 
teem, that still causes the fond remembrance 
of some that are no more to cling to my 
heartstrings, with still closer fervency as life 
speeds to its close. Another, whose friend- 
ship is fondly cherished, as it is also doubt- 
less by many of those now present, was the 
amiable and philanthropic friend of man, 
Luke Tiernan, of Baltimore, a man whose 
character I may hold up to your view as a 
true example of the generosity, the hos- 



600 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



pitality. aiul the noble devotion of Irishmen, 
wherever I have met them.' " Luke Tier- 
nan died November lO, 1839, his loss being 
deplored as a public calamity. Tributes and 
eulogies from all sources, accorded the full 
meed of praise to his varied excellences, his 
private and public virtues, his ardent and 
invincible patriotism. His children were: 
Maria, born in 1794, married David Wil- 
liamson; Rebecca, born 1795. married 
Henry V. Somerville; Charles, born 1797, 
married three times, first Helen ]\Iagruder; 
second, Gay Robertson Bernard, and third, 
Mary Spear Nicholas; xA-un, born 1798, mar- 
ried Robert Coleman Brien; and Catharine, 
born 1808, married Frederick Chatard; and 
six other children, who died unmarried. 

His picture in this work is taken from 
a ])ortrait of him, which was presented by 
C. B. Tiernan to the Hibernian Society, of 
which society Luke Tiernan was president 
for ten years, and which portrait is now de- 
posited in the Gallery of the Peabody Insti- 
tute. 

The ])ictiu-e of Cliarljs Tiernan is taken 
from a portrait of liini by Chester Harding, 
painted in 1B27. 

Rebecca Tiernan married Henry V. Som- 
erville; she died in 1863. and was a cultured 
and accomplished lady in every sense. 
Among her friends from the earliest days, 
was the Hon. John P. Kennedy, eminent in 
public life, as well as a charming and fasci- 
nating novelist — and his wife, who de- 
scribed Airs. SonuTville as a woman of per- 
fect manners and handsome appearance, 
with a sweetness and kindness that graced 
and adorned her position. Mrs. Sotner- 
ville was a generous benefactor of the Cath- 
olic Church, building the church of St. 
Agnes in I'.altimore county, near Ml. de 



Sales, which was named in honor of her 
daughter, Agnes, and which was for many 
years the only Catholic church in that 
neighborhood. 

In 1825 William Clarke Somerville, 
brother of Henry \'. Somerville — born in 
1790 — was appointed minister of Sweden. 
He was the warm personal friend of La- 
fayette, who was in the United States at 
that time as the honored guest of the na- 
tion. Upon his return to Europe in the 
Brandywine, September 29, 1825, Mr. 
Somerville accompanied him. His health 
was declining at the time, and he died soon 
after his arrival in France. The following 
extracts from letters written by Lafayette 
to his brother, reveal the cordial and inti- 
mate relations which existed between them: 
"La Grange, January 26, 1896. My dear 
sir: It is to me a very painful, but sacred 
duty, to be among the first to convey the 
dire information of your having lost an ex- 
cellent brother, and I, a much valued friend, 
who on the last moment, has honored me 
with an additional and most precious mark 
of his afifection * * * I shall confine my- 
self to his expressed intention to entrust us 
at the La Grange with the care of his mortal 
remains. * * '■' And now, my dear sir, it 
remains for me to apoligize for these details, 
which, painful as they are, it has appeared 
necessary to lay before you, and other mem- 
bers of the family. Should anything have 
been wanting unintentionally, in our per- 
formance, with tlie advice of the American 
public officers here what we have thought 
most consonant to your lamented brother 
and to your own views, at least there has 
been no deficiency in our feelings, and in 
our eagerness on the deplorable occasion 
to do for the best. Be pleased to accept the 




^^i^. y1^. ^2i. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, ilARVLAXD. 



(JOl 



appropriate condolence, and high regard of 
two sympathizing friends, m)- son and my- 
seh', to whom my whole family beg to be 
joined. Lafayette * * * The inscrip- 
tion upon IMr. Somerville's tomb is: "Wil- 
liam Clarke Somerville, citizen of the 
United States of America, while on a diplo- 
matic mission from the government of his 
country, he died at Auxerre, on the 5th of 
January, 1826. He had expressed a wish to 
be interred in the burying-ground of the in- 
habitants of the La Grange," * * * 
It would be impossible in a narrative such 
as the present, in which conciseness is an 
essential and indispensable characteristic, 
to exhibit in detail the personal histories of 
this ancient and distinguished family. We 
must, as a consequence of these restrictions, 
pass to the consideration of the history and 
the immediate ancestry of its most eminent 
living representative, Charles Bernard Tier- 
nan, born in Baltimore, September 4, 1840. 
His father, Charles Tiernan, was born in 
1797, was the schoolmate and warm per- 
sonal friend of Sam.uel Eccleston, after- 
wards Archbishop of Baltimore, traveled 
extensively in Europe, and encountered 
many strange and varied experiences. 

Among the notable features of his life 
was the earnest interest he displayed in the 
political fortunes of Mexico, at the time of 
her declaration of independence, the follow- 
ing letter, in the possession of C. B. Tier- 
nan, from one of the most conspicuous char- 
acters in Mexican annals, is a striking illus- 
tration of this sentiment : 

Mexico, May 4, 1822. 
Mv Dear a\d Esteemed Sir: 

By the correspondence I have received, 
which has been brought to me by the 
schooner "Igsquaela, "proceeding from Phil- 



adelphia, I have received letters from Senor 
don Richard Meade, and Commander Eu- 
quenio Cortes, of this Government, which 
both assure me of the good offices which 
you have done on behalf of my nation, 
as well as assisting the Commissioners, 
as in establishing our credit, making right 
the opinions respecting us, and negotiating 
the recognition of our independence. These 
services, which the Government owes to the 
illustrious liberality of yourself, and which 
sends a predilection to the country to 
which I belong, has excited in me the most 
profound gratitude, and decided me to ofifer 
you my friendship and my respect. Have 
the goodness to consider these expressions 
as emanating from the necessity of a free 
heart. I am with due consideration, your 
afrectionate and faithful servant who kisses 
your hand, Augustin dE Iturtide. 

Senor Don Carlos Tiernan. 

Mr. Tiernan also received from this 
historic personage, an expression of his 
appreciation and regard in the shape 
of a curious gold watch of Mexican 
workmanship, with the inscription: "Don 
Charles Tiernan — a present from a 
friend." Mr. Tiernan was subsequently 
appointed Consul for Mexico at Balti- 
more, performing the duties of tire office 
faithfully and efficiently for more than 
twenty years. 

His wife, Gay Robertson Bernard, was 
born in 1817, in Caroline county, Va.; 
was educated in Richmond, and mar- 
ried Cliarles Tiernan, December 20, 1836. 
She was a lady of fine appearance, of 
beautiful and fascinating manners, had a 
talent for art, and was an excellent per- 
former upon the harp. Her circle of friends 
included the most cultured and refined so- 



HISTORY OF Baltimore;, Maryland. 



ciety of Baltimore in that day, embracing 
such social lights and leaders as Miss Emily 
Harper, Madam Bonaparte, Mrs. John 
Hanson Thomas, Mrs. William George 
Reed. Mrs. John H. B. Latrobe declared 
her to be one of the most brilliant acquisi- 
tions to the social life of Baltimore. Gen. 
Winfield Scott, and Mrs. Scott were fre- 
quently entertained at her father's home, in 
the sumptuous style of the old A'irginia day, 
and there is still in existence a letter in 
verse, written to her by Mrs. Scott, which is 
bright, enlivening and genuinely witty. 

Charles Bernard Tiernan received his 
academic training at St. Mary's and 
Loyola Colleges, Baltimore, attaining the 
degree of Bachelor of Arts and Master of 
Arts. His legal training was acquired un- 
der the auspices of the late S. Teackle Wal- 
lis, one of the most cultured and gifted rep- 
resentatives of the American bar. Upon 
the opening of the Johns Hopkins Univer- 
sity, he toojc a post-graduate course of one 
year in modern literature in this most ad- 
vanced and progressive centre of American 
culture. In January, 1861 he became a 
member of Fifty-third Regiment. Maryland 
National Guard and during the eventful 
scenes of the 19th of April, he was sent by 
the colonel for his arms and equipments, 
and served in the regiment until it was dis- 
banded upon the arrest of the members of 
the Legislature and the occupation of the 
State in large force by the Federal troops. 
He was a member of the Fifth Regiment and 
of the Fifth Regiment \'eteran Corps. 

He retains his grandfather's pew in the 
historic Cathedral, and is trustee and secre- 
tary of the Board of Trustees of this ancient 
foundation. He has been a member of the 



Hibernian Society, of Baltimore, as well as 
its legal adviser. 

He is a member of the "Clan Dona- 
chaidh" in Scotland, as his grandmother, 
Jane Gay Robertson, belonged to the 
family of Robertson of Stranan, and he has 
received many complimentary letters from 
the headquarters of the clan at Glen Devon, 
Perthshire, in regard to his connection 
therewith. 

He has also been a member of the 
Alston, Athaeneum, and Maryland Clubs, 
of the Catholic Club, of the Maryland His- 
torical Society, of the Society of Colonial 
Wars, of the Alumni Association of St. 
Mary and Loyola Colleges, and of many 
other associations with which he felt bound 
to unite himself from sentiments of patriot- 
ism and from convictions of public duty. 

]\Ir. Tiernan was one of the original mem- 
bers of the "Ariel Boat Club," which was 
organized in 1864, and was the first boat 
club established in Baltimore, and was for 
a long number of years its secretary and 
treasurer, almost sustaining it in the time 
of its adversity and no one in Baltimore has 
contributed more effectively than himself 
to the support and success of all manly ath- 
letic exercises, such as boating and rowing, 
in the city. He was a member of the Elk- 
ridge Fox-hunting Club, he was tendered a 
position as staff officer in the militia, and as 
lieutenant in the Fifth Regiment, and the 
nomination on the Democratic ticket to the 
City Council from the Eleventh ward, and 
the nomination to the presidency of the Hi- 
l^ernian Society, but declined them all. 
He was for many years President of the 
Cathedral branch of the St. Vincent of Paul 
Society. \'ice-President of the General So- 
ciety in Baltimore, and is probably one of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



603 



the oldest officers of that society in the 
United States. 

He is a man of broad and extensive per- 
sonal and social acquaintance; his lit- 
erary and scholarly attainments are con- 
siderable, his knowledge of art is by no 
means slight or superficial, he has traveled 
widely in Europe, as well as in North Amer- 
ica, and has striven to keep himself in 
friendly, sympathetic alliance with his own 
people, to deserve the respect and regard of 
of the community, and to advance and foster 
its true interests and its national develop- 
ment by devoting his energy and his influ- 
ence faithfully and earnestly to its service. 

Edgar Allan Poe. — I purpose in the 
present sketch to speak of Edgar Allan 
Poe principally from the standpoint of 
literary and poetical character. His per- 
sonal history has been written so fre- 
quently and is so easy of access that 
in this connection it might seeni a work 
of supererogation to indulge in biograph- 
ical detail beyond the mere statement 
that Poe was born in Boston in January, 
i8oy, a year notable in the annals of 
the world. Tennyson, Darwin, Gladstone, 
three of the most illustrious examples of 
human progress in diverse but still not an- 
tagonistic spheres of development, date 
their birth from this annus mirabiUs of our 
dav.-ning nineteenth century. Yet with all 
that has been written in regard to the per- 
sonal hi.story of our poet — his escapades — 
his infirmities — his versatile and checkered 
life, it is by no means sure that his unique 
position in the evolution of our Hterature Is 
perfectly appreciated and properly under- 
stood. Edgar A. Poe had no prototype or 
predecessor in American poetry or in Amer- 



ican romance — he has had no successor in 
either, though the empirical imitators of his 
style may be described as legion. There is 
nothing American in his genius, scarcely a 
shade of local color, of home association, 
of native reminiscence in all that he has 
produced. This singular trait may serve to 
account for the hopeless failures of New 
England critics, to estimate Poe rationally, 
or to appreciate his phenomenal position in 
our literary history. His real poetic affinity 
and affiliation is with the school of Coleridge 
and Keats, the nearest approach to a repro- 
duction of his genius in our day. is to be 
found in the poetry of Rosetti. It is a fact 
not unknown to special students of our 
poetry that the "Blessed Damozel" had its 
inspiration and suggestion in the "Raven" 
of Poe. The former poem is indeed a sort 
of inverse presentation of the latter. In the 
first we have the lament of the lover 
for the Lenore in the heavens; in the 
other, it is the longing of the glorified 
spirit for reunion with the loved one still 
lingering here alone, the difference is in the 
celestial and terrestrial attitudes of the ac- 
tors principally affected by the development 
of the dual idea. It cannot be demonstrated 
that a single American poet has contributed 
in the slightest measure to the development 
of Poe's rare and unique genius. The ab- 
surdity of the Chivers' myth is too patent 
to demand or to deserve refutation. A sin- 
gle line in the "Raven" is borrowed almost 
literally from Mrs. Browning's "Lady Ger- 
aldine's Courtship," and the mere title of 
the poem may have been .suggested by the 
"Raven" of Coleridge, but the essential 
characteristics, as well as the fundamental 
conception, are Poe's alone. The genius 
of Poe, however, is not to be estimated by 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



the ■■Raven," despite its immense popu- 
larity. Its metrical and rhythmical power 
is unsurpassed, all the rare devices of Norse 
bard and Saxon minstrel are blended in the 
wonderful witchery of its verse, alliteration, 
assonance, "linked sweetness long drawn 
out," "the hidden soul of harmony," with 
its sombre refrain, so suggestive of the "one 
word" of Shakespeare's starling. 

"Annabel Lee" and the "Haunted Pal- 
ace" each stand on a higher plane of poetic 
art than the "Raven." Both reveal the in- 
spiration of Coleridge, the subtle charm of 
Keats. "Genevieve," the "Lambia," '■La 
Belle Dame sans Merci," "Christabel," are 
the preludes and harbingers of Poe's su- 
preme and especially distinctive creations. 
All belong to the sphere of the weird, the 
fantastic, the realm of mystery, a type and 
character of poetry abundantly creative in 
the earlier decades of the century, and form- 
ing a specific, notable phase in the develop- 
ment of the incoming wave of romanticism 
which marked the later stages of the Geor- 
gian era. To this school Poe belongs, in 
his prose, as well as in his poetical aspect. 
He is in practical utilitarian America what 
Coleridge and Keats were in the England of 
the age of Waterloo, and the Napoleonic 
epoch. In this respect his position is ab- 
solutely isolated and aloof in the history of 
poetical evolution in this country. 

It is unjust to Poe's fame and character 
to siK-ak of the lack of moral tone in his 
prose and poetry. He is in no rational 
sense obnoxious to the charge. His aim 
is not didactic, there is no striving after alle- 
gorical teaching, moral lessons, ethical in- 
struction. All this was alien to his purpose, 
and in conflict with his ideal. The remote, 
the supernal, these were his congenial 



themes; the local, the domestic, the sphere 
of sensibility in normal life, lay far wide 
of his purpose, and it is illogical as well as 
unscientific to condemn him for adhering to 
the tenets of his philosophy in the exercise 
of his power, either in prose or in poetry. 
In foreign lands, notably in countries of 
romance origin, in which the artistic in- 
stinct and the artistic appreciation is much 
more acute and discriminating than in our 
own race, his fame brightens with a steadily 
increasing lustre. His most brilliant tri- 
umphs are in the future, as the gradual ex- 
pansion of art culture brings the undiscern- 
ing world somewhat nearer to a rational 
conception of his genius, the rarest, subtlest, 
most pervaded by pure phantasy, that the 
history of literature has seen since the spa- 
cious times of Coleridge and Keats, of 
whose type of art he was the propagandist 
and the not unworthy representative in our 
fresh, buoyant, prosaic, occidental civiliza- 
tion. 

Frederick Brooks Hubdell. President 
Home Telephone Company, Baltimore, 
Md., was born at Harrisburg, Pa., July 2d, 
1842. He is a son of the late General Hora- 
tio and Rebecca (Brooks) Hubbell, the for- 
mer a native of New York, the latter of 
Pennsylvania, and both of English-Irish- 
German descent. (See Dr. Egle's Genealo- 
gies of early Irish and German Pennsyl- 
vania settlers and Conn. Colonial Records.) 
Both the Hubbells and Brookses were of 
Colonial stock, antedating the Revolution- 
ary War by more than a century. Gen. Hor- 
atio Hubbell was a leading lawyer of Phila- 
delphia, was the projector of the .Atlantic 
Cable (see Congressional Records. 1^49), 
and had command of the State troops dur- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



ing the native American riots of 1844 in 
Philadelphia. Frederick B. Hubbell was 
educated in the public and high schools of 
Philadelphia, read law with his father and 
was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia in 
1863, but never practiced, becoming identi- 
fied almost immediately after his admission 
to the bar with coal mining and railway en- 
terprises in connection with the Pennsyl- 
vania railway system. In 1872 he went 
South as assistant to Gen. Herman Haupt, 
General Manager of Richmond and Dan- 
ville (commonly called Piedmont Air Line), 
now Southern Railway, with headquarters 
at Richmond, Va., General Haupt repre- 
senting the Pennsylvania Railroad which at 
that time owned the controlling interest in 
this system. j\Ir. Hubbell remained at Rich- 
mond until the close of 1876, when he was 
transferred to the Northern Central system 
and placed in charge of the Canton terminus 
coal traffic. He was next in the General 
Freight Agent's office of the same company 
at Baltimore. In 1880 he took charge of the 
Mansfield Coal and Coke Company at Pitts- 
burg, Pa., where he remained until 1886. 
Returning to Baltimore he was elected to 
the vice-presidency of the Suffolk and Caro- 
lina Railway. In 1889 he was elected Gen- 
eral Freight and Passenger Agent of Mary- 
land Central (now Baltimore and Lehigh) 
Railroad, serving in that capacity until 1892, 
when he was made vice-president and took 
charge of the construction of the Bristol 
and Elizabethtown Railway in Tennessee. 
Upon the completion of this road to Eliza- 
bethtown, he was elected second vice-presi- 
dent of the Texarkana and Fort Smith Rail- 
way and General Manager of the Arkansas 
Construction Company. Under j\Ir. Hub- 
bell's direction the lines of this company 



were surveyed and located between Fort 
Smith, Ark., and Shreveport, La., and 
eighty miles of track laid and operated when 
his connection therewith was severed and he 
returned to Baltimore, there becoming one 
of the promoters of the Queen Anne Rail- 
road, and is one of the directors of the con- 
struction company of that road. He is 
president of the Home Telephone Company 
of Baltimore, a member of the Masonic fra- 
ternity and a Republican in politics. Mr. 
Hubbell was married October 8, 1880, to 
Ella Sherman, daughter of Walter S. Hub- 
bell, a lawyer of Canandaigua, N. Y. Mrs. 
Hubbell died in 1890, leaving one child, 
Stewart B. Hubbell, now a student at Mo- 
hegan Lake Military Academy, Peekskill, 
N. Y. Mr. Hubbell resides at 1829 N. Cal- 
vert street, and is a member of the Franklin 
Street Presbyterian Church. 

Col. George Washington Fayette 
Vernon came of Revolutionary stock; his 
grandfather, Thomas Vernon, was a soldier 
in the Pennsylvania Line, War of the Revo- 
lution, and his father, Nathaniel Vernon, 
was a soldier of the War of 1812-14. The 
\^ernons are of Norman-French extraction, 
descended from the race that under William 
the Norman, conquered England, A. D. 
1066. The Vernons emigrated to America 
with William Penn, the founder of Pennsyl- 
vania. The subject of this sketch was born 
at Frederick City, Frederick county, Md., 
June 14, 1843. He was educated at Freder- 
ick College, and was engaged in the study 
of law at the outbreak of the Civil War in 
1861. He entered the army August 10. 
1861, as second lieutenant of Company A of 
the Cavalry Battalion which, at Colonel Ver- 
non's suggestion, was called "Cole's Cav- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



airy," in honor of Capt. Henry A. Cole, the 
senior captain and commander. 

In the spring of 1862, when General 
Bank's army made its campaign in the 
Shenandoah A'alley of \'irginia, "Cole's 
Cavalry" was in the van and at Bunker Hill, 
\''a., the first blood of the campaign was 
shed by this command, in a successful cav- 
alry skirmish with Ashbv's Confederate 
cavalry, not, however, without serious loss. 
The brigade commander. General Williams, 
then commanding the Third Brigade, 
Bank's Division, Eighth Corps, issued a 
complimentary order, mentioning Captain 
Cole and Lieutenant Vernon by name. In 
the successful battle at Winchester, Va., 
March, 1862, in which General Shields de- 
feated Stonewall Jackson's Confederate 
army, Company B, "Cole's Cavalry," open- 
ed the fight. In all of the various cam- 
paigns in the Shenandoah \'alley of Vir- 
ginia in 1862-63-64, "Cole's Cavalry" was 
incessantly scouting and skirmishing with 
the enemy; in fact, in all of the Maryland, 
Pennsylvania and \'irginia campaigns they 
took an active part and suffered heavily. 

At Harper's Ferry. Va.. in September. 
1862, the cavalry refused to surrender, and 
led by "Cole's Cavalry" successfully cut 
their way through the enemy's lines, passed 
through Gen. Robert E. Lee's army, then at 
Sharpsburg, Md.. and captured General 
Longstreet's annniuiition train, which had 
its effect in the subsequent battle of .^ntie- 
t;im, j\ld. Lieutenant \'ernon was pro 
n:oted first lieutenant .May in. 1862. and 
captain October 25. 1862. 

At the midnight battle in the snow at 
[.oudon Heights, \'a., January 10, 1864, 
Captain \'ernon was severely woiuided, a 
bullet passing through the left eye an.-! shat- 



tering a portion of the skull. Captain Ver- 
non was promoted major, March 5. 1864, 
and lieutenant-colonel April 20, 1864, the 
battalion having been recruited to a full 
regiment. Colonel Vernon commanded a 
brigade of cavalry, and subsequently a bri- 
gade of infantry in the Shenandoah Valley 
of Virginia, in the summer and fall of 1864. 
The repeated and successful raids of the 
enemy upon the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road, between Harper's Ferry and Martins- 
burg, Va., in the winter of 1864-65, caused 
the detail of Colonel Vernon to be sent for 
its protection in charge of detachments from 
the One Hundred and Ninety-fifth Pennsyl- 
vania Infantry, Eighteenth Connecticut In- 
fantry, Fourteenth West Virginia, and 
Thirteenth Maryland Infantry. There was 
no further trouble from the time Colonel 
Vernon assumed conmiand: and the close of 
the war found him in charge of a military 
district in the Shenandoah Valley of ^'ir- 
ginia. He was mustered out of service with 
his regiment at Harper's Ferry, \'a., June 
28, 1865. 

He returned to his home at Frederick 
City. :\I(1.. in July. 1865. and established a 
legal collection agency, but devoted a por- 
tion of his time to his farm, a short distance 
from the city. He was appointed postmas- 
ter at Frederick City, Md.. March 8, 1867, 
and served until May 24, 1869, when he was 
appointed a sjiecial agent of the United 
vStates Treasury Department, which posi- 
tion he held until February, 1878. when he 
was appointed surveyor of customs at Balti- 
more, Md., February 13. 1878, which he 
held until .March 18. 1882. Uikhi the ex- 
piration of his commission he established a 
real estate brokerage and collection InK-^i- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



607 



ness at Baltimore, Md., where he at present 
resides. 

Colonel Vernon took an active part in 
politics from 1865 to 1882, being frequently 
selected as a delegate to Republican State 
and National Conventions. He has been 
an active member of the Grand Army of the 
Republic, having been a Post commander 
for several years anddepartment commander 
in the department of Maryland in 1886. He 
was President of the Union Veteran Asso- 
ciation of Maryland in 1889, and was ap- 
pointed by Governor Lowndes in 1896, one 
of the committee to compile the records of 
Maryland Union soldiers, sailors and ma- 
rines of the late war. He is a member of 
the Loyal Legion Commandery of the Dis- 
trict of Columbia, Colonel Vernon is a mem- 
ber of the collection and real estate broker- 
age firm of G. W. F. Vernon & Co., with 
ofiiices in Baltimore and branch offices in 
Washington, D. C. He was married Au- 
gust 18, 1873, to Sallie, daughter of the late 
Alexander Todd, of San Francisco, and 
granddaughter of the late Judge Todd, of 
Tarrytown. N. Y. Colonel and Mrs. Ver- 
non have three children, Anna D., George 
A. and Edna F. \'ernon, and reside at Prim- 
rose, Baltimore county, ]\Id. The family at- 
tend the Episcopal Church. 

Rev. Arthur Chilton Powell, Rector 
of Grace Church, Baltimore, was born at 
Dayton, O., July 22, 1854. He is a son of 
the late John and Sarah ((Latham) Powell, 
the former a native of Herefordshire, Eng- 
land, and the latter of the State of Maine, 
and lineally descended from Mary Chilton, 
one of the passengers of the Mayflower. 
Arthur Chilton Powell attended the public 
and high schools of Dayton, O.: entered 



Amherst College in 1872, and was gradu- 
ated with the class of "76; spent the follow- 
ing year at Princeton Theological Semi- 
nary, and attended Philadelphia Divinity 
School in 1878-79; was rector at Riverside, 
Hamilton county, O., from 1879 to 1882; at 
St. John's Church, York. Pa., from 1882 to 
1886; was Dean of the Convocation, Harris- 
burg, from 1886 to 1888, and entered upon 
the rectorship of Grace Church, Baltimore, 
November 17, 1888. Rev. Mr. Powell is one 
of the Board of Trustees of the Church 
Home, one of the vice-presidents of the So- 
ciety for Prevention of Cruelty to Children, 
one of the managers of Maryland Home for 
Consumptives and a trustee of Warfield Col- 
lege School, Sykesville. He was married 
September 28, 1882, to Helen B., daughter of 
Charles J. and Sarah (Buttless) Hardy, 
cashier Deshler National Bank, Columbus, 
O. Rev. Mr. and Mrs. Powell have three 
children, George, Chilton Latham and Paul 
Rullison, and reside at 709 Park avenue. 

Dr. John Morris was born in Leacock 
township, Lancaster county, Pa., on the 6th 
of February, 1824. His education was re- 
ceived in private schools and later in Lan- 
caster Academy, and the high school of the 
same city. This education was afterwards 
supplemented by private tutors in the Latin, 
French, German and Spanish languages. 
His last French tutor, Mons. Dupuy, was 
teacher of this language in the Baltimore 
City College. He afterwards committed 
suicide, being driven to this desperate act, 
the Doctor's fears, by his (the Doctor's) mur- 
dering of the French language. At the age 
of fifteen Doctor Morris entered the law of- 
fice of the Hon. Jacob I'lrooni, who was at 
I that time secretary to Col. James Cameron, 



(;08 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



brother to Simon Cameron. Colonel Cam- 
eron was shot through the chest byAIr. Alid- 
dleton, editor of the "Lancaster Examiner," 
an anti-Masonic journal. This occurred 
whilst Doctor Morris was in Air. Broom.'s 
office. Colonel Cameron was a brave man, of 
rugged Scotch blood; he survived this seri- 
ous wound, and was killed at the first battle 
of Bull Run, whilst leading his regiment. 
Jacob Broom became eventually a very dis- 
tinguished inan. He joined the American 
party; was elected three times to Congress 
by the Know Nothings of Philadelphia, and 
afterwards was nominated for the Presi- 
dency of the United States by the American 
party, Mr. Webster, their first nominee hav- 
ing died. This nomination of Mr. Broom 
led to the defeat of Fremont and the elec- 
tion of Mr. Buchanan. A dicker was made 
through Colonel Forney with !Mr. Broom 
and the leaders of the party, by which the 
electoral ticket of that party was kept in the 
field; its press supported throughout the 
State of Pennsylvania, and its orators liber- 
ally paid for their services. This dicker, 
which cost the Democratic party $50,000, 
is known to few living persons. Mr. Broom 
was afterwards appointed by President 
Buchanan to a place in one of the depart- 
ments in Washington, where he died. 

Mr. Jacob Broom having been trans- 
ferred to the Adjutant General's office at 
Harrisburg, Doctor jMorris entered the 
office of the Hon. James M. Broom, 
the father of Jacob, in Philadelphia. 
James M. Brot)ni had been a member 
of Congress from Delaware in Jeffer- 
son's time. He was then a Federal- 
ist, as was his father, Jacob Broom, 
of Delaware, who signed the Constitution 
of the United States. He afterwards came 



into the Democratic party, with many other 
distinguished Federalists, notably, Presi- 
dent Buchanan, Roger B. Taney, Louis AIc- 
Lane, and a host of other public men. 

Whilst in Mr. Broom's office. Doc- 
tor Morris was brought in contact with 
all the great lawyers in Philadelphia at that 
time, including the Binneys, the Rawles. 
Sargents, Brewsters, St. George Tucker 
Campbell, Henry M. Phillips, Peter A. and 
David Paul Brown, and younger members 
of the bar, who afterwards became leaders 
in their profession. Doctor Morris believes 
that he is the last surviving lawyer's clerk 
who accompanied his master to Court, car- 
rying his (the master's) law books in a green 
bag. This gave him an opportunity to be • 
seated among the lawyers and to listen to 
their arguments. 

Mr. James M. Broom was associated with 
Mr. Webster in the celebrated Girard Will 
case. He prepared the briefs, which with all 
the other papers was copied by Doctor Mor- 
ris. He was also thrown into contact with 
Commodore James Barron, who spent every 
Sunday morning in Germantown, with Air. 
Broom, where he lived. The Conmiodore 
was an eccentric man and wore side combs. 
He, though a Virginian, was a strong Fed- 
eralist, while Decatur whom he killed at 
Bladensburg, was a Marylander and a vio- 
lent Democrat. The Commodore's devoted 
body-servant was as black as ebony, and 
was the last slave in Pennsylvania, having 
refused to leave his devoted master. 

.\n orphan, with insufficient means of 
support. Doctor Morris was forced to relin- 
quish his law studies. He came to Baltimore 
in 1841 and settled as ateacherintheTwelfth 
district of Baltimore county. Many of his 
pupils are still living. Whilst engaged in 






^//4^.^h- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



609 



teaching he commenced the study of medi- 
cine. He attended his first course of lec- 
tures at the Washington College, now the 
Church Home on Broadway. During the 
day he attended lectures and at night taught 
school in the Monkur Institute on Ann 
street. Fell's Point. When the school closed 
at lo o'clock, he walked to his country 
home, two and one-half miles distant. In 
1845, when Doctor Morris was just twenty- 
one, he was placed in nomination by his Bal- 
timore county friends at the Democratic 
Convention of Towson as a candidate for 
the Legislature. He received twenty-eight 
votes on the first ballot, lacking but three 
of the required majority. In 1848 he re- 
moved to Baltimore and entered the office 
of Dr. Frederick E. B. Hintze, a distin- 
guished physician of that city. During this 
year hewent before the Examining Board of 
the State Faculty and obtained a license to 
practice medicine. He afterwards graduated 
at Bellevue College, New York. He is also 
a licentiate of the Rotunda Hospital, Dub- 
lin, where he lived as an interne. He re- 
mained fourteen years as the associate of 
Doctor Hintze. He again entered politics, 
and was elected to the Legislature in 185 1. 
He served during the two long sessions of 
1852-3. He was a member of the Commit- 
tee of Ways and Means, and made a mi- 
nority report urging the reduction of the 
State taxes. Owing to the factional opposi- 
tion of Governor Lowe, the report was not 
adopted, but at the succeeding session the 
suggestions in the report were carried with- 
out opposition. Doctor Morris also made 
a speech advocating the sale of the State's 
interest — 81,500,000, in the Northern Cen- 
tral Railway Company for the sum of $90,- 
000 annually, being six per cent, on the prin- 



cipal, which was passed by the Legislature. 
This amount is still paid by the company. 

In 1850 Doctor Morris presided over the 
celebrated Turner-Watkins Mayoralty Con- 
vention, the most boisterous body that ever 
met in Maryland. Its session finally had 
to be held in daytime, with locked doors. 
After many ballots Mabe Turner, the popu- 
lar butcher, and a pet of the Empire Club 
of that day, was nominated. The Watkins 
men rebelled, led on by the members of the 
New ^Market Fire Company. Turner was 
defeated, Mr. Jerome, the Whig candidate, 
being elected by twenty-seven hundred ma- 
jority. In 1852 Doctor Morris was elected 
President of the Democratic City Conven- 
tion, succeeding such men as Benjamin C. 
Howard, Doctor Graves and Joshua Van- 
sant. He held this place for several years, 
and during the Know-Nothing times, pub- 
lished, in connection with the late Nathaniel 
Cox, Secretary of the State under Governor 
Ligon, a campaign paper, the True Ameri- 
can, which was distributed and read in all 
the shops of the city. 

During the dreadful epidemic of yellow 
fever in Norfolk and Portsmouth in 1855, 
Doctor Morris served as a volunteer. He 
contracted the disease, but recovered. The 
citizens of Norfolk the next year presented 
him with a gold medal in recognition of his 
services. In 1857, he was, without solicita- 
tion, appointed by President Buchanan, post- 
master of Baltimore. He served as school 
commissioner during the year of 1856-7. 
He and his life-long friend, John T. Morris, 
for many years President of the School 
Board, were the only Democrats that the 
Know-Nothing members of the Council 
voted for. In 1864 Doctor Morris presided 
at a Democratic Convention which sent dele- 



610 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



gates to the Chicago Convention, wliich 
nominated McCIellan. Since that time he 
has taken no part in politics. He did not 
vote for Horace Greeley. He belongs to 
the Civil Service Reform Association and 
the Reform League. 

Doctor Morris has filled many places 
of honor and usefulness. In addition to 
those already mentioned, he is ex-president 
of the various local medical societies; ex- 
President of the Medical and Chirurgical 
Faculty of Maryland, Vice-President of the 
American Medical Association, member of 
the Judicial Council of the same. President 
of the Maryland Inebriate Asylum, Presi- 
dent of • the State Lunatic Commission, 
President Baltimore City Plumbing Board, 
and ex-President of the Maryland State 
Board of Health. Doctor Morris is a mem- 
ber of the Veteran Volunteer Firemen's As- 
sociation, having been President of the Old 
Friendship Fire Company, one of the mana- 
gers of the Society for the Prevention of 
Cruelty tO' Animals, Vice-President of the 
Society for the Protection of Children, one 
of the Board of Visitors Training School for 
Feeble-Minded at Owing's Mills, Secretary 
and Treasurer of the Rocky Mountain 
Medical .\ssociation, ex-President of the 
Pennsylvania and Maryland Medical So- 
ciety and f)ne of the managers of the Mary- 
land Prisoners' Aid Association. 

Doctor Morris was a delegate to the So- 
cial Science Congress which met in Belfast 
in iSf)-. That Congress was presided over 
by I'.arl Dnffcrin. The late David Dudley 
Field was the only other American repre- 
sentative present. Doctor Morris was also 
a delegate in 1875 to the Briti.sh Medical 
.Association, which met in Kdinburgh; to 
the Industrial Medical Congress, which met 



at Brussels, and also the French- Scientific 
Congress, which convened at Nates the 
same year. 

H(jN. JoHX K. CowEN, leading lawyer, 
railroad president and Congressman, was 
born in Holmes county, O., October 28, 
1844. His father, Washington Cowen, was 
a native of Oxford, Pa., and early in life 
moved to Holmes county. ()., where John 
K. Cowen passed his youth. He attended 
the local public schools, went to the acad- 
emy at Fredericksburg, Wayne county, at 
the age of twelve and continued there until 
he was sixteen. He then entered Vermilion 
Institute, an academy located at Hayesville, 
Ashland county, O., and afterwards, in 
1862, taught a school in his native place. 
In the following year he entered Princeton 
College, and graduated at the head of his 
class in 1866. Among his college mates 
were Robert Garrett and Judge J. A. C. 
Bond, of Westminster. Mr. Cowen, after 
leaving college taught in the High School 
at Millersburg, O., for a short time, and 
then accepted a position as principal in an 
academy at Slireve, ( ). While teaching 
school he studied law, and in iSf)S was ad- 
mitted to practice in Canton. ( )., Hon. 
William McKinley being one of his exam- 
iners. He at once entered upon the practice 
of his profession in Mansfield, ()., where 
he was soon recognized as a leading mem- 
ber of the bar and acquired a large practice. 
In 1872 he came to I'.aUimore to accept the 
lX)sition of gt-neral counsel of the ISallini.ire 
and Ohio Railroad Company. He contin- 
ued as such until Charles F. Mayer's retire- 
ment from the ])residency of that road, when 
he was elected his successor, and later, when 
the great corporation passed into the hands 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



of a receivership, was appointed by the 
Court, with Oscar G. Murray as receiver of 
the B. & O., which position he still holds. 
In 1882 Mr. Cowen entered into active pol- 
itics in Baltimore and since that time has 
taken a prominent part as an Independent 
Democrat. He has always supported the 
Democratic party on national issues, and 
has been a devoted admirer of President 
Cleveland. In 1894 he was the nominee of 
his party for Congress, and was elected, de- 
feating his opponent, Robert H. Smith, af- 
ter a memorable and spirited campaign. As 
a lawyer Mr. Cowen stands at the head of his 
profession, and has argued many important 
cases before the Maryland Court of Ap- 
peals, United States Circuit and District 
Courts and the Supreme Court of the 
United States. In addition to his railroad 
practice, Mr. Cowen has a large private 
practice, being a member of the firm of 
Cowen, Cross & Bond. He is noted for his 
eloquence, the clearness of his presentation 
of the facts in legal cases and his strong 
grasp upon the legal principles involved. 

Dr. James Gerard Wiltshire was born 
in Jefferson county, Va., September 
23, 1843. He is a son of the late George 
D. and Elizabeth H. (Moore) Wiltshire, na- 
tives of Virginia and descendants respec- 
tively of early English and Scotch-Irish set- 
tlers of the colony. Representatives of both 
families were soldiers in the patriot army 
during the Revolutionary War. James G. 
Wiltshire attended the public and private 
schools and academy of his native county 
and was engaged in the drug business from 
1859 to the fall of i86i, when he enlisted as 
druggist and was assigned to the Confeder- 
ate hospital at Dumfries. He was sent 



thence to Fredericksburg and successively 
to Ashland and Richmond, was for one year 
with Chew's Battery and Ashby's Horse Ar- 
tillery, finally in the spring of 1864 joining 
Col. John S. Mosby's command with which 
he served until the close of the war, being 
principally engaged in scouting service and 
successively promoted from private to a 
second lieutenancy. He began the study of 
medicine under the preceptorship of the late 
Dr. Hugh Nelson, Middleway, Va., enter- 
ing the University of Virginia in 1867 and 
was graduated from the School of Med- 
icine of that institution in 1868. He then 
entered Maryland University Medical De- 
partment , from which he received his di- 
ploma in 1869, ever since which time he has 
been engaged in general practice in Balti- 
more with present office and residence at 
212 W. Madison street. Doctor Wiltshire 
was assistant to Professor of Obstetrics, Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, in 1873, 
and from 1874 to 1881 Demonstrator of An- 
atomy of the same institution, and was dur- 
ing that period and for some time subse- 
quent quiz master. He has been lecturer on 
anatomy, Baltimore Medical College, since 
1893, physician in charge of Baltimore Or- 
phan Asylum since 1875, and is one of the 
physicians of the Baptist Orphanage and 
Christian Home. He was married April 
27, 1882, to Fannie Russell, daughter of the 
late Maj. E. B. Hill, of Virginia. Dr. and 
Mrs. Wiltshire have three children. Turner, 
Lucy and George, and are members of 
Eutaw Place Baptist Church. 

John Mifflin Hoon.PresidentandGen- 
eral Manager of the Western Maryland 
Railroad, was born at Bowling Green, the 
old family residence, near Svkesville, in 



612 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Howard county. Md., on the 5th of April, 
1843. His father. Dr. Benjamin Hood, was 
the son of Benjamin and Sarah Hood, and 
was born at BowHng Green in 1812 and died 
in 1855, in the forty-third }ear of his age. 
His mother, Hannah Mifflin Hood, was the 
daughter of Alexander Coulter, of Balti- 
more, where she was born. Young Hood 
was educated in Howard and Harford 
counties, completing his course at Rugby's 
Institute, jMount Washington, in 1859. He 
then commenced the study of engineering, 
and in July of the same year secured em- 
ployment in the engineer corps engaged in 
the extension of the Delaware Railroad. The 
same corps was next employed in the con- 
struction of the Eastern Shore Railroad of 
Maryland, Mr. Hood soon becoming princi- 
pal assistant engineer,and for part of thetime 
had charge of the operations. In August, 
1861, he went to Brazil, but finding the field 
for engineering unpromising, returned to 
Baltimore in January, 1862, and after study- 
ing marine engineering, ran the blockade 
and reported to the Confederate authorities 
at Richmond, Va., for service. He was at 
once assigned to duty as topographical en- 
gineer and draughtsman of the military rail- 
road then building from Danville, Va., to 
Greensboro', N. C. (since known as the 
Piedmont Railroad), and upon the comple- 
tion of his work declined a commission of- 
fered in the Engineer Corps, and enlisted 
as a private in Company C, Second Bat- 
talion Maryland Infantry. He served with 
distinction in the Maryland Infantry until 
the spring of 1864, when he accepted a lieu- 
tenant's commission in the Second Regi- 
ment of Engineer Troops, in which service 
he continued until surrendered at Appo- 
mattox. Mr. Hood was several times 



slightly wounded, and at Stanard's Mill, in 
the Spottsylvania battles, had his left arm 
badly shattered above the elbow. While 
still incapacitated for duty he ran the block- 
ade, and, wading the Potomac at night, vis- 
ited his family, and came to Baltimore, 
where he had his wound treated by Dr. Na- 
than R. Smith, returning to his command 
before Richmond with a large party of re- 
cruits for the Confederate service. In Sep- 
tember, 1865, he was employed by the Phil- 
adelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Rail- 
road to make surveys for the extension of 
ihe Philadelphia and Baltimore central line 
between the Susquehanna river and Balti- 
more: he was next placed in charge of the 
construction of the Port Deposit branch of 
the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Balti- 
more Railroad, and made chief engineer of 
the Philadelphia and Baltimore Central 
Railroad, and constructed its line through 
Cecil county to the Susquehanna river. He 
was soon afterwards elected engineer and 
superintendent of the same company, and 
in April, 1870, became general superintend- 
ent of the Florida (now Atlantic, Gulf and 
West India Transit) Railroad. His health 
failing, in November, 1871, he accepted the 
position of chief engineer of the Oxford 
and York Narrow-Gauge Railroad, in 
Pennsylvania, and while holding this posi- 
tion he became also chief engineer of a new 
line, known as the Baltimore, Philadelphia 
and New York Railroad, the construction 
of which was stopped by the panic of 1873. 
On the 14th of January, 1874, Mr. Hood 
was elected vice-president and general su- 
perintendent of the Western Maryland Rail- 
road, and on the 24th of March following he 
was made president and general manager 
of the road, including the ofifice of chief en- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



613 



gineer. in which position he continues to 
the present time. 

Mr. Hood married on the 17th of July, 
1867. Florence Eloise Haden, of Botetourt 
county, Va., and has six children. 

Lawrence Brengle Kemp, President of 
the Commercial and Farmers National 
Bank of Baltimore, the second oldest bank 
of Baltimore. He was born in Baltimore, 
August 24, 1857. He is the son of the late 
Charles L. and Elizabeth C. (Brengle) 
Kemp, natives of Frederick county, Md., 
the former of English, the latter of German 
descent. Lawrence B. Kemp's parents died 
in his childhood and he was reared by his 
grandfather, the late Maj. Lawrence J. 
Brengle, of Frederick, Md. He completed 
his education at Frederick College in 1875, 
and came to Baltimore to enter the counting 
room of Eugene Levering & Co., with 
which firm he remained for eight years and 
was, at the severance of his relations there- 
with, confidential man and assistant cashier. 
For about five years following Mr. Kemp 
was connected with the Merchants' National 
Bank of Baltimore. Upon the unanimous 
request of the members of the Baltimore 
Clearing House Association, he was ap- 
pointed December 5, 1892, National Bank 
Examiner for Maryland and the District of 
Columbia, by A. B. Hepburn, Comptroller 
of Currency, which appointment was con- 
firmed by Charles Foster, Secretary of the 
Treasury. This position he held during the 
remainder of Mr. Hepburn's administration, 
and for two years under Comptroller James 
H. Eckels. January 9, 1895, he accepted 
the cashiership of the Commercial and 
Farmers' National Bank ofBaltimore, to the 
presidency of which he succeeded upon the 



retirement of Mr. Joseph H. Rieman, April 
2, 1896. Mr. Kemp was actively instru- 
mental in founding the Maryland Bankers' 
Association, of which the late Enoch Pratt 
was first president, and of which Mr. Kemp 
has been secretary since its organization. 
He is also vice-president for Maryland of 
the American Bankers' Association. 

Mr. Kemp was married November, 1883, 
to Helen, daughter of the late S. McDonald 
Richardson, for a number of years president 
of the Savings Bank of Baltimore, and 
whose personal history is contained in this 
volume. Mr. and Mrs. Kemp have two 
children, McDonald R. and Hilda: reside at 
Mt. Washington and are communicants of 
Emanuel P. E. Church, of Baltimore; Mr. 
Kemp is a vestryman of St. John's P. E. 
Church at Mt. Washington. 

Mr. S. Davies Warfield. Postmaster, 
Baltimore, Md., was born September 4, 
1859. at his father's summer residence near 
Mt. Washington, in Baltimore county. 
He is of an old Maryland family and is of 
Democratic antecedents. His father, the 
late Henry ]\I. Warfield, was one of the 
prominent business men and one of the 
most highly esteemed citizens of Baltimore. 
Henry M. Warfield was the independent 
Democratic candfdate of the combined 
forces against the regular Democratic nom- 
inee for mayor in the memorable campaign 
of 1875, and for many years took part in re- 
form politics. Mr. Warfield, the present 
postmaster, has many of his father's charac- 
teristics, and inherited his father's interest in 
reform movements. 

During the memorable independent polit- 
ical movement in this city he was a conspic- 
uous figure. When the Jefiferson Demo- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 



cratic Association was organized, which was 
the outgrowth of these independent cam- 
paigns, Mr. Warfield was elected its presi- 
dent. This was the largest and strongest 
independent Democratic organization ever 
formed in the State, and exercised a pow- 
erful influence in shaping the politics 
of the city and State. On the executive 
committee of the club were such men as S. 
Teackle Wallis, John K. Cbwen, Col. 
Charles Marshall, W. L. Marbury, William 
Cabell Bruce, Gen. George S. Brown, 
Joseph Packard, Jr., Skipwith Wilnier and 
other equally well-known men. 

When the late Judge Brown ran as the 
independent candidate for Mayor, indorsed 
by the Republican party, against Mr. 
Hodges in 1885, Mr. Warfield took part in 
the independent fight for Judge Brown. In 
the Davidson-Shaw mayoralty contest in 
1889 Mr. Warfield was chosen by the inde- 
pendents chairman of the executive and 
campaign connnittee and managed the cam- 
paign. 

In 1 89 1 Mr. Warfield was nominated for 
mayor of Baltimore by the independent 
Democrats, the nomination being indorsed 
by the Republican party. He was at that 
time but 2- years of age, the youngest can- 
didate ever nominated for the position in 
this city. He was defeated by Mr. Latrobe, 
the regular Democratic candidate. 

Mr. Warfield is a gold Democrat. He 
declined to support the Chicago platform, 
and it was by his advice and co-operation 
that the Honest Money Democratic League 
of Maryland and the Wage-Earners' Patri- 
otic League were formed during the late 
Presidential campaign. It was largely 
through the exertions of these Leagues that 
Maryland was carried for the sound money 



candidate at the election, the Honest-Money 
League having an enrolled membership, 
both in its own organization and offshoots 
of from 8,000 to 10,000 men. The Honest- 
Money Democratic League also played an 
important part in the last campaign. 

Mr. Warfield has had a thorough business 
training, is connected with a number of 
business enterprises, and is regarded as a 
man of rare executive ability. 

President McKinley has announced his 
intention to reappoint Postmaster Warfield 
upon the expiration of his present term in 
recognition of his able administration of the 
office. 

Commenting on Mr. Warfield's reap- 
pointment the New York Evening Post said 
editorially as follows: "The announcement 
that Postmaster Warfield, of Baltimore, is 
to be reappointed secures the acceptance of 
the right principle regarding the filling of 
such an office in a large city for the first 
time — leaving out of account the recommis- 
sioning of Mr. Pearson in this city by Presi- 
ident Cleveland during his first term, and 
that was an exception to the rule of change 
enforced elsewhere. Mr. Warfield has been 
a thoroughly efficient postmaster, has been 
alert and skillful in the introduction of 
every available improvement, has been care- 
ful to observe faithfully the civil service laws, 
and has not tried to treat the offices under 
his management as spoils to be distributed 
to party workers, but has used them as po- 
sitions designed for the ser\-ice of the pub- 
lic. So excellent has been his record, and 
so universal was the satisfaction of the com- 
munity, that his retention was asked with 
a close approach to unanimity by those 
whose only interest in the matter was a de- 
sire to secure good service for the public in 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



t;i5 



a business institution, and Mr. McKinley 
has indicated his purpose to comply with 
tliis popular demand, although Mr. Warfield 
is a Democrat. The most remarkable thing 
about so obviously proper a decision is that 
such a performance is almost without prece- 
dent." 

Nicholas Sxowden Hill, Jr., Chief 
Engineer, Water Board of Baltimore City, 
was born in Baltimore county, Md., J"ne 
i8, 1868. He is a son of Nicholas S. Hill, 
Sr., and Mary Watkins (Pope) Hill, the for- 
mer a native of Maryland, the latter of Ken- 
tucky. The first comer of the Pope family 
to America, Nathaniel Pope, emigrated 
from England to the colony of \^irginia 
early in the seventeenth century and located 
at Pope's Creek, Westmoreland county, 
about 1657. He had two sons, Nathaniel 
and Thomas, and one daughter, Anne, who 
became the second wife of Col. John Wash- 
ington, great-grandfather of President 
George Washington. The founder of the 
Maryland Hill family, Clement Hill, came 
from Shropshire, England, with Lord Bal- 
timore, subsequently locating at Compton- 
Basset, Prince George's county. He was 
Surveyor-General of Maryland. Nicholas 
S. Hill, Sr., was born in Prince George's 
county, Md.. studied law and was admitted 
to the bar in Washington, D. C. At 
the breaking out of the war he enHsted in 
the Confederate Army, subsequently serving 
as Major and Commissary General of the 
Trans-Mississippi Department. At the 
close of the war he located in Baltimore, 
where he engaged for a time in the grain 
commission business, subsequently served 
as purchasing agent of the B. & O. R. R., 
and has now retired from active business. 



Nicholas S. Hill, Jr., received his initial 
schooling at Pen-Lucy School under Col. 
Richard Malcolm Johnson, afterwards at- 
tending Loyola College, Baltimore, and 
Georgetown (D. C.) University. He was 
then apprenticeshiped to the machine shops 
of the B. & O. R. R. He then attended 
Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, 
whence he was graduated in 1892 with the 
degree. Mechanical Engineer. For a short 
period thereafter he was instructor in ex- 
perimental mechanics at Stevens Institute, 
leaving the institution to assume the duties 
of engineer of the South Side Elevated Rail- 
way at Chicago. In 1893 he returned to 
Baltimore and established an office at 203 
East German street. He was engineer's 
secretary of the Sewerage Commission of 
Baltimore. In January, 1897, he was ap- 
pointed to his present position as chief en- 
gineer of the Water Department of Balti- 
more. He is a member of the University 
Club and one of the finance committee of 
the Children's Society of Baltimore. He 
was married April 17, 1895, to Miss Isabelle 
B., daughter of the late John C. Berry, a 
merchant of Baltimore. Mr. and Mrs. Hill 
have one child, Isabelle S., reside at 911 
St. Paul street and attend Immanuel P. E. 
Church. 

James Reamer, proprietor of the Howard 
House, Baltimore (formerly known as 
Wheatfield Inn, 1790 to 1830). is a Mrginian 
whose hotel experience began during his 
very early manhood, when he clerked for his 
father, the late Col. W. C. Reamer, when 
the latter was proprietor of the Railroad 
Plotel at Martinsburg. Mr. James Reamer 
was for more than twenty years proprietor 
of the Reamer House, Leesburg, Loudon 



616 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



count)-, \"a., coining thence to Balti- 
more in July, 1889, to assume proprietorship 
uf the Howard House (now known as 
Reamer's Howard House). Messrs. John 
M. and Frank Reamer, brothers of the pro- 
prietor, are of the ofifice force of the How- 
ard. The late Colonel Reamer's widow and 
daughters reside at the Howard, and attend 
Westminster Presbyterian Church. 

Dr. Reube.x James Hooper Tall was 
born July 9, 1843, at Tobacco Stick, Dor- 
chester county, Md. His father, Lewis 
W. Tall, and his mother, Mary (Har- 
rington) Tall, were natives of the same 
county. They had si.x children, two sons 
and four daughters, of whom Reuben was 
the youngest. Their first born, Luke Tall, 
died in Philadelphia, at the age of twenty- 
eight years, leaving a wife and two children. 
His parents removed to Baltimore when the 
subject of this sketch was but eighteen 
months old. He attended the public schools 
of this city until he was fourteen years of 
age, when the family returned to Dorchester 
county. He continued his studies in his na- 
tive town until he was sixteen, and was then 
ap])ointed teacher of the school. While em- 
ployed in that cai>acity he began the study 
of medicine. He went to Baltimore and en- 
tered the medical department of Maryland 
University, where he graduated, having at- 
tended two courses of lectures. He has been 
engaged in the practice of his profession in 
Baltimore since 1865. He was married 
April 14, 1869, to MoUie C, daughter of J. 
W. Blake, of Baltimore. One son, born of 
this marriage, is Harry B. Tall. Doctor 
'J'all is Methodistic in his political views. 

Dr. .AuTiifR Howard ]\L\\n, Jr., was 
born in Baltimore, October 29, 1869. He is 



a son of Arthur H. and Augusta C. (Ulrich) 
Mann, the former a native of Maryland and 
of Irish descent, the latter of Pennsylvania 
and of German ancestry. Arthur H. Mann, 
now retired, was for many years proprietor 
of the Park Stables, a business founded by 
his father in 18 — , Arthur H. Mann, Jr., 
was educated at Lamb's Academy and O-x- 
ford School, studied medicine under Doctor 
Tififany and was graduated from the medi- 
cal department of Maryland University in 
1890. During the last year of his college 
course he was clinical assistant at Maryland 
University Hospital. The year following 
his graduation he spent abroad attending 
the Lfniversity of Vienna, Austria, and the 
year following his return took a student's 
j course at Johns Hopkins Hospital. He was 
Assistant Demonstrator of Anatomy and 
Assistant Chief of Clinic to Professor 
of Surgery, '95-6, Chief of Clinic to Pro- 
fessor of Surgery, 96-7, Maryland Uni- 
versity, and Lecturer in Clinical Sur- 
gery, '97-8. He is also surgeon to 
Bay View Hospital. Doctor Mann is a mem- 
ber of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty 
of Maryland, Baltimore Clinical Society 
and Baltimore Medical and Surgical So- 
ciety. He is unmarried, resides at 934 Mad- 
ison avenue, and is a member of St. Mark's 
Lutheran Church. 

Dr. W. Edward Magruder was born at 
Sandy Spring, Montgomery county, Md., 
June 9, 1873. He is a son of Dr. Wil- 
liam E. and Margaret (Brooke) Magruder, 
natives of Maryland, and descendants re- 
spectively of the earliest Scotch and English 
settlers of Alaryland. Dr. William E. Ma- 
gruder is now practicing in ]\Iontgomcry 
county, Md., where he has practiced and re- 
sided for fi_irt>--four years. He was grad- 




&d^-^ f, U' 



%^^/0. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



6Vi 



uated from tlie medical department of 
Maryland University in 1854. His father, 
Dr. William Bowie Magruder, was a grad- 
uate of Maryland University in 1825, and 
was up to the time of his decease in 1873 a 
leading physician. The father of Dr. W. B. 
Magruder, Zadock Magruder, was also a 
physician, w'ho graduated from the College 
of Philadelphia under Benjamin Rush in 
179G. Upon his return from Philadelphia 
to enter upon tlie practice of medicine in 
Maryland, Dr. Zadock Magruder assisted 
in laying plans for the formation of a State 
Medical Society which resulted in the 
founding of the Medical and Chirurgical 
Faculty of Maryland. Dr. W. Edward Ma- 
gruder attended Sherwood Academy, en- 
tered Johns Hopkins University where he 
remained for two years, then entering Co- 
lumbia University, Washington, D. C, from 
which institution he was graduated with the 
degree A. B. in 1889, and M. D., 1892. For 
a time thereafter he was engaged in practic- 
ing with his father in Montgomery county. 
In 1894 he entered the Baltimore Medical 
College, was graduated therefrom the fol- 
lowing year, and had charge of its dispen- 
sary department of general medicine until 
May. 1897. Doctor Magruder has offices 
and residence at 922 Madison avenue, and 
branch offices at 844 S. Sharp street, and 214 
X. Central avenue. He is a member of the 
Baltimore ^tledical Association, ]\Iedical 
and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland and 
American Medical Association. His church 
connection is with the Hicksite Branch of 
Friends. 

WaltI'R Ireland Dawkins, Attorney- 
at-Law, was born in St. Mary's county, Md., 
October 21, 1858. He is a son of the 



late Young Parran and Alethea Elizabeth 
(Dorsey) Dawkins, natives of Maryland, 
the former of Scotch-English and the latter 
of Irish descent. He graduated from St. 
John's College with the class of '80, began 
the study of law under the preceptorship of 
James H. Wilson and Judge Robert Ford, 
of Leonardtown, St. Mary's county, Md., 
and was admitted to the bar at Leon- 
ardtown in September, 1883. He was en- 
gaged in his profession at the latter place 
until 1887 when he removed to Baltimore, 
where he has since resided and practiced 
law with offices in the Fidelity Building. 

ArcusTiN DE RussY Sai'pixgton, Attor- 
ney-at-Law. was born in Baltimore March 
24, 1862. He is a son of Nicholas J. and 
Maria E. (Birkey) Sappington, both na- 
tives of Baltimore and descendants of early 
settlers in Maryland and Pennsylvania. 
Nicholas J. Sappington has been in Govern- 
ment service in Baltimore since the Civil 
War and is now connected with the Customs 
Department. A. de R. Sappington was ed- 
ucated in the public schools and City Col- 
lege of Baltimore, then entered the law de- 
partment of Maryland University, graduat- 
ing therefrom in 1881. Upon attaining his 
majority he was admitted to the bar and for 
some years practiced in partnership associa- 
tion with Messrs. James Pollard and Albert 
W. Rivers, and is now of the firm of Sap- 
pington & Rivers, with offices in the Fidelity 
Building. He is one of the examiners of 
the Circuit or Equity Courts of Baltimore. 
Mr. Sappington was married April 18, 1894, 
to Edith, daughter of the late George H. 
Miller, a retired merchant of Baltimore. Mr. 
and Mrs. Sappington reside at 2034 Linden 
avenue and are members of Immanuel Epis- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



copal Church. Mr. Sappington is one of the 
vestryjiien of of St. Bartholomew's Episco- 
pal Church. 

Dr. John R. Abekcrombie, Coroner 
Northwestern District of Baltimore, was 
born in Baltimore February 20, 1869. He 
is a son of John and Elizabeth (Daniel) 
xAbercrombie, the former a native of Scot- 
land and the latter of Port Stanley, Ontario. 
John Abercrombie is assistant manager of 
the Baltimore News Company. Dr. John 
Abercrombie attended the public schools 
and City College and Johns Hopkins Univer- 
sity, and was graduated from the medical 
department of Maryland University with the 
class of '95. Following his graduation he 
was assistant resident physician at Uni- 
versity Hospital and is now one of the chiefs 
of clinic in the University Hospital Dispen- 
sary. He was appointed by Governor 
Lowndes to the position of coroner, May 
4, 1896. Doctor Abercrombie is lecturer on 
Alateria Medica at the Woman's Medical 
College, and physician to the Shelter for 
Aged Colored Women. He is a member of 
St. Andrew's Society, Medical and Chi- 
rurgical Faculty of Maryland, Baltimore 
Medical Society, Baltimore Clinical Society 
and a member of and medical e.xaminer for 
the American Legion of Honor. 

Dr. Charles Wellman Mitchell w^as 
born in Baltimore, February 4, 1859. He 
is a son of the late John and Clara (Well- 
man) Mitchell, the former a native of Scot- 
land, the latter born in New York and of 
Hollandese extraction, being lineally de- 
scended from one of the Dutch settlers who 
located in New Amsterdam, the latter part 
of the seventeenth century. The late John 
Mitchell was a merchant in New York un to 



his retirement from business and removed 
to Baltimore in 1857. He died in 1865; his 
widow resides with her son, the immediate 
subject of this sketch. Charles W. Mitchell 
was graduated from Baltimore City Col- 
lege, in 1875, and from Princeton in 1879. 
He studied medicine under the preceptor- 
ship of the late Dr. J. E. Michael and was 
graduated from Maryland University Medi- 
cal Department, class of 1881. From 1881 
to 1883, he was assistant resident physician 
at University Hospital. The following 
eighteen months he spent at the Universi- 
ties of Prague and Vienna, making an es- 
pecial study of the practice of medicine, dis- 
eases of children and pathology. From 1885 
to 1888 he was resident physician at the 
University Hospital and has since been en- 
gaged in general practice with present office 
and residence, 1021 Cathedral street. From 
1888 to 1893 Doctor Mitchell was Univer- 
sity lecturer on Pathology, from '93 to '96, 
Clinical Professor of Medicine, and since 
the latter date Professor of Materia Medica 
and Clinical Medicine, up to 1897, when 
he became Professor of Diseases of Women 
and Children instead of Materia Medica. 
He is one of the visiting physicians to 
Union Protestant Lifirmary, a member of 
American Medical Association, Medical 
and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland. Bal- 
timore Clinical Society and Journal Club. 
He attends Associate Reformed Church. 

Dk. Hamilton Janey Coffroth was 
born in Baltimore. }iL-irch 17. 1856. He is 
a son of George R. and Azzie C. (White) 
Coiifroth, the former a native of Pennsyl- 
vania, and of German descent, the latter 
by birth a \'irginian and of English ances- 
try. The Coffroths of the United States 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



are lineally descended from the ancient and 
titled \'an Kanfroths of Germany. George 
R. Coffroth, who located in Baltimore in 
1856, was a prominent wholesale tobacco 
merchant up to 1890, since which time he 
has been engaged in fire and marine insur- 
ance. He was for a number of years Presi- 
dent of Bank and was one 

of the founders and a liberal supporter of 
the Hendshaw Memorial Church and is su- 
perintendent of its morning and evening 
schools. Dr. H. J. Cof?roth was a student 
for four years of the Maryland Agricultural 
College, then entering Virginia Military In- 
stitute, from which he was graduated in 
1877. He studied medicine under the pre- 
ceptorship of Drs. Claggett & Walls, and 
was graduated from the School of Medicine 
of Maryland University March i, 1879. 
During the final year of his attendance at 
the last institution he was one of the internes 
of the University General Hospital. In 
June, 1880, he entered the Medical Corps 
of the United States x-lrmy and was em- 
ployed on the frontier until the latter part 
of 1881, when he returned to Baltimore, 
where he has since been engaged in the 
practice of his profession with office and 
residence at 924 Madison avenue. Doctor 
Coffroth was one of the founders of Balti- 
more University School of Medicine and 
held the Chair of Physiology of its Faculty 
during 1885-86. He is a member of St. 
Peter's Episcopal Church. He is medical 
examiner for and a member of the Royal 
Arcanum, Orderof the Golden Chain.Amer- 
ican Legion of Honor and Knights of the 
Golden Eagle, and the Progressive Chain. 
Doctor Cofifroth is a member of the Medi- 
cal and Chirurgical Facultv, and is Past 



Grand Procurator of the Kappa Sigma So- 



Dr. David Jeromk Reinhart was born 
in Frederick county, Md., March 26, 1845. 
He is a son of Rev. Andrew H. and Rebecca 
(Hilton) Reinhart. natives of Maryland, the 
former of German, the latter of English de- 
scent. Ulric John Reinhart, Doctor Rein- 
hart's great-grandfather, emigrated from 
Darmstadt and located at Lancaster, Pa., 
in the latter part oi the last century. Of his 
eleven sons, George Reinhart, grandfather 
the immediate subject of this sketch, re- 
moved to Frederick, Md., where his son. 
Rev. Andrew H. Reinhart, was engaged in 
business as a miller while tilling the pulpit 
of the German Baptist Church. He now re- 
sides at Monrevia, Md. Dr. D.J. Reinhart 
was educated in the public schools of his na- 
tive county, where he subsequently taught 
for eighteen months. He studied medicine 
under the preceptorship of Dr. Isaac N. 
Wood, Newmarket, Md., and was gradu- 
ated from the Maryland University with the 
class of '71. He engaged in the general 
practice of medicine at Hyattstown, Mont- 
gomery county, Md., for six years there- 
after, removing thence to Baltimore. 
Doctor Reinhart is a member of the Medi- 
cal and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, 
and the Johns Hopkins Medical Society, 
member of and' medical examiner for Bal- 
timore of the American Guild of America, 
and medical examiner for several life in- 
surance companies. Doctor Reinhart mar- 
ried Nannie, daughter of the late James Wil- 
liams, of Laytonville, Montgomery county, 
Md. Dr. and Mrs. Reinhart have four chil- 
dren, Elizabeth, student at the Latin School, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Woman's College, Elenora, Rebecca and a 
son, Stewart. The family attend Eutaw 
Place Baptist Chruch. 

Dr. Frank Martin was born at Brook- 
ville, Montgomery county, Md., October 
21, 1863. He is a son of Dr. James S. and 
the late Lucretia (Griffith) Martin, natives 
and descendants of colonial settlers of Mary- 
land. Dr. James S. Martin is a son of Dr. 
Samuel B. Martin, who studied medicine 
under Doctor Brown, of Baltimore, and 
graduated from the University of Pennsyl- 
vania in the days of Dr. Benjamin Rust, 
early in the century, locating in East Bal- 
timore, where he practiced throughout a 
long life, dying in 1876 at the age of ninety- 
one. He was one of the censors of Wash- 
ington University, from which institution 
his son. Dr. James S. Martin, was gradu- 
ated with the class of 1841. Dr. James S. 
Martin practiced medicine in Baltimore 
until 1863, except during an interim of five 
years when he conducted a hospital at Sacra- 
mento, Cal. In 1863 he settled at Brook- 
ville, where he continued practice up to his 
retirement in 1895. His wife died August 
26, 1895; he now resides in Baltimore. Dr. 
Frank Martin attended Brookville Acad- 
emy and Maryland Agricultural College, 
class of '83, was graduated from medical 
department Maryland University, class of 
'86, was resident clinician at University 
Hospital prior to graduation and six years 
following his graduation, and has since been 
assistant to Professor of Surgery Maryland 
University, and Lecturer on Principles and 
Practice of Surgery. He is one of the vis- 
iting surgeons to Bay View Asylum, a 
member of the Medical and Chirurgical 
Faculty of Alaryland, Baltimore Journal 



Club, Baltimore Clinical Society, and Book 
and Journal Club. He resides at 1021 Ca- 
thedral street. He married, June 9, 1897, 
Miss R. Anna, daughter of Dr. Charles E. 
Coster, 1000 Cathedral street. Dr. and 
Mrs. Martin attend Emmanuel P. E. 
Church. 

Dr. Thaddeus Watkins Clark. — This 
gentleman was born in Howard county, 
Md.. May 3, 1852. He is a son of the late 
William and Albina (Watkins) Clark, na- 
tives of Maryland and descendants, respect- 
ively of early North of Ireland and English 
colonial settlers of Maryland. Doctor 
Clark's maternal grandfather was a soldier 
throughout the War of the Revolution and 
again took up arms against the mother 
country in the War of 181 2. being mustered 
out as colonel. His third wife, a Miss 
Bowie, w^as related to Bishop Claggett, the 
first Episcopal Bishop in the colonies. Rep- 
resentatives of the families, paternal and 
maternal, have served the State in various 
capacities, as members of the House of 
Delegates and otherwise. The late William 
Clark was a prominent agriculturalist of 
Howard county. He died March 31, 189 — . 
His wife survives and resides at Green 
Spring Valley. Dr. T. W. Clark attended 
Rock Hill and St. Clemens Colleges, grad- 
uated from the latter institution with the 
class of '72. For several years thereafter 
he taught school and was subsequently for 
a time engaged in mercantile pursuits, dur- 
ing this period became interested in and 
cursorily took up the study of medicine. 
This he continued under the preceptorship 
of Dr. W. W. and his son. Dr. W. C. \\'at- 
kins. He was graduated after a three years' 
course from the medical department of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAiND. 



621 



Maryland University in 1880, and has ever 
since been connected with his Ahna ]\Iater. 
He is now Demonstrator of Physics, Chief 
of CHnic and Nervous Diseases and CHni- 
cal Lecturer of Medicine, Bayview Asylum. 
He has given special attention to Neurology 
and has had association for some years, as 
student and physician with Dr. F.T. Miles. 
He is a member of the Medical and Chirur- 
gical Faculty of Maryland and of the Neu- 
rological Society of Baltimore. He was 
married in 1885 to Florence C, daughter of 
William Alatthews, ex-Judge Orphans' 
Court of Howard county. The family reside 
at 10 W. Hamilton street. 

Joseph S. Heuisler, Attorney-at-Law, 
was born in Baltimore, Md., February 17, 
1832. He is a son of the late Joseph A. and 
Mary (Parker) Heuisler, the former a na- 
tive of Munich, Bavaria, whence he was 
brought to the United States by his parents 
in his early boyhood. Joseph A. Heuisler 
was a florist and horticulturist of note in 
Baltimore for many years, and during the 
latter years of his life pursued as a pastime 
the cultivation of fruits and flowers, which 
had been the active business of his earlier 
years. He died in Baltimore February 12, 
1862, aged eighty-one years. His wife, 
Mary (Parker) Heuisler, was a native of 
Saffron-Walden, County Essex, England. 
Her parents came to the United States lo- 
cating in Baltimore early in the century. 
She died January 5, 1837. Joseph S. Heuis- 
ler completed his education at St. Mary's 
College, Baltimore, in 1849. He then be- 
came one of the clerical stafif of Register of 
Wills, David M. Ferine, continuing in that 
service under Register Ferine, and his suc- 
cessor, Nathaniel Hickman, for a period in 



all of seven years. He began the study of 
law under the preceptorship of James M. 
Buchanan, United States Minister to Den- 
mark, and while pursuing the study was 
successively engaged on the clerical staff of 
the Orphans' Court of Baltimore City, and 
in the conveyancing business with Corne- 
lius M. Cole. He was admitted to the bar 
in i860, and has ever since practiced law in 
Baltimore, being now associated with his 
son, Charles W. Heuisler, with offices in the 
Fidelity Building. Mr. Heuisler repre- 
sented the Twelfth ward in the City Coun- 
cil of Baltimore for two years, during which 
time he rendered himself particularly ob- 
noxious to ringsters. He served for one 
term under ilayor Latrobe as City Exam- 
iner of Titles. He is a Democrat and a 
member of the Catholic Benevolent Legion. 
He was married March 29, 1853, to Cath- 
erine, daughter of the late Henry McCann, 
a teacher for many years in the public 
schools of Baltimore. Of ten children, 
born of this marriage, six survive. They 
are Charles W. Heuisler, an attorney, 
whose personal history is contained herein ; 
Margaret P., wife of Frederick C. Cook, an 
attorney of Baltimore ; Joseph G. Heuisler, 
D. D. S., who married Miss Katie, daugli- 
ter of William H. Jenkins, of Baltimore; 
Mary A., wife of Francis E. Tormey, an ar- 
chitect, of Baltimore; Philip L Heuisler, 
Superintendent of Emerson Drug Com- 
pany, Baltimore, and William F. Heuisler, 
with Firemen's Insurance Company, of 
Baltimore. Four children deceased were 
Harry S. Heuisler, an expert book-keeper 
and employed in the Sixth Auditor's office, 
Washington, D. C, at the time of his de- 
cease, April 23, '88, and who left a wife and 
one child, Mary Louise; George A. Heuis- 



622 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



ler, a scholastic of the Society of Jesus at 
the time of his decease, November i6, 1890; 
and two children who died in infancy. Mr. 
Joseph S. Heuisler and family reside at 411 
Freyer avenue, Roland Park, and are mem- 
bers of the Roman Catholic Church. 

Charlus William Hkuisler, Attor- 
ney-at-Law, was born in Baltimore January 
ary 11, 1854. He is a son of Joseph S. 
Heuisler, whose personal history is con- 
tained in this volume. Charles W. Heuis- 
ler was educated at Calvert Hall Academy, 
Baltimore, and Rockhill College, Ellicott 
City, Md., and was graduated from the latter 
institution with the class of '72. He read 
law under his father's preceptorship, attend- 
ed a course of lectures in the law depart- 
ment of Maryland University and was ad- 
mitted to the liar upon oral e.xamination 
1)efore the Supreme Bench of Baltimore. 
He has since been engaged in the practice 
of law in partnership with his father, the 
firm having offices in the Fidelity Building. 
Mr. Heuisler has been for a number of years 
a member of the Board of Trustees of St. 
Mary's Industrial School, is Secretary of 
the Particular Council of the Society of St- 
N'incent de Paul, and is a member of the 
Catholic P.enevolent League, having as 
such filled all of the offices in St. Pius Coun- 
cil, No. 20. He is also Past Regent in the 
Royal Arcanum. He was married Novem- 
ber 15, 1883, to Julia, daughter of the late 
Frederick V. Benzinger, a distinguished 
member of the I'.altimore bar. Mr. and 
Mrs. Heuisler reside at 918 McCulloli street, 
and are memi)ers of the Cathedral. 

Dr. Syl\-i-;sti:r Roiucut Ki:llv, de- 
ceased, was born in lialtimore, Marcii 3, 



1862. He was a son of Sylvester R. and Cath- 
arine Jane (Spence) Kelly, natives of New 
York, the former of English-Irish, the lat- 
ter of Scotch-Irish descent. Both the Kelly 
and the Spence families flourished in 
America in colonial days and had represen- 
tatives in the Continental Army during the 
War of the Revolution. Sylvester R. Kelly, 
Sr., is a machinist and engineer and is now 
operating an ice plant in Baltimore. Dr. S. 
Robert Kelly was educated in the public 
schools. City College and Johns Hopkins 
University of Baltimore, and then entered 
the Maryland College of Pharmacy, gradu- 
ating therefrom in 1882. For six years 
thereafter he was in the retail drug business 
at Wheeling, W. Va. Returning to Balti- 
more, he entered the School of Medicine of 
Maryland University, from which institu- 
tion he was graduated in 1890. From '90 
to '92 Doctor Kelly was Chief of Clinics of 
Medical Department, and since '93 Chief of 
Clinics of Diseases of the Chest. From '90 
to '93 he was assistant surgeon in throat 
department of Presbyterian Eye, Ear and 
Throat Hospital, of Baltimore; and from 
■92 to '95 Physician of Baltimore Orphan 
As\'IunL 

Dr. Hampson Hubicrt Biedler was 
born at Page View, Page county, Va., Au- 
gust 26. 1854. He is a son of the late Am- 
brose M. and Sarah A. (Keyser) Biedler. 
His initial schooling was received at 
Hawksville Academy, Va., and this was sup- 
plemented by a three years' course at New 
Market. (\'a.,) Polytechnic Institute. Af- 
ter a short jieriod spent in teaching school, 
he began the study of medicine under the 
preceptorship of Doctors Miller and Brum- 
bach in Luray, Page county, Va. He was 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



623 



graduated from the medical department of 
the University of Maryland February 29, 
1876, and during the closing year of his 
course was resident student at the Univer- 
sity Hospital. In 1876 he took a six 
months' practical course in pathology and 
microscopy in the office of the microscopist 
of the Army Medical Museum, Washing- 
ton. Doctor Biedler entered upon the prac- 
tice of his profession in Woodville, Rap- 
pahannock county, Va., where he remained 
for six years, removing thence (1882) to 
Baltimore. In 1883 he was called to the 
chair of Women's Diseases in Baltimore 
Medical College, and a short time thereafter 
was elected to the chair of Surgery. Since 
the incorporation of Baltimore University 
he has been its secretary, and filled the chair 
of Principles and Practice of Surgery and 
was Dean of the Faculty for 1897-8. Doctor 
Biedler is a prolific writer for medical jour- 
nals. He represented the American Medi- 
cal Association at the International Medi- 
cal Congress, convened in Berlin, in 1890, 
and was also a delegate to the British Medi- 
cal -Association. He is a member of the 
i\Iedical and Chirurgical Faculty of Mary- 
land, Clinical Society of Maryland, Ameri- 
can Medical Association and President of 
r.altimore Medical Association. He is Chief 
Examiner for the National Life (Vt.) .Amer- 
ican Union and Michigan Mutual Life 
Insurance Companies. In addition to his 
work in medicine and surgery. Doctor Bied- 
ler has been identified with many important 
local enterprises, and is now Treasurer and 
a Director of the Baltimore and Drum Point 
Railroad. 

Dr. I1.\rry Gibson Utley was b<.M-n at 
Franklintown, N. C, November 5, 1873. 



He is a son of W. F. and Elizabeth (Gib- 
bons) Utley, natives of North Carolina, 
whose ancestors were early English settlers 
of the colonies. Harry G. Utley was edu- 
cated at Davis Military School and Raleigh 
Male Academy, N. C; then entering the 
medical department of North Carolina 
University. After one year at the latter in- 
stitution be came to Baltimore, entered the 
School of Medicine of Maryland University 
and was graduated therefrom in 1894. In 
1894-5 he was senior resident physician at 
Maryland University Free Lying-in Hos- 
pital ; in "95-6 Chief of Obstetrical Clinics of 
the Maryland University, and '96-7 Chief 
of Obstetrical Clinics and Demonstrator of 
Obstetrics of the Maryland University. 

James A. Gary, Postmaster General in 
the Cabinet of President McKinley, has 
been since attaining his majority a leading 
citizen of Baltimore, prominent alike in its 
business, finance and charities, and politicaf 
and social life. Mr. Gary was born at Un- 
casville. Conn., October 22, 1833, and was 
therefore six years old, when, in 1839, his 
parents removed from Connecticut to 
Maryland. His father was a native of Mas- 
sachusetts and a descendant of Puritan set- 
tlers of New England. The Alberton Cot- 
ton Mills located at .\lberton, Howard 
county, Md., were established by James S.. 
father of the subject of this sketch, and the 
present head of the family became a part- 
ner in the business, which had grown to 
large proportions in 1861. Nine years later, 
(1870) James S. Gary died, and the son man- 
aged the mills and counting-room single- 
handed, until January. 1885, when his son, 
Mr. E. Stanley Gary, was given an interest 
therein. Mr. Garv has ahvavs been actively 



624 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



identified with the politics and public affairs 
of Maryland. He started out a Whig with 
Henry Clay as his ideal statesman. In 1858 
he was nominated in How-ard county for 
State Senator, but was defeated. He was 
one of the three delegates from Howard 
to the big Union Convention held at Mary- 
land Institute in January, 1861. Through- 
out all the years subsequent to the war, 
when his party was in a hopeless minority, 
he was ever faithful in his support of Re- 
publicanism, contributing largely of his 
means to its support. He was a delegate 
to the Republican National Convention of 
1872, which nominated General Grant. Mr. 
Gary was chosen chairman of the Maryland 
delegation against the late John A. J. Cress- 
well, General Grant's Postmaster General. 
In 1870 Mr. Gary ran for Congress in the 
Fifth Congressional District, but was de- 
feated. In 1875, he lent valiant service to the 
reform ticket headed by J. Morrison Harris 
for Governor, and in 1876 was again dele- 
gate to the Republican National Conven- 
tion. In 1879 he was his party's nominee 
for Governor, and was defeated by William 
T. Hamilton, the Democratic nominee. In 
1880, by a temporary combination with Mr. 
Cresswell, Mr. Gary captured the famous 
Frederick Convention, defeating the Ful- 
ton-Thomas faction and sending a delega- 
tion at large to the National Convention of 
that year which was opposed to Mr. Blaine, 
Mr. Gary's leaning being towards Mr. Sher- 
man, and Mr. Cresswell's being towards 
giving a third term to General Grant. Mr. 
Garv went to the National Convention of 
1884 in the interest of President Arthur, 
with whom his relations were of the most 
cordial character. He appeared at the 1888 
Convention as a Sherman man, but when he 



saw that the Ohio man's case was hopeless, 
fell into line for General Harrison, with 
whom he had cordial relation during the 
latter's administration. At the Minneapolis 
Convention of 1892, to which Mr. Gary was 
also elected a delegate — an honor conferred 
upon him six times consecutively — he fa- 
vored and helped to achieve President Har- 
rison's renomination. In Baltimore City 
politics, Mr. Gary has always given earnest, 
practical support to the nominees of his 
party, whether the ticket was a straight one 
or representing a fusion of Independents, 
Reformers and Republicans. Mr. Gary was 
Maryland's member of the Republican Na- 
tional Committee from 1880 to i8g6 and 
served as a member of the National Finance 
Committee in the latter year. No man in 
the party has shown a more liberal spirit 
toward the Republican cause than Mr. 
Gary. No man holds a higher place in the 
esteem of his party than this veterean of 
many battles with Democracy, and his se- 
lection as a member of the cabinet of Presi- 
dent McKinley was hailed with satisfaction 
by the Republicans of Maryland and en- 
dorsed by the Republican party of the 
United States. 

Mr. Garv's connection with the business 
interests of Baltimore has been very inti- 
mate and extended. In addition to supervis- 
ing his own large business, he is President 
of the Citizens' National Bank, of Balti- 
more, President of the Board of Trustees of 
the Enoch Pratt Free Library and Vice- 
President of the Consolidated Gas Com- 
])any, of Baltimore. He was for several 
vcars President of the Merchants' and Man- 
ufacturers' Association and is a Director of 
the Baltimore Trust and Guarantee Com- 
panv, of the American Fire Insurance Com- 




c^Q.4_^2^^6) 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



«25 



pany and of the Savings Bank, of Baltimore 
and other corporations. He is a communi- 
cant of the Brown Memorial Presbyterian 
Church and for the last twenty-two years 
has been Chairman of the Board of Trus- 



David L. BartlETT was born in Hadley, 
Mass., in December, 1816. His father was 
Daniel Bartlett, and his mother's maiden 
name was Louisa Stockbridge. both of Had- 
ley, Mass. His ancestors, both paternal and 
maternal, w-ere New England people for 
many generations, intimately connected 
with the history of that section. 

]\Ir. Bartlett's rudimentary education was 
obtained at the very excellent common 
schools of New England, and completed at 
one of the academies of that section, so 
noted for their thorough course and train- 
ing in all the branches necessary for the 
pursuits of business. Mr. Bartlett com- 
menced the business of a manufacturer of 
iron when a young man in Hartford, Conn., 
where he had a fair measure of success. In 
1844 he removed to Baltimore and estab- 
lished a foundry on President street, but re- 
moved in a short time to Leadenhall street, 
and in 1850 established his foundry perma- 
nently on the corner of Scott and Pratt 
street, where the present firm, Bartlett- 
Hayward & Co., have gradually enlarged 
the business and have been very successful. 
The firm employs an average of five hun- 
dred skilled workmen, and fills a vast num- 
ber of orders and contracts. Mr. Bartlett 
has been intrusted with many important 
measures involving the interests of the pub- 
lic. He was a member of the committee 
appointed by the Mayor of Baltimore to re- 
port on the proper means of encouraging 



manufacturers ; is one of the trustees of the 
McDonough School Fund; has been one of 
the managers of the Maryland Institute; and 
is one of the directors of the Farmers' and 
Planters' Bank. Mr. Bartlett's general 
reputation may be well conceived by the 
character of the public trusts with which 
he has been connected. To a mature judg- 
ment and ripe experience he has brought to 
every undertaking, both public and private, 
a faithful, conscientious discharge of duty 
that has secured him the entire confidence 
of the commuity in w'hich he cast his for- 
tunes more than forty years ago. He is 
at present in the full enjoyment of an iron 
constitution, preserved and strengthened 
by systematic habits, and promises yet, ac- 
cording to all human judgment, many years 
of usefulness in his family and to the public. 
Mr. Bartlett is commanding in presence, 
urbane in manners, social and genial in all 
his relations with men, and exceedingly 
popular with all classes; and in all connec- 
tions, religious, political, and in business, 
he has been active, consistent and faithful, 
securing thereby the approbation and es- 
teem of all good men with whom he has 
come into contact during an active life. He 
is a comm.unicant in the Episcopal Church, 
and has had no taste or inclination for po- 
litical office, but during the existence of the 
Whig party he affiliated with it. Upon its 
dissolution he became a member of the Re- 
publican party, with which he has since 
acted and voted. He has been married 
twice. By his first wife, Sarah Abby, to 
whom he was married in January, 1845, he 
had two children, who arc still living. He 
was married the second time in April, 1867, 
to Julia E. Pettibone, of Simsbury, Conn. 



626 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



William Alexander Boyd was born in 
Baltimore, April 5, 1838. He is a son of 
the late William A. and Harriet (Rusk) 
Boyd, the former of Scotch and the latter of 
English descent. The late William A. Boyd 
was from 1832 and up to the time of his de- 
cease, 1876, engaged in business in Balti- 
more as a wholesale tobacco merchant and 
manufacturer of cigars. The business was 
conducted under the firm name of Boyd & 
Chappell up to 1846, since which date it 
has been W. A. Boyd & Co. Mr. Benjamin 
F. Gees, a half brother, became associated 
with ]\Ir. Boyd, Sr., in 1852 and continued 
as a partner until his decease in 1869. In 
1872 Mr. Thomas V. Cromer was admitted 
as a partner and continued until 1878, when 
he withdrew. William Alexander Boyd was 
graduated from Academia College, Juniata 
county. Pa., in 1856, and then entered his 
father's counting-roouL In 1862 he took 
charge of the New York branch of the 
house (established in 1857) and upon the 
closing of the branch establishment two 
years later, resumed his connection with the 
Baltimore house. In 1869 the control of the 
business devolved upon him and he suc- 
ceeded to its proprietorship upon the demise 
of his father. Mr. Boyd was one of the 
founders and first president of the Balti- 
more Tobacco Board of Trade and has been 
its president each year since with one or 
two exceptions. He was Commissioner for 
Union Square from 1873 to 1879: a member 
of the Board of Directors of the Baltimore 
& Ohio l-iailroai^ Co. from 1873 to 1879, 
and one of the Directors of the Western 
Maryland l^ailroad for ten \ears. He was 
one of the founders and jiresident since its 
incorporation of the Ecjuitable Building, 
r^oan and Investment Association ; was a 



member of the State Legislature, session of 
1880; and has for many years represented 
the tobacco trade where the general trade 
interests of Baltimore have been under dis- 
cussion. Mr. Boyd is a Mason and a mem- 
ber of the American Legion of Honor. He 
was married December 28, 1857, to Lydia. 
daughter of the late Charles Cumming, 
manufacturer, of Philadelphia. Mrs. Boyd 
died in 1882 leaving six children, Charles 
C, Samuel R., William A., Isaac Denson 
Harry Burdett Boyd and Harriet, wife of 
James BrowiL of Baltimore, all of whom 
are associated with their father in business. 

Dr. John Turner was born at Irving- 
ton. Va., January 23, 1869. He is a son of 
John W. and Margaret F. (Evans) Turner, 
the former a native of Maryland, of Scotch 
descent, the latter a native of Virginia, of 
Welsh descent. John Turner, i)aternal 
great-grandfather of the inmiediate subject 
of this sketch, came from Scotland and set- 
tled in Maryland a few years prior to the 
Revolutionary War. His son, John, served 
for four terms as a member of the State 
Legislature. He was also founder of the 
mercantile firm at Nanticoke, Md., of John 
Turner & Sons, which has its successor in 
the firm of John Turner & Sons of to-day. 
Dr. John Turner was educated by private 
tutors, and at Randolph-Macon College. 
Ashland, Va. Coming to Baltimore he took 
a course at Eaton & Burnett's Business Col- 
lege and then entered the School of Medicine 
of Maryland L'niversity. I le was graduated 
in 1893, taking the Chisolm prize. For one 
year thereafter he was assistant clinician in 
the University of Maryland Hospital, and 
has since been Prosector to Professor of 
Anatomv and Assistant Demonstrator of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAXD. 



Anatomy of Maryland University. In 1896 
he was appointed physician to Children's 
Country Home, Catonsville. In 1897 he 
was elected Professor of Physiology at the 
Boy's Notir School. Doctor Turner makes 
a specialty of eye, ear, nose and throat treat- 
ment, and has offices at 1814 N. Charles 
street and 29 X. Broadway. He is a mem- 
ber of the Medical and Chiinrgical Faculty 
of Maryland and of the University of Mary- 
land Medical Association, and was secretary 
of the latter in 1895. He is a member of the 
IJaltimore City Yacht Club and surgeon to 
Roys' steam yacht Ivanhoe. He resides at 
1814 N. Charles street and is a member of 
Mt. \'ernon M. E. Church. 

Daxiel James Foley, senior member 
and founder of the wholesale grocery firm 
of D. J. Foley & Co., Baltimore, was 
born at Enniscorthy, County Wexford, Ire- 
land, April 5, 1819. His ancestors, on both 
paternal and maternal sides, were natives 
of Ireland, as far back as their genealogy 
has been traced. His parents w'ere Mat- 
thew and Elizabeth (Roche) Foley. 

Matthew Foley was born September 21, 
17S6, and died October 5, 1866; his wife was 
born in 1792 and died May 12, 1882. They 
were married in Ireland and emigrated to 
the United States, locating in Baltimore in 
1820. Matthew Foley established a grocery 
business on St. Paul street, between Centre 
and Franklin streets, which he continued to 
conduct for many years. ]\Ir. and Mrs. 
Foley had six children who attained their 
majority, viz: the Misses Ann Martina and 
Julia Ann Foley; Daniel J. Foley, the im- 
mediate subject of this sketch: Rt. Rev. 
Thomas Foley, who was born March 
6, 1822, ordained August 6, 1840, conse- 



crated February 2~, 1875, and died Febru- 
ary 19. 1879, being at the time of his de- 
cease Bishop of Chicago; Rt. Rev. 
John Foley, present Bishop of Detriot, 
Mich., and Matthew Foley, formerly of the 
firm of D. J. Foley & Co., but now retired 
from business and residing in Baltimore. 

The brothers received their education at 
St. Mary's College, Baltimore, John com- 
pleting his ecclesiastical education at Rome. 
Daniel J. Foley at the age of sixteen found 
employment with the wholesale grocery 
firm of Sellman & Crook, whose place of 
business was at the corner of Pratt and South 
streets, Baltimore. He remained with this 
house for six years, then accepting the po- 
stition of passenger and freight agent for the 
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company. In 
1847 Mr. Foley in partnership association 
with the late John T. Woodside, established 
a wholesale grocery business under the firm 
name of Foley & Woodside, the store being 
located on South street near Pratt. Mr. 
Woodside died in 1854, following which the 
firm name was changed to that of D. J. 
Foley & Co., by which it has ever since 
been and is still knov,-n. The business was 
removed to its present location, southeast 
corner of Pratt and South streets in 1890. 
Mr. Foley is one of the substantial, scrupu- 
lously honest business men to whom Balti- 
more is indebted for the excellence of her 
standing among the cities of the first class 
in the United States. Although advanced 
in years and practically retired from active 
Ijusiness life, Mr. Foley may be seen at the 
wharehouse daily, and keps in touch with 
the firm's interests and municipal. State and 
national affairs. Mr. Foley has been a mem- 
ber since 1840 of the Hibernian Society, of 
Baltimore (established in 1803 by Robert 



628 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Oliver and others), was its treasurer in 
1843, and was president of the Society for 
some years. He was for a number of years 
a Director of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- 
road Company, and more recently was a 
member of the Directory of the Western 
Maryland Railroad Company. He is a 
Democrat, has never had aspiration for nor 
held political office. He was married May 
7, 185 1, to Anna Maria, daughter of the late 
Benedict I Sanders, a prominent wholesale 
grocer, of Baltimore, in the first half of the 
century. J\Irs. Foley died September 29, 
1878, leaving three children, two daughters 
and a son, the latter, Thomas J. Foley, of 
the firm of D. J. Foley & Co. The city 
home of the family is 706 Park avenue, and 
the country residence, Enniscorthy, How- 
ard county, Md., a portion of the Charles 
Carroll Manor. The family attend the Ca- 
thedral. 

Dr. Henry Briscoe Thomas was born 
in St. Mary's county, Md., April 16, 
1864. He is a son of the late James Richard 
and Jennie E. (Briscoe) Thomas, natives of 
Maryland and descendants respectively of 
early Welsh and English settlers of the col- 
ony. William Thomas, paternal great-great- 
grandfather of Doctor Thomas, represent- 
ed St. Mary's county in the House of Dele- 
gates in 1761, was in the same year commis- 
sioned captain and afterwards promoted to 
major: was a delegate to the Revolutionary 
Convention in 1775 and in the same year one 
of the Committee of Safety of St. Mary's 
county and a member of the General As- 
sembly from 1775 to 1 78 1. His son, James 
Thomas, was major commandant, Mary- 
land Line, a member of the House of Dele- 
gates and for twelve years immediately prior 



to his death. President of the State Senate. 
He was a prominent Freemason, first Mas- 
ter of the Leonardtown Lodge, and was in 
1799 elected Grand Master of jMaryland, 
and re-elected in 1800. His son, James 
Thomas, a prominent physician, was edu- 
cated at St. John's College, Annapolis, and 
graduated from the medical department of 
the Maryland University; was for several 
terms President of the State Senate and for 
two terms Governor of Maryland — 1833-40 
— the only one who has ever held that office 
for two terms. His son, James R. Thomas, 
was educated at Charlotte Hall and spent 
his life as a planter with an e.xtensive estate 
in St. Mary's county. Dr. H. B. Thomas 
completed his general education at Char- 
lotte Hall. He was graduated from the 
medical department of the Maryland Uni- 
versity with the class of '88. The year fol- 
lowing he was resident physician at the 
University Hospital. He is now Chief of 
Clinics and Demonstrator in Larynology 
and Rhinology of the University and Laryn- 
ologistand Rhinologistof Presbyterian Eye, 
Ear and Throat Hospital. He is a memlier 
of Maryland Clinical Society, Maryland 
Medical and Chirurgical Faculty, American 
Medical Association, and Maryland Book 
and Journal Club. He was married June i, 
1893, to Helen C, daughter of the late Isaac 
Coale, merchant, of Baltimore. Dr. and 
Mrs. Thomas have two children, Henry B., 
Jr., and James R.; reside at 1629 St. Paul 
street, and are members of St. Alichael's 
and All Angels' Episcopal Church. 

Benjamin Deford, a leading taniuT and 
leather dealer, of Baltimore, descended from 
an old Huguenot family which emigrated 
to this country after the revocation of the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



629 



Edict of Nantes and settled on West river, 
where the subject of this sketch was born 
in 1799, and where he was reared under 
those influences that have fashioned into the 
highest types of manhood many of the de- 
scendants of the Huguenots, who, wherever 
located in exile, have stamped their individ- 
uality upon their contemporaries. Left an 
orphan at an early age, he was under the 
guardianship of his uncle, Richard G. Hut- 
ton, until, in his fourteenth year, he was 
placed under James C. Dodrell, to learn tan- 
ning, currying and dressing leather. Faith- 
ful in work, he acquired a thorough knowl- 
edge of all the processes of tanning. With 
correct habits and by strict economy he ac- 
cumulated the means of beginning business 
for himself, and in 1823, without capital or 
influential friends, he began the business of 
tanning. At that time the large tanneries 
of Baltimore, though few in number, were 
owned and worked by men of capital and 
experience. William Jenkins, Poland, Jen- 
kins & Co., and George Appold were the 
leading tanners of that day. In a few years 
Mr. Deford had laid the foundations of that 
eminent success which he afterwards at- 
tained. His business increasing as the city 
grew, he built and operated tanneries in 
Maryland and other States, and became one 
of the leading manufacturers and dealers of 
oak-tanned leather in the United States, and 
contributed very largely to the increase and 
development of the trade in leather with 
New England, New York, and Philadelphia. 
Uniting with others in the leather trade, a 
charter w-as obtained for the Merchants' 
and Miners' Transportation Company, un- 
der which the line of steamers known as the 
Boston Steamship Line was organized and 
operated. In the work of organizing the 



steamship line Mr. Deford took a most ac- 
tive part, subscribing largely to the stock, 
and contributing to the successful establish- 
ment by the free use of his capital ^nd ef- 
forts. In his honor one of the first steam- 
ships of the line was called the "Benjamin 
Deford." The value of this line, in great 
measure owing its success to Benjamin De- 
ford, cannot be estimated, and the result of 
this enterprise has been to extend the line to 
New York, Savannah, Charleston, and 
other Southern ports. 

His business sagacity made him one of 
the earliest and most active friends of the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and identi- 
fying himself with Johns Hopkins, Thomas 
Swann, Wm. G. Harrison, Chauncey 
Brooks, and John W. Garrett, he sustained 
the road through its most perilous periods. 
He stood by the road when general confi- 
dence abandoned it, and when the credit of 
the State and city was nearly ruined. In 
the Board of Directors his practical judg- 
ment was valued in some respects above all 
others. His financial and business opera- 
tions had demonstrated the sagacity of his 
strong intellect, while his careful scrutiny of 
surroundings and contingencies proved the 
soundness of his conclusions. 

The influence and association of Mr. De- 
ford was so highly esteemed by business 
men that they were sought in every branch 
of business. He became a director in the 
Mount Vernon Manufacturing Company, 
the Mechanics' Bank, the Union Bank of 
Maryland, the First National Bank of Balti- 
more (of which he w-as one of the founders). 
The Baltimore Savings Bank, the Equitable 
Fire Insurance Company, and several other 
corporations. In all these boards, various 
as was their routine of business, his judg- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MAKVLAN-D. 



ment and opinion were always sought and 
followed. With a native genius of his order, 
and trained by self-culture, his judgment 
was always calm and clear, withholding him 
from the effects of over-confidence, and re- 
straining him from those speculative ven- 
tures by which so many fortunes have been 
wrecked. Pursuing the straight road of 
business enterprise, he achieved his success 
by laborious industry, and not by any sud- 
den freaks of fortune. Associated with the 
late George Brown in the management of 
the House of Refuge, he formed for him a 
very strong attachment, and erected to the 
memory of ^Ir. Brown a beautiful testi- 
monial on the grounds at the main en- 
trance. The House of Reformation for Chil- 
dren, which he aided essentially in estab- 
lishing, is another evidence of his benevo- 
lent disposition. Possessing a warm and 
sympathetic nature, he was at all times a 
valuable friend to the poor and suffering. 
His sterling character has left a pleasant 
memory among all his contemporaries of 
Baltimore. He died April 17, 1870, leaving 
a large fortune, and his funeral was attended 
by a great concourse of citizens. He was 
succeeded in business by his sons, Thomas 
and B. F. Deford, who preserved its rela- 
tions to the trade, and maintained the high 
character established by the father. 

Dr. .\ij!Krt Joskph Phillips was born 
in Susquehanna, Pa., May 31, 1855. He is 
a son of the late Walter J. and Catherine 
(Conrad) Phillips, the former a native of 
Pennsylvania of English descent, the latter 
of Indiana, and of German ancestry. Albert 
J. Phillips was educated in the public 
schools and under private tutors of Susque- 
hanna, attended JefTerson Medical College 
and was graduated therefrom in 1885. He 



was engaged in mercantile pursuits in Xew 
York until i8go, when he removed to Balti- 
more and entered upon the practice of his 
profession. He married Amanda, daughter 
of Charles Tees, produce merchant, of Phila- 
delphia. Doctor and Mrs. Phillips have one 
child, Albert, and reside at 1703 E. Balti- 
more street. 

James Elliott Dwixelle, M. D.. was 
born in Cazenovia, ^Madison county, X. Y., 
Jaiuiary 30, 1830. He is of Huguenot ex- 
traction, his ancestors having left France 
for this country twenty years before the 
massacre of St. Bartholomew. The Doctor 
was educated at the Oneida Conference 
Seminary of that town and received the de- 
gree. Doctor of Medicine and Surgery at the 
Jefiferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 
the spring of 1854, and then after spending 
a year in the Blockley Hospital of that place 
he came in July, 1855, to this his ailopted 
city, where he began practice as physician 
and surgeon on South Broadway near 
Bank street. The Doctor has married twice, 
the first time to ]\Iiss Alary E.. daughter of 
the late Jonas B. Bowditch. November 21, 
i860. New Haven, Conn., and on February 
21. 1872, to Miss Susie E., daughter of the 
late Joseph M. Wellslager. of this city. The 
Doctor almost from his early coming to tliis 
city secured a large and lucrative position 
and has performed hundreds of capital opcr- 
tions in surgery, most of which were during 
those troublesome Know-Xothing riots in 
the fifties. 

During tlie past few years of the Doctor's 
active practice he has found time to write 
many spicy articles for the Baltimore Suii- 
dav .lincricaii, one of which especially his 
grai)hic dcscrii)tion of the spider, wasp 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



631 



and fly probably led the literary editor of I 
that paper afterwards to christen the articles 
from the Doctor's pen: From the Sage to 
the Salon of East Baltimore. 

The Dwindle Ventilating Window Awn- 
ing was the invention of the Doctor, and is 
acknowledged to be a great boon to suffer- 
ing humanity during the summer time, and 
is universally used in this country and Can- 
ada. 

While surgeon of the Baltimore Eagle 
Artillery in October, 1859, the company un- 
der Capt. John T. Farlow was called by the 
Governor of Maryland to assist in sup- 
pressing the insurrection of the John Brown 
raid in Virginia, October 14. of that year. 
The company responded with alacrity to the 
appeal, but when it arrived at Camden Sta- 
tion, news came^that Col. R. E. Lee with the 
Washington Marines has captured the in- 
surgents. The Doctor was originally a 
"Douglas Democrat," but when it was 
"county or no county" he like his great pro- 
totype became a strong Union man and is 
to-day an inflexible Republican. He has 
never held ofifice or taken active part in poli- 
tics save after the 19th of April riots of 1861. 
He was then chairman of the first Union 
combination meeting of the three lower 
wards that was held on the corner of Pratt 
and Canal streets, a few days after the ter- 
rible riot, the proceedings of which meeting 
were favorably received in the North and 
West by giving them a promise that sol- 
diers could pass safely through the streets of 
Baltimore. 

Those days were never to be forgotten for 
they were terribly turbulent, and at a time 
that tried men's souls; and to declare oneself 
in favor of the Union would render him 
liable to scoffs and sneers, if not personal 



violence by hot-headed sympathizers with 
the late Civil War. The Doctor is a member 
of the American Medical, the Maryland 
Medical and Chirurgical and the Baltimore 
Medical Association, and also the Baltimore 
Academy of Natural Science and the Monu- 
mental Lodge of Masons, Adonian Chap- 
ter and the Monumental Commandery of 
Knights Templar; has also been a member 
of and trustee of the Second Presbyterian 
Church of this city for many years. 

Dr. Fred Clarke Jewett was born Au- 
gust 2i,i868,at Pittson (now Gardiner), Me. 
He is a son of Hon. Gorman P. H. and Caro- 
line A. (Bradstreet) Jewett, both natives of 
Pittston, Me., and descendants of the Puri- 
tan settlers of New England. Gorman P. 
H. Jewett has been closely identified with 
the growth and development of his native 
place, was its first Mayor and served as its 
member for State Senate for several terms. 
Fred Clarke Jewett attended the High 
School of Gardiner, the Derigo Business 
College, of Augusta, Me., and completed 
his general education at Dartmouth Col- 
lege, New Hampshire, in 1888. His initial 
professional schooling was received at the 
Bowdoin Medical College, Brunswick, Me. 
He then entered the School of Medicine of 
the Baltimore University, was graduated 
therefrom in 1891, and has since been en- 
gaged in practice in Baltimore. He is now 
(1896) lecturer on nervous diseases and 
clinician of throat and chest diseases in the 
School of Medicine of the Baltimore LTni- 
versity. He is a member of the State i\Iedi- 
cal and Chirurgical Faculty, and of the 
Knights of Ancient Assenic Order, resides 
and has his office at 2238 Druid Hill avenue, 
and is a member of the Episcopal Church. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 



Dr. St. Clair Spruill was born in Co- 
lumbia, X. C, July 28, 1866. He is a son 
of the late William L- and Martha E. 
(Walker) Spruill, the former of Scotch, the 
latter of English descent. Doctor Spruill 
completed his general education at Trinity 
College, N. C, and then entered the School 
of Medicine of the Maryland University. 
He was graduated in 1890 and appointed 
resident physician of the University Free 
Lying-in Hospital. In 1892 he assumed the 
duties of assistant resident physician of the 
University General Hospital, in 1893 be- 
came resident physician of the same insti- 
tution and is now its Medical Superintend- 
ent. He is a member of the Clinical and 
Gynecological and Obstetrical Societies of 
Baltimore and of the University Club. 

Dr. Henry Foree Garey was born in 
St. Louis, Mo., July 22, 1854. He is a son 
of the late Judge Henry Faithful Garey, 
who was for the full term of fifteen years, a 
Judge of the Supreme Bench of the city of 
Baltimore, and who died July 29, 1892. 
Judge Garey was a son of Jeremiah Garey, 
who came to Baltimore from Ireland before 
the War of the Revolution, and who was one 
of the volunteer soldiers in the defense of 
Baltir.i.n-e in the War of 1812. Judge 
Garc\'s wife, wild survives, was a Foree, of 
French-llugucnut extraction, a daughter of 
one of two brothers, officers in the French 
Army, who were compelled with other 
Huguenots to flee their native land and who 
located first in Virginia, removing thence to 
Kentucky, where Judge Garey found and 
married his wife. Dr. Henry Foree Garey 
received his general education in the public 
schools of Baltimore, and at Rockhill Col- 
lege, Ellicott City, Md. He then entered the 



Washington University, now College of 
Physicians and Surgeons of Baltimore, from 
which institution he was graduated in 1876. 
He has ever since been engaged in the prac- 
tice of his profession in Baltimore, making 
a specialty of and being exclusively engaged 
in the treatment of the eye and ear. Doctor 
Garey was one of the promoters of the 
Southern Homeopathic College and was 
for two years one of its Faculty. He is now 
surgeon in chief of the Homeopathic Free 
Dispensary. He is a member of the B. P. 
O. E. Doctor Garey was married in 1878 to 
Clara M., daughter of Edmund Utley, of 
Brooklyn, N. Y. She died in 1893, leaving 
two children, Edna and Anna. Doctor 
Garey was again married October 2, 1895, 
to Clara, daughter of George Keck, of the 
United States Custom House at Baltimore. 
One child born of this union is Foree Garey. 
Doctor Garey resides at 804 W. Fayette 
street and has his office at 341 N. Charles 
street. 

Maj. Andke\\' Ellicott, who was a 
grand-uncle of Mr. P. T. George, was born 
in Bucks county. Pa., January 24, 1754, and 
devoted the greater part of his life to the 
service of his country. Though a member 
of the Society of Friends, he commanded a 
battalion of Maryland militia in the Revo- 
lutionary War. In 1784 he was employed 
by the State of Virginia in fixing the boun- 
dary between that State and Pennsylvania. 
In 1786 he w-as commissioned by the su- 
preme executive council of Pennsylvania to 
run the northern boundary of the State. 
Two years later he was directed to make a 
survey of the islands of the Allegheny and 
Ohio rivers w-ithin the State of Pennsylva- 
nia. This occupied about a year, after 




"^^tUlji^' .^^^TT^-^w.^^^^^^^-''^/-^ 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAXD. 



633 



which he was commissioned by the United 
States Government to locate the Western 
boundary of the State of New York, and 
ascertain the vaHdity of the claim of that 
State to the territory which is now the 
northern portion of Erie county. After 
much labor and hardship he succeeded in 
locating the present boundary. In this im- 
portant and responsible duty his services 
seem to have been highly appreciated, for 
about the time of its completion he writes: 
"General Washington has treated me with 
attention. The Speaker of the House and 
the Governor of the State have constantly 
extended to me the most flattering courtes- 
ies." The next important service which he 
rendered to his country was that of sur- 
veying the District of Columbia and the 
city of Washington, which he began in 
i/cjo. In 1796 the Government was again 
in need of one in whom it could place im- 
plicit confidence, and Washington, seem- 
ingly ever conscious of Major Ellicott's 
sterling qualities, appointed him commis- 
sioner to fix the boundary between the 
United States and the Spanish American 
possessions. During the very first month 
of JefTerson's administration the "Father of 
Democracy" tendered to Major Ellicott the 
surveyor generalship of the United States, 
which he accepted, subject to conditions of 
his own dictation. On September i, 1813, 
he was appointed professor of mathematics 
in the West Point Military Academy, to 
which place he soon afterward removed 
with his family, and where he died August 
28, 1820, leaving a widow and nine children. 
Tne intelligence and active ability of Major 
Ellicott were of inestimable value in the set- 
tlement and development of this new coun- 
try, and one important duty followed an- 



other for a period of over forty years, in 
which he was constantly employed in some 
public capacity of responsibility and trust, 
and he was never found wanting. Chief 
among his characteristics, touching upon 
his public life, were his true sense of duty, 
well defined conception of personal respon- 
sibilities, and his general upright character. 
It was these, rather than shrewd political 
diplomacy, which won for him the exalted 
honors which were conferred upon him. 
The name of Major Ellicott will go down 
in American history an honor to his coun- 
try, to his family and to his posterity. 

In June, 1795, Ellicott and Irvine, com- 
missioners, arrived, accompanied by a corps 
of surveyors, and escorted by State troops, 
under command of Capt. John Grubb, to 
lay out the town of Erie, which was done 
during thaj: year. Troops remained at the 
post until 1806, but were few in number. 

Philip Thomas George, senior member 
of the firm of P. T. George & Co., was born 
in Baltimore, January 17, 1817. He is a 
son of the late William E. and Sarah (Elli- 
cott) George, natives of Maryland and de- 
scendants respectively of Welsh and Eng- 
lish settlers of the colonies who came to 
America with William Penn. The paternal 
great-grandfather of Philip T. George set- 
tled in Kent county, Md., prior to the Revo- 
lutionary War. His son, William E. 
George, who was born in Kent county, lo- 
cated in Baltimore in 1800. Jonathan Elli- 
cott, P. T. George's maternal grandfather, 
came from Pennsylvania to Maryland late 
in the last century, with his brothers, pur- 
chased large tracts of land on the Patapsco 
river in Baltimore county, and built iron 
and flour mills on the site of what is now 



634 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 



known as Ellicott City. Several of the 
Ellicotts were members of the State Legis- 
lature and it is of record that they declined 
to accept compensation, on the ground 
that good citizenship should include gratui- 
tous public service. It is a further inter- 
esting fact that in connection with the 
history of the Ellicotts that they were in- 
ventors of valuable devices for hoisting, 
shifting, etc., which they would not patent 
because they held that these ideas were 
inspirations. Providentially intended for the 
general good and should be disseminated 
and profited by as widely as possible. 

Bo'th the George and Ellicott families 
were Quakers and took the high moral 
ground that characterized the early Friends 
in their dealings with their fellows. The 
late William E. George, in connection with 
Philip E. Thomas (first president B. & O. 
R. R.), established a wholesale hardware 
business in Baltimore under the firm name 
of Thomas & George, and it was in the em- 
ploy of this firm that Philip T. George re- 
ceived his initial business education. Upon 
attaining lii> majority he became a member 
of the firm which was thereafter known as 
William E. George & Son. Philip E. 
Thomas having in the meantime retired 
from the firm. William E. George died in 
1840, having survived his wife several years. 
In the fifties Philip T. George, in connec- 
tion with the late T. Robert Jenkins, estab- 
lished the wholesale provision business of 
George & Jenkins, succeeded by the pres- 
ent firm of P. T. George & Co. The 
specialty of this firm is the manufacture of 
hard lard by a process first conceived and 
made use of by Mr. George. Mr. George 
was for a number of years one of the board 
of directors of the Farmers' and Planters' 



National Bank. He was married in April, 
1847, to Ellen, daughter of the late Josias 
Jenkins, of Long Green Valley, Md. Mr. 
and Mrs. George have three children, Sam- 
uel Ellicott and Josias Jenkins George, as- 
sociated with their father in business, and 
Sarah, wife of Richard Cromwell, merchant, 
of Baltimore, and president of the Mount 
Vernon Company. The family reside at 
703 St. Paul street and attend the Cathe- 
dral. 

Dr. Samuel Aloysius Keene was born 
in Dorchester county, Md., June 23, 1843. 
He is a son of the late Vachel and Mary 
A. (Meekins) Keene, natives of Maryland 
and descendants respectively of early Eng- 
lish and Scotch settlers of the county. 
Vachel Keene was in early manhood en- 
gaged in steamboat traffic on the Missis- 
sippi and latterly and up to the time of his 
decease, 1885, as a planter in Dorchester 
county. His widow survived him but two 
weeks. Dr. Samuel A. Keene was gradu- 
ated from Mt. St. Mary's College in 1863, 
studied medicine under the late Drs. Rich- 
ard McSherry and W. C. Van Bibber, and 
graduated with the class of '65 from the 
Maryland University Medical Department. 
He practiced in Dorchester county until 
1869, when he removed to Ellicott City, 
where he remained until 1889. During this 
I)eriod Doctor Keene was physician in 
charge of St. Charles Woodstock Jesuit and 
Redemptionist Colleges, the latter at Ilches- 
ter, Hoiward county. Since 1889 he has 
been engaged in general practice in Balti- 
more with present office and residence at 
1322 Lanvale street, West. Doctor Keene 
is a member of the Baltimore Medi- 
cal .'^ocie1y, Baltimore Clinical Societv, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 



635 



Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of ]\Iary- 
land and [Maryland University Alum- 
nal Association. He has been active in 
his membership in the Catholic Be- 
nevolent Legion, serving for two years 
as State President and for two years 
as Supreme Representative. He is also 
medical examiner for the Legion. He was 
married July 24, 1866, 1x> Elleanora, daugh- 
ter of the late John E. Applegarth, planter, 
of Dorchester county, Md. The children 
born of this union are Pierre G. Keene, 
Texas agent for the National Cash Regis- 
ter Company, of Dayton, O.; Mary Ce- 
celia Keene, E. Starr Keene, an employe of 
the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company 
at Baltimore; John V. Keene, book-keeper 
of the John Ryan Type Foundry, Balti- 
more, and J. Carlos and Wm. Kenneth 
Keene. The family are members of St. 
Pius Roman Catholic Church. 

!\L-\RTi\ GiLLLT, from early manhood up 
to the date of his decease (1837) a leading 
merchant of Baltimore and founder of Mar- 
tin Gillet & Co. (still existent), was born 
December 31, 1787. He was descended 
from Jonathan Gillet, one of two brothers, 
who came from England with a shipload of 
other Puritans in the ship "Mary and John," 
which landed at Nantucket May 30, 1630. 
The brothers Gillet settled in Dorchester, 
Mass., removing thence to Windsor, Conn., 
in 1636. A number of their descendants 
were officers and soldiers in the Revolu- 
tionary War. Martin Gillet married Eliza 
Edwards, of Richmond, Va., February 23, 
1808, and the same year came to Baltimore 
where he was for several years engaged in 
the salt business. In 1811 he established 
the tea importing house which still bears 



his name, and of which his grandsons, 
Messrs. Isl. Gillet Gill, C. Lorraine Gill and 
Ernest Gill, are the present proprietors, di- 
rect successors of their father, the late Owen 
A. Gill, a son-in-law of the late Martin 
Gillet. [Martin Gillet was a man of un- 
bounded energy, indomitable will and un- 
compromising integrity; a strict and con- 
sistent member of the Presbyterian Church 
and a generous supporter of the congrega- 
tion of the Third Presbyterian Church, of 
which he was a member. He was a warm 
personal friend and a great admirer of Doc- 
tor Musgrave, for many years pastor of 
the Third Church^ Three of Martin Gillet's 
children survive. They are Joseph Gillet, 
Mrs. Rosalva Smith and Martin Gillet. Jo- 
seph Gillet is associated with the firm of 
Blake Bros. & Co., of New York; Martin 
Gillet with Howard W. Spurr & Co., .of 
Boston, Mass., and Mrs. Rosalva Smith is 
the widow of Joseph Dean Smith, who was 
a member of the bar of Baltimore. Of the 
deceased children, Eliza Adams Gillet, the 
eldest child, married Owen A. Gill, whose 
sons are successors to the business estab- 
lished by their grandfather as above set 
forth. Of these Mr. j\L Gillet Gill is one 
of the board of directors of the Fidelity 
Trust and Deposit Company. 

Dr. J\L\RSHALL Grundy Smith was 
born at Columbia, S. C, August 31, 1864. 
He is a son of the late Robert T. and Pattie 
Macon (Mason) Smith, natives of North 
Carolina, and descendants respectively of 
early English and French settlers of the 
colonies. Marshall G. Smith was educated 
in the public schools of Baltimore, studied 
medicine under Dr. Wm. ^L [Mason, of 
Calloway county. Ky.: was graduated from 



636 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



the Maryland University Medical Depart- 
ment in 1887, and has since been engaged 
in general practice, with present office and 
residence at 1637 W. Lexington street. 

Dr. Charles French Blake was bora 
in Athens county, O., December 13, 1866. 
He is a son of Samuel B. and PauHne 
(Camp) Blake, natives of Ohio and of Eng- 
lish descent. The American Blakes are 
lineal descendants of Admiral Blake, of the 
English Navy. Samuel li. Blake is a re- 
tired agriculturist of Athens county, O. 
Dr. Charles F. Blake completed his general 
education at Ohio University, from which 
institution he was graduated with the class 
of 1890. He began the study of medicine 
under the preceptorship of his brother, Dr. 
W. H. Blake, of Shadeville, O. In 1891 
he came to Baltimore to enter the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons and was gradu- 
ated in 1893. For two years thereafter he 
was resident physician at the City Hospital 
and has been since 1894 Demonstrator of 
Surgery and Osteology at the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons. He is also one 
of the staff of visiting physicians at Bay 
\'icw Asylum. Doctor Blake is a member 
of the Af asonic Order and Independent Or- 
der of Odd Fellows. 

CharlivS L. Marburg, manager of Mar- 
burg Bros., branch of American Tobacco 
Company, was born in Baltimore, October 
29, 1842. lie is a son of the late William 
A. and Christina (Munder) Marburg, the 
former a native of Nassau, near Wiesbaden, 
Germany, the latter of Baltimore and of 
German parentage. William A. Marburg 
was a cigar importer on an extensive scale, 
his aggregate importations during the last 



two years in which he was thus engaged 
footing up more than sixty millions. He 
then (1864) started his sons, Charles and 
Louis H. Marburg, in the tobacco manu- 
facturing business at 147 S. Charles street, 
on a portion of the site of the present ex- 
tensive plant. He held a partnership in- 
terest therein but was rather an advisory 
than active member of the firm. Subse- 
cjuently, another son, William A. Marburg, 
Jr., became a member of the firm, and fol- 
lowing the decease of William A. Marburg, 
Sr. (1873), two other sons, Albert and Theo- 
dore, became identified as full partners in 
the concern. Charles L. Marburg received 
his schooling in Baltimore, supplementing 
this with two years' attendance at a business 
college at Wiesbaden, Germany. At the 
early age of fourteen he became an office 
employe of his father in the cigar importing 
business, and was thus engaged up to the 
breaking out of the war, when he enlisted in 
Alexander's Battery, Baltimore Light Ar- 
tillery, serving therewith until the close of 
the struggle. He was captured at the second 
battle of Winchester (General Milroy, com- 
mander), and kept a prisoner for twenty- 
two days. During this period (in 1864) he 
was summoned home by his father and 
upon being granted a few days' furlough, 
returned to Baltimore where he was in- 
fonned that he was to be one of the new 
firm of Marburg Bros., tobacco manufac- 
turers: that the business was to be carried 
on upon two lots owned by his father and 
one owned by himself on S. Charles street; 
and that he was called home to deed his 
property to the firm. This he accordingly 
did and this was the inception of the great 
tobacco manufacturing establishment of 
Marburg Bros. He returned to his com- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



637 



mand, remaining until the close of the war, 
being mustered out of the service June i6, 
1865, and on the following day took up the 
management of the business of Marburg 
Bros. The business of the firm grew to ex- 
tensive proportions necessitating the erec- 
tion in 1888 of the great structure at the 
northeast comer of Charles and Barre 
streets. The special manufactures of the 
firm were high grade smoking tobaccos. 
The business was merged into the Ameri- 
can Tobacco Company in January, 1891, 
Mr. Charles L. Marburg being retained as 
manager. Wm. A. Marburg, Jr., was made 
second vice-president at New York, and 
Albert Marburg, manager of fine smoking 
department. New York. Mr. Theodore 
Marburg has retired from business and is 
devoting his time to literary pursuits. Mr. 
Chas. L. Marburg is one of the trustees of 
the Academy of Sciences. Mr. Wm. A. 
Marburg is one of the directors of the Un- 
ion National Bank of Maryland. The fam- 
ily residence is at 6 E. Eager street. 

Dr. Robert Wright Mifflin was born 
in Philadelphia, Pa., December 23, 1853. 
He is a son of the late Samuel W. and Eliza- 
beth (Martin) Mifflin, natives of Pennsyl- 
vania and descendants of English colonial 
settlers. The founder of the American 
Mifflin family was John Mii^in, who came 
from Warminster, Wiltshire, England, and 
located at what is now Chester, Pa., in 1679. 
One of his descendants, Thomas Mifflin, 
was the first Governor of the State of Penn- 
sylvania. Col. Jonathan Mifflin, Doctor 
Mifflin's paternal grandfather, was ap- 
pointed brigade major to General Mifflin, 
June 29, 1776; paymaster, Sth Pennsylva- 
nia Battalion, September 3, 1776; member 



of Philadelphia Troops, Light Horse, in 
1777; deputy quarter-master general, Con- 
tinental Army, June 30, 1777; superintend- 
ent of magazines, February 4, 1778. The 
late Samuel W. Mifflin was one of the most 
prominent civil engineers in the United 
States and located and constructed a great 
portion of the Pennsylvania Railroad lines 
through the Alleghanies. He died July 26, 
1885. Dr. Robert W. Mifflin completed 
his general education at New London 
Academy, Chester county. Pa., was en- 
gaged in law publication business for three 
years, studied medicine under the precep- 
torship of an uncle, Dr. S. Armor; was 
graduated from Hahnemann Medical Col- 
lege, Philadelphia, in 1876; spent the year 
following as resident physician at Ward's 
Hospital, New York, and in May, 1877, 
oame to Baltimore where he has since been 
engaged in general practice with present 
office and residence at 1016 Madison ave- 
nue. Doctor Mifflin is Professor of Prac- 
tice and Medicine and lecturer on Derma- 
tology, Southern Homeopathic College, 
and one of the medical staff of Maryland 
Homeopathic Hospital. He is a member 
of the Sons of the Revolution and the Mary- 
land Historical Society. He was married 
November 22, 1881, to Ellen, daughter of 
the late Samuel T. Adams, for a number of 
years purchasing agent of the B. & O. R. R. 
Doctor and Mrs. Mifflin have three chil- 
dren, Robert Thornton, Jonathan Earle and 
Cornelia. The family attend Mt. Cavalry 
P. E. Church. Doctor Mifflin is a Quaker. 

JoHx Thomas Morris, Attorney-at-Law 
was born in Baltimore, June 4, 1827. He 
is a son of the late Thomas and Sarah (Mc- 
Kinnell) Morris, the former a i.iative of Ire- 



;38 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



land, the latter of Baltimore birth and 
Scotch ancestry. Thomas Morris came to 
Baltimore in early manhood and was en- 
gaged up to the time of his decease in the 
business of importing French burr blocks. 
John McKinnell, maternal grandfather of 
the immediate subject of this sketch, located 
in Baltimore from Wigtownshire, Scotland, 
early in the century, and was engaged in 
mercantile pursuits in Baltimore through- 
out his life. John T. Morris attended Long 
Green Academy, Baltimore county, Md., 
and then entered Pennsylvania College, 
Gettysburg, from which institution he was 
graduated with the class of '45. His law 
preceptor was the late Edward Hinkley, 
who, with his son, the late Edward Otis 
Hinkley, and Mr. Morris, subsequently 
formed the law firm of Edward Hinkley & 
Son. Upon the decease of the senior mem- 
ber the firm became that of Hinkley & 
Morris. Edward Otis Hinkley died in 
July, 1896, but the firm name is unchanged. 
Mr. John Hinkley, son of the late Edward 
Otis Hinkley, having partnership associa- 
tion with Mr. Morris. Mr. Morris has 
given many years' service to the city of Bal- 
timore. In his earlier manhood he repre- 
sented theTwelfth ward in the City Council. 
He was one of the original Board of Fire 
Commissioners appointed by Mayor Swann 
to organize the present fire department. 
He was a meml:)er of the School Board 
for thirty-three years and for twenty-seven 
years of this period its presiding ofificer. 
He has been State Director of the House 
of Refuge for thirty years ; a member of the 
Directory of the Maryland School for the 
Blind and secretary of the lioard for the 
past twenty-nine years; president of the 
Board of Directors of Marvland School for 



Colored Blind and Deaf Mutes and vice- 
president of the Improvement of the Poor 
Association of Baltimore. He is also pres- 
ident of the St. Andrew's Society of Mary- 
land. I\Ir. IMorris has resided for the past 
forty years at 313 N. Paca street and is a 
member of the Second English Lutheran 
Church. 

Edward Henry Fowler was born in 
Nottingham, Prince George's county, Md., 
May 20, 1834. He is a son of the late Jo- 
seph H. and Deborah (Grififin) Fowler, na- 
tives of Maryland, the former of Irish, the 
latter of English descent. Edward Griffin, 
maternal grandfather of the immediate sub- 
ject of this sketch, was a sea captain owning 
a line of vessels plying between Notting- 
ham. Md., and Liverpool, England. Dur- 
ing the War of 1812 two of these vessels 
were sunk by the British in the Patuxent 
river within sight of the Griffin homestead, 
and portions of their hulks are still visible 
at low water. Joseph H. Fowler died in 
1846; his wife survived until February 7, 
1890. Edward H. Fowler was educated in 
the schools of his native county and at an 
early age apprenticed to learn carpentry and 
architecture. After the seven years, then 
the regular term of apprenticeship, he be- 
gan business as a carpenter and builder, 
and was so employed until 1863. when he 
accepted an appointment as clerk in the 
Record Office of Baltimore, where he served 
until 1868. Through this clerical work he 
became especially equipped for the business 
of conveyancer, which he then entered upon 
at the suggestion and solicitation of nu- 
merous legal friends, and in which he has 
ever since been and is still engaged, and 
with present office at 11 St. Paul street. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



639 



Mr. Fowler served as a member of the 
School Board from the Fifteenth ward dur- 
ing 1866 and 1867, and as member of the 
Cit_v Council from 1883 to 1890, serving in 
the latter body as chairman of the Commit- j 
tees on Education, Ways and Means, and 
Claims. He has been since 1884 chairman 
of the Southern District Board, the Charity 
Organization Society of Baltimore City, 
and is one of its Board of Managers. Mr. 
Fowler is one of the directors of the Bal- 
timore and Chesapeake Steamboat Co., and 
a member of the Board of Directors 
of the ^Maryland Penitentiary by appoint- 
ment of Governor Lowndes. He is a 
member of the South Baltimore Metho- 
dist Episcopal Church, where he has 
been especially active in the Sunday- 
school since 1858 and its superintendent 
since 1868. Mr. Fowler has been twice 
married: October 17. 1854, to Adeline, 
daughter of the late Joseph Fisher, mer- 
chant, of Baltimore. Mrs. Fowler died 
December 22, 1873, leaving three children: 
Alice D., wife of John J. North, an em- 
ploye in the postofifice, Baltimore; Mollie 
C, wife of Robert North, an oyster packer, 
of Baltimore, and Clara E.. wife of Wm. 
Buckingham, produce merchant, of Phila- 
delphia. Mr. Fowler's second wife, to 
whom he was married March 11, 1875, was 
Annie S., daughter of David Ambrose, of 
New Hampshire. She died September 7, 
1891. leaving a son, Rutherford. Mr. Fow- 
ler resides at 2429 St. Paul street. 

Dr. Joseph Pinkney Turner was born 
December 18, 1871. He is a son of the late 
Henry and Mary (Martin) Turner, the for- 
mer a native of Maryland, and the latter 
of North Carolina. Doctor Turner com- 



pleted his general education at Trinity Col- 
lege, Durham, N. C. then entering the 
School of Medicine of Maryland University, 
from which he was graduated in April, 1896. 
He is now resident physician of the Uni- 
versity Free Lying-in Hospital. 

Dr. Alexander Douglass McCona- 
CHiE was born at Woodstock, Ontario, 
Canada, August 22. 1864. He is a son of 
William and Elsie (Dunbar) McConachie, 
natives of Aberdeen, Scotland, who located 
in the fifties in the County Oxford, On- 
tario, where they still reside. Dr. A. D. 
McConachie attended the public schools 
and Collegiate Institute of Woodstock and 
Normal School of Toronto, receiving li- 
cense as second class A teacher from the 
latter institution and taking honors in two 
institutions. He taught school for several 
years, abandoning that avocation because 
of impaired health, and engaging in busi- 
ness as a commercial traveler. In 1886 he 
entered the Dental and Medical Depart- 
ments of Maryland University and was 
graduated from the former in 1888 and from 
the latter in 1890, taking the class honors 
and being awarded the gold medal in each. 
During 1891-2 Doctor McConachie was 
resident physician at the Presbyterian Eye, 
Ear and Throat Charity Hospital. In April, 
1892, he entered into the exclusive practice 
of treatment of the eye, ear and throat, with 
present office and residence at 16 W. Frank- 
lin street. Since 1892 he has been assistant 
surgeon at;-the Presbyterian Eye, Ear and 
Throat Charity Hospital, and Opthalmic 
Surgeon of Bay View Asylum. He is a 
member of the American Medical Associa- 
tion, Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of 
Marvland, Clinical Societv of Bahimore, 



640 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Medical and Surgical Society of Baltimore, 
Maryland University Medical Society, 
Book and Journal Club. 

Joseph Harris, Supreme Treasurer of 
Iron Hall, was born in Baltimore county, 
Md., October 23, 1819. He is a son of the 
late George and Eliza (Funk) Harris, the 
former a native of Maryland, the latter of 
Pennsylvania, and descendants respectively 
of early English and German settlers of the 
colonies. On the paternal side the family 
was represented in the patriot army during 
the Revolutionary War. George Harris 
spent his early manhood as a farmer in 
Batlimore county and was latterly engaged 
in the lime business in Frederick county, 
where he died as the result of an accident 
in 1838. His wife survived until 1858. 
Joseph Harris received such schooling as 
the common schools of Frederick county 
afforded and then followed farming for four 
years. He began to learn the trades of 
weaving and cabinet-making, but aban- 
doned both because he foresaw that ma- 
chine work would speedily supplant hand 
labor in those industries. He then learned 
tailoring, came to Baltimore in 1841, en- 
gaged in journey work for one year and 
then, with a partner, established a merchant 
tailoring business at 46 N. Howard street, 
under the firm name of Dulaney & Harris. 
This partnership was dissolved in i860, the 
same members of the firm continuing at 
the old location, Mr. Harris establishing 
branches at 52 X. Ifowanl street, where he 
remained until 1866. After a year's rest he 
re-engaged in the same business in partner- 
ship association under the firm name of 
Harris & Dorsch, at 15 N. Eutaw street, 
and was so engaged up to January, 1893, 



when he retired from the firm to assume 
the duties of his present office, to which he 
was elected in 1892. Mr. Harris was a 
member of the State Legislature, session of 
1865, and has been one of the Commission- 
ers of Perkins Spring Square since 1872, 
the date of the beginning of its occupancy 
by the city. He is a member of the Ma- 
sonic Fraternity, the I. O. O. F. and Sons 
of Jonadab, and treasurer of Zeta Conclave, 
No. 6, Improved Order of Heptasophs. 
He was married July 27, 1845, to Eliza A., 
daughter of the late Samuel Hobbs, who 
was a machinist in the employ of the B. & 
O. R. R.. from its organization up to his 
decease. One daughter born of this mar- 
riage, Emma, died at the age of eleven years 
and six months. Mrs. Harris died October 
24, 1891. Mr. Harris resides at 624 George 
street. 

M.\j. Alex.wder Shaw was born at 
Long Branch, N. J., in 1836. His father, 
Rev. John K. Shaw, was a distinguished 
Methodist minister, who while presiding 
elder of the New Jersey district, projected 
the Pennington Seminar\^ now a prosper- 
ous and prominent educational institution. 
Mai. Alexander Shaw came to Maryland 
at twenty years of age and located in Alle- 
gany county, where he became interested 
in coal development. He was successively 
Superintendent, General Manager, Vice- 
President and President of the leading coal 
companies of Allegany county. When the 
war broke out, Allegany county was one of 
the first to respond to the call for troops. 
Alexander Shaw was first captain of Com- 
pany A, and was afterwards promoted to 
major of the Potomac Home Guards, offi- 
cially known as Second Maryland Regular 






X 

#?,■ 



^-■^ 



J'iU^c^lJfij ^AAAMI) 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



641 



^'o'.^nteer Infantry, which took part in sev- 
eral engagements, among them the battle of 
Romney Bridge. Soon after the war, Major 
Shaw came to Baltimore and established the 
wholesale coal firm of Shaw Bros., from 
which he retired in 1893. He is now Presi- 
dent of the Cumberland and Elk Lick Coal 
Company, director in the Baltimore & Ohio 
Railroad Company, Bank of Baltimore, 
Eutaw Savings Bank, Mercantile Trust and 
Deposit Company, Baltimore City Passen- 
ger Railway Company, and West Virginia 
Oil Company, and is connected with many 
educational and charitable institutions in 
official capacities. He is a Republican and 
was his party's candidate for Alayor in 1889. 
He went through this, a warmly-contested 
political campaign without having a single 
charge against his record as a citizen or a 
business man or a political partisan. His 
wife was ]\Iiss Mary Hutson, daughter of a 
leading farmer of Allegany county. The 
family's city residence is on Eutaw Place, 
and the country estate is the old Hutson 
estate, between Cumberland and Piedmont. 

Dr. Delancey Heathcote Barclay 
was born in Baltimore, June 19, 1854. He 
is a son of Walter C. and Grace (Douglass) 
Barclay, the former a native of New York, 
but an English subject, his father, an officer 
in the English Navy, being stationed at 
New York at the time of his birth. His 
wife, a native of Baltimore, is of Scotch de- 
scent, the daughter of Richard Henry 
Douglass, for many years one of the leading 
wholesale merchants of Baltimore, with 
large shipping interests. Walter C. Bar- 
clay was English Vice-Consul at Baltimore 
for a number of years and up to the break- 
ing out of the Civil War. Dr. Delancey H. 



Barclay attended the public schools of Bal- 
timore, was graduated from New York 
Homeopathic Medical College in 1876, and 
has since been engaged in general .practice 
in Baltimore with present office and resi- 
dence at 220 W. Monument street. He was 
for a number of years connected with the 
Baltimore Homeopathic Dispensary and 
Hospital. Doctor Barclay married Sophia, 
daughter of the late James Saulsbury, of 
Baltimore. Doctor and Mrs. Barclay have 
two children, Grace and Louis, and are com- 
municants of the Grace Protestant Episco- 
pal Church. 

William A. House, Vice-President and 
General Alanager of Baltimore Consoli- 
dated Railway Company, was born in Balti- 
more, March 26, i860. He is a son of the 
late William A. House, for many years a 
wholesale coal merchant of this citv. Wil- 
liam A. House, Jr., received his initial 
training in the public schools of Baltimore 
and completed his education at Loyola Col- 
lege. In 1879 he became one of the office 
employes of the People's Passenger Railway 
Company, and was soon recognized as a 
valuable attache of the company. He was 
successively promoted in the various subor- 
dinate positions of the service until 1884, 
when, upon the company's reorganization 
under the name of the People's Railway 
he was elected Secretary and General Man- 
ager. Upon the consolidation in 1889 of 
the People's and Citizens" Railway Com- 
panies, under the name of the Baltimore 
Traction Company, Mr. House was elected 
General Manager of the system. Under his 
able and vigorous management there were 
added to the properties of the company the 
lines of the Pimlico & Pikesville, North Bal- 



.6i-. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYU^ 



timore Passenger, Baltimore & Curtis Bay, 
Walbrook and Gwynn Oak and Old Pow- 
hatan Railway Companies. Upon the res- 
ignation of ex-Governor Frank Brown 
from the presidency of the company, Mr. 
House was elected July 27, 1896, his suc- 
cessor, being then thirty-six years of age 
and the youngest railroad President in the 
United States. On June 17, 1897, the Bal- 
timore Traction and City & Suburban Com- 
panies were consolidated as the Baltimore 
Consolidated Railway Company and Mr. 
House was elected to the position he now 
holds, that of Vice-President and General 
Manager. 

Dr. Samuel Claggett Chew was born 
in Baltimore in 1837. He is a son of Dr. 
Samuel Chew, a native of Calvert county, 
Md., (1806), a graduate of Princeton, 
and the medical department of Maryland 
University, and for many years of the Fac- 
ulty of the latter institution. He died in De- 
cember, 1863. 

Samuel C. Chew was graduated from 
Princeton with the class of '56, and from the 
medical department of Maryland Univer- 
sity, class of '58. He is a member of the 
American IMedical Association, and the 
chairman of Lectures on Necrology, 1874; 
Baltimore Academy of Medicine and one of 
its Executive Committee, 1880; Vice-Presi- 
dent Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of 
Maryland, 1878, and President, 1880; Pro- 
fessor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics 
and Clinical Medicine, medical department 
of Maryland University since 1864. and 
member of the -Academy of Science, 1876. 

Rrxiox Af. Ridgelv, .\ttorney-at-Law, 
i)orn in Baltimore countv; son of Gustavus 



Warfield and Camilla Hammond (McKean) 
Ridgely, descendants of early English and 
Scotch-Irish settlers of Maryland. Charles 
Ridgely, great-grandfather of Ruxton M. 
Ridgely, was a member of the Legislature 
for twenty-seven years, and for thirteen 
years of this period, was Speaker of that- 
body. 

Ruxtou M. Ridgely was educated in pri- 
vate schools of Baltimore and Johns Hop- 
kins University; graduated from the law 
department of the Maryland University in 
1 89 1, and has since been engaged in the 
practice of his profession with offices in the 
Fidelity Building, Baltimore. 

Dr. William Edward Moseley was 
born at Petersham, Mass., May 22, 1848. 
He is a son of the late Charles Benjamin 
and Emeline (Foster) Moseley, natives of 
Massachusetts and descendants of early 
English settlers of New England. The 
founder of the American Moseley family 
was John ]Moseley, who settled at Dor- 
chester, Mass., in 1629. He, with others, 
gave land for and endowed the first public 
school building in Massachusetts. His 
great-grandson, Nathaniel Moseley, mar- 
ried in 1742, Sarah Capen, great-great- 
granddaughter of John Alden, of May- 
flower fame. Jonathan Buckland, great- 
great-grandfather, and Nathaniel Moseley, 
great-grandfather of Doctor Moseley, were 
soldiers in the Revolutionary War. Wil- 
liam E. Moseley received his initial train- 
ing in the public schools of Medford, Mass., 
and completed his general education at An- 
tioch (O.) College. He studied medicine 
at Plarvard L'uiversity, being a member of 
the first Vdhmtary three years' course class 
of thai institution, from which he was grad- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



(U3 



iiated in June, 1874. During '72-3 he was 
assistant at Boston Lunatic Hospital and in 
charge of Hospital for j\Iale Paupers, Island 
Rainsford, Boston Harbor. In 1873-4 he 
was of the house staff of Massachusetts Gen- 
eral Hospital. In November of 1874 he lo- 
cated in Baltimore, where he engaged in 
general practice until 1881, when he be- 
came attached to the house staff of the 
Woman's Hospital, New York. Return- 
ing to Baltimore the following year he re- 
sumed practice, now devoting most of his 
time to gynecological and obstetrical work 
with present office and residence at S. W. 
Corner Monument and Howard streets. 
Doctor Moseley was for five years gyne- 
cologist of Union Protestant Infirmary. He 
is a member of the Medical and Chirurgical 
Faculty of Maryland, ex-President of the 
Clinical Society of Maryland; ex-President 
of Gynecological and Obstetrical Society, 
of Baltimore, a member and one of the 
Council of the American Gynecological 
Society. President Harvard Club, of Mary- 
land, and ex-President of Alumni Asso- 
ciation, of New York Woman's Hospital. 
He was married May 22, 1879, to Eliza- 
l)eth B., daughter of the late Dr. Wil- 
liam Riley, of Baltimore. Two children 
born of this marriage, William E., Jr.. and 
Addis Emmet, are students at Marston's 
University School. In August, 1897, he 
was elected to the chair of diseases of 
women and children in the Baltimore Medi- 
cal College and was made Gynecologist to 
the Maryland General Hospital. 

James Menzies Vaxs.\nt, Clerk of the 
Court of Common Pleas of Baltimore, was 
born in Baltimore, January 5. 1840. He is 
a son of the late Hon. Joshua and Mary Ann 



(Menzies) A'ansant, the former a native of 
Kent county, Md., and of Hollandese ex- 
traction, the latter a Bostonian by birth and 
of Scotch ancestry. The American Van- 
sants are descendants of three brothers Van- 
sant, Quakers, who left Holland during the 
closing years of the seventeenth century. 
Joshua Vansant, great-grandfather of the 
immediate subject of this sketch, was born in 
Kent county, Md., in 1736; his son, Joshua, 
was born in the same county in 1776, and 
his son, also Joshua, also a native of Kent 
county, born December 31, 1803. The last 
named came to Baltimore with his father's 
family about 1815, became a leading mer- 
chant and a valued and valuable citizen, was 
prominently identified with the general in- 
terests and contributed in a material way 
and in a variety of directions to the growth 
and development of Baltimore, and held 
numerous offices of public trust, but few of 
emolument. He was one of the electors of 
the Senate in 1836; a member of the State 
Legislature in 1845, and a member of Con- 
gress from 1853 to 1855. In his candidacy 
for re-election to Congre'ss he was defeated 
by the Know-Nothings, that being the year 
of the inception of Baltimore's troublous 
times of riot. He was Mayor of Baltimore 
from 1 87 1 to 1875, and Comptroller from 
1876 up to the time of his decease, April 
7, 1884. He was chaimian of the Building 
Committee of the City Hall, which struc- 
ture was built and furnished at a cost of sev- 
eral hundred thousand dollars less than the 
appropriation for the building alone, which 
most unique result in the history of public 
buildings was in no small measure due to 
the zeal, watchfulness and business capacity 
of Mr. Vansant. His wife died in 1877. 
Their son, James M. \'aiisant, was educated 



644 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



in the public scliools of Baltimore and when 
seventeen years of age entered the employ 
of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, with 
which company he continued to be indenti- 
fied until 1890, except for two years, 1876 
to 1878, during which he was engaged in 
the retail hat business with his brother, Jo- 
seph Vansant, under the firm name of Van- 
sant & Bro. As an employe of the Balti- 
more & Ohio Mr. Vansant was promoted 
from time to time, his last position being 
that of cashier at Washington, D. C. In 
1892 he was temporarily engaged in the li- 
cense department of the Clerk's office of the 
Court of Common Pleas. Upon the death 
of James Claypoole, he was appointed writ 
clerk, which position he held until 1895, 
when upon the death of James Y. Claypoole, 
he was made Clerk of Insolvency. This po- 
sition he held but a short time, when, upon 
the death of John T. Gray, Clerk of the 
Court of Common Pleas, Mr. Vansant was 
on November 16, 1895, appointed by the Su- 
preme Bench as Mr. Gray's successor, 
which position he still holds. J\Ir. Vansant 
is a stalwart Democrat and has since attain- 
ing his majority been actively identified 
with the interests and work of his party. He 
is a member of the I. O. O. F. and Order of 
the Golden Chain. He was married October 
30, 1877, to Ida, daughter of George W. 
Hussell for a number of years connected 
with the Duryea and now with the National 
Starch Company. Mr. and Mrs. \'ansant 
have three children, Joshua H., Hiram D. 
and James M. Vansant, Jr., reside at 1413 
W. Mulberry street, and are members of St. 
Luke's Episcopal Church. 

Eur.ENE Levering and his twin brother, 
Josliua Levering, were born in Baltimore, 



September 12, 1845. They are sons of the 
late Eugene Levering, who was also born 
in Baltimore in 1819. The founder of the 
American family of Leverings was Wigard 
Levering, who came to the colonies and 
settled in Germantown, Pa., in 1685. The 
family is a large one, no fewer than five 
hundred persons bearing the name of Lev- 
ering are interred in the suburbs of Phila- 
delphia. The descendants of Wigard Lev- 
ering and those of his brother, Gerhard, 
who settled in the West, number several 
thousand. The father of the first Lever- 
ings to settle in America was a Frenchman 
and a Huguenot. His Huguenot name 
was Rosier. He fled from his home to es- 
cape persecution, and found a refuge in 
Westphalia, where he married, and where 
Wigard and Gerhard were bom. 

The late Eugene Levering founded the 
firm of Levering & Co., in 1842. with his 
brother, Frederick A. The business they 
carried on embraced sugar as well as coiTee. 
They had a large Southern trade when the 
war broke out. causing them severe losses. 
They compromised with their creditors at 
fifty cents on the dollar, but in a few years 
their prosperity was restored, and they vol- 
untarily settled up the balance, which ex- 
ceeded $100,000. 

Frederick A. Levering died in 1866. and 
Eugene took his sons, William T., Joshua 
and Eugene, into partnership with him, 
changing the firm name to E. Levering & 
Co. Gradually other interests were 
dropped, until the business was confined 
entirely to the cofifee trade, importing and 
jobbing, as now. Their father died in 1870, 
but his will reciuircd the sons to carry on 
the work of the firm as usual for five years, 
leavinn- evervthino- at the risk of the hu?i- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAXD. 



645 



ness. When the estate was settled up, in 
1 8/5, its value had Iiecome largely aug- 
mented. 

Eugene and Joshua Levering are most 
intimately associated. There is but twenty 
minutes difference in their ages, Eugene be- 
ing the senior. 

Eugene was the first of the two to be 
honored with a nomination by the Prohibi- 
tion party. That was in 1886. Prior to 
that he had been a Democrat on national 
questions, as had also his brother, Joshua. 
The latter was vice-president of a Cleveland 
meeting in 1884. 

Until 1884, IMaryland never ran a regu- 
lar Prohibition ticket. Then the National 
Convention named William Daniel for 
Vice-President as St. John's running mate. 
The showing made by the party here in that 
year deeply impressed the Levering broth- 
ers, Joshua and Eugene, who had always 
been practical teetotalers and when the 
Congressional campaign of 1886 arrived, 
they felt it their duty to give the movement 
their support. There were divisions in both 
the Democratic and Republican parties that 
year, which had a stimulating effect upon 
the Prohibitionists. Eugene Levering was 
selected as the Fourth District candidate for 
Congress. He received 1,692 votes — more 
than Weatherby, the Republican candidate, 
whose following amounted to 1,569. Ray- 
ner, Democrat, received 14,750 votes, and 
Findlay, Independent, 7,226. The Prohi- 
bition Presidential ticket in 1884 received 
but 629 votes in that district. In 1891 
Joshua Levering was the Prohibition can- 
didate for State Comptroller. He received 
5,443 votes, running 323 votes ahead of his 
ticket. 

Joshua, in the meantime, had shown 



more disposition for politics than Eugene. 
No step was taken without consultation 
with him, and he was never too busy to 
spare some time to the cause. The contri- 
butions to the campaign funds by both 
brothers were always on hand when most 
needed. It was with Joshua Levering's 
strength as a candidate demonstrated in 
Maryland that his friends, Higgins and 
Tucker, started with the Maryland delega- 
tion to the National Convention at Cincin- 
nati in 1892, bearing a banner, upon the 
face of which was a large portrait of Mr. 
Levering, underneath which was the in- 
scription: "For Vice-President." But in 
the convention the report was circulated 
that he was at the head of a big coffee trust, 
with the result that Cranfield, of Texas, 
secured the nomination. In 1896 he was 
the Prohibition nominee for the Presidency. 

He is identified with a great variety of 
interests. He is the financier of his firm. 
Few of his business associates have cooler 
or larger heads than he. He never makes 
up his mind in a hurry, but when he arrives 
at a conclusion he will adhere to it. 

Since he became president of the Young 
Men's Christian Association its usefulness 
has been greatly increased. He is presi- 
dent of the Board of Trustees of the House 
of Refuge, and superintendent of the Eutaw 
Place Baptist Church Sunday-school, and 
a director of the Maryland Trust Co. 

Eugene Levering built Levering Hall 
and presented it to the Johns Hopkins Uni- 
versity, and endowed a course of lectures. 
He established the Workingmen's Resi- 
dential Club. He is a deacon of Eutaw 
Place Baptist Church, and is President of 
the National Bank of Connnerce; also Pres- 



646 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



i3ent of the Board of Trade and Director of 
the Baltimore Trust and Guaranty Co. 

Before Joshua and Eugene married it is 
said they were hardly ever apart for two 
hours. What one did the other endorsed. 
The twins look very much alike. Joshua, 
however, is distinguished by his side-whis- 
kers. Both are generous, and it is a rare 
thing that either refuses an appeal for aid 
for a worthy cause. Their city homes are 
on Eutaw Place, a few doors from each 
other. 

Dr. Wirt Adam Duvall was born in 
Anne Arundel county, Md., October 21, 
1863. He is a son of Judge Grafton and 
Mary Rebecca (Sullivan) Duvall, natives of 
IMaryland and descendants respectively of 
early French-Huguenot and English set- 
tlers of the colony. Of the former family, 
one of its members, Gabriel Duvall, was on 
the Supreme Bench of the United States, 
and of the latter family, several of its mem- 
bers were soldiers in the Continental Army 
during the Revolutionary War. Judge 
Grafton Duvall is Chief Judge of the Or- 
phans' Court of Anne Arundel. He is a 
Democrat and has been active in his identi- 
fication with his party's interests and work 
in Anne Arundel county. .\t twenty-one 
years of age he was his party's candidate 
for the Legislature, was Journal Clerk of 
the State Legislature during the session of 
'72. Dr. Wirt A. Duvall completed his 
general education at St. John's College, An- 
napolis, in 1885, M. A. 1895, and was 
graduate<l from the medical dcpartmeiU 
of the Maryland University in 1888. 
During 1889-90 he was Assistant Demon- 
strator of Anatomy at ]\Inryland University 
un<lcr Dr. Herbert Harlan; in 1893-4-s, 



Demonstrator of Osteology and Prosector 
at Baltimore Medical College and Dem- 
onstrator of Anatomy in the University 
of Maryland. He is a member of the 
Baltimore IMedical and Surgical Associa- 
tion and Medical and Chirurgical Faculty 
of Maryland. He was married October 
30, 1888, to Roxanna Louise, daughter 
of Capt. William Mitchell, of Baltimore. 
Captain IMitchell served throughout the 
late war as a Union soldier. He is 
now traveling manager of the National Am- 
monia Company. Dr. and Mrs. Duvall 
have four children, Helen FrankUn, Graf- 
ton, Roxanna and Wirt; reside at 1609 Ed- 
mondson avenue, and are members of .\11 
Saints' Episcopal Church, of which Doctor 
Duvall is a vestryman. 

Dr. James C. Hummer was born in Lou- 
don county, Va., October 10, 1833. He is 
a son of the late Washington and Martena 

B. (Fox) Hummer, natives of Virginia, the 
former a son of William Hummer, a soldier 
in the Revolutionary War. Washington 
Hummer was for twenty years presiding 
magistrate of Loudon county. Dr. James 

C. Hummer was educated under Prof. 
Jonas Potts, then a private tutor in Hills- 
boro', Loudon county, Va., and .^ul.)se- 
cjuently of the faculties of various educa- 
tional institutions. Doctor Hummer entered 
Virginia Conference of the M. E. Church, 
South, in 1854, remained in traveling con- 
nection with that until the close of the war, 
when he was transferred to Baltimore Con- 
ference until 1879, having charges succes- 
sively in Princess Anne Circuit, Ports- 
mouth, Middlesex Circuit, King William 
Circuit, Indian Ridge Circuit, Alexandria 
Mission, Hagerstown and Frederick. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



647 



While installed with the latter charge in 
1873, his health failed and he was compelled 
to retire from active ministrations. In that 
year he came to Baltimore and officiated as 
missionary to the j\l. E. Church, South, at- 
tached to Trinity Church. In 1879 he was 
elected superintendent of an independent 
missionary movement, known as Gospel 
Church of Highways, and was engaged in 
that service until 1885, since which time he 
has been a member of the United Evangeli- 
cal Church of the Central Pennsylvania 
Conference. As early as 1871 Doctor Hum- 
mer became interested in the study of Ho- 
meopathy and in now engaged in the prac- 
tice of medicine. He was married January 
18, 1856, to Anna A., daughter of the late 
James and Amelia Whaley, of Loudon 
county, Va. Two children born of this 
marriage survive: Alice A., wife of George 
E. Cole, of Washington, D. C, and Ernest 
E. Hummer, manufacturer of Hummer's 
Medical Specific Co. Dr. and Mrs. Hum- 
mer and son reside at 621 N. Carrollton 



Dr. Vernon Lee Norwood was born 
in Baltimore, Md., July 6, 1862. He is a 
son of the late Rufus Norwood and Anna 
(Hyott) Norwood, natives of Montgomery 
county, Md., and descendants of very early 
settlers of that county. Rufus Norwood 
located in Baltimore about 1843 and en- 
gaged in manufacturing and lumber deal- 
ing and was at his decease, November 24, 
1891, a member of the firm of Theodore 
Mottu & Co. He was the inventor and 
improver of a number of articles useful in 
character — among them a patent paving- 
block, the original of what is now the com- 
pressed asphalt paving-block — and an im- 



provement. His widow survives and re- 
sides with her son. Vernon L,. Norwood 
was educated in the public schools of Bal- 
timore and was graduated from the City 
College in 1881. For two years thereafter he 
was engaged in book-keeping, then enter- 
ing the School of Medicine of the Maryland 
University from which institution he was 
graduated in 1885. During the following 
year he was with Baltimore Institute for 
Nervous Diseases, and also of the Baltimore 
Polyclinic as assistant to the Professor on 
General Practice. He was then Chief of 
Clinics to the Professor of Surgery of the 
Maryland University. Doctor Norwood has 
been eight years visiting physician to the 
Aged Men's and Women's Home. His resi- 
dence and office are at 939 \\\ Fayette 
street. He was married November 20, 1895, 
to Miss Fanny B. K., daughter of Wm. H. 
Thomas, retired merchant of Baltimore. 
Doctor Norwood is a member of and one of 
the Board of Trustees of the Harlem Ave- 
nue Christian Church. 

Hance Wilson Brown Reid, Chief 
Deputy Clerk of the Criminal Court of Bal- 
timore, was born in Baltimore, February 
5, 1847. He is a son of the late William 
and Agnes Jane (Brown) Reid, natives of 
Ireland, who came to the United States in 
1841 shortly after their marriage, locating 
in B'altimore, where Mr. Reid was engaged 
as a carpenter and builder up to the time 
of his decease in 1885. His widow resides 
in Baltimore. Their son. Hance W. B. 
Reid, was educated in the public schools 
and City College of Baltimore, and then en- 
tered into the retail jewelry business, in 
which he continued to be engaged until 
1888, when he became Secretary of the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Board of Supervisors of Elections, a posi- 
tion which he resigned November, 1891, to 
accept that of which he is the incumbent. 
Chief Deputy Clerk of the Criminal Court. 
Mr. Reid is a member of the bar by gradua- 
tion in 1896 from the Baltimore University 
Law School. He was married January 5, 
1877, to Mary A. L., daughter of the late 
Thomas Willis, carpenter, of Baltimore. 
Mr. and Mrs. Reid reside at 15 19 W. Lom- 
bard street and attend Franklin Square 
Presbyterian Church, of the Board of Trus- 
tees of which Mr. Reid is a member. 

Alfred J. Schulz, Clerk of Circuit 
Court No. 2, of Baltimore, was born in 
Baltimore, October 27, 1843. He is a son 
of the late Wm. M. and Wilhelmina (Petry) 
Schulz, the former a native of Wurtemberg 
and the latter of Baden, Germany. Wil- 
liam M. Schulz was born in 1789, and after 
receivin.fj a liberal education entered the 
army and had been promoted to the position 
of a stafif officer, when, in 1831, through 
expressed sympathy with the revolutionists 
of that period, he was compelled to flee his 
native land. He came to the United States 
and located in Baltimore where there were 
then no Herman lawyers and where he 
earned a livelihood for some years as con- 
fidential Ijusiness and legal adviser to Ger- 
man citizens, and later in mercantile pur- 
suits. He died in 1873, his wife surviving 
him five years. Their son, Alfred J. Schulz, 
received hi.s education in public and private 
schools in Baltimore, and upon attaining 
his majority, established himself in business. 
In 1869 he established himself in business 
as a confectioner and is now proprietor of 
t!ie store at 1081 W. Fayette street. He 
is a Republican in politics and has actively 



identified himself with the party organiza- 
tion since 1887. representing the Fourteenth 
ward in State Central Committee. He was 
nominated for Council in 1888, but was de- 
feated owing to party dissensions. He uas 
elected to his present position in 1895 by a 
majority of more than 6,000. He is a Ma- 
son and a Knight of Pythias; resides at 
506 N. Arlington avenue and attends the 
German Lutheran Church. 

RuFus Woods, President of the Mer- 
chants' and Manufacturers' Fire Insurance 
Company of Baltimore, was born in West- 
minster, Md., May 30, 1830. He is a son 
of the late Elias and Mary (Overdorfif) 
Woods, the former of English, the latter of 
German descent. His father dying during 
his early childhood and leaving him en- 
tirely unprovided for necessitated the be- 
ginning of a struggle for existence on his 
part at a very tender age. He was willing 
and industrious, found employment, and 
retained the friendship of his employers, 
and by the time he had attained his ma- 
jority had succeeded in acquiring a sulv 
stantial business and reasonable general ed- 
ucation. He located in Baltimore in 1857, 
entering the employ of Fink & Bro., whole- 
sale grocers, at Eutaw and Franklin streets. 
Nine years later he became a partner in 
the business which was thereafter and up 
to its dissolution in 1892 conducterl under 
the firm name of Fink, Bro. & Co. 

Mr. Woods had had close association 
with a number of important business in- 
terests of Baltimore. He assisted in estab- 
lishing in 1877, and was connected until 
1882, with the Merchants' Refinery. He is 
a large stockholder in the Enterprise Coffee 
Co. T^e has partnership as.sociation with 




yr^^^tyt^^(^ 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Thornton Rollins in the ownership of ves- 
sels which export flour to and import coffee 
from Rio Janeiro. He is one of the direc- 
tors of the People's Bank, and one of the 
founders and since its incorporation, Presi- 
dent, of the Merchants' and Manufacturers' 
Fire Insurance Co. He is unmarried, a 
member of the German Reformed Church, 
and resides at 1413 Madison avenue. 

Dr. Charles Rawlins Davis was born 
at Mount Airy, Carroll county, Md., No- 
vember 19, 1858. He is a son of George 
H. and Margaret (Waters) Davis, natives of 
Maryland, of English descent. George H. 
Davis, who now resides with his son, Doc- 
tor Davis, was a farmer of Carroll county 
and his son followed the same vocation from 
the close of his school days up to 1887, 
when he began the study of medicine under 
the preceptorship of Dr. S. R. Waters. In 
1887, Charles R. Davis came to Bahimore, 
entered Maryland University Medical De- 
partment, was graduated in 1890 and for a 
year thereafter was assistant to Professor 
Tiffany in the surgical box of the Univer- 
sity Hospital. He is now practicing medi- 
cine, with offices and residence at 633 Car- 
rollton avenue. Doctor Davis is a member 
of the I. O. O. F. 

Miles White was born in Perquiman's 
county, N. C, August 30, 1792. His pa- 
rents, Francis and Miriam White, were de- 
scendants of the early converts in that State 
to the doctrines of George Fox, the founder 
of the religious Society of Friends. The 
second meeting of that society for religious 
worship in North Carolina was held in the 
dwelling of one of Mr. White's ancestors, 
who was a member of the Provincial Gov- 



ernors' Council in the year 1682. His 
dwelling continued to be used for that pur- 
pose until the erection upon his lands of a 
meeting house, which was occupied for wor- 
ship by the Society of Friends in that dis- 
trict for more than a hundred years, when 
it was destroyed by a hurricane. Mean- 
while other like houses of worship were 
erected in the country, and the religious So- 
ciety of Friends increased in numbers and 
strength. The establishment of this faith 
in that quarter was mainly due to the efforts 
of William Edmundson, a noted minister, 
who came over to this country with George 
Fox; and it was under his auspices that 
the primitive meeting which took place in 
the dwelling of Mr. White's ancestor was 
held. Mr. White, adhering to the faith and 
traditions of his family, was a zealous and 
prominent member of the orthodox relig- 
ious Society of Friends. Early in life he 
inherited a number of slaves; but, being 
conscientiously opposed to slavery, freed 
them all. He assisted some of them to emi- 
grate to Liberia and induced others to seek 
their fortunes in the free States. Mr. 
White's first residence was in the country, 
where he was engaged in agricultural pur- 
suits, but even there the natural activity 
of his mind attracted him to stirring busi- 
ness occupation. He removed to Elizabeth 
City, in his native State, in 1830, where he 
soon became largely and successfully en- 
gaged in mercantile and commercial pur- 
suits. He occupied himself in part in the 
coasting trade, and that with the West In- 
dies: and it is worthy of remark that al- 
though in the business in which he was 
engaged at that time, a trade in ardent 
spirits might have been carried on exten- 
sively and profitably, he persistently fore- 



650 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



bore, on ground of public policy, and from 
conscientious scruples, from dealing at all 
in what he considered to be a pernicious ar- 
ticle of commerce. With a fortune consid- 
erably increased by his mercantile business, 
Mr. White removed in 1849 to Baltimore. 
The then recent discoveries of gold in Cali- 
fornia and Australia attracted much of his 
attention and consideration. His natural 
sagacity of mind, aided by reading and re- 
flection upon the effects of like causes upon 
prices and values, as illustrated by differ- 
ent epochs in the history of England and 
this country, led him to the conviction, 
upon which he was prompt and bold to act, 
that a rise in the value of real property in 
this country was sure to follow upon the 
infusion of so large an amount of the pre- 
cious metals into its currency. He there- 
fore at once embarked his fortune in the 
purchase of Government bonds in the West, 
in lots in Western cities, and in the citv 
of Baltimore, in the growth and develop- 
ment of which place in size and business 
he had implicit faith. He traveled in the 
West, and made his investments in land and 
lots with singular sagacity and self-reliance. 
His foresight and judgment were rewarded, 
in many instances by an enormous increase 
in the value of his purchases. In Balti- 
more, the city of his adoption, his opera- 
tions in real estate were most extensive and 
successful, and of such a character as to 
add to the material growth and prosperity 
of the city. Vacant property in which his 
investments were large did not remain idle 
in his hands, many himdreds of dwelling 
houses being built thereupon, thus adding 
to the wealth and beauty of the city and 
serving to promote the comfort and supply 
the wants of its growing population. Mr. 



White's interest in the improvement of Bal- 
timore was not confined to the increase and 
extension of handsome and comfortable 
dwellings for the living, but was further 
manifested in the establishment and proper 
management of the "cities of the dead." 
He was stockholder and manager of Green- 
mount Cemetery for many years, and Pres- 
ident of the Baltimore Cemetery, resigning 
the latter position upon becoming President 
of the People's Bank. 

Miles White was mostly known as a suc- 
cessful financier and one of Baltimore's 
wealthiest citizens, but to those who were 
most closely related to him in business and 
social life, his crowning characteristic was 
a benevolent heart, which never displayed 
itself in ostentatious forms, but in generous 
effusion through channels calculated to pro- 
duce the greatest good. Besides his per- 
sonal acts of charity he gave liberally to 
public organized efforts to educate and im- 
priove his city and humanity. He was one 
of the most generous supporters of the 
many religious, charitable and educational 
institutions r.nder the fostering care of the 
Society of Friends. Among those to whose 
success and efificiency he greatly con- 
tributed should be mentioned the Friends' 
Federal Hill Mission, Baltimore, and the 
Friends' Educational Society, High Point, 
Randolph county, N. C. In his will he left 
$100,000 to found "The Miles White Bene- 
ficial Society of Baltimore City," the ob- 
ject of which as stated in the articles of in- 
corporation is to "promote piety and Chris- 
tianity (especially by the disseminatiom of 
books and tracts), to extend aid to the 
young in their religious, moral and intel- 
lectual training and education, and to re- 
lieve the deserving poor." 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



651 



In his personal and domestic life, Mr. 
White was studiously exact in the fulfill- 
ment of his duties, and among the 
"Friends" was regarded as one of their most 
upright and useful members. He died 
?>Iarch 13, 1876. 

, Benjamin Buck Owens, Building Inspec- 
tor of Baltimore, was born in Baltimore, 
September 13. 1841. He is a son of the 
late Edward T. and Susan (Green) Buck 
Owens, natives of ■Maryland, respectively 
of Welsh and English descent, their pro- 
genitors locating in Maryland in its colo- 
nial days. Joseph Owens, grandfather of 
the immediate subject of this sketch, was 
one of the "Old Defenders" of Baltimore, 
and was wounded at the battle of North 
Point. His son, Edward T. Owens, was. in 
his early mianhood, a dry goods merchant 
of Baltimore, and latterly and up to the date 
of his decease, September 20, 1872, treas- 
urer of Eutaw Savings Bank. His wife 
died December, 1845. Their son, Benja- 
min B. Owens, was educated in private 
schools of Baltimore. He enlisted in the 
nth Maryland Volunteer Infantry in the 
spring of 1864 and was mustered out at 
the close of the war as first lieutenant in 
command of his company. He was then 
for several months clerk in the Commissary 
Department of the United States Army and 
during this period took up the study of 
architecture, which he subsequently pur- 
sued under leading architects of Baltimore 
up to 1875, when he embarked in business 
for himself. He was the architect of the 
Baxter Motor Company's buildings. Ter- 
minal Warehouse and numerous other ex- 
tensive structures of Baltimore. Earlv in 



his professional career he was for seven 
years the architect for the Pennsylvania 
Steel Company at Sparrow's Point. He 
was appointed by Mayor Hooper in Janu- 
ary, 1896, as Building Inspector to fill the 
unexpired term of the incumbent and was 
re-appointed for the full term the following 
Alarch. Mr. Owens is a member of the G. 
A. R. and Military Order Loyal Legion, 
Royal Arcanum and Improved Order of 
Heptasophs. He was married November 
18, 1869, to Anna C, daughter of the late 
Samuel Harris, architect, of Baltimore. 
:Mr. and INIrs. Owens have four children, 
Maud Ella, wife of Lindley M. Huggins, an 
attorney of Baltimore; Clara M., Mabel G., 
student at the Normal School, and Herbert 
H. Owens, runner for the Traders' Bank 
of Baltimore. The family reside at 2218 
Oak street, and are members of the IMetho- 
dist Episcopal Church. 

Dr. :\Iax Schapiro was born January 4, 
1857, at Crottingen, Russia, of which place 
his parents were natives, as were their an- 
cestors for generations. Dr. Max Schapiro 
received his general and professional edu- 
cation at Vienna, Austria, graduating from 
the :\Iedical University of Vienna in 1887. 
For five years thereafter he was physician 
for the North German Lloyd and Ham- 
burg American Steamship Companies and 
then located in Baltimore, where he 
has since been engaged in the practice 
of his profession, with present office 
and residence at 122 Madison avenue. 
Doctor Schapiro makes a specialty of throat 
and nose, and of orthopaedic surgery, and 
was for several years assistant in the throat 
and nose department of the City Hospital, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



College of Physicians and Surgeons. He 
is the author of numerous papers on medi- 
cal subjects. 

Dr. Henry Charles Ohle was born at 
Catonsville, Baltimore county, Md., June 4, 
i860. He is a son of Henry and Pauline 
(Peters) Ohle, the former a native of Braun- 
schweig, and the latter of Wurtemberg, 
Germany, both of whom came to the United 
States in childhood and were wedded in 
Baltimore. Mr. Henry Ohle was for a 
number of years engaged in business as a 
builder and contractor of stone work, and 
as such superintended the construction of 
a number of bridges and other public works, 
extensive manufacturing plants, etc. He 
removed to Chicago in 1888 where he has 
since resided. Dr. Henry C. Ohle received 
his initial training in th- public schools 
of Baltimore county, this being supple- 
mented by private tutorage for several 
years. In 1883 he began the study of medi- 
cine under the preceptorship of Dr. Guy 
Hollyday, of Baltimore, and was graduated 
from the School of Medicine of Maryland 
University in 1886. During the year fol- 
lowing his graduation Doctor Ohle was as- 
sistant to the Demonstrator of Anatomy of 
the University, was from 1885 to 1891 clini- 
cal assistant to Baltimore Dispensary for 
Ner\'ous Diseases of Children, and has b'een 
since 1893 visiting physician to St. Agnes' 
Hospital. He was married March 20, 1889, 
to Mamie, daughter of the late James T. 
Cameron, for a number of years connected 
with the Erie Railroad at Susquehanna. 
Doctor and Mrs. Ohle have one surviving 
child, Marie Cameron, and in 1896 lost a 
son, H. Cameron. The family reside at 



1203 W. Fayette street and are members of 
the First English Lutheran Church. 

Dr.Wm.BudekER was born in Baltimore, 
Md., September 21, 1870. He is a son of 
Chas. A. and Anna Elizabeth (Schone) 
Budeker, natives of Germany, who came to 
the United States and located in Baltimore 
about the close of the Civil War. Mr. 
Charles A. Budeker was for a period of 
twenty-five years a successful retail mer- 
chant, retiring from business recently. Dr. 
Wm. Budeker received a public school and 
business college education, attended the 
School of Medicine of the Maryland Uni- 
versity two sessions, and then entered Bal- 
timore Medical College, graduating there- 
from in 1893. For one year thereafter he 
was assistant resident physician of the 
Maryland General Hospital and has since 
been engaged in the practice of his profes- 
sion with office at 914 W. Fayette street. 
Doctor Budeker is a member of the I. O. 
O. F., Jr. O. U. A. M., A. O. F. and a 
Mason. 

George Roberts Willis, Attorney-at- 
Law, was born in Baltimore, October 31, 
1851. He is a son of the late John E. Willis 
and Virginia M. (Green) Willis, natives of 
Maryland and descendants of early English 
settlers of the State. John E. Willis was a 
leading manufacturer of Baltimore, and es- 
pecially engaged for many years in trade 
with the West Indies. He died in 1871 ; his 
widow resides with her son, the immediate 
subject of this sketch. George R. Willis at- 
tended Loyola and Dickinson Colleges and 
was graduated from the latter institution 
with the class of '72. During his academic 
course he took up the study of law. which 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



he continued during his collegiate course 
under the preceptorship of Judge Martin 
Herman at Cariisle, Pa. Upon attaining his 
majority he was admitted to the bar in Cum- 
berland county, Pa., and immediately fol- 
lowing his return to Baltimore was admit- 
ted to practice in its courts and has ever 
since been associated with Mr. Luther M. 
Reynolds, with present offices at 213 Court- 
land street. Mr. Willis was a member of 
the Board of Trustees of the Maryland Agri- 
cultural College by appointment of Gov- 
ernor Jackson, and of the Executive Com- 
mittee of that Board, and has been since 
1895, by appointment of Mayor Ferdinand 
C. Latrobe, a member of the Board of Park- 
Commissioners of Baltimore. He was mar- 
ried December 22, 1881, to Alary E. D., 
daughter of the late Joseph Hoskins, a 
farmer of Harford county, Md. Mr. and 
Mrs. Willis have two children, Luther M. 
R. and Mary; reside at 2129 E. Baltimore 
street, and are communicants of Holy Com- 
forter Episcopal Church. 

Dr. Robert Browning Keny'ON was 
born in Wirt, Allegany county, N. Y., 
April 27, 1866. He is a son of Lewis H. and 
Frances Mary (Sinnett) Kenyon, natives of 
New York and of English ancestry. The 
founder of the American family of Kenyons 
located in Rhode Island prior to the Revo- 
lutionary War, and the Sinnett family had 
its first representative in the United States 
in the person of John T. Sinnett, who came 
from Dublin, Ireland (of which city his 
father was then Mayor) about 1820. Dr. R. 
B. Kenyon received his initial training in 
the public schools of Wirt and Friendship 
Literary Academy. He then entered Alfred 
University and was graduated therefrom in 



1888. The four years following were spent 
in assisting in the cultivation of his father's 
farm, and during the latter part of this 
period he commenced the study of medicine. 
In October, 1892, he entered Baltimore 
Medical College and was graduated in 1895. 
During the last year of his attendance at the 
latter institution he was an interne at the 
Maryland General Hospital. In 1896-7 he 
was assistant clinician of the Baltimore 
Medical College Dispensary. Doctor Ken- 
yon resides and has offices at 601 W.-Frank- 
lin street. 

Joseph H. Rieman was born in Balti- 
timore, August 29, 1822. His grandfather, 
Daniel Rieman, came to America during 
the Revolutionary War, settling in Balti- 
more, where he established a sugar refinery, 
which was continued by his son, Henry Rie- 
man, until the new system of refining sugar 
was introduced, when the business was 
changed into packing and provisions. Jo- 
seph H. Rieman was educated in private 
schools of Baltimore and Harford county, 
Md., then entering as clerk in his father's 
establishment. Upon attaining his majority 
he became a member of the firm, which was 
and still is known as Henry Rieman & 
Sons, of which the subject of this sketch is 
the sole survivor. Upon his admission to 
the firm, Joseph H. Rieman was sent West 
to take charge of the western branches of 
the house, located at Cincinnati, O., and 
Terra Haute, Ind., and spent twenty suc- 
cessive winters from November until April 
there, making Cincinnati, which at that time 
was the centre of the packing industry, his 
headquarters. Mr. Rieman was the first 
man to send a cipher telegram for business 
purposes over the telegraph lines from Cin- 



€54 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



cinnati to Baltimore. Mr. Riemaii in for- 
mer years took an active interest in politics, 
and was an old-time Whig. He was a mem- 
ber of the first State Convention which 
nominated the State ofificers under the new 
Constitution of the State, and was a mem- 
ber of the State Central Committee. When 
the Whig party disbanded he remained neu- 
tral for awhile, and then joined the Reform 
movement in 1861, which finally succeeded 
in electing George William Brown as 
Mayof. He was appointed a director in the 
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, serving under 
Mayor Brown's administration, and was 
also a director of the Northern Central 
imder the administration of John S. Git- 
tings. Mr. Rieman retired from active busi- 
ness in 1870 and since then has devoted his 
time to extensive private interests. He has 
held many positions of trust and is one of 
Baltimore's most enterprising, substantial 
citizens, a representative man in the broad- 
est acceptation of the phrase. He has been 
identified with many enterprises advancing 
the city's welfare. He was a member of the 
committee of five formed for the encourage- 
ment of manufacturers: chairman of the 
Academy of Alusic Building Committee, 
and for a long time a director in the Cen- 
tral Ohio Railroad, a leased line of the P.al- 
timore & Ohio. He succeeded William 
Devries as President of the State Agricul- 
tural Society, and Jesse Slingluff as Presi- 
dent of the Commercial and Farmers' Na- 
tional r.ank. Retiring from the latter for a 
time he was again elected president, suc- 
ceeding George A. \'on Lingen, resigning 
in 1896. He served as President pro tem 
of the Baltimore City Passenger Railway 
Company upon the death of Governor 
Bowie, but resigned owing to the pressure 



of his private afifairs. He is a director in 
the Savings Bank of Baltimore, and inter- 
ested in many other prominent incorpora- 
tions. He is also First Vice-President of 
the Board of Trade and is now senior mem- 
ber of that body. Mr. Rieman is a member 
of the First Presbyterian Church and chair- 
man of the Executive Committee of its 
Board of Trustees. He was married in 1861 
to Miss Lowe, daughter of Hon. P. P. 
Lowe, of Dayton, O. 

Hon. Edgar H. Gans was born in Har- 
risburg, Pa., November 24, 1856. He re- 
mained in Harrisburg six years, when the 
family removed to Norristown, near Phila- 
delphia, where he attended the High School 
until his thirteenth year. He graduated 
with the highest honors from the Baltimore 
City College in 1875, and from the law 
department of Alaryland University in 
March, 1877. He was admitted to the 
bar upon attaining his majority in Novem- 
ber of the same year. He formed a part- 
nership association with Mr. B. Howard 
Haman and was engaged in private prac- 
tice until 1879, when he accepted the of- 
fice of Deputy State's Attorney under 
Charles G. Kerr. His ability as a criminal 
la^vyer and ])ublic prosecutor led to his ap- 
pointment to the professorship of criminal 
law in the legal department of Maryland 
Lfniversity. During his term as Deputy 
State's Attorney, covering a period of eight 
years, Mr. Gans tried many important cases 
with credit to himself and honor to the Com- 
monwealth. Among these may be cited 
those of George Trout and William Hazel- 
tine, convicted of murder, in which he was 
opposed by Gov. Wm. Pinkney \\'hyte forthe 
defciwc; the I'urkc and Kennedv case, for 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



655 



the murder of James Curren, opposed by Jo- 
seph Heuisler; the Hance murder case tried 
at AnnapoHs with Senator Voorhees and 
Mr. Revell as opposing counsel, the jury ac- 
quitting the prisoner on the ground of in- 
sanity. Since retiring from the office Mr. 
Gans has practiced his profession with emi- 
nent success, the firm, Gaiis & Haman being 
recognized as one of the leading at the bar 
of Baltimore. Mr. Gans was married in 
1884 to Elizabeth, daughter of John Wall. 

Maj. William L. Kexly, Chief En- 
gineer of Baltimore City Water Depart- 
ment, was born in Baltimore, March 31, 
1833, the son of Edward and Maria (Reese) 
Kenly. His maternal ancestors came to 
Maryland from Wales, in a very early day, 
and his grandfather, Thomas Reese, was a 
successful merchant of Baltimore. The 
Kenly family came to the United States 
from Scotland, the first of the name to come 
hither being Dr. Daniel Kenly, the great- 
grandfather of ]\lajor Kenly, and a Presby- 
terian minister, who in 1740 crossed the 
ocean and settled in Harford county, Md. 
His son, Richard Kenly, was born in Har- 
ford county and married a Miss Ward. 
Their children were Daniel, Richard, Ed- 
ward and Fannie. Edward Kenly spent the 
major part of his life as a farmer in Har- 
ford county, but was latterly engaged in 
mercantile pursuits in Baltimore. During 
this period he was Judge of the Appeal Tax 
Court. The youngest of his family of seven 
children, William L. Kenly, received his 
primary education in Baltimore and then 
attended Xewton University, Md. In 1854 
he entered the engineering corps of Isaac 
Trimble. He resigned this employment af- 



ter four years to enter the service of the Bal- 
timore City Water Works, in which he was 
engaged uninterruptedly until the outbreak 
of the Civil War. In 1862 he entered the 
service as first lieutenant of Company H, 
First Maryland Infantry, was promoted to a 
captaincy by President Lincoln in 1863, and 
was brevetted major by the President at the 
close of the war because of especially effi- 
cient service. During three years of his war 
service he was attached to the Army of the 
Potomac and participated in most of its en- 
gagements. At the close of the war he re- 
sumed his connection with the Water De- 
partment of the city, with which he has been 
connected for more than forty years, having 
been in every department from rodman to 
chief engineer. 

He was married June 12, 1861, to Eliza- 
beth Marion Hook, daughter of the late 
Richard W. Hook, who at one time was 
SherifT of Baltimore county. Of the children 
born of this union there survive William 
Lacy Kenly, first lieutenant United States 
Artillery; Ritchie G. Kenly, assistant engi- 
neer of the West Virginia Central and Pitts- 
burg Railroad; Edward Marion Kenly, 
former resident engineer Lynchburg & 
Durham Railroad, and now in Alaska; 
George T. Kenly, who was assistant engi- 
neer Guilford Reservoir Company, and the 
inventor of a spigot that carries hot and 
cold water at the same time; and Maria 
Reese, Laura Hook and Robert Martin 
Kenly. Major Kenly is a member of the 
Royal Arcanum, Loyal Legion, Mason, the 
G. A. R.. American Society of Civil Engi- 
neers and Society of the Army of the Poto- 
mac. The family residence overlooks Lake 
Montebello. 



656 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Dr. James Francis McShane, Health 
Commissioner of Baltimore, was born in 
Baltimore, August 13, 1851. He is a son of 
the late Lawrence and Anne (O'Hare) Mc- 
Shane, natives respectively of Monaghan 
and Amagh, Ireland, who came to this 
country in youth, were married in Brook- 
lyn. N. Y., and in 1847 removed to Balti- 
more, where Lawrence McShane was en- 
gaged in business as a retail furnishing 
goods merchant up to within a few years of 
his decease in 1885. His widow resides in 
Baltimore. Dr. J. F. McShane was edu- 
cated at Calvert Hall and Loyola Colleges, 
Baltimore, graduating from the latter insti- 
tution in 1867. He studied medicine under 
the preceptorship of the late Dr. Nicholas 
L. Dashiell and was graduated from the 
medical department of the Maryland Uni- 
versity with the class of "70. He was vac- 
cine physician for several years, assistant 
health commissioner of Baltimore from No- 
vember, 1879, to 1892, and health commis- 
sioner since the latter date. Doctor McShane 
is one of the Faculty of Baltimore Medical 
College, filling the chair of Associate Pro- 
fessor of Hygiene. He is a member of the 
Baltimore Medical Society, Baltimore Clin- 
ical Society, Medical and Chirurgical Fac- 
ulty of Maryland, American Medical Asso- 
ciation and American Public Health Asso- 
ciation and member of the Executive Com- 
mittee of the last named association. Doctor 
McShane was married February 10, 1S70, 
to Sarah E., daughter of the late P. E. Brad- 
ley, merchant, of Baltimore. The children 
of Dr. and Mrs. McShane are Robert, stu- 
dent at Baltimore Medical College; James, 
draughtsman in the employ of Bartlett. 
Hayward & Co.; Frank; Lillian; Loretta; 
Albert, and Edgar. The family reside at 



2 S. Patterson Park avenue and are mem- 
bers of St. Patrick's Roman Catholic 
Church. 

Dr. Frank Sungluee, of Slingluf¥ & 
Co., manufacturing chemists and fertilizers, 
was born in Baltimore county, Md., August 
14, 1845. He is a son of the late Jesse and 
Frances E. (Cross) Slingluff, natives of 
Maryland, and descendants respectively of 
German and Scotch colonial settlers. Jesse 
Slingluff, Dr. Frank Slinglufif's grand- 
father, located in Baltimore about 1790 and 
was one of the wholesale grocery firm of 
Slingluff & Bohn, the late Charles Bohn 
being Doctor Slingluff's maternal grand- 
father. Jesse Slinglufif, Doctor Slinglufif's 
father, was for many years President 
of the Commercial & Farmers' Bank of 
Baltimore. He died in 1862; his wife 
survived him some years. Dr. Frank 
Slinglufif was educated at private schools 
and under private tutors of Baltimore, 
and from 1863 to 1865 studied chemistry at 
Heidelberg. Returning to Baltimore he 
studied medicine under the late Dr. Frank 
Donaldson, was graduated from the medical 
department of the Maryland University, 
class of 1868; was resident physician 
at Bay View Asylum the year following, 
and then entered the firm of Slingluff 
& Co., with which he has ever since been 
identified. He is Vice-President of the 
Commercial and Farmers' National Bank, 
President Mutual Fire Lisurance Com- 
pany of naltimore and Patapsco Mutual 
Fire Insurance Company of Baltimore, 
and one of the Executive Committee 
of the ^Merchants' and Manufacturers' .\s- 
sociation. He was married July 14. 1880, 
to Isabella, daughter of the late Thomas 





^ 



;TuRY of BALTIMORE, -MARYLAND. 



657 



Cross, of Prince George's county, Md. The 
family reside on West North avenue and 
attend Church of the Prince of Peace. Tru- 
man Cross, Doctor SHnglufif's grandfather, 
was for a number of years cashier of the 
Commercial and Farmers' Bank. 

Riley Wright, Chief Judge of the Or- 
phans' Court of Baltimore City, was born 
in Westminster, Windhaven county, Vt., 
July 24, 1839. He is a son of Erastus and 
the late Mary (Fairbrother) Wright, na- 
tives of Westminster, Vt., and descendants 
respectively of early Welsh-English and 
English settlers of New England. Capt. 
Azariah Wright, great-grandfather of the 
immediate subject of this sketch, was prom- 
inent in colonial history; a compatriot and 
intimate of Gen. Ethan Allen. Captain 
Wright was one of the first settlers of West- 
minster and a few months prior to the bat- 
tle of Lexington distinguished himself as 
captain of a militia company in preventing 
the holding of court by English officers in 
the court house of Westminster. Some of 
colonels were killed and theirs was the 
first blood shed in the events culminating 
in the Revolutionary War. (See Hall's 
History of Vermont.) Captain Wright 
served throughout the war. Judge Wright's 
maternal great-grandfather was also an 
officer in the patriot army during the Rev- 
olutionary War. His grandson, Erastus 
Wright, now resides at Coventry, Vt., 
his wife died in 1861. Their son, Riley E. 
Wright, received his initial training in the 
public schools of Coventry, then attended 
successively Darby Academy and Green 
Mountain Academy, Vt., and Powers In- 
stitute, Bernardstown, Mass.; entered Dart- 
mouth College (N. H.), but left that in- 



stitution to attend Middleburg College, 
of his own State ; and while in his sopho- 
more year (1862) at the last institution 
abandoned scholarship to enter the Union 
Army. In four days' time he raised a com- 
pany, one hundred and nine men strong, 
was elected and commissioned its captain. 
The company went to the front as Co. H, 
15th Vermont Volunteer Infantry, and 
served until mustered out in July, 1863, 
shortly after the battle of Gettysburg, in 
which the regiment participated, although 
its term of service had expired some days 
previous. Returning to Vermont Captain 
Wright entered the law office of Hon. Ben- 
jamin H. Steele (afterward Judge of Su- 
preme Court of Vermont) and was admitted 
to the bar December 31, 1864. In April, 
1865, he came to Baltimore, where he has 
ever since engaged in the general practice 
of his profession, with present offices at 106 
E. Saratoga street. On February 15, 1897. 
he was appointed by Governor Lowndes to 
fill the unexpired term of the late Sylvester 
L. Stockbridge, Chief Judge of the Orphans' 
Court of Baltimore City. Judge Wright is 
a Republican and was twenty years actively 
identified with his party's work and inter- 
ests in Baltimore. He was nominated for 
the Legislature on the Reform ticket in 
1876, and was his party's nominee for Asso- 
ciate Judge of Supreme Bench of Baltimore 
in 1894. He was one of the organizers and 
for two terms commander of Custer Post, 
G. A. R., and was for two terms Judge Ad- 
vocate General of Maryland Department, G. 
A. R. He is one of the Board of Managers 
and chairman of the Executive Committee 
of the Society for the Protection of Chil- 
dren and a member of the Society for the 
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. He was 



658 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 



married September ii, 1866, to Mary E., 
daughter of the late Isaac and Abigail 
(Stevens) Collier, of Coventry, Vt. One 
child, Mabel, born of their marriage, died 
in infancy. Judge and Mrs. Wright reside 
at 1 3 18 Harlem avenue. 

Samuel Henry Tattersall, Supreme 
Secretary of Improved Order of Hepta- 
sophs, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 
13, 1866. He is a son of John and Alice 
(Lees) Tattersall, natives of England, who 
located in Philadelphia from Oldham, Lan- 
cashire, in 1S62, removing hence to Tren- 
ton, N. J., where Mr. John Tattersall has 
since been engaged in business as a coal 
merchant. He was one of the founders of 
the Sons of St. George. Samuel H. Tatter- 
sall received a public school and business 
college education, and was thereafter until 
1884 engaged by the Coxon (now Empire) 
Potter Company as an artist on china. 
Coming to Baltimore he did contract work 
for the Maryland Pottery Company, in 
charge of its decorative department up to 
1895. He became a memljer of Zeta Con- 
clave, No. 6, Improved Order of Hepta- 
sophs, in 1887, and from the date of his ini- 
tiation has been officially connected with 
that Order, Prelate to Zeta Conclave, Pro- 
vost Archon of Zeta Conclave and Past Ar- 
chou. At New York in i8gi he represented 
Zeta Conclave at the meeting of the Supreme 
Conclave, and the same year was elected 
Deputy Sni)rcme .\rchon of District 23, 
comjwsed exclusively of Zeta Conclave, 
No. 6; representative again in 1893 at At- 
lantic City and again in 1895 at New Ha- 
ven, where he was elected to his present of- 
fice of Supreme Secretary. He is Past M.. 
Concordia Lodge, No. 13, A. V. and \. M.: 



member of Adoniram Chapter, Xo. 21, R. 
A., and member of A. O. U. W., American 
Legion of Honor and Jr. O. U. A. M. 

He was married April 20, 1887, to Annie, 
daughter of William Hardy, of Baltimore. 
Mr. and Mrs. Tattersall have two children, 
Alice M. and Samuel L., reside at 12 E. 
Lanvale street and are communicants at 
St. Michael and All Angels' P. E. Church. 
Mr. Tattersall was one of the moving spirits 
in urging the erection of a suitable hall for 
Zeta Conclave. The beautiful structure 
at Preston and Cathedral streets, which is 
now the headquartes of the Order, is due to 
his energy and devotion. 

Lloyd Lowndes Jackson, second mem- 
ber of the firm of John E. Hurst & Co., 
wholesale dry goods merchants, of Balti- 
more, was born at Jane Lew, Lewis county. 
W. V'a.. February 3, 1846. He is a son 
of the late Blackwell and Emily Byrd 
(Lorentz) Jackson, natives of Virginia, and 
descendants respectively of early English 
and German settlers of the colony of Vir- 
ginia. The late Blackwell Jackson was a 
valued and valuable citizen, held numerous 
official trusts, represented his district in the 
State Senate for two terms and was one of 
the reorganizers of West Virginia during 
the Civil War. He died in 1878: his wife 
survives as does her mother. The lattcr"s 
father, Jacob Lorentz, was one of the origi- 
nal settlers of Upshur county, where he 
owned an inunense plantation. Lloyd L. 
Jackson com])k-te(l his schooling at Monon- 
gahela Academy, Morgantown, W. \'a., in 
1865. At the breaking out of the war, al- 
though but fifteen years of age, he enlisled 
in the Confederate Army under his cousin. 
Capt. .'\lfred Jackson, but was reclaimed 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAXD. 



659 



by his mother and returned to school. He 
came to Baltimore March i, 1866, to enter 
the employ as salesman of the dry goods 
house of Hurst & Co, with which and its 
successors, Hurst, Purnell & Co., and John 
E. Hurst & Co., he has ever since been con- 
nected. He was taken into partnership in 
1 87 1 and is the second member of the pres- 
ent company. Ever since attaining his ma- 
jority Mr. Jackson has been actively iden- 
tified with the interests and work of the 
Democratic party. It was largely through 
his instrumentality that the Business Men's 
Democratic Association, which nominated 
and elected Robert C. Davidson to the may- 
oralty of Baltimore was formed. He is one 
of the Executive Committee of the National 
Association of Democratic Clubs; a mem- 
ber of the Board of Directors of Maryland 
Penitentiary, to which he was appointed by 
Governor Jackson and reappointed by Gov- 
ernor Brown, and was Quartermaster Gen- 
eral on the latter"s stafif. He is First Vice- 
President of the JMaryland Trust Company, 
and a member of the Boards of Directors of 
the Commercial and Farmers' National 
Bank, \\'estern Maryland Railroad Com- 
pany, Brush Electric Light Company, Ar- 
lington Cotton Mills and Blue Ridge Cotton 
Mills. He was married November 30, 1873, 
to Anne Elizabeth, daughter of the late 
James M. Lester, contractor and builder, of 
Baltimore, and who represented Baltimore 
for several terms in the State Legislature. 
Mr. and Mrs. Jackson have five children, 
Lloyd L. Jackson, Jr., a graduate of Johns 
Hopkins University and a memberof the bar 
of Baltimore, and the Misses Anne L., Edith 
B., Elsie and Emma Jackson. The family 
reside at 1210 N. Charles street, and are 
communicants of Emanuel P. E. Church. 



Mr. Jackson was the organizer of the Com- 
mercial Travelers' Democratic Club, which 
took an active part in the Bryan-McKinley 
campaign, and which subsequent to the 
election was reorganized under the name of 
the Commercial Travelers' and Business 
Men's Democratic Club, of which Mr. 
Jackson is president. 

Thomas Robert ClEndinen, Attorney- 
at-Law, was born in Baltimore, March 31, 
1847. He is a son of the late Dr. Alexander 
and Mary Louise (Belt) Clendinen, the for- 
mer a native of South Carolina, and of 
Scotch-Irish descent, the latter a daughter 
of the late Capt. Walter Belt, of the 
LInited States Navy, who was descended 
from early English settlers of the colony of 
Maryland. Dr. Alexander Clendinen lo- 
cated in Baltimore in 1800, was one of the 
early graduates of the Maryland Medical 
Department, was one of the faculty of that 
institution and of the University Hospital 
stafT for some years, and was one of the 
surgeons to Baltimore's "Old Defenders." 
He died April 15, 1861 ; his wife September 
16, 1883. Thomas R. Clendinen attended 
the schools of Baltimore, including Mary- 
land University, and in June, 1861, ran 
away from home to enter the Confederate 
service in Alabama. After a year of ser- 
vice he was captured in Florida, and upon 
his release entered the Virginia Military 
Institute, and from it went with the corps 
of cadets of that institution into the valley 
of Virginia campaign in 1864, and was one 
of the cadets under Gen. John C. Breck- 
inridge in the battle of New Market and 
other engagements. He then attended (he 
University of Mrginia. Returning to Balti- 
more he read law under the preceptorship 



660 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



of the late Judge W. A. Stewart, was ad- 
mitted to the bar in 1866, and has since 
been engaged in general practice with pres- 
ent office at 211 Courtland street. During 
1887 Mr. Clendinen acted as United States 
Attorney, by appointment of the Attorney 
General, vice Thomas G. Hayes, who was 
in ill-health and spent that year abroad. 
Mr. Clendinen was married November 10, 
1874, to Alice, daughter of the late J. Alex- 
ander Shriver, for many years President and 
General Manager of the Baltimore and 
Philadelphia Steamboat Company, and 
New York and Baltimore Transportation 
Line. Mrs. Clendinen died November 26, 
1896, leaving two children, Alice and Vio- 
let, students at Miss Lefebfre's private 
school, Baltimore. The family reside at 27 
East Mount Vernon Place, and attend 
Emanuel P. E. Church. 

Dr. Charlks WkslRy McElfresh was 
born in Fairmount, Marion comity, W. 
Va., May 30, 1866. He is a son of James 
and the late Alice (Gantz) McElfresh, 
natives of West Virginia, the former of 
Scotch-Irish, the latter of German descent. 
James McElfresh was for many years su- 
perintendent of the Gas and Gas Coal 
Company, of Fairmount, but has latterly 
been engaged as an agriculturist of Marion 
county, W. Va. Dr. C. W. McElfresh 
completed his general education at Fair- 
mount High School, then began the 
study of medicine under the preceptorship 
of Dr. John Reger, of Fairmount. He 
came to Baltimore in 1887, and entered the 
School of Medicine of Maryland Univer- 
sity, from which institution he was gradu- 
ated in 1889. During the following year 
he was connected with the University Dis- 



pensary and has since engaged in the prac- 
tice of his profession with office and resi- 
dence at 854 West Lombard street. He was. 
married March 2, 1889, to Anna, daughter 
of the late Robert Applegarth, merchant of 
Baltimore. Dr. and Mrs. McElfresh have 
one child, Hattie. They attend Calvary M. 
E. Church, South. 

German H. Hunt, Vice-President of the 
Baltimore Trust and Guarantee Company, 
was born in Baltimore in 1829. At the age 
of fifteen he left school and entered the es- 
tablishment of John Watchman, in South 
Baltmore, to learn the trade of machinist. 
On January i, 1851, he started into the 
foundry and machine business in a modest 
way on North street in partnership associa- 
tion with Robert Poole, under the firm 
name of Poole & Hunt. The development 
of this enterprise is one of the most inter- 
esting and important chapters in the indus- 
trial history of Baltimore. Mr. Hunt was 
the business manager of this great concern, 
and both he and Mr. Poole machinists of 
exceptional ability, and men of boundless 
energy. On January i, 1889, after thirty- 
eight ^ears of CDUtinuous connection with 
the firm, Mr. Hunt retired from the busi- 
ness, and has since been engaged in im- 
portant financial undertakings. He was 
Secretary and President of the Maryland 
Institute during the decade preceding 1^60. 
He has been a Director of the Franklin 
Bank. He has been a director for thirty 
years in the Central Savings Bank. He 
was one of the founders of the Merchants' 
and Manufacturers' Association, of which 
he served as Vice-President and President. 
He is a Director of the Board of Trade, a 
trustee of the McDonough Fund, and a 



KISTORV OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAXD. 



member of the Board of Park Commis- 
sioners. He is a Democrat, and has been 
frequently urged to accept the mayoralty 
and other nominations at his party's hands, 
but has never had pohtical aspirations. He 
was a delegate-at-large to the Democratic 
National Convention of 1888. Mr. Hunt is 
one of the strongest men in the Methodist 
Church of the city. He is a member of the 
Madison Avenue M. E. Church, and has 
been superintendent of its Sunday-school 
for twenty-five years. Many positions of 
honor and trust in the church have been 
conferred upon him, among them that of 
Treasurer of the }>Iethodist Episcopal Con- 
ference, held in Washington in 1891. He 
assisted in the organization of the Baltimore 
Trust and Guarantee Company, one of the 
strong financial institutions of the city, and 
was its first president. This position he re- 
signed to devote his time to his private 
lousiness, and to various charitable associa- 
tions in which he feels much interest. 

Charles Goldsborough Kerr, Attor- 
ney-at-Law, was bom in Easton, Talbot 
county, Md., October 23, 1832. He is 
a son of the late Hon. John Leeds and 
Eliza (Goldsborough) Kerr, natives of 
Maryland, and descendants respectively of 
vScotch and English settlers of the colonies. 
David Kerr, Charles G. Kerr's paternal 
grandfather was a native of Dunreith, Shire 
of Galloway, Scotland, who came to the 
American colonies in 1769, locating in 
Falmouth, Va., removing thence to Annap- 
olis, and from the latter place to Tal- 
bot county, which he represented in the 
House of Delegates in 1798. He died at 
Easton in 1816. His son, the late John 
Leeds Kerr, was one of the leaders of the 



bar of Talbot county and of the Eastern 
Shore of Maryland, was a member of Con- 
gress for three terms, viz: 1825-27, 1827-29 
and 1831-33; and a United States Senator 
from 1841-43. He was a member of the 
National Whig Convention held at Harris- 
burg in 1839, and one of the State electoral 
ticket for the "Log Cabin" candidates. Be- 
fore entering Congress Mr. Kerr was agent 
of Maryland for the prosecution of militia 
claims against the United States growing 
out of the AVar of 1812 He died February 
21, 1844; his wife died in December, 1870. 
On the maternal side, Mr. Charles G. Kerr 
is lineally descended from Nicholas Golds- 
borough, who came from England and set- 
tled in Kent Island about 1640. One of his 
descendants, Charles Goldsborough, of 
Dorchester county, maternal grandfather of 
Mr. Charles G. Kerr, was Governor of 
Maryland in 181 7, and a member of Con- 
gress from 1805 to 1817. He died Decem- 
ber 13, 1834. 

Charles Goldsborough Kerr received his 
initial schooling under private tutors and 
at Easton Academy, and subsequently at- 
tended private institutions in New Haven, 
Conn., and Washington, D. C. He was 
graduated from Harvard Law School in 
1852, came to Baltimore the following year 
and entered the law office of Messrs. Brown 
& Brunne, with whom he remained until 
his admission to the bar in June, 1855. 
After several years spent in the practice of 
law, Mr. Kerr and Mr. Thomas W. Hall in 
1858 founded a newspaper known as the 
Daily Exchange, publication of which was 
abandoned in 1861, when Mr. Kerr re- 
sumed the practice of his profession, in 
v.hich he has ever since been engaged. In 
1S79 he was elected State's Attorney for the 



6(12 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



city of Baltimore, an office which he held 
for four consecutive terms — sixteen years. 
He has been a member of both branches of 
City Council and was a Democratic elector 
in the Tilden-Hendricks campaign. He has 
been an active member of St. Andrew's So- 
ciety and its attorney for many years, and 
served for a time as its second vice-presi- 
dent. He was married .April 25, 1867, to 
Ella, youngest daughter of the late Hon. 
Reverdy Johnson. Mr. and Airs. Kerr have 
four children, Misses Mary Bowie and Ella 
Johnson Kerr, Charles G. Kerr, engaged in 
mercantile pursuits in Baltimore, and Re- 
verdy Johnson Kerr, law student. The 
family reside at 1513 Park avenue and are 
members of St. Paul's P. E. Church. 

WiLLi-A-M J. H. Watters, second mem- 
ber of the firm of Armstrong, Cater & Co., 
was born in Dorchester county, Md., July 
15, 1834. He is a son of the late Dr. 
Stephen J. and Mary (Cator) Watters, na- 
tives of Maryland, and descendants of Eng- 
lish settlers of the State. Dr. Stephen J. 
Watters was a practicing physician in Dor- 
chester county up to the time of his decease 
in 1840, traveling professionally a circuit of 
forty miles. 

William J. H. Watters attended the pub- 
lic scliools of Baltimore until he was thir- 
teen years of age, when he entered the em- 
ploy of Thomas Armstrong, who, in 1816. 
founded the wholesale millinery establish- 
ment now known as .Armstrong, Cator & 
Co., Baltimore, the oldest house of its kind 
with the largest jol^bing business in the 
United States. Mr. Watters began his busi- 
ness career as errand boy in the house of 
which he is now next to the senior member. 
He was .successivelv stock clerk, house 



salesman, traveling salesman, and since 
1865 a member of the firm. 

Air. Watters has been a member of the 
Board of Directors of the Commercial and 
Farmers' National Bank of Baltimore since 
1876. 

He was married July 9, 1872, to Louisa, 
d'aughter of the late J. C. Nicodemus, of 
Smith & Nicodemus, for many years lead- 
ing wholesale provision dealers of Balti- 
more. Mr. and Mrs. Watters have five 
cliildren, Robinson Cator Watters, an em- 
ploye of .Armstrong, Cator & Co.; Miss 
Mary L. Watters, and Masters Benjamin 
C, W. J. H., Jr., and T. C. Sydenham Wat- 
ters. The family reside at 1021 North 
Charles street, and attend Christ's Protest- 
ant Episcopal Church. 

William Wallace Taylor, President 
of the National Union Bank of Maryland, 
was born in Baltimore, June 29, 1821. He 
is a son of the late Robert A. and Mary Ann 
(Schroeder) Taylor, natives of Baltimore, 
the former of English, the latter of German 
descent. The first of the Taylors to come 
to .America settled in Pennsylvania in colo- 
nial days. Of his descendants, William 
Wallace Taylor, grandfather of the immedi- 
ate subject of this sketch, was born in 
-Adams county. Pa., December 16, 1769, 
married Alaria McKesson June 12. 1792. 
In 1789 he was engaged in the mercantile 
business in Fairfield, .Adams county. Pa., 
and upon his locating in Baltimore 
about 1794 was engaged in trade with the 
West. From this business he retired in 
July, 1S21, being succeeded therein by the 
firm of Taylor & Landstreet, the senior 
member of which was his son, Robert .A. 
Tavlor. William Wallace Tavlor, Sr., was 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



for some years prior to his decease (1832) 
President of the Commercial and Farmers' 
(now Commercial and Farmers' National) 
Bank of Baltimore. Robert A. Taylor was 
one of the directors of the Baltimore branch 
of the old United States Bank and after its 
failure was one of the incorporators and for 
a number of years in the directory of the 
Merchants' Bank of Baltimore. In 1825 he 
entered the wholesale package dry goods 
business in which he was succeeded in 1850 
by his son, William Wallace Taylor, the 
business being continued thereafter under 
the firm name of Taylor & Gardner until 
1865, when the firm was dissolved and the 
business discontinued. Mr. W. H. Taylor's 
maternal grandfather, Henry Hermann 
Schroeder, came to Baltimore October 13, 
1783, from Hamburg, where his father was 
a bishop. In his early manhood Henry 
Hermann Schroeder was engaged in a 
banking house in Vienna. Upon locating 
in Baltimore, he engaged in the importing 
trade as a member of the firm of Schley & 
Schroeder. He was one of the incorpora- 
tors (1804) of the Union (now National 
Union) Bank of Maryland. William Wal- 
lace Taylor, Jr., received his initial school- 
ing under the private tutorship of Charles 
Dexter Cleveland (afterwards and at the 
time of his decease President of Dickinson 
College). He then entered Mount Hope 
College, from which institution he gradu- 
ated in 1839. The following two years he 
spent in travel abroad. He then entered 
into business with his father, whom he suc- 
ceeded as already explained, and whom he 
also succeeded as Director of the Merchants' 
Bank of Baltimore in 1850. Retiring from 
the latter directory he became President of 
the Union Bank of ^larvland, in 1861, 



w^hich position he has ever since held. He 
is President of Baltimore and Frederick- 
town Turnpike Road Company; President 
of the Boonsboro Turnpike Road Com- 
pany; Director of the Central Savings Bank; 
Director of Baltimore Fire Insurance Com- 
pany ; Director of Parkersburg Branch, Bal- 
timore and Ohio Railroad; Director West 
Virginia, Central and Pittsburg Railroad; 
Director Carrollton Hotel Company; mem- 
ber of the Board of Managers of the Mary- 
land School for Deaf and Dumb, Frederick 
City, Trustee of the Wyman Byrd Memorial 
Fund : Trustee of the Hannah I^Iore Acad- 
emy, Reisterstown, Md., and Secretary since 
1875 of the Baltimore Clearing House As- 
sociation, of which the Union Bank has 
been the depository for forty years. Mr. 
Taylor's services have been frequently 
sought for positions of trust under munici- 
pal and State governments, but pressure of 
private and corporation interests compelled 
his declination of such honors. He was 
married February 4, 1847, to Catharine Au- 
gusta, daughter of the late Hugh and Au- 
gusta (McEvers) Birckhead, the former a 
son of Solomon Birckhead, one of the incor- 
porators of the Union Bank of Maryland, 
and the latter a daughter of Julian LeRoy 
McEvers and Elizabeth Leroy. They were 
married February 5, 1793. Augusta Mc- 
Evers was a niece of Chancellor Living- 
stone, of New York. Mrs. Taylor died in 
March, 1881, leaving three children, Robert 
A. Taylor, now a lumber merchant of Bal- 
timore, and Misses Catharine Augusta and 
Mary McEvers Taylor. The summer house 
of the family is "Craigie Burn." near Ca- 
tonsville, and the winter residence at 7 Mt. 
Vernon Place. Air. Taylor is a member of 
the Protestant Episcopal Church, was first 



664 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



connected with St. Paul's, and subsequently 
a member of the building commitee of 
Grace Church, of which he is vestryman 
and senior warden. He has been chairman 
of each committee authorized to select can- 
didates for the rectorship of Grace Church. 

John Nelson Steele, a member of the 
law firm of Steele, Semmes, Carey & Bond, 
was born on April i, 1853, at Hagerstown, 
Md. He is a son of the late I. Nevett 
Steele, wdiose personal history is given in 
this volume. John Nelson Steele, at the 
age of seven, was sent to the school of the 
late Rogers Birnie in Carroll county, Md., 
where he remained for four years. He 
then attended private school in Baltimore 
City until the fall of 1869, when he went to 
the University of Virginia. He graduated 
in its law department in 1873, and returned 
to Baltimore, Md., but being under the age 
required admission to the bar, he took the 
law course at the University of Maryland 
and graduated in the following year. He 
was associated with his father until the lat- 
ter retired from active practice in 1889. He 
then, with Mr. John E. Semmes and Mr. 
Francis E. Carey, formed the law firm of 
Steele, Semmes & Carey, with which I\Ir. 
Nicholas P. Bond became associated in 
1897. Mr. Steele had never held public of- 
fice until he was recently appointed a mem- 
ber of the Park Board of Baltimore City. 
He was married March i, 1880, to Mary 
Alricks Pcgram, daughter of William M. 
Pegram and Margaret Alricks, of Balti- 
more. Mrs. Steele is descended on the pa- 
ternal side from Edward Pegram, wdio 
came to Virginia in 1699 as "Queen's En- 
gineer and Surveyor to the Crown" and 
who settle;! on a tract of land, ten miles 



square, granted him by Queen Anne, and 
situated in Dinwiddle county about eighteen 
miles from Petersburg, and on the mater- 
nal side, Peter Alricks, wdio came to this 
country in 1657 and was for many years 
"Director and Commandant" of the Am- 
sterdam colony on the Delaware river. Mr. 
and Mrs. Steele have two children, John 
Nelson and Mary Margaret Steele, and are 
members of the Protestant Episcopal 
Church. 

Peter Sahm, Justice of the Peace, was 
born January 2'j, 1834, in Eschenan, Ba- 
varia, of which place his parents and ances- 
tors as far as their genealogy is traceable 
were natives. He w-as brought to the 
United States on the death of his father, in 
1836, by his grandparents, who located at 
Frederick, Md., where they continued to 
reside throughout their lives, the grand- 
father, Peter Sahm, dying at the age of 
eighty-six; his wife dying at the age of 
eighty. Peter Sahm received such educa- 
tion as the public schools of Frederick of 
that day afforded, and then clerked for some 
years in a general store of that place, saving- 
enough money during that period to em- 
bark in the same line of business for himself 
and was so engaged from 1856 to 1867. Al- 
though doing a large business he was not 
financially successful, this unfortunate state 
of afifairs being due to his strong Southern 
sympathy during the late war, which led 
him to a ready acceptance for goods of a 
vast deal of Confederate scrip wdiich he still 
holds in lieu of his more substantial posses- 
sions. Following his mercantile pursuits 
he was for six years Deputy Register of Wills 
at Frederick, and was his party's nominee 
at the close of this service for the ofiice of 





^^A. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



6C5 



register, for which he was defeated by a 
small majority. He was elected a member 
of the Board of Aldermen of Frederick in 
1874, and served for one year; and the fol- 
lowing year was nominated for Judge of the 
Orphans' Court, but was defeated. Follow- 
ing this he served as Justice of the Peace of 
Frederick for two years. In 1883 he re- 
moved to Hagerstown, Md., where he 
was engaged for two years in the wholesale 
and retail confectionery business. He then 
received an appointment as deputy keeper 
of the Maryland Penitentiary, serving in 
that capacity for three years. From 1888 to 
1894 he was manufacturer's agent for fine 
confectionery for a New York firm. In 
May, 1896, he was appointed by Governor 
Lowndes to his present position of justice 
of the peace at Baltimore. He was married 
March 25, 1858, to Mary A. B., daughter of 
the late Samuel Maught, a farmer and 
miller of Frederick county, Md. One 
son born of this marriage, Robert A. T. 
Sahm, is a clerk in the General Auditor's of- 
fice of the B. & O. Railroad Company. He 
married Miss Eva Smith, by whom he has 
one child, Mary Elizabeth. Esquire Sahm 
is a Mason, and resides at 806 N. Strieker 
street. 

RoBLRT Henry Smith, Attorney-at- 
Law, was born in Lower Chanceford town- 
ship, York county. Pa., December i, 1845. 
He is a son of the late Robert and Sarah 
Ross (Manifold) Smith, natives of York 
county. Pa., and descendants of early 
settlers of that section, of Scotch-Irish de- 
scent. Robert H. Smith attended the public 
schools and academy of his native county, 
then entering Lafayette College, Easton, 
Pa., from which institution he was gradu- 



ated with the class of '67. After teaching 
school in York county for one year, he came 
to Baltimore and read law under Sebastian 
Brown, was admitted to practice June 28, 
1870, and immediately thereafter formed a 
partnership with his preceptor with whom 
he was engaged in the practice of law under 
the firm name of Brown & Smith, until Jan- 
uary I, 1880, since which time he has had no 
partnership association; has offices now in 
the Equitable Building and makes a spe- 
cialty of admiralty practice. Mr. Smith is 
a staunch Republican and has been actively 
identified with his party's interests and 
work in Baltimore for a quarter of a cen- 
tury. He was Republican nominee for 
State's Attorney in 1883, for Chief Judge of 
the Supreme Bench in 18 , and for Con- 
gress in 1894. He was one of the original 
commissioners for the building of the new 
court house. President of the Board of Su- 
pervisors of Elections till May i, 1897, at 
which time he resigned; one of the Board 
and Secretary of the Trustees of McDon- 
ough Institute, and a Director of the Third 
National Bank of Baltimore. He was mar- 
ried April 23, 1873, to Helen A., daughter of 
the late Col. Samuel M.Alford, of New York 
City. Mr. and Mrs. Smith have one child. 
Helen Alford Smith, a student at Mt. Ver- 
non School; reside at 1230 N. Calvert street 
and are members of Second Presbyterian 
Church, of which Sunday-school Mr. Smith 
has been superintendent for nearly thirty 
years. 

William Strobel Thomas, Attorney- 
at-Law, was born in Baltimore January 31, 
1869. He is a son of the late John L. and 
Azalia (Hussey) Thomas, natives of Balti- 
more, the former of German-French, the 



666 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



latter of English-German descent. John P. 
Strobel, maternal grandfather of W. S. 
Thomas, was one of Bahimore's "Old De- 
fenders" in 1814. The late John L. Thomas 
was a distinguished member of the bar of 
Baltimore, representing numerous corpor- 
ate interests. He was Republican in poli- 
tics and was returned to Congress two terms 
from the Second District. He served as 
Collector of the Port of Baltimore under 
Presidents Grant and Hayes; was State's 
Attorney for one term and City Counsellor 
for two terms. He was a member of the 
Constitutional Convention of 1862 and a 
delegate or delegate-at-large to every Na- 
tional Convention of his party for many 
years. He was an eloquent and ready 
speaker and particularly felicitous in his 
post-prandial addresses. He died October 
15, 1893: his widow survives and resides in 
Baltimore. William S. Thomas was edu- 
cated in public and private schools and the 
City College of Baltimore; read law under 
his father's preceptorship while attending 
the law department of Maryland University; 
was graduated from that institution in 1890, 
and has since been engaged in the general 
practice of his profession in Baltimore. He 
is general counsel for Free Summer E.xcur- 
sions. The family reside at 1316 Linden 
avenue, and are members of the JMethodist 
Church. 

Hiram Woods was born in Saco, Me., 
January 29, 1826. His parents were Hiram 
and Eliza (Chase) Woods, the former a na- 
tive of Massachusetts and lineally de- 
scended from Miles Standish, the latter a 
native of Maine and also descended from 
early English settlers of New England. The 
subject of this ski-tr-li rnnio tn Baltimore in 



December, 1842, and took a clerkship in 
the shipping firm of Kirkland, Chase & Co. 
In 1849 he established himself in the gro- 
cery business in partnership association 
with the late Abraham B. Patterson and 
John C. Bridges, under the firm name of 
A. B. Patterson & Co.; upon the withdrawal 
of the senior member of the firm it was sub- 
sequently known as Woods, Bridges & Co. 
In 1852 Mr. Woods withdrew from the gro- 
cery firm to engage in the sugar refining 
business with the late Charles M. Dough- 
erty. Accessions to the firm of John Eger- 
ton and John L. Weeks resulted in the 
adoption of the firm name of Egerton, 
Dougherty & Co., and upon the withdrawal 
of Alessrs. Egerton and Dougherty and the 
admission of the late Joseph A. Barker, was 
thereafter known as Woods, Weeks & Co., 
until 1876, when the business was closed up 
and the partnership association ceased. In 
1879 ^^r. Woods entered into a real estate 
brokerage and agency business in which he 
has ever since been engaged with present 
ofifices No. 18 E. Lexington street. He is 
also agent for the Guaranty Company of 
North America. Mr. Woods was one of the 
directors of the ^lechanics' Bank, Baltimore 
Alarine Insurance Company, ^Maryland Life 
Insurance Company and Home Fire Insur- 
ance Company. He was one of the incor- 
porators of the Maryland Industrial School 
for Girls (now Female House of Refuge), 
has been one of its board of managers since 
its incorporation in 1866 and president of 
the board since 1893. Through Mr. Woods' 
efforts, in large measure, the funds were se- 
cured for the erection of the Baltimore Su- 
gar Refinery at Curtis Bay, of which he be- 
came secretary and business manager. The 
rpfiivr\- w;!*; di-;troved bv fire, rebuilt and 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



667 



passed into the hands of the now famous 
American Sugar Trust Company. He is 
President Female House of Refuge, Direc- 
tor Roland Park Company, Home Fire In- 
surance Company, Manager Maryland 
State Bible Society, Maryland Tract So- 
ciety, Manual Labor Society, and Sabbath 
Association. He is one of the Direc- 
tors of the Maryland Tract Society and 
also of the Alaryland Bible Society. 
He united with the Seventh Baptist Church 
under the late Rev. Richard Fuller, D. D., 
in 1847, gave to the congregation the 
ground upon which the Eutaw Place 
Baptist Church edifice is built, has been one 
of the deacons of that congregation since 
1872, is one of its board of trustees and was 
superintendent of its Sunday-school for ten 
years. He was married June 29, 1852, to 
Helen, daughter of the late Daniel Chase, 
of Baltimore. The surviving children bom 
of this marriage are Dr. Hiram Woods, Jr., 
of Baltimore; Rev. Frank C. Woods, of Up- 
land, Pa.; Elizabeth F., wife of R. H. Wood- 
ward, of Roland Park, Baltimore, Md.; 
Catherine H., wife of D. Dorsey Guy, assist- 
ant city editor Baltimore Sun, and Misses 
Helen C. Lucy C, and Ethel Standish 
Woods. The family reside at 1210 Eutaw 
Place. 

WiLLi.A^t Henry Baldwin, Jr., was 
born in .Anne Arundel county, Md., 
April 15, 1821. He is a son of the late 
Judge Wm. H. and Maria (Woodward) 
Baldwin, natives of Anne Arundel county, 
and descendants respectively of early Welsh 
and English settlers of the colony. Henry 
Baldwin, Judge Baldwin's father, was a lieu- 
tenant in the patriot army during the Rev- 
olutionary 'War. Judge A\'m. H. Baldwin 



was, as a boy in the United States Xavy, 
participating as a midshipman on the Pea- 
cock in the War of 1812. In later life he 
was a planter in Anne Arundel county and 
was for several years Judge of the Orphans' 
Court of that county. He died April 6, 1882, 
having survived his wife thirteen years. 
William H. Baldwin, Jr., received such 
schooling as was afforded by the country 
schools of his native county, and at the age 
of fourteen came to Baltimore to enter the 
employ of Jones & Woodward, leading 
wholesale dry goods merchants. The firm 
was succeeded by that of William Wood- 
ward & Co., Mr. Baldwin continuing with 
the firm and being admitted to the partner- 
ship with a small interest in 1844. Subse- 
quently his pecuniary interest in the busi- 
ness was largely extended and the tirm 
name was changed to Woodw-ard, Baldwin 
& Co., Mr. Baldwin being its second mem- 
ber. Mr. William Woodward died in May, 
1896, leaving Mr. Baldwin the senior sur- 
viving member of the firm which continued 
business under the name of Woodward, 
Baldwin & Co. Mr. Baldwin was one of the 
founders of the Maryland Savings Bank and 
its president since its incorporation, and is 
one of the Board of Directors of the Eutaw 
Savings Bank, Maryland Trust Company, 
Merchants' National Bank and American 
Fire Insurance Company. He is President 
of the new Mercantile Library Association, 
and was for a number of years a member of 
the Board of Directors of the Merchants" 
and jManufacturers' Association of Balti- 
more. He was married in 1859 to Mary P., 
daughter of the late Samuel Rodman, of 
Rhode Island. Mr. and Mrs. Baldwin have 
four children, Frank Gambrill Baldwin. with 
the firm of Woodward, Baldwin c^ Co.. at 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Baltimore; Carroll Baldwin, with the New- 
York Branch of the same firm, and Misses 
Riaria Woodward and Sallie Rod;Taan Bald- 
win. The family reside at 717 Park avenue 
and are members of Grace P. E. Church, of 
which Mr. Baldwin is a vestryman. 

Epaphroditus Swinnev, Attorney-at- 
Law, was born in Baltimore, April 2, 1834. 
I-Ie is a son of the late Joseph and Emma 
Matilda (Smith) Swinney, the former a na- 
tive of Virginia of Scotch-Irish descent, the 
latter of Maryland birth and English an- 
cestry and both descendants of early settlers 
of \'irginia. Joseph Swinney, great-grand- 
father of the immediate subject of this 
sketch, was a soldier in the Revolutionary 
^Var; his son Epaphroditus served in the 
Indian War early in the century, the latter's 
son Joseph was an agriculturist in early 
manhood but latterly a merchant in Balti- 
more, where he died in 187 1, his wife sur- 
viving him five years. Epaphroditus Swin- 
ney was educated in private schools and by 
private tutors of Baltimore. His first pro- 
fessional predilection was for the study of 
medicine which he jjursued until a strong 
distaste for the work of the dissecting table 
led him to abandon it and take up the studv 
<if law under the preceptorship of Judge 
Wni. v^^. liryan. He was admitted to practice 
by the Superior Court of Baltimore, Judge 
William Frick, presiding, June 2, 1854, and 
has ever since been engaged ui the practice 
of his profession in Baltimore with present 
offices at 217 Courtland street. He served 
for several years as major of the First Rifle 
Regiment of Maryland, his last commission 
ai- such (jfficer In-inL' signed bv Governor 



Hicks and bearing date of Februar}' 20, 
1861. The regiment was disbanded at the 
breaking out of the Civil War. It saw ser- 
vice in quelling riotous disturbances on the 
B. & O. Railroad at Hilchester and in the 
John Brown raid at Harpers' Ferry. Mr. 
Swinney was the people's candidate for 
State's Attorney in 1859, and the Greenback 
Labor party's candidate for Attorney Gen- 
eral of Maryland in 1879. He was for a 
number of years active in the local work of 
tile Sons of Temperance and Good Tem- 
plars. He resides at 1729 Fairmount ave- 
nue and is a member of Madison Square M. 
E. Church, 

Charles Hen'Rv Myers, Chief of Bu- 
reau of Industrial Statistics of Maryland, 
was born November 3, 1851, in Harford 
county, ;\Id. He is a son of the late 
Christian H. and Mary Ann D. (Meyers) 
Myers, natives of Maryland, and descend- 
ants of early German settlers, of the colo- 
nies. Mr. Myers' maternal grandfather par- 
ticipated in the battle of North Point. The 
late Christian H. Myers was supervisor of 
tracks for the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road from 1833 to 1846, and in that ca- 
pacity superintended the laying of the first 
rails of that road between Baltimore and 
Washington. From 1848 to 1854 he was 
employed in a similar capacity on the Phila- 
delphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Rail- 
road. An interesting fact in this connec- 
tion was that of laying tracks on the ice- 
bound Susquehanna during the winter of 
1852, over which trains were operated for 
several months. In 1854 Mr. Myers re- 
moved to Baltimore and was in Govern- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



66a 



ment employ as Superintenlent of Public 
Works up to 1859. He then resumed con- 
nection with the Baltimore and Ohio as 
Superintendent of Construction, and con- 
tinued in that employ until his retirement 
from business in 1876. He died in June, 
1888; his wife survived until the following 
March. Their son, Charles H. Myers, at- 
tended the public schools and City College 
of Baltimore, and supplemented this with a 
special course in mathematics under private 
tutors. From 1868 to 1873 he was time- 
keeper under his father in the B. & O. ser- 
vice. He then served an apprenticeship at 
granite cutting and continued to work at his 
trade until 1882, when he established him- 
self in the stone business, in which he was 
engaged until 1886. He was foreman in 
various stone-cutting establishments from 
the latter date until 1891, when he accepted 
the superintendency of the Gettysburg 
Granite Company's Works. In 1895 he 
was appointed superintendent of- Bridges of 
Baltimore, and in that capacity built the 
Ramsey street, Xorth avenue and Colum- 
bia bridges, and superintended the ma- 
sonry on the Boulevard Railroad. In Feb- 
ruary, 1896, he was appointed by Governor 
Lowndes to his present position, Chief of 
Bureau of Industrial Statistics of Maryland. 
Mr. Myers was for several years President 
and Secretary of the Federation of Labor. 
He is a member of the Knights of Pvthias. 
He was married in December, 1876, to 
Emma C, daughter of the late Otto 
Pietsch, for many years a leading musician 
of Baltimore and the founder of the Haydn 
Musical Association. Mrs. and Mrs. Myers 
have three children, Otto P. Myers, a stu- 
dent at Baltimore City College, and lola 
and Edna Myers. The family reside at 



1512 W. Pratt street and attend the Baptist 
Church. 

Robert Welch Owens, Attorney-at- 
Law, was born in Baltimore, November 16, 
1871. He is a son of the late Robert W. 
and Ida (Randall) Owens, natives of Mary- 
land and descendants of early 'settlers of the 
State, the Owens family antedating the 
Revolutionary War more than one hun- 
dred years. Of the early Randalls, Wm. 
Dilworth Randall was a soldier in the War 
of 1812. Robert W. Owens was educated 
in the public schools and City College of 
Baltimore, entered the law department of 
Maryland University, was graduated there- 
from and admitted to practice in 1896, and 
is now senior member of the law firm of 
Owens & Sauerwein, with the offices at 224 
St. Paul street. Mr. Owens is a member 
of Trinity M. E. Church. 

Frank Howard Sloan, City Surveyor, 
Baltimore, was born at Bloomsburg, Pa., 
November 7, 1866. He is a son of Charles 
Preston and Phoebe Ann (Lott) Sloan, na- 
tives of Pennsylvania, of English descent, 
the founder of the former family in the 
United States having located in Pennsyl- 
vania early in the century, and of the latter 
some years prior to the Revolutionary War, 
Col. Abraham Lott having served in the 
Continental Army. Charles P. Sloan is a 
retired manufacturer residing at Blooms- 
burg, Pa. His wife died in January, 1891. 
Frank H. Sloan was educated in public and 
private schools of his native town, studied 
civil engineering under a private tutor and 
began his engineering career in steam rail- 
road and general land surveying in Penn- 
sylvania. In 1887 he came to Baltimore and 



C70 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



was engaged until Februar\' 1890 as engi- 
neer of the Baltimore and Drum Point 
Railway. His next service was as principal 
assistant engineer of the Dunderberg Spiral 
Railway on the Hudson river. Returning 
thence to Baltimore in June, 1891, he be- 
came one of the Baltimore Traction Com- 
pany's stafif of engineers, remaining in that 
employ until his appointment in September, 
1892, as chief engineer of the City and Sub- 
urban Railway Company, in which capac- 
ity he served until elected to his present 
position of City Surveyor, November 5, 

1895. He is a member of the Young Men's 
Republican Club. Columbian Club, Balti- 
more Athletic Club and Maryland Bicycle 
Club. Mr. Sloan was married December 9, 

1896, to Margaret H., daughter of the late 
Charles Whiteley, of Washington, D. C. 
Mr. and Mrs. Sloan reside at 407 North 
Charles street and attend Grace P. E. 
Church. 

TnojL\s James Pritchett, Attorney-at- 
Law, was born in Somerset county. Md., 
Februarv 6, 1870. He is a son of the 
late Thomas and Sarah E. (Phoebus) Prit- 
chett. natives of Maryland, and both of 
whom are of English descent. Thomas J. 
Pritchett received his initial training in 
the public schools of Baltimore and under 
private tutors, then entering the law de- 
partment of the University of Maryland, 
from which institution he was graduated 
with the class of 1891. He remained in the 
office of his prccei>tor, Mr. Charles E. Hill, 
until Septeiu])cr, i8i)j, when he established 
an office in the J, aw I'uilding, where he has 
since been located and engaged in the prac- 
tice of his profession. Mr. Pritchett resides 
at 2516 North Charles street, and is a mem- 



ber of the First Methodist Episcopal 
Church. 

George Whitelock, junior member of 
the law firm of Schmucker & Whitelock, 
was born in Baltimore, December 25, 1854. 
He is a sou of the late William and Jane 
Stockton (Woolston) Whitelock, the for- 
mer a native of Delaware, the latter of 
Pennsylvania, and both descendants of 
colonial settlers. Charles Whitelock, 
George Whitelock's paternal great-grand- 
father, was a soldier in the patriot army 
during the Revolutionary War. The late 
William Whitelock located in 1824 in Balti- 
more, where he was for many years engaged 
in business as a manufacturer of fertilizers. 
He was President of the Third National 
Bank, Old Town Bank, and Washington 
Fire Insurance Company, and a Director of 
the Firemen's and Merchants' Marine In- 
surance Companies. He was originally an 
old-time Whig politically, but from 1861 to 
his death was a staunch Republican. He 
represented Baltimore county in the State 
Legislature during the session of 1876. He 
died June 28, 1893. George Whitelock 
completed his general education at Penn- 
sylvania Military College from which insti- 
tution he was graduated with the class of 
1872, entered upon the study of law under 
Samuel D. Schmucker, and was graduated 
from the law department of Maryland Uni- 
versity in 1875, and admitted to the bar in 
1876. He then went abroad to study 
languages and incidentally attended lectures 
at the University of Leipzig. Returning to 
Baltimore he formed his present law part- 
nership as.sociation. The firm's offices are 
in the Fidelity Building. Mr. Whitelock is 
one of the Board of Directors of the Alarv- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAXD. 



land Title Insurance and Trust Company. 
He was married December 30, 1878, to 
Louisa C, daughter of the late P. G. Sauer- 
wein, of Baltimore. Mr. and Mrs. White- 
lock have two children, Roberta C. and 
William M. E. Whitelock, reside at 5 W. 
Biddle street, and are communicants of 
Grace P. E. Church. 

Samuel Davies Sciimuckek, Attorney- 
at-Law, was born at Gettysburg. Pa., Feb- 
ruary 26, 1844. He is a son of the late 
Rev. Dr. S. S. Schmucker, a native of 
Maryland, of German descent, one of the 
most prominent Lutheran divines of his day 
and President of the Theological Seminary 
of the General Synod of the Lutheran 
Church for more than forty years. He was 
a prolific writer in theologic and mental 
science, and author of the "History of the 
Lutheran Church." He died in 1873. His 
wife was Miss Steenbergen, a native of Vir- 
ginia, and a descendant of early English and 
Dutch colonial settlers, several of whom 
were officers in the patriot army during the 
Revolutionary War. Samuel D. Schmucker 
was graduated from Pennsylvania College, 
class of '63, and from the Law School of the 
University of New York City, class of '65. 
He located in Baltimore, entered into prac- 
tice in 1866, and in 1876 formed his present 
partnership association with Mr. George 
Whitelock under the firm name of 
Schmucker & Whitelock, with present 
offices in the Fidelity Building. Mr. 
Schmucker was for some time President of 
the Bar Association of Baltimore City, and 
is at this time President of the Board of 
Trustees of Baltimore Orphan Asylum, a 
Trustee of Home for .A.jE;ed Men and 
Women, Henry Watson Children's Aid So- 



j ciety. Society for Protection of Children, 
j the Home of Reformation, Maryland Bible 
Society, Maryland Tract Society and Sun- 
day-School Union. He was married No- 
vember 16, 1869, to Helen J., daughter of 
the late John C. Bridges, who was a lead- 
ing coffee and sugar dealer in Baltimore 
for many years. Mr. and Mrs. Schmucker 
reside at 1712 Park avenue and are mem- 
bers of St. Paul's Lutheran Church. 

Mr. Schmucker was a member of the 
commission which prepared the present 
charter of the city of Baltimore. 

i William Thomas Henry, Supreme 
I Secretary, Shield of Honor, was born in 
Baltimore, September 22, 1848. He is a 
' son of the late Samuel T. and Elizabeth 
I Ann (Lowther) Henry, both natives of 
I Maryland, the former of Scotch and the lat- 
I ter of English descent. Samuel T. Henry 
} was in early manhood a passenger conduc- 
i tor on the Baltimore & Ohio when that 
road was operated only between Baltimore 
and Frederick, Md. An injury received 
led to his retirement from that service and 
his subsequent employment was in the man- 
agement of the lumber business of the same 
company, in which capacity he was en- 
gaged for a period of forty years and up 
to within a short time of his decease, April 
13, 1870. His widow survives and resides 
at 215 S. Gilmor street, Baltimore. Wil- 
liam Thomas Henry received a public 
school education, was employed under his 
father for two years and was then appren- 
ticed to the late John C. Davis, carpenter 
and builder. After mastering his trade he 
followed it for about sixteen years and dur- 
ing ten years of this period was millwright 
at No. 3 Elevator, Canton. He became a 



672 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



member of the Shield of Honor in 1878 and 
its Grand Master for the State of Maryland 
in 1882. In October, 1885, he was ad- 
mitted to the Supreme Lodge and elected 
to the positon which he has ever since held 
and still holds, of Supreme Secretary. Mr. 
Henry has represented the Nineteenth 
and Twentieth wards in the City Council 
of Baltimore for one term. He has been 
married twice: in 1870 to Miss Matilda 
S. Mabee, who died within a year, and in 
September, 1872, to Miss Maggie E., 
daughter of William Martin, an artisan 
of Baltimore. Mr. and ]Mrs. Henry 
have two children: Ada E.. wife of J- 
Frank Pumphrey, a granite cutter, and 
Samuel T. Henry, a granite cutter. Mr. 
and Mrs. Henry reside at 191 1 Harlem ave- 
nue, and are members of St. John's Inde- 
pendent M. P. Church. Mr. Henry is a 
member of the Royal Arcanum, Knights of 
Golden Eagle, Legion of the Red Cross, 
Improved ( Irdcr of Heptasophs, Junior Or- 
der United American Mechanics and Home 
Circle. 

Otto Hunckkl, Attorney-at-Law. was 
born in Bremen, August 10, 1831. He re- 
ceived his education in Bremen and was 
then articled to the leading leaf tobacco im- 
porting house of that city. After mastering 
the details of the business he made a tour 
of the United States when he became so 
favorably impressed with Baltimore that he 
determined upon locating in this city. He 
found service as buyer for the leaf tobacco 
house of Shaer & Kohler, in whose employ 
he continued for some years, then return- 
ing to Europe. After a sojourn abroad, he 
returned to Baltimore, where he engaged 
in extensive mercantile business, importa- 



tion of European wines, brandies, cigars, 
etc. He afterwards took up the study 
of law and was for twelve or fifteen years 
engaged principally as arbitrator in the 
settlement of business and other controver- 
sies. He was not admitted to practice law 
until 1893, purposely deferring his admis- 
sion to the bar not only because of its non- 
essentiality to his business as arbitrator, but 
of its possible detrimental effect. Mr. 
Hunckel was one of the most prominent 
and extensively known Germans in Balti- 
more and especially noted for his charity. 
He married Katharine, daughter of the 
late John Voneifl, a merchant of Balti- 
more, his former business partner. Mr. 
and Mrs. Hunckel reside at 2426 St. Paul 
street and are members of the Lutheran 
Church. Mrs. Hunckel has read law and 
is a graduate of Baltimore University 
School of Law, class of 1893. 

J. Frederick Requardt. Attorney-at- 
Law, was born at Bremen. September 28, 
1844. He is a son of the late John J. Re- 
quardt who located in Baltimore in 1855, 
and established a wholesale cigar and to- 
bacco business which was subsequently car- 
ried on under the firm names of J. J. Re- 
quardt & Sons and latterly Requardt Bros. 
J. Frederick Requardt attended Knapp's 
School, then entering into business with his 
father and brothers as above indicated and 
continued to be so engaged until 1879. Fie 
studied law with the late George C. Maund 
and cx-Judge King, was admitted to the 
bar in 1885, and has since been engaged in 
general practice with present ofifice, 322 
Equitable Building. Mr. Requardt was 
secretary for a number of years of the 
Schuctzcn Association of Baltimore. He 






C'-0\CvXl,/^'\A.C/c4v6wl S t/\0/V\/Vlit<<' 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAXD. 



673 



was married July 19, 1S71, to Bertha, 
daughter of the late Adoph Yeager, of 
Hesse Cassel. Mr. and Mrs. Requardt have 
five children, Dr. Whiteall Requardt, of Bal- 
timore; J. M. Requardt, attorney-at-law; 
Alice, Gustav Y., and F. Fred, Jr. The fam- 
ily reside at 2235 Eutaw Place and attend 
Franklin Street Presbyterian Church. 

AI.\j. George Chase Wedderburn was 
born at King George Court House, Va., 
April 17, 1842. He is a son of the late 
Dr. Alexander J. and Sarah Ann (John- 
son) Wedderburn, natives of Virginia, the 
former of Scotch, the latter of English de- 
scent. The Wedderburn family of the 
United States had its founder in the person 
of David Wedderburn, who came from 
Scotland in 1720 and located on York river, 
in the colony of Virginia. Dr. Alexander 
J. Wedderburn, his great-grandson, was 
surgeon in the United States Navy by ap- 
pointment of President Andrew Jackson, a 
position which he resigned to accept the 
chair of anatomy in the University of Louis- 
iana, to which State he removed his family 
from Virginia in 1842. He died in Wash- 
ington City in 1859; his wife survived until 
1895. Their son, George C. Wedderburn, 
was educated in private schools and under 
private tutors of New Orleans, La. At the 
breaking out of the Civil War he en- 
listed in Drew's Battalion of Cadets, of 
New Orleans, which battalion was subse- 
quently transferred to the Confederate ser- 
vice, serving until 1863, then joining the 
Third Virginia Battalion until the close of 
the war. Major Wedderburn was editor of 
the Richmond Bulletin, redhivus of the Sen- 
tinel, and upon the suppression of the Bulle- 
tin, became associated with Capt. Philip 

40 



B. Hooe in a commission business at Al- 
exandria, Va., under the firm name of Hooe 
& Wedderburn. In 1871, Major Wedder- 
burn was appointed business manager to 
succeed Col. James G. Berrett, of the Wash- 
ington (D. C.) Patriot, a campaign sheet 
which suspended publication after the de- 
feat of Horace Greeley. During the follow- 
ing two years he was business manager of 
the Richmond (Va.) Enquirer. In 1875 he 
was the Democratic nominee for Clerkship 
of the National House of Representatives 
on the ticket with Hon. Fernando Woods. 
He was clerk of the Committee on Investi- 
gation of Freedman's Bank, Washington, 
and was the author of the resolution calling 
that committee into existence. He was for 
two years Assistant Doorkeeper of the 
House and Superintendent of the Docu- 
ment Room until 1882. Coming to Balti- 
more, he engaged in the insurance business. 
He was appointed City Librarian by Mayor 
Davidson and was reappointed for two con- 
secutive terms under Mayor Latrobe and 
continued to serve under the latter's suc- 
cessor. Mayor Hooper, until November 6, 
1896. He has since been engaged in the in- 
surance business. Mr. Wedderburn has 
been Secretary of the Baltimore Business 
Men's Democratic Association since 1889. 
He is a member of St. Andrew's Society 
and resides at 2208 Ruskin avenue. Of his 
children, Lawrence Alexander Wedder- 
burn was killed while a cadet at Annapolis 
in 1882; George C. Wedderburn, Jr., is an 
Examiner in the Patent Office, Washing- 
ton, and John Wedderburn, a patent attor- 
ney in Baltimore. 

Allan Cleaveland, Attorney-at-Law, 
was born in Baltimore,'June 28, 1872. He 



374 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



is a son of Amos J. and Mary E. (Jones) 
Cleaveland, natives of Baltimore of Englisli 
descent. Amos J. Cleaveland is in the em- 
ploy of the Mas & Lambert Company, of 
Baltimore. Allan Cleaveland was educated 
in the public schools and City College of 
Baltimore, was employed as clerk for four 
years, then entered the law department of 
the Maryland University, was graduated 
therefrom in 1896, and admitted to the bar 
immediately thereafter, and is now engaged 
in the practice of law with offices in the Law 
Building. He resides with his parents at 
1338 X. Eden street and is a member of 
Eutaw Place Baptist Church. 

William Merriktck, Justice of the 
Peace, was born in Baltimore, September 4, 
1869. He is a son of James T. and Elizabeth 
C. (Lee) Merriken, natives of Baltimore of 
English descent. The Merriken family had 
its first representative in America in the per- 
son of Charles Merriken, who located at 
what is now Snow Hill, Worcester county, 
on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, in 1641. 
One of the family, John Merriken, who was 
captured at the battle of North Point, was so 
badly maltreated by his British captors that 
he died from the injuries received. James 
T. Merriken is a real estate dealer, of Balti- 
more. William Merriken received his edu- 
cation in the public schools and City Col- 
lege of Baltimore, and has since been en- 
gaged in the real estate business with his 
father. He was ap]K)inted to the office of 
justice of the peace for the Sixth ward of 
Baltimore, by Governor Lowndes in May, 
1896. He is a member of the Jr. O. U. A. M. 
and R. A. He was married December 16, 
1896, to Julia B., daughter of Samuel C. 
Hearn, an agriculturalist of Howard county- 



Mr. and Mrs. Merriken reside in East Balti- 
more and attend the Methodist Church. 

Dr. Alexander Lewis Hodgdon was 
born in Philadelphia, Pa., June 23, i860. 
He is a son of the late James Hodge and 
Sarah (Dana) Hodgdon, natives of Penn- 
sylvania, the former being English, the lat- 
ter an Italian name. Gen. Samuel Hodg- 
don, Doctor Hodgdon's paternal great- 
grandfather served on General Washing- 
ton's stafif in the Commissary Department 
of the patriot army during the Revolution- 
ary War, occupying the positions success- 
ively of Deputy Commissary General, Com- 
missary General and Quartermaster Gen- 
eral. The founder of the American family 
of Dana settled in Cambridge, Mass., in 
1640. Of his posterity Anderson Dana, who 
was a lawyer, served in the Connecticutt 
Legislature as a representative from the col- 
ony of Wyoming, and returning home dur- 
ing the massacre of Wyoming, was killed 
while fighting in defense of his country. 
He is also descended from Col. William 
Stevens, brother of Baron Philip Stevens, 
a follower of Charles the First of England, 
who was beheaded at Whitehall by order 
of Cromwell shortly after the monarch 
was executed; and from the Willards, 
the Weldons, the Tracys, the Adams and 
Huntingtons. All of the above families 
married Danas or Stevenses. Dr. A. L. 
Hodgdon was graduated from the Maryland 
University Medical School with the class of 
1884. He is dispensary physician Depart- 
ment of Nervous Diseases, College of Phy- 
sicians and Surgeons; one of the visiting 
physicians to Home for Aged, a Fellow of 
Virginia State Medical Society, member of 
Clinical Society of Baltimore, and Medical 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



and Chirurgical Faculty of ^laryland, and 
of the Sons of the American RevoUition. 

He was married April 25, 1888, to Lillian, 
daughter of John R. and Susan Huntington 
(Dana) Coolbaugh, of Wilkesbarre, Pa. 
Dr. and Mrs. Hodgdon have one child, An- 
derson Dana Hodgdon, reside at 1235 W. 
Lafayette avenue, and are members of First 
Presbyterian Church. 

Alfred Pratt Jump, Attorney-at-La\v, 
torn in Talbot county, Md., November 10, 
1832. He is a son of the late Charles and 
Margaret (Pratt) Jump, natives and de- 
:scendants of early settlers of Maryland, of 
English descent. Charles Jump was a 
planter; he died in 1852, his wife in 1872. 
Alfred Pratt Jump was graduated from Ox- 
ford (Md.) Military Academy in 1852; 
studied law under the preceptorship of the 
late Col. Samuel Hambleton, of Easton, 
Md., entered State National Law School, 
Poughkeepsie, N. Y., from which institu- 
tion he was graduated in 1853. Returning 
to Easton and being admitted to the bar he 
was associated in practice with his precep- 
tor for a number of years. For one year 
•during this period he was proprietor of the 
Easton Gacctlc. In 1857 Mr. Jump was ap- 
pointed Auditor of the Chancery Court of 
Talbot county, a position which he resigned 
in 1870 to enter upon the practice of law in 
Baltimore, where he has ever since been lo- 
cated, with present office at 211 N. Calvert 
street. He was married May 7, 1856, to Wil- 
helmina, daughter of the late Samuel Har- 
per, of Easton. Mrs. Jump died March 3, 
1894, leaving four children. They are Cora, 
wife of Robert N. Soper, a merchant, of Elk- 
ridge Landing, Md. ; Alfred Preston Jump, 
agent at Thurlow, of the P. W. & B. R. R., 



and who married Miss Lizzie Hannum, of 
Chester, Pa.; Dr. Clarence K. Jump, of Bal- 
timore, who married Miss Ella Whittaker, 
of the same city, and William Jump, of the 
P. W. & B., at Canton, and who married 
Miss Mollie Clickner, of Baltimore. Mr. 
A. P. Jump resides with his son, Doctor 
Jump, at 1202 Argyle avenue, and is a mem- 
ber of Columbia Avenue M. E. Church. 

T. Julius Schaumloeffel, Attorney- 
at-Law, was bom July 30, 1869, in New 
York City. He is a son of the late Nicholas 
S. and Annie R. (Dastadi) Schaumloeffel, 
the former a native of Hesse Cassel and the 
latter of Basle, Switzerland. The former 
was a wholesale clothing merchant of New 
York, who removed to Baltimore in 1879, 
where he followed the same pursuit, remov- 
ing thence to Rochester, N. Y., where he 
died in 18 . T. Julius Schaumloeffel was 
educated in the public schools, City College 
and Johns Hopkins University, of Balti- 
more. He then entered the law depart- 
ment of the Maryland University and was 
graduated therefrom and admitted to the 
bar in May, 189 1, and is now practicing law 
with offices in the Herald Building. He was 
a candidate for the Legislature from the 
Third District of Baltimore in 1895 and was 
defeated. He was married October 16, 1895, 
to Annie E., daughter of Henry Voltz, with 
Carlin & Fulton, hardware merchants. Mr. 
Schaumloeffel is a member of the L O. H., 
K. ofP. andjr. O. U. A. M. 

Henry Shirk, Jr., Attorney-at-Law, 
was born in Baltimore, Md., July 11, 1856. 
He attended the public schools and City Col- 
lege of Baltimore, graduating from the lat- 
ter institution with the class of '73. taking 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



the Peabody prize. He then entered the 
Sophomore class of Dickinson College, 
from which he was graduated in 1876. Two 
years later he had graduated from the law 
department of ^Maryland University and 
after some years spent in the further study 
of law in the offices of Amos F. Musselmann 
and W. Burns Trudle, established him- 
self in 1885 in the general practice with of- 
fices on E. Lexington street. jNIr. Shirk is 
a member of the Civil Service Association, 
Reform League and Twenty-second Ward 
Republican Club. He is a member of the 
First I\I. E. Church, and one of the Board 
of Stewards and a member of the Ad- 
visory Board of the Twenty- fourth Street 
Methodist Episcopal Church Mission. (For 
genealogy see Isaac Holmes Shirk, this 
volume.) 

Jamics D. Cotter, Attorney-at-Law, is a 
son of the late John and Mary F. Cotter. 
John Cotter was for a number of years iden- 
tified in a large way with the commercial 
and real estate interests of Baltimore. He 
died in the summer of 1893; his widow re- 
sides in Baltimore. James D. Cotter com- 
pleted his general education at Loyola Col- 
lege, graduating therefrom with the degree 
of Bachelor of Arts in the class of 1882. 
He was graduated from the law depart- 
ment of Maryland University in 1887 and 
was by election of his class its orator of 
the commencement exercises, at which he 
was also awarded the two faculty prizes of 
$100, each for highest percentage upon ex- 
amination and best thesi.s — the second in- 
stance up to that date in the history of 
the law school where both prizes were 
awarded to the same student. Immedi- 



diately after graduation Mr. Cotter was ad- 
mitted to the practice of law and is still en- 
gaged therein with offices on St. Paul street. 
Mr. Cotter was actively identified with the 
Tarif? Reform Association and a member 
of its Executive Committee. He is an In- 
dependent Democrat politically, a member 
of the Church of the Immaculate Concep- 
tion, and resides at 1122 W. Lafayette 



\\'illiam Frank Tucker, Attorney-at- 
Law, was born in Anne Arundel county, 
Md., May i, 1844. He is a son of the late 
William and Rebecca (Laughlin) Tucker, 
natives of Anne Arundel cotmty, and de- 
scendants of early settlers of Maryland. W. 
Frank Tucker was educated in the public 
schools and academy of his native county 
and at West River Classical Institute, Rev. 
R. G. Cheney, principal. In 1863 he came 
to Baltimore and was for one year engaged 
in mercantile pursuits. Returning to An- 
napolis, Mr. Tucker began the study of law 
under the preceptorship of James Revell, 
now Judge of the Circuit Court; was ad- 
mitted to the bar upon examination by 
Judge Aliller, late Chief Justice of Mary- 
land, in April, 1868; entered upon the prac- 
tice of his profession at Annapolis, where 
he remained until 1877, removing thence to 
Baltimore, where, until 1890, he had charge 
of attachment cases for the Baltimore & 
Ohio Railroad Company. He has since 
been engaged in general practice, wath of- 
fices now at 208 N. Calvert street. Mr. 
Tucker has taken an active nart in politics 
ever since attaining his majority, being 
identified with the Democratic party up to 
1S86, and since then with the Prohibition 
party, of which latter he has acted as State 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



organizer in each campaign up to 1896. 
He was a delegate to the Prohibition Na- 
tional Conventions of 1888, 1892 and 1896, 
in the last, placing the name of Hon. Joshua 
Levering for the Presidency. In this 
convention he also took a leading part in 
the advocacy of a single issue platform. He 
accompanied and assisted Mr. Levering 
throughout his New England campaign. 
Mr. Tucker was married April 25, 1872, to 
Blanche, daughter of the late Benjamin 
O'Hara, also of Anne Arundel county, who 
died February 9, 1897, and whose planta- 
tion adjoined that of the late William 
Tucker. Mr. and Mrs. Tucker have five 
children: Claude Tucker, with Paine & 
Co., bankers and brokers, of Baltimore; 
Adele, Alice, Benjamin and Philip; reside 
at 315 E. Huntington avenue, and are mem- 
bers of North Avenue Baptist Church. Mr. 
Tucker is a member of the Board of Trus- 
tees of his church and one of the Board of 
Directors of Glyndon Park Campmeeting 
Association. 

Frederic Chunk, Attorney-at-Law,was 
born in St. Mary's county, Md., December 
22, 1871 He is a son of the late Mark 
Bourne Chunn and Anna Matilda (Dent) 
Chunn, natives of Maryland, of English de- 
scent, whose ancestors were settlers of 
Maryland prior to the Revolutionary War. 
Frederic C. Chunn completed his general 
education at Charlotte Hall Military Acad- 
emy, engaged for three years in school 
teaching in St. Mary's county, then enter- 
ing the law department of Yale Univer- 
sity, from which institution he was gradu- 
ated in June, 1895. He was admitted to the 
bar at Leonardtown, St. Mary's countv, in 
the fall of '95; removed to Baltimore in 



jed in 



the spring of '96, where he is engage 

of law, with offices at 221 St. Paul 



practice 
street 



Morris Ames Soper, Attorney-at-Law, 
was born in Baltimore, January 23, 1873. 
He is a son of the late Samuel J. and Sarali 
(Hiss) Soper, both natives of Maryland, the 
former of English, the latter of English- 
German-Svviss descent. Samuel J. Soper 
served for one term as a member of the 
Maryland Legislature from Baltimore, and 
was subsequently his party's nominee for a 
court clerkship, but was defeated. He died 
April 16, 1889. His widow survives. Mor- 
ris Ames Soper was educated in the public 
schools and City College of Baltimore, from 
which latter institution he was graduated 
with the class of 1890. He then entered 
Johns Hopkins University, graduating 
with the degree B. A., in 1893. He next 
entered the law school of the Maryland 
University and was graduated therefrom 
and admitted to the bar in 1895. He was 
one of the attorneys for the Baltimore Re- 
form League and is counsel for the Society 
for the Suppression of Vice. His office is 
in the Equitable Building. 

Robert Brent Walling, Attorney-at- 
Law and senior member of the law, real es- 
tate and collection firm of Walling & 
Woodward, was born in Baltimore, Octo- 
ber 28, i860. He is a son of Charles E. 
and Adeline E. (Irwin) Walling, the former 
a native of Maryland and of English, the 
latter of Alabama and of Italian-English ex- 
traction. Mr. Charles E. Walling is now 
Superintendent of Public Schools, Morgan- 
town, W. Va. His wife died in June, 1879. 
R. Brent Walling was educated in the pub- 



678 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



lie schools and City College of Baltimore, 
and at Frederick College, Frederick, Md., 
from which institution he was graduated in 
June, 1879. He began the study of law 
under I. Thomas Jones, now Associate 
Judge of the Fifth Judicial Circuit ; contin- 
ued under Abraham Sharp and John F. 
Williams, attended one course of lectures 
at Columbia Law College, Washington, D. 
C, graduated therefrom in 1886, and upon 
oral examination before the Supreme Bench 
of Baltimore, January 28, 1888, was admit- 
ted to practice. He attends to the law busi- 
ness of the firm of which he is a senior mem- 
ber as above stated. He was married Janu- 
ary 29, 1893, to Marguerite E., daughter of 
Prof. David A. Woodward. Mr. and Mrs. 
Walling have one child, Marguerite Marie, 
reside at 337 N. Calhoun street and attend 
St. Luke's P. E. Church. 

Michael Joseph Conway, Attorney-at- 
Law, was born in the County Tyrone, Ire- 
land, May 21, 1869. He is a son of the late 
Daniel and Mary (McVeigh) Conway, both 
natives of County Tyrone, Ireland, the lat- 
ter a full cousin of Gen. James Shields, 
of the Federal Army in the late war. Dan- 
iel Conway was a merchant carrying on 
business in Baltimore for many years and 
being for the past ten years exclusively en- 
gaged in the importation of tea. He died 
December 12, 1896. His wife, two sons 
and two daughters survive, the sons being 
Dr. J. Henry Conway and the immediate 
subject of this sketch. Michael J. Conway 
received his education at Calvert Hall, Bal- 
timore; was for several years thereafter in 
the employ of his father, began the study of 
law under the preceptorship of Lewis 
Hochheimer, was graduated from the Bal- 



timore University School of Law, and ad- 
mitted to the bar in May, 1894, since which 
time he has been engaged in the practice 
of his profession in Baltimore. Mr. Con- 
way organized the "Guardian Building and 
Loan Association of Baltimore," of which 
he is general manager and associate coun- 
sel; is President of Division No. 2, Ancient 
Order of Hibernians, and Supreme Treas- 
urer of the "American Catholic League." 
He was married October 16, 1895, to Mar- 
garet, daughter of J. P. Harrington, a re- 
tired iron merchant, of Erie, Pa. Mr. and 
Mrs. Conway have one child, John Daniel, 
and are members of the Roman Catholic 
Church. 

Henry Brooke Gilpin, a member of 
the wholesale drug house of Gilpin, Lang- 
don & Co., was born in Baltimore, April 
3, 1853. He is a son of the late Bernard 
and Mary (Bernard) Gilpin, natives of 
Maryland, and descendants of early English 
settlers of the colonies, who were driven 
from England by religious persecution in 
the sixteenth century. The genealogy of 
the American Gilpins is clearly traceable to 
early in the thirteenth century. Bernard 
Gilpin was senior member of the firm of 
Gilpin, Langdon & Co., successor to Can- 
by, Gilpin & Co., who founded the business 
July I, 1845. Mr. Bernard Gilpin was 
President of the Merchants' and Manufac- 
turers' Association of Baltimore, a member 
of Baltimore Water Board, Director of the 
Third National Bank of Baltimore and 
President of the Emigration Society. He 
died May 7, 1897. His wife survives and 
resides in Baltimore. Henry Brooke Gil- 
pin attended the public schools and Lamb's 
School, Baltimore, and at seventeen en- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



679 



tered upon his business career in the em- 
ploy of Canby, Gilpin & Co., continuing 
with it and its successor, Gilpin, Langdon 
& Co., and having had a partnership in- 
terest in the latter firm since January, 1886. 
He is one of the Vice-Presidents of the Mer- 
chants' and Manufacturers' Association, 
Baltimore, and President of Mandand State 
Pharmaceutical Association. He was mar- 
ried October 27, 1886, to Hattie, daughter 
of Benjamin F. Newcomer, President of 
Baltimore Safe Deposit and Trust Com- 
pany. Mr. and Mrs. Gilpin have three chil- 
dren, Donald, Kenneth and Dorothy, re- 
side at 1207 N. Calvert street, and are com- 
municants of Emanuel P. E. Church. Mr. 
Gilpin is a member of numerous social and 
charitable associations of Baltimore and of 
the Masonic fraternity, a Knight Templar. 

John Stafford Woodward was born 
in Baltimore, November 11, 1870. He is a 
son of Prof. David A. and Josephine (Laty) 
Woodward, the former a native of Pennsyl- 
vania, of English descent, the latter a na- 
tive of Maryland and of French-English 
descent. David A. Woodward was for 
twenty years professor of drawing and 
painting in the Maryland Institute, of which 
he was principal, and is now pursuing his 
artistic calling with studio -on Lexington 
street. J. Stafford Woodward was edu- 
cated in public and private schools of Bal- 
timore and was engaged in mercantile pur- 
suits for several years, then forming his 
present partnership association with R. 
Brent WalHng under the firm name of 
Walling & Woodward and transacting a 
law, real estate and collection business at 
228 St. Paul street. Mr. Woodward resides 
at Relay, Md., and is a communicant of St. 
Luke's Episcopal Church. 



Isaac McCurlEy, Attorney-at-Law, was 
born in Baltimore, February 21, 1840. He 
is a son of the late William and Mary (Cur- 
ley) McCurley, natives of Baltimore and 
descendants of early Scotch-Irish settlers of 
Pennsylvania. Felix McCurley and James 
Curley, the paternal and maternal grand- 
fathers of the immediate subject of this 
sketch, located in Baltimore respectively in 
1799 and 1802. James Curley rendered 
much valuable public service, was City 
Commissioner for twelve years, a member 
of the City Council and of the State Legis- 
lature. William McCurley went to Califor- 
nia in 1849, where he died the following 
year. Isaac McCurley completed his gen- 
eral education at Dickinson College. Car- 
lisle, Pa., where he was graduated with the 
class of '62. He then enlisted in Company 
B, loth Maryland Volunteer Infantry, and 
served until 1864. During the last year of 
his college course he took up the study of 
laav, resumed it upon his return from the 
army under the preceptorship of the late 
George M. Gill and was admitted to prac- 
tice in December, 1864. His present office 
is at 227 St. Paul street. Mr. McCurley 
was in 1882 appointed auditor of the Cir- 
cuit Court of Baltimore, a position which he 
still holds. He was married January 13, 
1870, to Annie, daughter of the late William 
H. Stran, for many years and up to the 
time of his decease a merchant of Baltimore. 
Mr. and Mrs. McCurley have five children: 
William S., Annie, James W., Kate A. S. 
and Mary T. McCurley. William S. and 
James W. McCurley are engaged in mer- 
cantile pursuits in Baltimore. The eldest 
daughter, Annie, is the wife of Charles G. 
Summers, Jr., a merchant of Baltimore. 
Mr. and Mrs. McCuriey reside at 13 11 Mad- 
ison avenue and attend the Madison Ave- 



C80 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



nue M. E. Church. Mr. McCurley is a 
member of the Grand Army of the Republic 
and has filled the office of Post Commander. 

James S. Calwell, Attorney-at-Law,was 
born in Baltimore, November 25, 1855. He 
is a son of the late Lucien B. and Harriet 
(Sloan) Cahvell, natives of Baltimore and 
descendants of early settlers of Maryland. 
Lucien B. Cahvell was for many years a 
member of the firm of Sloan & Calwell, 
wholesale liquor dealers of Baltimore. He 
died in January, 1871 ; his widow resides 
in Baltimore county. James S. Calwell 
was educated by private tutors and at Steu- 
art Hall, attended lectures of the law de- 
partment of Maryland University while 
reading under the preceptorship of Charles 
H. Wyatt and Frederick F. Benzinger; 
was admitted to the bar in 1880, engaged 
in the practice of his profession alone 
until 1888, when he formed his present 
partnership association with Harry I\L 
Benzinger under the firm name of Ben- 
zinger & Calwell. Mr. Calwell is Secretary 
and Treasurer of Irvington Real Estate 
Company, of Baltimore; a member of the 
Reform League, Civil Service Reform As- 
sociation, University Club, Jr. O. U. A. M., 
and Royal Arcanum. He was married 
June 17, 1 89 1, to Amanda, daughter of 
Daniel Scott, a lawyer of Belair, whose 
father. Otto Scott, a distinguished jurist, 
first, in i860, codified the laws of Maryland. 
Mr. and Mrs. Calwell have three children, 
Amanda Norris, James S., Jr., and Lucien 
B.; reside at Irvington and attend St. 
George's P. E. Church, an edifice which is 
beautified with four memorial windows to 
deceased members of the Cahvell familv. 



Dr. Edward Augustus Smith was born 
April 14, 1862, in Baltimore, Md. He is a 
son of Henry and the late Josephine B. 
(Tilyard) Smith, the former a native of 
London, Eng., and the latter of Baltimore 
and of English descent. Mr. Henry Smith 
was engaged for a time in mercantile and 
manufacturing lines but has been for the 
past forty years in the employ of the North- 
ern Central Railway Company of Balti- 
more. Dr. E. A. Smith received his edu- 
cation in the public schools of Baltimore 
and was engaged as book-keeper for some 
years thereafter, during which period he be- 
gan the study of medicine, continuing it un- 
der the preceptorship of Dr. A. C. Pole, 
and at the Baltimore Medical College, from 
which institution he was graduated in 1891. 
He has ever since been one of the faculty 
of that college, occupying the chairs suc- 
cessively of Demonstrator (assistant) of An- 
atomy, Demonstrator of Physical Diagno- 
sis, Chief of Clinics in the Dispensary, and 
is now (1897) Demonstrator of Obstetrics 
and Gynecology. He is a member of the 
Medical and Surgical Society of Baltimore, 
the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of 
Maryland; the Royal Arcanum and the 
Loyal Additional Benevolent Association. 
He was married April 6, 1893, to Julia, 
daughter of the late Capt. James Tilghman. 
Dr. and Mrs. Smith have two children: 
Anna T. and Edward A.; reside at 2531 
Pennsylvania avenue and are members of 
St. Peter's Episcopal Churcli. 

David Henry Sanders, senior member 
of the firm of Sanders & Stayman, dealers 
in pianos, etc., Baltimore and Washington, 
D. C, was born in Rowley, Essex county, 
Mass., November 29, 1840. He is a son 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAXD. 



681 



of the late David and Elizabeth (Howe) 
Sanders, natives of Massachusetts, the for- 
mer of Scotch, the latter of English descent. 
Da\ad Sanders, grandfather of the immedi- 
ate subject of this sketch, located in Massa- 
chusetts from Scotland shortly after the 
Revolutionary War and became promi- 
nently identified wnth the interests of Es- 
sex county, which he represented in the 
State Legislature, and where he held a num- 
ber of offices of public trust. His son, too, 
was a valued and valuable citizen. The 
founder of the Howe family in the colonies 
was one of the early English settlers of New 
England and lineally descended from the 
same progenitors, as was Lord Howe one 
of the commanding oiScers of the British 
forces during the Revolutionary War. 
David Henry Sanders completed his educa- 
tion at Dummer Academy, Newbury, 
Mass., and then took up the study of music 
with a view to adopting it in one or other 
of its branches professionally. His studies 
were interrupted through the breaking out 
of the Civil War and his enlistment. May, 
1861, in the 2nd Massachusetts Volunteer 
Infantry, a part of the 12th Corps, up to 
and including the battle of Gettysburg, and 
thereafter upon the consolidation of the 
I2th and 20th Corps under the command of 
Gen. Joe Hooker, participating in all of 
the engagements of General Sherman's 
Georgia campaign. Mr. Sanders was suc- 
cessively promoted up to a lieutenancy. 
He was badly wounded in the battle of the 
Wilderness and was thereafter in the Vet- 
eran Corps. He was mustered out in 1864. 
Following his army service he was engaged 
as salesman for a Philadelphia piano house 
until 1867, when he came to Baltimore and 
founded the retail piano, organ and musi- 



cal merchandise establishment, now known 
under the firm name of Sanders & Stayman, 
and doing business in Baltimore at 13 N. 
Charles street, with a branch house at 1327 
F. street, N. W., Washington, D. C. The 
partnership association with the late Dr. J. 
H. Stayman was formed in 1871 and con- 
tinued up to the latter's decease, January 
31, 1896. Mr. James N. :Muller, now of 
the firm, became associated therewith in 
1894. Mr. Sanders has been a patron of 
musical enterprises of Baltimore generally 
and has given much time to choir leading 
and choral conducting. He w-as married 
May 7, 1868, to Anna F., daughter of the 
late Samuel Fort, a prominent citizen of 
Burlington, N. J., whose family subsequent 
to his demise, located in Philadelphia. Mr. 
and Mrs. Sanders have three children: 
Blanche, Corinne and Evelyn Sanders; re- 
side at 2212 N. Charles street, and are mem- 
bers of the First Methodist Episcopal 
Church. 

Olin Bryax, Attorney-at-Law, was born 
in Queen Anne's county, Md., June 22, 
1863. He is a son of the late Wm. I. and 
Mary C. (Bryan) Bryan, natives of Mary- 
land, of Scotch-Irish descent, and descend- 
ants of early settlers of the State. Wm. I. 
Bryan died in 1870; his widow now re- 
sides in Baltimore. Their son, Olin, at- 
tended Dover Academy and then entered 
the law department of Maryland University, 
from which institution he was graduated in 
1887. Immediately thereafter he w^as ad- 
mitted to the bar by the Supreme Bench at 
Baltimore, then entering upon the practice 
of his profession at Centreville, Queen 
Anne's county, where he remained until 
May I, 1896, when he removed to Baltimore 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



and formed his present partnership associa- 
tion wnth Mr. Alfred J. Carr. Mr. Bryan 
was an active Democratic partisan during 
his career in Queen Anne's county, was 
clerk of the County Commissioners from 
1887 to 1891, and a member of the State 
Legislature during the session of 1892. He 
is a member of the Knights of Pythias and 
one of the Grand Trustees of that order; a 
member of the Improved Order of Hepta- 
sophs and one of its Supreme Law Council; 
a member of the Essenic Order and its 
treasurer, and a Mason. He was married 
January 22, 1890, to Anna L., daughter of 
John Dodd, real estate agent, of Queen 
Anne's county. Mr. and Mrs. Bryan have 
three children, Dodd, Katherine and Hen- 
rietta; reside at 2021 N. Calvert street, and 
are members of the First Methodist Episco- 
pal Church. 

Robert ^^LvcrudEr, President of the 
Union Credit Company, Baltimore, was 
born in Washington, D. C, IMarch 
24, 1856. He is a son of the late 
Thomas J. and Sarah A. (Botler) :\Ia- 
gruder. natives of Prince George's county, 
Md., and descendants of early settlers 
of Southern Maryland. Thomas J. Ma- 
gruder was the first wholesale shoe mer- 
chant south of Baltimore, establishing him- 
self in that line at Washington, in 1844, and 
removing thence to Baltimore in 1861, 
where he was so engaged up to the time 
of his decease, July, 1890. The business 
founded by him is continued under the 
original firm name of T. J. Magruder & 
Co., in Baltimore, by his sons, Lyttleton 
and Edward B. Magruder. Robert Mag- 
ruder received his initial schooling in pri- 
vate schools of Baltimore and completed his 



education at Randolph-Macon College, 
Ashland, Va. He then entered the ofSce of 
his father's establishment and upon attain- 
ing his majority was admitted to the part- 
nership, having charge, during the seven- 
teen years of his connection with the firm, 
of its credit department. In 1890 he 
founded the Union Credit Company, of 
which he is president and general manager. 
He is one of the Board of Trustees of Ran- 
dolph-Macon College and was from 1889 to 
1895 President of the Board of County 
Commissioners of Baltimore county. Mr. 
Magruder was one of the incorporators and 
is now President of the .-Vtlantic Permanent 
Building and Homestead Association of 
Baltimore. He is a Mason, Knight Tem- 
plar, member of the Order of the Golden 
Chain and Jr. O. U. A. M. He was mar- 
ried September 11, 1877, to Elizabeth, 
daughter of the . late James P. Thomas, 
banker and broker, of Baltimore. Mr. and 
Mrs. Magruder have five children: Ham- 
lin, with T. J. Magruder & Co.; Herbert 
T., student at Bahimore City College; Ethel 
R., Robert, Jr., and Donald; reside on Park 
Heights avenue, Baltimore county, and are 
members of Arlington M. E. Church South, 
of which Mr. Magruder has been a member 
of the board of trustees for seventeen years. 
He is President of Wesley Grove Camp- 
meeting Association; member of the Gen- 
eral Conference Sunday-school Board, 
which has charge of the entire Sunday- 
school work of the M. E. Church South; 
president of the Baltimore Conference Sun- 
day-school Board of ISl. E. Church South; 
member of the directory of the Wesleyan 
Female Institute. Staunton, \'n.. ami mem- 
ber of Conunittce of General Conference M. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



E. Church South, to meet in Bahimore in 
1898. 

Charles W. Dorsey, President of the 
Manufacturers' National Bank of Balti- 
more, was born in Waterford, Loudon 
county, Va., May 7, 1838. He is a son of 
the late Capt. Allen M. and Matilda J. 
(Polton) Dorsey, the former a native of 
Loudon county, Va. (1812), the latter of 
Baltimore county, Md. (1814), and both 
descendants of early settlers of the colo- 
nies. Capt. Allen M. Dorsey brought his 
family, in 1840, to Howard county, where 
he was engaged in business as a carpenter 
and builder up to the time of his decease 
in 1846. His wife died in 1875. Three of 
their children survive, viz.: Mrs. Sarah F. 
Waidner (widow), who resides in Balti- 
more; Mrs. Simmons Paxson, who resides 
at Byrwin, Md., and the immediate subject 
of this sketch. Charles W. Dorsey re- 
ceived a limited public school and business 
college education and as a boy was com- 
pelled to earn a livelihood, his first service 
being that of a clerk in a clothing store, 
where he remained for two years. He was 
then apprenticed to learn the trade of car- 
penter: served his time and worked as jour- 
neyman until 1861, when he obtained a situ- 
ation as a street car conductor in the em- 
ploy of the Baltimore City Passenger Rail- 
way Company. The following year he was 
appointed substitute receiver of the com- 
pany and in 1863 was promoted to the as- 
sistant superintendency of the Company's 
Green and Blue lines under William C. Ar- 
thur. In 1864 he was made superintendent 
of these lines, a position which he continued 
to hold until 1872, when he resigned to en- 
ter the firm of W. J. Dickey & Sons, wool 



and cotton manufacturers, of Baltimore, 
with which he has ever since been con- 
nected. He succeeded the late W. J. 
Dickey as President of the Manufacturers' 
National Bank upon the decease of the lat- 
ter in 1896. Mr. Dorsey was married in 
December, 1872, to Lizzie A., daughter of 
the late William J. and Agnes (Murphy) 
Dickey, natives of the North of Ireland, who 
settled in Baltimore in youth. Mrs. Dor- 
sey died in 187. . and in 1876 Mr. Dorsey 
married her sister, Sarah J. Dickey. The 
children are Lizzie A., wife of Rev. F. F. 
Kennedy, and Edgar A. Dorsey. The fam- 
ily reside at Wetheredsville, Baltimore 
county, and are members of the Presby- 
terian Church, in which Mr. Dorsey has 
been a ruling elder for many years. Mr. 
Dorsev is one of the Board of Directors of 
the Ashland Manufacturing Company of 
Baltimore county, and Treasurer of the 
Wetheredsville Savings Bank, of which he 
was one of the founders. He is a Mason, 
Knight Templar, and was First Master of 
Sharon Lodge, Arlington. 

George C. Wilkins, General Agent 
Pennsylvania lines, Baltimore, was born in 
England, January 29, 1835, and began his 
long, honorable and fruitful railroad life in 
August, 1853, as rodman on surveys and 
construction of the Pittsburg and Connells- 
ville Railroad. He continued in that ser- 
vice until October, 1856, when he became 
an assistant engineer on the surveys and 
construction of the Southwest Branch and 
the main line of the Pacific Railroad of Alis- 
soiiri. 

In October, 1861, he returned to the 
Pittsburg and Connellsville Railroad and 
served as ticket clerk, ticket and freight 



684 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



agent and superintendent's assistant in the 
transportation department until January, 
1863, when he entered the employ of the 
Philadelphia and Erie Railroad as assistant 
engineer on construction, in which capacity 
and that of senior assistant engineer he was 
engaged until August, 1864, when he was 
made resident engineer of the Eastern Di- 
vision of that road. In March, 1866, he 
was promoted to lie Superintendent of the 
Middle Division, Philadelphia and Erie 
Railroad, and in March, 1867, to be Super- 
intendent and Resident Engineer of the Ty- 
rone Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. 
In November, 1873, he was transferred to 
pjaltimore as Superintendent of the Balti- 
more Division of the Northern Central 
Railway, and in January, 1875. he was ap- 
pointed Superintendent of the Baltimore 
and Potomac Railroad, and of the line south 
of Washington to Alexandria, and Quan- 
tico, \'a. Subsequently he was made Gen- 
eral Superintendent of the line from Marys- 
ville, Pa., to Quantico, Va. ; and in January, 
1883, he was promoted to General Agent of 
the Pennsylvania system of roads in Balti- 
more. His record in those positions com- 
prehends the development of the Baltimore 
Division of the Northern Central Railway, 
the acquiring of the Union Railroad, the 
double tracking of the Baltimore and Poto- 
mac Railroad, the creation of a large por- 
tion of the terminals at Baltimore and 
Washington, and the complete reorganiza- 
tion of the methods of operating these 
roads. For this work he was well equipped 
by his previous experience. When he took 
charge of the Baltimore Division in Novem- 
ber, 1873, the property was in a very un- 
satisfactory condition, its superstructure 
generally laid with iron rails, and with few 



exceptions, the bridges were of wood and 
had nearly reached the limit of serviceable 
condition. To give the details of the re- 
building of the division, the ballasting and 
relaying of the track with steel rails, the re- 
placing of the weaker iron and wooden 
bridges with iron bridges adapted to the 
heavier locomotives and trains of the pres- 
ent day; the establishment of greater sys- 
tem and higher discipline in its operation; 
the development of its suburban travel and 
business, would make this sketch too vol- 
uminous and they are therefore omitted; it 
is only necessary to say that previous to 
1883, when Mr. Wilkins retired from the 
general superintendency to become General 
Agent at Baltimore, the road had been 
brought up to the standard of the Penn- 
sylvania Railroad in respect to its roadway, 
tracks, masonry and bridges. 

Tlie Baltimore and Potomac road had 
only a single track, with a large passenger 
traffic, constantly increasing, and its opera- 
tion was a task involving the most con- 
stant care and great anxiety; the extensions 
of the second or double track were pushed 
forward from time to time vigorously until 
the entire road was laid with double-track 
in May, 1883. 

Mr. Wilkins has shown great ability and 
signal success in the direction and manage- 
ment of men. This is largely due to the 
fact that while he demands and secures the 
best possible results from their labor for 
the company, his treatment of the employes 
is just and kindly, attaching the men to the 
service, and creating that esprit de corps 
so essential in the operation of a great trust 
involving the employment of a large num- 
ber of men. He has always retained in 
himself the final judgment in all cases of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



discipline, and never delegates to a subor- 
dinate the right to suspend or discharge an 
employe for any cause. When he was 
transferred from the Tyrone Division of the 
Pennsylvania Railroad to the Baltimore Di- 
vision in 1873, he left that division, which 
he had received in the usual poor condition 
of a lateral branch, fully up to the Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad standard, and carried with 
him to his new field of labor the esteem and 
good-will of the employes left behind, as 
evidenced by a handsomely engrossed tes- 
timonial now hanging in his office, to "the 
ability, judgment, and above all, the high 
regard you have always shown for the just 
rights of all with whom your public busi- 
ness or private intercourse has brought you 
in contact has not only resulted in the suc- 
cess of this division, so that it stands second 
to none, but has won from all a warm re- 
gard for you, both officially and person- 
ally." 

In the memorable strike of 1877, the em- 
ployes of the Baltimore Division, shopmen 
as well as trainmen, recognizing his con- 
scientious interest in their personal welfare, 
in the panicky condition of vvorkingmen at 
that critical period, responded to his appeal 
to their manhood and loyalty by determin- 
ing that there should be no strike and no 
violence on the Baltimore Division, and 
there was none. Language cannot fully 
describe the feverish condition of labor, or 
the anxiety of those supervising it at this 
critical juncture, but Mr. Wilkins knew his 
men, and was known and recognized by 
them to be wise and just, and his words of 
counsel and admonition, fitly spoken and at 
the right time, stilled the threatened temp- 
est in North Baltimore, while under similar 
circumstances in South Baltimore the 



strong arm of the military was required to 
protect the property of the Baltimore and 
Ohio Company, with only partial success. 
Not a dollar's worth of damage was done to 
the property of the Northern Central or 
Baltimore and Potomac Companies during 
that crisis. Thomas A. Scott, President of 
the road, in his annual report dated Febru- 
ary 28, 1878, in commenting upon the 
strike, said: "It is a source of great gratifi- 
cation to be able to commend the prompt 
action of Mr. Wilkins, Superintendent of 
the Baltimore Division, and the sensible and 
prudent course pursued by the other offi- 
cers and men in your service connected with 
the operation of and maintenance of your 
line through which the men declined to join 
in the strike, and remained at their posts. 
The Board desires to place on record their 
appreciation of this most satisfactory and 
honorable action upon the part of your offi- 
cers and employes." 

And Frank Thomson, then General Man- 
ager, in his report, said: "It is a source of 
great gratification, however, to state that 
under the guidance of Mr. George C. Wil- 
kins, Superintendent of the Baltimore Divi- 
sion, our men stood firmly at their posts, 
manfully protected the property of the com- 
pany, faithfully and zealously performed the 
duties required of them, and exhibited a de- 
gree of loyalty and fidelity that, in view of 
the trying circumstances, is especially com- 
mendable." 

In January, 1883, Mr. Wilkins was ap- 
pointed General Agent at Baltimore for all 
the railways centering there allied in inter- 
est with the Pennsylvania Railroad Com- 
pany. His duties require him to keep him- 
self advised in respect to commercial and 
other questions affecting the interests of the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



company, and to have general super\'ision 
of the business in that city. 

Jamks E. Ingram, Jr., Attorney-at-Law, 
was born in Baltimore, November 12, 1873. 
He is a son of James E. Ingram, manufac- 
turer of Baltimore, whose personal history 
is contained in this volume. James E. In- 
gram, Jr., received his education in private 
schools and the Johns Hopkins University, 
of Baltimore, then entered the law depart- 
ment of the University of Maryland, from 
which institution he was graduated in June, 
1896; his admission to the bar following im- 
mediately thereafter. He is now practicing 
law with offices in the Law Building. 

John J. Wade, Attorney-at-Law, was 
born in Montgomery county, Va., September 
12, 1824. He is a son of the late John and 
Susannah (Trigg) Wade, natives of Vir- 
ginia, the former of Scotch-Irish, the latter 
of English descent. John Wade was a son 
of David Wade who came from Scotland at 
the close of the Revolutionary War, and 
after a short stay in Pennsylvania, settled at 
Charlottesville. Va., in 1784. The Triggs 
were among the earliest English settlers of 
Montgomery. Sol. Daniel Trigg, maternal 
grandfather of John J. Wade, was a soldier 
in the Revolutionary War. John J. Wade 
was graduated from Washington-Lee Col- 
lege, Class of '47, studied law under Alexan- 
der Eskridge, of Fincastle, Va., and was li- 
censed to practice in 1849. He pursued his 
profession in Montgomery county, serving 
for several terms as State's Attorney of 
Montgomery and Giles counties. At the 
breaking out of the war he enlisted in the 
Confederate Army, having conmiand of a 
company, and during his first year's service 



was promoted to a lieutenant-colonelcy and 
had command until the close of the war of 
the Fifty-fourth Virginia, the colonel of that 
regiment being for nearly all that period on 
detached duty and acting as brigadier gen- 
eral. The service of the Fifty-fourth was in 
Kentucky, Tennessee and Georgia, under 
Generals Bragg, Johnston and Hood. At 
the close of the war Mr. Wade resumed 
practice in Montgomery county, Va., where 
he remained until 1875 when he removed to 
Baltimore, where he has since followed his 
profession. He was married September 13, 
1849, to Mary A., daughter of Gen. A. A. 
Chapman, of Monroe county, Va. (now 
West Virginia), General Chapman repre- 
sented his district in Congress for several 
terms. Mr. and Mrs. Wade have six sons: 
W. A. Wade, graduate of Virginia Univer- 
sity, class of '88, and lawyer of Baltimore; 
Dr. James T. Wade, of Nebraska; Geo. B. 
Wade, civil engineer, Baltimore; Walter I. 
Wade, mercantile business, Philadelphia; 
Dr. J. Percy Wade, Superintendent Spring 
Grove Asylum, and Hubert B. Wade, civil 
engineer, Delaware. Mr. and Mrs. Wade 
reside at 1819 Madison avenue, and are 
members of Maryland Avenue Presbyterian 
Church, of which Mr. Wade is an elder and 
member of the Board of Trustees. 

Henry Lingenfelder, Attorney-at- 
Law, was born in Baltimore, October 26, 
1846. He is a son of the late Frederick H. 
and Mary A. (Schmidt) Lingenfelder, the 
former a native of Bavaria, and the latter of 
Hesse Cassel. Frederick H. Lingenfelder 
came from Germany and located in Balti- 
more in 1832, and was for many years in the 
employ of the firm of Henry W. Jenkins & 
Son. He died September 20, 1862; his 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



687 



Avidow, April 13, 1897. Henry Lingenfelder 
was educated in the public schools and by 
private tutors of Baltimore, studied law un- 
der the precptorship of the late Archibald 
Stirling, Jr., was admitted to the bar in 1872, 
and has since been engaged in the general 
practice of law in partnership association, 
latterly with Wm.M. Marine, under the firm 
name of jMarine & Lingenfelder, with offices 
in the Law Building, Baltimore. Mr. Lin- 
genfelder is a staunch Republican, and has 
been actively identified with his party's in- 
terests and work in Baltimore since 1868. 
He has been for a number of years Secretary 
of the Republican State Central Committee, 
has been delegate to numerous State, Con- 
gressional and municipal conventions, but 
has been without personal aspiration for of- 
fice although urged to accept nominations 
therefor, yir. Lingenfelder was Special 
Deputy under Collector of Customs, W. M. 
Marine, from March, 1890, to June i, 1894. 
He is one of the directory of the South Bal- 
timore Bank and counsel for that institu- 
tion; he is one of the Board of Governors of 
the South Baltimore Business Men's Asso- 
ciation, and President of the Baltimore Jour- 
nal Publishing Co., which publishes a Ger- 
man daily and weekly newspaper in Balti- 
more. He is a member of the German His- 
torical Society of Maryland, of the Masonic 
Order, Knights of Pythias, Independent 
Order of Red Men, Ancient Order of United 
Workmen and Royal Arcanum. He was 
married October 29, 1869, to Emma V., 
daughter of the late William B. Parkes, 
merchant of Baltimore. Mr. and Mrs. Lin- 
genfelder have four children: A. Stirling, 
William W., Henry H., and Elise B. Lin- 
genfelder, students. Mr. Lingenfelder is a 
member of the Episcopal Church, St. John 



the Baptist, and is one of its Guild. Mrs. 
Lingenfelder is a member of Light Street 
Presbyterian Church. The family reside at 
835 Light street. 

Alfred Jenkins Shriver, Attorney-at- 
Law, was born in Baltimore, June 5, 1867. 
He is a son of the late Albert and Annie 
(Jenkins) Shriver, the former of that branch 
of the Shriver family from Union Mills, Car- 
roll county, Md., and the latter a daughter 
of the late Alfred Jenkins, who was during 
the period of his active business life (1840 to 
1870) one of Baltimore's most prosperous 
and progressive merchants. Alfred Jenkins 
Shriver was graduated from Johns Hopkins 
University, with honors, June, 1891. Dur- 
ing the winter of 1891-92 he remained as a 
University scholar of the Johns Hopkins at 
the same time attending lectures at the Law 
School of Maryland University, from which 
he was graduated with the degree of LL. B., 
May 26, 1893. He was admitted to the bar 
May 30, 1893. The degree of M. A.was con- 
ferred upon him by Loyola College in 1894. 
Mr. Shriver's office is in the National Me- 
chanics' Bank Building and his home is at 
108 W. Mulberry street. 

John Bannister Hall. Jr., Attorney-at- 
Law.was born in Baltimore, March 14,1865. 
He is a son of John Bannister and Louisa 
Dorsey (Polk) Hall, the latter being a 
daughter of Capt. William Winder Polk of 
the United States Navy, and who partici- 
pated in the battle of North Point. The 
Halls are of Irish and the Polks of Scotch- 
Irish descent. The father of our subject, af- 
ter whom he was named, was himself named 
for his uncle John Bannister Gibson, at one 
time Chief Justice of Pennsylvania. His 



688 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



maternal great-grandfather was Judge Wil- 
liam Polk, of Somerset county, Md. 

John Bannister Hall, Sr., was a grain 
merchant of Baltimore for a number of 
years, and is now general agent for ]\Iary- 
land of the Massachusetts Mutual Life In- 
surance Company. John Bannister Hall, 
Jr., received his education in the public 
schools and City College of Baltimore; ful- 
filled the duties of mercantile banking and 
railroad clerkships for some years, during 
which he became interested in the study of 
law finally preparing himself for oral exam- 
ination before the Supreme Bench of the 
city of Baltimore, which he passed in Octo- 
ber, 1894, and has since engaged in the prac- 
tice of law with offices at 207 St. Paul street. 

Jos. Alban Gilpin, Attorney-at-Law, 
was born in Montgomery county, Md., No- 
vember 18, 1870. He is a son of the late Gid- 
eon J. and Sarah B. (Levering) Gilpin, the 
former a native of Delaware, the latter of 
Maryland, and both descendants of early 
English settlers of the colonies. Gideon J. 
Gilpin, whose father had large cotton mill 
interestsinMongomerycounty,died in 1895. 
His widow resides in Baltimore. Joseph A. 
Gilpin completed his schooling at the 
Friends' High School, Sandy Spring, Mont- 
gomery county, Md., read law under the 
preceptorship of Sebastian Brown, Balti- 
more, and was admitted to the bar in Mont- 
gomery county in 1892. After a two years' 
course in the law department of Mary- 
land University, he entered upon the prac- 
tice of his profession in Baltimore. He was 
one of the founders of and is now counsel for 
the Amercan Mercantile Law Company of 
Baltimore, a corporation with a paid up cap- 
ital of a million dollars, with offices in the 



Builders' Exchange Building. Mr. Gilpin 
resides at 2402 Alaryland avenue and is a 
member of the Hicksite Branch of Friends 
Church. 

William Benthall, Assistant Engineer 
of the Water Department of Baltimore, was 
born in Baltimore, February 23, i860. He 
is a son of the late William McRae and 
Sophia E. (Mitchell) Benthall, natives of 
Maryland and descendants respectively of 
early settlers of Virginia and Maryland. 
William Benthall received his general edu- 
cation in the public schools and City Col- 
lege of Baltimore and pursued the study of 
engineering under private tutors. In April, 
1875, he entered the employ of the Water 
Department as assistant engineer on the 
preliminary survey of Gunpowder perma- 
nent supply of Baltimore City Water Works 
and during this period was a pupil in the 
drawing school of the Maryland Institute. 
From early spring, 1 881, he spent two years 
in railroad construction engineering, for the 
first part of this period on the Richmond 
and Alleghany in Virginia and latterly on 
the Lehigh Valley, being in the latter con- 
nection assistant engineer in charge of 
maintenance of way. Returning to Balti- 
more in 1883 he resumed his connection 
with the Water Department of the city as 
assistant . engineer in the construction of 
Lake Clifton. He was next resident engi- 
neer in charge of the construction of Guil- 
ford reservoir. Following this he had 
charge of repairs on six forty inch pipe lines 
leading from Lake Clifton. Upon the suc- 
cession of Major Kfenly in '93 to the office 
of Chief Engineer of the Department, Mr. 
Benthall became Assistant Chief Engineer 
in charge of the county division, his present 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



689 



position under Major Keiily's successor, 
j\lr. Hill. He was married June 14, 1883, 
to Carrie A., daughter of the late John Hess, 
of Reading, Pa. :Mr. and :\Irs. Benthall 
have two children, Dwindle and Dorothy 
A.; reside at 34 W. Twenty-fifth street, and 
are members of the Episcopal Church. Mr. 
Benthall is a life member of the ^laryland 
Institute, and a member of the ^lasonic fra- 
ternity. 

Harry Edgar Scherf was born in 
Washington, D. C, November 13, 1875. 
He is a son of Harry and Huldah Scherf, 
both of German descent, who resided in 
Washington until the decease of the former 
in 1883, when his widow removed to Balti- 
more, where she has since resided. Harry 
E. Scherf was educated in the public schools 
and City College of Baltimore, began the 
study of law with E. and Joseph A. Clark, 
entered the Baltimore University School of 
Law, was graduated therefrom May 18, 
1896, and was admitted to practice upon at- 
taining his majority. He is practicing law 
with offices in the \"ansant Fjuilding. 

George Worthixgton McCreary, City 
Librarian of Baltimore, was born in New 
York, January 14, 1859. He is a son of the 
late James A. and Hannah M. (Rayner) Mc- 
Creary, natives of New York and of Scotch- 
English descent. James A. McCreary lo- 
cated in Baltimore in 1868, where he was 
engaged in the oil and varnish manufactur- 
ing business of James A. McCreary & Co., 
up to the date of his demise, December 5, 
1888. His widow resides in Baltimore. 
Their son, George W. McCreary, was grad- 
uated from Baltimore City College in 1875, 
and from Johns Hopkins University in 1879, 
41 



and has the distinction of being the first stu- 
dent graduated from that world-famed in- 
stitution with the degree of Bachelor of 
Arts. He wasAssistantLibrarian of theUni- 
versity at intervals up to 1895, the intervals 
being portions of several years when his 
services were in request at the Johns Hop- 
kins Hospital Library, and periods spent in 
teaching and other literary work, which lat- 
ter occupation have engaged his time since 
his connection with the libraries as above. 
His appointment as City Librarian was con- 
firmed in November, 1896. and he entered 
upon the discharge of his duties as such No- 
vember 24th. Mr. McCreary was nomi- 
nated for the office by both the Mayor and 
City Council. He resides at 1019 Edmon- 
son avenue, and is a member of the Metho- 
dist Episcopal Church. 

Dr. John Chapin Travers was born in 
Dorchester county, Md., April 22, 1872. 
He is a son of the late William McKay and 
Eugenia (Keene) Travers, natives of Mary- 
land and descendants of early English set- 
tlers of the colony. The founder of the 
American family took up land in Dorches- 
ter county, on an original patent, much of 
which is still in possession of his lineal de- 
scendants. William McKay Travers was 
a merchant, an active Democrat and mem- 
ber of the Democratic State Central Com- 
mittee. He died in 1888; his widow resides 
in Baltimore. Their son, John C. Travers, 
completed his general education at Mt. St. 
Mary's College, studied medicine under Dr. 
B. L. Smith, of Dorchester county, Md., 
was graduated from Maryland University 
Medical Department, class of '95, and has 
since been assistant to dispensary physi- 
cian, nose and throat department, Univer- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



sity. He is engaged in general practice 
wdth office and residence at No. 522 Han-. 
over street. 

Edward Spalding Kines, Attorney-at- 
Law, was born in Baltimore, September 12, 
1871. He is a son of J. William and S. Eliz- 
abeth (Durst) Kines, both natives of Balti- 
more and of Swiss descent, whose ancestors 
located in Baltimore from Switzerland in 
1808 among numerous exiles from their na- 
tive land, driven thence Ijv the tyranny of 
Napoleon. All of the members of both 
families have been engaged in mercantile 
or manufacturing pursuits in Baltimore. J. 
William Kines was for twelve years a mem- 
ber of the Baltimore Board of School Com- 
missioners and is now General Manager of 
the vSoutheastern District of the Mutual 
Life Insurance Co., of New York. Ed- 
ward S. Kines received his general educa- 
tion in the public schools of Baltimore and 
was valedictorian of his class when gradu- 
ated from the City College. He held for 
four years the chair of English and Oratory 
in the Baltimore Polytechnic Institute and 
during this period began the study of law, 
continuing it under the preceptorship of 
Thomas S. Hodson and in the law dei)art- 
ment of the Maryland University, graduat- 
ing therefrom and being admitted to the 
bar immediately thereafter. He was a 
member of the law firm of Hodson, Kines 
& Hodson u)itil its dissolution at the close 
of 1896, since which time he has been en- 
gaged in the practice of his profession 
alone, with offices in the Equitable Build- 
ing. Mr. Kines is a Deiuocrat and particu- 
larly active in each campaign since 1892. 
He is Secretary of the Maryland Prisoners' 
Aid Association. He was married Septem- 



ber 18, 1895, to Miss Therese L., daughter 
of E. J. Edwards, of the Water Department 
of Baltimore. Mr. and Mrs. Kines reside 
at 21 10 McCulloh street, and are members 
of Corpus Christi Church. 

George Norbury Mackenzie, Attor- 
ney-at-Law, and assistant secretary-treas- 
urer of the Aiuerican Bonding and Trust 
Co., of Baltimore, was born in Baltimore, 
May 4, 185 1 . He is a son of the late George 
Norbury and Martha Anne (Downing) 
Mackenzie, natives of Maryland and de- 
scendants respectively of tlu earliest Scotch 
and English settlers of the colonies, promi- 
nent among whom were Richard Treat and 
Jdhn Deming, royal charterers of Con- 
necticut; Hon. Edward Howell, one of the 
founders of Southampton, L. I., and a mem- 
l)er of the Provincial Assembly; r\iaj. John 
Howell, of Long Island; Robert Williams, 
of Roxbury; Col. Joseph Williams, of 
Roxbury, who served during the French 
and Indian Wars and took a prominent part 
in directing the affairs of Massachusetts 
during the early period of the Revolution; 
(■(jvcrnor Robert Brooke, of Maryland; 
Capt. James Neale, of Maryland; Rich- 
ard Johns, Capt. John Hance, Richard 
Duke, Capt. Francis Hutchins and Richard 
Galloway, all prominent in the earliest peri- 
ods of Maryland history, and Hon. Barthol- 
omew Coppoch, in 1682 one of the Council 
of William Penn. The imtiiigrant ancestor 
of the Mackenzies in Maryland was Thomas 
Mackenzie, of Inverness, Scotland, a cadet 
of the Home of Seaforth. who left Scotland 
after the uprising of 1743 and Ci_>niing 
to Maryland settled in Calvert county, 
marrying first Rebecca Johnson, sister of 
Thomas Johnson, of Maryland, first Gov- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



691 



ernor after the Revolution, and secondly 
Ann Johns, daughter of Abraham Johns, of 
Calvert county, Md. The late George Nor- 
bury Mackenzie was a prominent merchant 
of Baltimore, where he was engaged in 
business for forty-five years and up to the 
time of his decease in 1887. He was active 
in his connection with St. Barnabas P. E. 
Church, of which he was vestryman for 
many years. He was one of the founders 
and a member for many years of the direc- 
tory of the American Fire Insurance Com- 
]3any. His wife died December 19, 1894. 
Their son, George Norbury Mackenzie, 
completed his education at Pembroke 
School, Baltimore, was associated with his 
father in business up to the latter's decease, 
continuing in mercantile pursuits thereafter 
until 1889, was graduated from Maryland 
University Law Department in 1890, tak- 
ing the degree of LL. B., and engaged 
in general practice until 1895, when, 
upon the formation of the American 
Bonding and Trust Company, he be- 
came associated therewith as assistant 
secretary r.nd treasurer, and office coun- 
selor. Mr. Mackenzie has always taken an 
active interest in historical and genealogi- 
cal matters, which has led to his association 
with many of the patriotic societies of the 
county. He was one of the charter mem- 
l)ers of the Societies of Colonial Wars, Sons 
of the American Revolution and Society of 
1812 of the State of Maryland. He is Regis- 
trar General of the General Society of Colo- 
nial Wars, and was for many years Registrar 
of the Maryland Society, Sons of the Amer- 
ican Revolution. He is a member of the 
Maryland Historical Society, and is a mem- 
ber of the Committee of Heralding and Gen- 
ealogy. He is also a member of the St. 



Andrew's Society, with which his family 
have been prominently identified since 1S06. 
He is also a member of the Maryland Bar 
Association, Association of the Baltimore 
Bar, the University Club of Baltimore City, 
and the Baltimore Country Club. He was 
married March 15, 1874, to Lucie Tennille, 
daughter of Ambrose Mareshal Emory, re- 
tired merchant of Baltimore, and descend- 
ant of Hon. Arthur Emory, of Queen Anne 
county, Md., one of the Justices of the Pro- 
vincial Covrt of Her Majesty Queen Anne. 
Mr. and Mrs. Mackenzie have three chil- 
dren; George Norbury Mackenzie, the 
third, an architect of Baltimore, Mary 
Mackall and Anna Vernon Mackenzie: re- 
side at 1808 Park avenue and are members 
of Corpus Christi Church. 

Charles Jefeerson Wiener, Attorney- 
at-Law, was born in Baltimore, June 15, 
1850. He is a son of Doctor Morris and the 
late Rosalie (Marcuse) Wiener, natives of 
Prussia, who located in 1849 i" Baltimore, 
where Doctor Wiener was the first homeo- 
pathic physician, and where he still resides. 
Charles J. Wiener was graduated from 
Manhattan College, New York, in "67, and 
from Baltimore City College in '68. He 
studied law under Messrs. Applegarth & 
Frame, and was admitted to the bar upon 
oral examination before the Supreme 
Bench in September, 1870. He practiced 
law for a time in Baltimore in a partnership 
associated with E. Wright Newman, under 
the firm name of Newman & Wiener. In 
1872 he removed to Ironton, O., where he 
practiced law with Judge A. B. Cole, under 
the firm name of Cole & Wiener, until 1875, 
when he was appointed clerk of the Print- 
ing Records of the House of Representa- 



692 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



tives, a position which he continued to Iiold 
until 1881. He then returned to Baltimore 
and resumed the practice of his profession 
with present offices in the Equitable Build- 
ing. Mr.Wiener was a member of the House 
of Delegates, sessions of 1882, 1884; Police 
Justice, Western Police Station from 1884 to 
1886; member of the Second Branch City 
Council, representing Wards Thirteen and 
Fourteen, from 1887 to 1889; member of 
School Board from 1890 to 1895; member 
of the Board of IManagers Female House 
of Refuge from 1891 to 1894. Mr. Wiener 
is a Mason and a member of Improved Or- 
der of Heptasophs and Ancient Order of 
United Workmen. He was married April 
29, 1882, to Fanny C, daughter of the late 
Francis W. Rouse, of Talbot county, Md. 
Mr. and Mrs. Wiener have their summer 
residence at Arlington and winter residence 
at North Hampton Hotel. 

Thomas Sargent Baer, Attorney-at- 
Law, was born in Baltimore, March 16, 
1843. He is a son of the late Rev. John and 
Elizabeth (Hildt) Baer, the former a native 
of Rockingham county, Va., the latter of 
Baltimore, and both of German descent. The 
Baer family had its founder in America in 
the person of Henry Baer, grandfather of 
Rev. John Baer, who located in Virginia 
from Zurich, Switzerland, prior to the War 
of the Revolution. John Hildt, maternal 
grandfather of the immediate subject of this 
sketch, located in Baltimore from near War- 
saw, Poland, about 1800. He was one of 
Baltimore's famous "Old Defenders." Rev. 
John Baer entered the Methodist ministry 
in 1814 and was a member of the Baltimore 
Conference up tn the time nf his decease 



in 1878. During this period he filled the 
pulpits of many of the churches of Balti- 
more. Thomas S. Baer completed his gen- 
eral education at Baltimore City College, 
from which institution he was graduated in 
1858. From the latter year until 1864 he 
taught school in Frederick and Calvert 
counties. Aid. Returning to Baltimore, he 
read law under the preceptorship of the late 
W. S. Waters, was admitted to the bar in 
1866 and has since been engaged in the 
general practice of his profession in Balti- 
more with present offices in the Ecjuitable 
Building and is (1897) President of the Bar 
Association of Baltimore City. Air. Baer 
has been one of the Board of Managers of 
the House of Refuge since 1882; was a 
member of the School Board from the 
Twelfth ward of Baltimore from 1884 to 
1888; and a member of the House of Dele- 
gates from Baltimore City during the ses- 
sion of 1894; has been Professor of the Law 
of Real Property in the law department of 
Maryland University since 1894, and a 
Master in Chancery by appointment of the 
Supreme Bench since 1895. Mr. Baer is 
one of numerous Democrats who of late 
years have upon occasions inaugurated 
movements looking toward reforms in mu- 
nicipal government in which party lines 
were disregarded. Mr. Baer was for a num- 
ber of years one of the Executive Commit- 
tee of the Civil Service Reform Associa- 
tion. He was married Xovember 23, 1873, 
to Elizabeth S., daughter of the late John 
S. Beachem, for a number of years a lead- 
ing ship-builder of Baltimore. Mrs. Baer 
died December 26, 1895. Mr, Baer resides 
at 2217 St. Paul street, and attends Aladi- 
son .Avenue Al. E. Church. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



693 



Charles Morris Howard, Attorney-at- 
La\v,\vas born in Baltimore, March 31,1864. 
He is a son of the late Frank and Lydia 
(Morris) Howard, natives of Maryland, and 
descendants of early colonial settlers, 
whose descendants include many of the 
most prorninent families of the State — the 
Howards, Keys, Winders, Lloyds, Ridge- 
leys, Chews, Carrolls, Hollingsworths and 
others. Col. John Eager Howard, of Revo- 
lutionary fame, "the hero of Cowpens," was 
paternal great-grandfather of Mr. Charles 
Morris Howard. The latter's grandfather, 
Charles Howard, was President of the 
Board of Police Commissioners of Balti- 
more during the late war, and was arrested 
on political charges and incarcerated for 
more than a year in Fort Warren, together 
with a number of other political prisoners, 
among whom was his son, Frank Key 
Howard, author of "Fourteen Months in 
American Bastiles," the story, as may be 
inferred, of his personal experiences at Fort 
Warren. The other paternal great-grand- 
father of Mr. Charles Morris Howard was 
Francis Scott Key, author of the "Star 
Spangled Banner." His sister married 
Chief Justice Taney. On the maternal side, 
Mr. Charles Morris Howard's grandfather 
was John B. Morris, for many years Presi- 
dent of the Mechanics' Bank of Baltimore, 
and otherwise and in numerous ways 
identified with Baltimore's important in- 
terests. He was of the same family as the 
famed Gouverneur Morris. Thomas Hol- 
lingsworth, one of Mr. Charles ;\Iorris 
Howard's great-grandfathers, was a leading 
merchant in the early days of Baltimore, 
and Leah Winder, maternal great-grand- 
mother, was a sister of Maj. Leavin Winder, 
an officer in the patriot army during the 



Revolutionary \\^ar, and Governor of Marj'- 
land in 1S12. 

Charles Morris Howard received his 
early schooling in Baltimore, subsequently 
spending three years under tutors and in 
educational institutions of England and 
France. Returning to America, he entered 
Johns Hopkins University, from which he 
was graduated with the degree of B. A., 
class of '84. He took a year's post-gradu- 
ate course in history and political science at 
the same institution, and was awarded a 
scholarship in that institution. He studied 
law under the preceptorship of the late S. 
Teackle Wallis, and was graduated from the 
law department of Maryland LTniversity, 
and admitted to the bar in 1888. For sev- 
eral years following his admission to the 
bar, Mr. Howard remained in ^Ir. Wallis' 
office, then entering upon the practice of 
law alone, in which he has since been en- 
gaged with present ofifices in the Equitable 
Building. Mr. Howard is a Democrat, but 
has never held nor aspired to political of- 
fice. He is one of the Executive Committee 
of the Reform League and its secretary; 
one of the Board of Governors of the Bal- 
timore Club, and New Mercantile Library 
Association; a member of the University 
Club, Elkridge Fox Hunting Club, Balti- 
more Bar Association, Maryland Bar Asso- 
ciation, Johns Hopkins Alumni Associa- 
tion, Maryland Chirurgical Reform Asso- 
ciation. Mr. Howard resides at 410 N. 
Charles street. 

Dr. Eldridge Cowman Price was born 
at Priceville, Baltimore county, Md., Feb- 
ruary 21, 1854. He is a son of Dr. Elias 
Cooper Price, whose personal history and 
genealogy are contained in this volume. 



694 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



The subject of this sketch received his ini- 
tial training in pubHc and private schools 
of his native place, and upon the removal of 
the family to the city of Baltimore, attended 
public and private schools of this city, com- 
pleting his general education at Lamb's 
High School. His study of medicine was 
begun under the preceptorship of his father, 
continued in the medical department of 
Maryland University, from which institu- 
tion he was graduated with the class of '74, 
and at Hahnemann Medical College, Phila- 
delphia, graduating therefrom in '75. He 
has since engaged in general practice in Bal- 
timore in partnership association with his 
father. He was one of the organizers of the 
^Maryland Homeopathic Medical Society, 
was one of the attending physicians of the 
Baltimore Homeopathic Free Dispensary, 
was one of the incorporators of the Mary- 
land Institute of Homeopathy, Maryland 
Homeopathic Free Dispensary and Hos- 
pital and Southern Homeopathic Medical 
College and Hospital, and has been since 
the organization of the last named institu- 
tion Professor of Materia Medica and Ther- 
apeutics. He was editor-in-chief of the 
"Homeopathic Advocate and Health Jour- 
nal" from January, 1890, to August, 1892, 
and has been since September, 1892, editor 
of the "Southern Journal of Homeopathy," 
known since October, 1897, as the "Ameri- 
can Medical Monthly." He is a member 
and was, for two years, President of the 
Southern Homeopathic Medical Associa- 
tion, and is a member of the American In- 
stitute of Homeopathy. 

The Medical Investigating Club in 1894 
issued a work entitled "A Pathogenetic 
Materia Medica," which was edited by Drs. 
Eldridge C. Price and llenrv Chandlee. 



Doctor Price was one of the early members 
of the Rossini Association, members of 
which formed the nucleus of the present 
Oratorio Association of Baltimore. He 
was married in October, 1887, to Mary H., 
daughter of William and Mary W. Ferris, 
and granddaughter of Benjamin Ferris, au- 
thor of "Early Settlers on the Delaware." 
Dr. and Mrs. Price have two children, Mar- 
riott and Reginald C, students at Lamb"s 
High School. Mrs. Price is a Quaker. 

Cora Belle Brewster. M. D., third 
ilaughter of Ephraim J. Brewster, of New 
London, Conn., and Mary Burdick Brew- 
ster, his wife, was born September 6, 1859, 
at Almond, Allegany county, N. Y. She 
sprang from an ancient and illustrious race, 
a lineal descendant of Elder Brewster, chief 
of the Pilgrim Fathers, and her ancestors 
did much in the establishment and toward 
the preservation of the free institutions of 
this nation. Her pedigree is traceable into 
English history before the landing of the 
Pilgrim Fathers. The line in America has 
had a most intimate connection with the 
causes and forces that created and tend to 
preserve, in face of deteriorating immigra- 
tion, those sentiments and principles distin- 
guishing our American civilization from the 
loose morals of Continental Europe. Puri- 
tanism, planted on our shores by the Pil- 
grim Fathers, was the Genesis of America. 
"There were struggling settlefs in America 
before; some material of a body was there, 
but the soul of it was this." And to those 
who made Puritanism and led it to tliis 
country in that great primary Declaration 
of Independence, the independence of con- 
science, after which political liberty w'as but 
the certain sequence — to the rugged Puri- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



G95 



tan leaders must be ascribed an equal share 
in the building up of the nation, with their 
brave trustees of the following centuries, 
who surrendered life rather than the spirit 
of their noble heritage. Elder William 
Brewster and Miles Standish were the lead- 
ers of this sturdy band in 1620. The cellar 
walls of the houses belonging to both may 
still be seen in Duxbury Nook, a slope of 
land jutting into the sea, near the historic 
spot. Both men were of gentle blood. To 
the former is accorded a superior educa- 
tion in the classics, a large political experi- 
ence and an extended association with aris- 
tocratic and refined classes in Europe. 
Standish was the fighting man, and William 
Brewster, who is also called Elder Brewster, 
the elder of Plymouth, and sometimes the 
Father of New England, was the chief coun- 
sellor and sage, the veritable head of the 
flock. This first ancestor of the Brewster 
family in America has long since passed 
into story and song, and is now part of the 
national history. He was born in Notting- 
hamshire, England, in 1560, and possessed 
a coat of arms identical with that of the an- 
cient Suffolk branch. He received his edu- 
cation at the University of Cambridge, 
where he became impressed with the neces- 
sity of personal piety; these impressions 
never left him. He left the university be- 
fore receiving his degree, and entered the 
service of William Davidson, Secretary of 
State to Queen Elizabeth and ambassador 
to Holland, and shared with him the vicissi- 
tudes of fortune which befell that statesman. 
"Davidson," says Doctor Belknap, "esteem- 
ed him as a son and conversed with him in 
private both on religious and political sub- 
jects with the greatest familiarity, and when 
anything required secrecy, Brewster was his 



confidential friend. When the Queen en- 
tered into a league with the United Pro- 
vinces (1584), and received possession of 
several towns and forts, as security for her 
expenses in defending their liberties, David- 
son, who negotiated the matter, entrusted 
Brewster with the keys of Flushing, one of 
these fortresses, and the States of Holland 
were so sensible of his merit as to present 
him with the ornament of a golden chain. 
He returned with the ambassador to Eng- 
land, and continued in his service till David- 
son, having incurred the hypocritical dis- 
pleasure of his arbitrary mistress, was im- 
prisoned, fined and ruined." 

When Alary, the unfortunate Queen of 
Scotland, had been tried and condemned, 
and the Parliament of England had peti- 
tioned their sovereign for her execution, 
Elizabeth privately ordered Davidson to 
draw a death warrant, which she signed, and 
sent him with it to the Chancellor to have the 
great seal annexed. Having performed his 
duty, she blamed him for percipitancy. 
Davidson acquainted the council with the 
whole transaction; they knew the Queen's 
real sentiments, and persuaded him to send 
the warrants to the Earls of Kent and 
Shrewsbury, promising to justify his con- 
duct, and to take the blame on themselves. 
The Earls attended the execution of Mary, 
but when Elizabeth heard of it, she afifected 
surprise and indignation; threw all the 
blame on the innocent Secretary, and com- 
mitted him to the Tower, where he became 
the subject of raillery from those very coun- 
sellors who had promised to countenance 
and protect him. He was tried in the Star 
Chamber, and fined ten thousand pounds, 
which being rigorously levied upon him, re- 
duced him to poverty. Brewster did not 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



desert his friend, as we might expect from 
the class of politicians of the present day, 
but remained as true to him as in the zenith 
of his political power and influence, assisting 
him with his money and kindly offices. His 
own fortune which had been large, becom- 
ing somewhat impaired, he sought retire- 
ment in the North of England, where he im- 
proved his time in making himself acquaint- 
ed with the Scriptures and practicing their 
precepts. The conduct of the established 
church party at this time being so full of 
prosecution, corruption and bigotry, caused 
him to look more closely into their preten- 
sions of ecclesiastical authority, and finding 
so much that was at variance with the sim- 
ple teachings of Christ, he withdrew from 
their communion, and joined others of the 
same sentiments and organized a separate 
church, the aged Richard Clifton and Mr. 
Robinson officiating as pastors, meeting at 
his own house until they were driven by 
James the First to seek refuge on the conti- 
nent. He located at Leyden, Holland, 
where he engaged in publishing from 1609 
to 16 19. In the latter year he returned to 
England, where he applied for a grant to the 
Virginia company. After much difficulty 
the Speedwell and Mayflower sailed from 
Southampton and a landing effected De- 
cember II, 1620. The subsequent history 
of the Pilgrim Fathers is the early history 
of this great republic. Among Elder Brew- 
ster's descendants, Francis Enoch Brewster, 
grandson of William Brewster, settled at 
Pittycove in Southern New Jersey; this 
name was preserved in the family and after 
a distinguished line of professional men was 
given to the father of Benjamin Harris 
Brewster, Attorney General of the United 
States by appointment nf President Garfield. 



Numerous of the Brewster and collateral 
connections were officers in the Revolution- 
ary War, the War of 18 12, the Mexican War 
and the late Civil War. Mr. Benjamin 
Brewster was the grandson of Elder Wil- 
liam Brewster. Jonathan, the third son, re- 
moved to New London, Conn., where in 
1649 he was acting as one of the townsmen. 
His son Benjamin was married, at New 
London, to Anna Dart in 1649. He re- 
moved to Norwich very soon after the set- 
tlement. He had one daughter, Anna, and 
four sons, Jonathan, Daniel, William and 
Benjamin. The venerable I\Ir. Seabury 
Brewster recently deceased in Norwich City 
and one of the patriarchs of the place is not 
however descended from Benjamin, but 
from Wrestling, the second son of Elder 
Brewster. He was the father of Sir Chris- 
topher Brewster, an eminent dentist who has 
resided a number of years in Paris and St. 
Petersburg, and has been knighted by the 
Emperor of Russia. 

Dr. Cora Belle Brewster was educated at 
the University at Alfred, N. Y., and at the 
Northwestern University of Illinois, Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons of Boston, 
Mass., and on graduating took a course at 
Bellevue Hospital, New York, and then 
went to Paris, France, where she finished 
her medical studies. On her return from 
Europe in 1886 she located in Baltimore and 
began the practice of her profession in the 
treatment of female diseases, establishing a 
sanitarium at 1027 Madison avenue, which 
is fitted with all the requirements of a fully 
equipped institution of its character, includ- 
ing a corps of physicians and trained nurses. 
Surgical and electrical treatment are ad- 
ministered, as well as medicated baths. 
Doctor Brewster has a widespread popu- 




'^^.^_ (MJ^^ /f^ACu-^^^ '^^- X^ 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



69-1 



larity and an extensive and successful prac- 
tice. She is a contributor to current medi- 
cal literature. Doctor Brewster read be- 
fore the medical department of the Atlanta 
(Ga.) Exposition (1895) a paper that was 
hig'hly commended by the medical and sec- 
ular press of the country. She is a member 
of Columbia and Maryland Clinical So- 
cieties, of the Maryland State Medical So- 
ciety, of the American Institution of Hom- 
eopathy, the National Science Club of 
Washington, D. C, and of Brown Memorial 
Presbyterian Church. Doctor Brewster 
has never married but has adopted a child, 
\'ictor Hamilton Brewster. 

In gathering the facts relative to the biog- 
raphy of Dr. Flora Alzora Brewster, it is 
apparent that the city of Baltimore, Md., 
has, during the past decade, made wonder- 
ful advancement in the number of successful 
women engaged in the practice of medicine; 
no one of whom stands higher in the medical 
profession, or has been more successful as 
a physician and surgeon, than the subject of 
this sketch. 

Doctor Brewster was born at Alfred, 
Allegany county, N. Y., February 26, 1852. 
She is a daughter of Ephraim J. Brewster, 
of Connecticut — a descendant of Elder Wil- 
liam Brewster, who came to America in the 
Mayflower, 

Her mother was Mary E. Burdick, also of 
English extraction, who adhered closely to 
the old Sabbatarian doctrine. This sect — 
also called Seventh-Day Baptists — claim 
that the old Jewish Sabbath should never 
have been changed to Sunday. On the pa- 
ternal side of her family she is descended 
from the Campbells of Scotland, hence a 
mixture of English and Scotch blood. 



In 1866 she was sent to Alfred Uni- 
versity, where sl-^e obtained her education. 
After creditaljly passing the examinations 
she commenced the scientific course, show- 
ing marked ability and great talent for 
mathematics. In 1868 a sad bereavement 
befell her in the sudden death of a fond 
father, which event compelled her to leave 
the university in order to attend to the 
finances of the family. Being thoroughly 
imbued with that spirit of independence 
which is characteristic of many women of 
the present age, she accepted a position as 
copyist in a tax-collector's office, which, 
however, she soon gave up to begin teach- 
ing. 

Possessed of fine executive ability she 
soon became a successful teacher, and a 
longing desire to complete her studies made 
her frugal and careful of her earnings, but 
two years of most laborious work, teaching 
school and at the same time prosecuting her 
university studies, so seriously impaired her 
health that she was compelled to give up the 
latter and devote her time exclusively to 
teaching. In 1872 she was appointed 
teacher in the Mansfield State Orphan 
School, Mansfield, Pa., which was then the 
training school for the Mansfield State Nor- 
mal School. She there took the degree of 
B. E., and in 1877 the degree of Master of 
I Elementary Didactics was conferred upon 
' her while she was still teaching, and in the 
I same year she was appointed Principal of 
the Smethport (Pa.) High School and Acad- 
emy. Showing great determination of char- 
I acter and a desire to become proficient in 
j whatever she undertook, and possessing 
! both mental and physical activity, it is not 
I surprising that success attended her efforts. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



although in the latter part of the year she 
was forced by failing health, due to over- 
work, to give up teaching. 

She spent a year traveling in the West 
and Northwest, deriving such benefit from 
her Western sojourn that in 1878 she went 
to Chicago, 111., to assume the business and 
editorial management of the Newsboy's Ap- 
peal, an illustrated journal published in the 
interest of the Ne\vsl)oy's Home in that 
city. 

Not content \\ith this field of labor, and 
desiring a wider field for the application of 
scientific knowledge, she decided to become 
a physician, and the following year began to 
read medicine under Dr. Julia Holmes 
Smith, of Chicago, 111., at the same time 
conducting a night school on the kinder- 
garten plan in the Newsboy's Home. 

In March, 1882, she completed the course 
in the Chicago Homeopathic Medical Col- 
lege, after which she went to Baltimore. 
Md., where she spent six months in the of- 
fice and private hospital of the late Prof. 
August F. Erich, the noted gynecological 
surgeon. 

Having decided to locate permanently in 
Baltimore, she opened an office and com- 
menced to practice medicine there in the fall 
of 1882. At that time only one woman. Dr. 
Emma Stein Wanstall, who died in Septem- 
ber, 1882, had succeeded in establishing a 
paying practice in Baltimore. 

No female physician in this city had pre- 
viously been intrusted with surgical cases, 
but Doctor Brewster believed that this 
field was open to sensible, energetic and 
skillful female surgeons, notwithstanding 
the strong prejudice against them then ex- 
isting in the South, and during the next four 
years worked arduously, building uj) a large 



and lucrative surgical and gynecological 
practice, while at the same time doing a 
great deal of charitable work. 

In the spring of 1886 her sister, Cora 
B. Brewster, was graduated in medicine, 
and was received in her office as an assist- 
ant. In 1889 she began the publication of 
The Baltimore Family Health Journal, the 
name of which was changed in 1891 to The 
Homeopathic Advocate and Health Journal, 
and was made a hospital journal with a 
corps of ten editors. Publication of the lat- 
ter was suspended two years later. In Jan- 
uary, 1897, Dr. F. A. Brew.ster revived the 
publication of The Baltinuve Family Health 
Journal. 

In 1890 the agitation caused by the ap- 
plication for the admission of women to the 
medical department of the Johns Hopkins 
University created a lively interest in the 
question of the medical education of women, 
and was the means of enlightening the peo- 
ple of the South in regard to the status of 
women in the medical profession. The bar- 
riers that had previously existed were grad- 
ually removed, and women could more suc- 
cessfully compete with their brother practi- 
tioners in the surgical field. 

In 1883 Doctor Brewster was ])iiysician 
and surgeon to the Home for Fallen 
Women, a charitable institution situated in 
Baltimore, Md.; also physician to the Fe- 
male House of Refuge, a reformatory in- 
stitution for incorrigible girls. She has also 
given clinics in the Homeopathic Hospital 
in Baltimore. 

In vScptember, 1892. she spent some time 
with Professor Pratt, of Chicago, studying 
the principles of orificial surgery, and at 
once made use of them in her surgical prac- 
tice. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



699 



Doctor Brewster has a large practice in 
gynecological surgery extending over the 
entire South, and has met with remarkable 
success as a skillful and rapid operator, and 
has the unprecedented record of never hav- 
ing lost a surgical case. She has invented 
several instruments for the more convenient 
and effective use of electricity in gyneco- 
logical practice, and also an electric belt, 
which practical electricians say is a great 
improvement upon all those previously 
made. 

The Doctor is an ardent advocate of the 
higher medical education of women, and is 
ever ready to extend a helping hand to 
young women who desire to study medicine 
or become trained nurses. 

In 1892 the existing partnership with her 
sister, Dr. Cora B. Brewster, was dissolved. 

Doctor Brewster's latest enterprise 
(April, 1893) has been the purchase of the 
large dwelling with handsome grounds at- 
tached, situated at 1221 Madison avenue, 
Baltimore, Md., where she has opened a 
sanitarium for the treatment of the medical 
and surgical diseases of women. She has a 
skillful and able assistant, Dr. Margaret R. 
Mackenzie, of Woodstock, Ont. The build- 
ings are well suited for the purpose — heated 
by steam and fitted up with electrical appli- 
ances used in medical practice, apparatus 
for the Swedish movement cure, and also a 
training school for nurses. 

In the short time the sanitarium has been 
opened it has already proved a great suc- 
cess, encouraging alike to Doctor Brewster 
training school for nurses. 

Doctor Brewster is a member of the fol- 
lowing societies, viz: Maryland State Medi- 
cal Society, Maryland and District of Co- 
lumbia Clinical Societv, American Institute 



of Homeopathy, American Health Resort 
Association, chairman of the Bureau of 
Gynecology in the National Society of 
Electro-therapeutists, and also a member of 
the American Association of Orificial Sur- 
geons. 

(Reprinted from biography of Ephraim 
McDowell, D. D.,with portrait and sketches 
of prominent members of the medical pro- 
fession.) 

Dr. Claude Van Bibber was born in 
Baltimore, June 2J, 1853. He is a son of 
the late Dr. Washington C. and J^Iary J. 
(Chatard) Van Bibber, natives of Maryland, 
and descendants respectively of early Dutch 
and Haytien settlers of the colony. Dr. 
Claude Van Bibber completed his general 
education at Georgetown University from 
which institution he was graduated with the 
class of '74. His study of medicine was pur- 
sued under his father's preceptorship and 
he was graduated from the medical depart- 
ment of the University of Maryland in 1877. 
The following year, in conjunction with his 
brother. Dr. John Van Bibber, he assisted 
in the establishment of a dispensary for 
nervous diseases at 6 Barnet street, Balti- 
more, which was conducted until 1890, since 
which time he has been engaged in general 
practice with present ofifice and residence at 
805 N. Charles street. Doctor Van Bibber 
was visiting physician to St. Agnes Hos- 
pital from 1878 to 1893; has been since 1881 
one of the visiting physicians to the Home 
of the Friendless, and since 1895 one of the 
surgical staff of St. Joseph's Hospital. He 
is a member of the Medical and Chirurgical 
Faculty of Maryland, American Medical 
Association, and Clinical Society of Mary- 
land. He was married in June, 1892, to 



roo 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORB, MARYtAND. 



Margaret, daughter of Judge M. M. Cohen, 
of New Orleans. Dr. and Mrs. Van Bibber 
have one child, Claude, Jr., and are mem- 
bers of the Roman Catholic Church. 

Hermann Henry Hoblemaxx. Presi- 
dent and Treasurer of the Wehr-Hoble- 
mann-Gottlieb Brewing and Malting Com- 
pany, of Baltimore, was born at Osnabruck, 
Hanover, September 25. 1835. He is a son 
of the late John Henry and Anna Regina 
(Schroeder) Hoblemann, natives of Han- 
over, as were their ancestors as far back as 
the genealogies of both families are tracea- 
ble. The elder Hoblemann was a miller at 
Osnabruck, and the descendant of a number 
of generations, the senior male of each of 
which pursued the same avocation at the 
same place. Hermann H. Hoblemann re- 
ceived some years" schooling at the Osna- 
bruck Gymnasium and then, after taking a 
commercial course, entered his father's mill- 
ing office. At the age of eighteen he came 
to the United States and located in Balti- 
more, where he found employment with 
Charles D. Slingluff & Son, wholesale 
grocers and commission merchants, with 
whom he remained for six years, occupy- 
ing the position of shipping clerk during 
the last four years. In i860 he estab- 
lished himself in the retail grocery busi- 
ness at 72 Conway street, where he re- 
mained for five years, then embarking in 
a wholesale liquor business at 59 S. Charles 
street, in which he was engaged until May, 
1886. The fo]lt_)\viiig eighteen months were 
spent in visiting the Fatherland. Upon re- 
turning to Baltimore, he devoted his time 
exclusively to the malting business of Wehr, 
Hoblemann & Gottlieb, with which firm he 
became associated in 1880. In 1R88 a lirew- 



ing business was added to the concern, and 
is known under the corporate name of 
Wehr-Hoblemann-Gottlieb Brewing and 
Malting Company, of which Mr. Hoble- 
mann is president and treasurer. The 
brewing plant has a capacity of 120,000 bar- 
rels per annum : its output the first year was 
32,000 barrels, and last year (1896) 56,000 
barrels. Mr. Hoblemann's services have 
been in request in official connection with 
numerous organizations of Baltimore. He 
was for a number of years a member of the 
Boards of Directors of the German Fire In- 
surance Company and German Bank, of 
Baltimore. He was married in 1862 to 
Mary Mormann, the daughter of a Han- 
overian, who settled in Baltimore. She died 
in 1885, leaving five children: Mary, wife of 
Harry Thies, of Baltimore; Joanna, wife of 
Justus Hoblemann, merchant, of Baltimore; 
Lisette, wife of Percy C. Hennighausen, an 
attorney and Commissioner of Immigration, 
of Baltimore; Maggie, wife of the late Dr. 
William Koenig, of Gottingen, Germany, 
and Frederick Hoblemann, assistant book- 
keeper of the Brewing and Malting Com- 
pany. Mr. H. H. Hoblemann married in 
1887, Alma Fuerste, also the daughter of a 
Hanoverian. One child born of this mar- 
riage is Hermann A. Hoblemann. The 
family reside at 21 19 E. Pratt street, and are 
members of Zion Lutheran Church. 

Sami'El King S.mith, Attorney-at-Law, 
was born in Baltimore, December 11, 1869, 
and is a son of Nicholas M. and Mary 
(King) Smith, natives of Maryland, the for- 
mer of Scotch, the latter of English descent. 
He attended the public schools of Baltimore 
and received, in 1891, the degree of Bachelor 
of Arts from the Johns Hopkins Univer- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



701 



sity; in 1893 he was graduated from the law 
department of the Maryland University and 
was in the same year admitted to the bar of 
Baltimore City, at which bar he is now en- 
gaged in the practice of law. 

Dr. Thomas William Keown, born 
February 6, 1868, County Sligo, Ireland, 
was educated at Primrose Grange, Sligo 
and Santry School, Dublin, taught school 
for five years and during the latter part of 
this period completed his general education 
at the Royal University, Dublin. In 1890 
he came to the United States, was engaged 
in mercantile pursuits in New York for two 
years, then coming to Baltimore to enter 
Baltimore Medical College, from which in- 
stitution he was graduated with second hon- 
ors in '95. While a student at Baltimore 
Medical College he spent two summers in 
hospital work at Roosevelt Hospital, New 
York. During '95-6 he was resident phy- 
sician at the Maryland General Hospital; 
'96-7 lecturer on embryology and on dis- 
pensary clinic diseases of children, and 
dermatology at the Baltimore Medical Col- 
lege. Doctor Keown resides at 848 W. 
North avenue and is a member of St. Peter's 
P. E. Church. 

Dr. S. J. Ulman was born in Baltimore, 
September 27, 1865. He is a son of the late 
Col. Benjamin F. and Henrietta (Buann) 
Ulman, the former a native of Germany, the 
latter of Baltimore, and of Spanish descent. 
Col. Benjamin F. Ulman was a member of 
the firm of Ulman & Co., wholesale liquor 
dealers, of Baltimore. Dr. J. Ulman re- 
ceived his general education under private 
tutors and at Johns Hopkins University, 
graduated from the medical department of 



Maryland University and took a student's 
course at Johns Hopkins Hospital, and has 
been engaged in practice since 1890, mak- 
ing a specialty of surgery. He is a member 
of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of 
Maryland and the Baltimore Clinical So- 
ciety. Doctor Ulman's office and residence 
are at 1325 Linden avenue. 

Dr. William Jerome Chappell was 
born in Rochester, N. Y., November 2, 
1857. He is a son of the late James and 
Charlotte Catharine (Lang) Chappell, the 
former a native of Connecticut, the latter of 
New York, and both of English descent. 
James Chappell was a grain broker and lat- 
terly a leading builder of Rochester. He 
died in 1863. William J. Chappell gradu- 
ated from State Normal School, Brockport, 
1877, and Wesleyan University (Middletown, 
Conn.) with the degree of B. A. in 1883, his 
M. A. degree being conferred by the latter 
institution in 1886. He began the studv of 
medicine under Dr. R. Baker. Middletown, 
Conn., was graduated from the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore, in 
1886, was assistant resident physician at 
Maternite Hospital for one year and resi- 
dent student at City Hospital the following 
year, and has since been engaged in general 
practice with present office and residence at 
135 1 N. Gilmor street. Doctor Chappell 
is a member of Improved Order of Hepta- 
sophs. 

John Christopher M.\tthai, senior 
member of the firm of M'atthai, Ingram & 
Co., manufacturers on Tin and Japanned 
ware, was born at Saxe Meiningen, Febru- 
ary 24, 1822. He is a son of the late John 
Nicholas and Christiana Maria (Beck) 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Matthai, also natives of Saxe Meiningen, as 
were their ancestors as far back as the 
genealogies of both families are traceable. 
John Christopher Peter Beck, Mr. Matthai's 
maternal grandfather, was during Napoleon 
Bonaparte's reign, and for a period of 
twenty-five years, Mayor of his native 
town, Haselbach. John C. Matthai received 
a common school education, and at the age 
of fourteen was apprenticed to learn his 
father's trade of hlacksmithing and edged 
tool making, and three years later, having 
mastered his trade, came to the United 
States, locating in Baltimore, where he 
worked for various firms until 1846. He 
then established himself in a general black- 
smithing business on Pennsylvania avenue, 
where he remained until 1S66, when he tem- 
porarily retired from business, removing his 
residence to Linden Hill, Baltimore county, 
where he has since lived. In 1870 the fimi 
of Matthai & Ingram was established for 
the manufacture of tinware, the firm con- 
sisting of the subject of this sketch and 
James E. Ingram, his son-in-law, and doing 
Ijusiness on Lexington street. In 1872 
George N. Knapp became a member of the 
firm, the business was removed to Howard 
street, and the manufacture of Japanned 
ware added thereto. In 1884 William H. 
Matthai, son of John C. Matthai, was ad- 
mitted to the firm, which, since the partner- 
ship association of Mr. Knapp, has been 
known as Matthai, Ingram & Co., with its 
manufacturing estaljlishment on Lexington 
street u\) to iSSS and since occupying the 
newly-erected extensive plant bounded by 
Ohio avenue. Light, Byrd and Winder 
streets, and having a floor area of more than 
eleven acres. In June, 1895, the firm lo- 
cated their sample room and offices in the 



building Nos. 109, in and 113 Hanover 
street. Mr. Matthai married, June 4, 1846, 
Theresa Jackins, a native of Alsace, whose 
parents located in Baltimore during her 
early childhood. She died November, 1873, 
leaving seven children: Amelia, wife of 
James E. Ingram; Elizabeth, wife of Wil- 
liam Baker, of Baltimore; Sarah, wife of 
Henry Reifle, retired business man, of Bal- 
timore; Martha, wife of E. E. Muller, sales- 
man, of Baltimore; William H., a member, 
and Joseph F., an employe of the firm, and 
Miss Florence Theresa. John C. ^latthai 
is one of the Board of Trustees and Stew- 
ards of Arlington Methodist Episcopal 
Church, South, of which the family are 
members. 

Dr. Thom.\s Wilkinson Greenley was 
born in Hillsboro, Caroline county, Md., 
November 6, 1865. He is a son of the late 
Alexander and Anna (Wilkinson) Greenley, 
natives of Maryland and descendants of 
early English settlers of the colony. Rev. 
Christopher Wilkinson, maternal great- 
great-grandfather of Doctor Greenley, w-as 
an Episcopalian divine of distinction, a 
graduate of Oxford, who built the churches 
at Hillsboro, Hibernia and Wye, Md. His 
remains are interred under the church at 
Wye. Thomas W. Greenley completed his 
general education at Swarthmore College, 
Pa., and while engaged as a pharmacist for 
several years at Easton, Md., took up the 
study of medicine, which he subsequently 
continued under the preceptorship of Dr. J. 
M. Wilkinson, Dover, Del. He was grad- 
uated from the medical department of Mary- 
land University in 1888 and during the final 
year of this course was a resident student at 
the University General Hospital. Follow- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



703 



ing his graduation he pursued the practice 
of his profession at Trappe. Md., up to 1895, 
when he located in Baltimore. He is a 
member of the ^Medical and Chirurgical 
Faculty of Alarjdand and of the Clinical So- 
ciety of Baltimore. He was married Octo- 
ber 7, 1892, to Nellie, daughter of the late 
Hon. I. Davis Clark, late member of Con- 
gress from Talbot county, Md. Dr. and 
Mrs. Greenley have two children, Lenore 
and Clark; reside at 1805 N. Charles street, 
and are members of St. Michael and All 
Angels Episcopal Church. 

Frederick H. Gottlieb, Secretary and 
General Manager of Wehr-Hoblemann- 
Gottlieb Brewing and Malting Co., was 
born in Hungary in 1853, came to this 
country with his parents when a child, and 
is to all intents and purposes an American 
in character and sympathies. Although but 
young, in the forties, he has been closely 
identified with brewing and malting inter- 
ests for upwards of twenty years, and the 
popularity and esteem in which he is held 
by his colleagues has long extended beyond 
the confines of his own State. Mr. Gott- 
lieb's connection with the brewing and malt- 
ing trades commenced with his employment 
as book-keeper in the malt house of John 
Butterfield. Wheeling, W. Va., who in 1876 
bought the old Baltimore Brewery, occupy- 
ing a portion of the site of the present Model 
Globe Brewery in Baltimore, and the sub- 
ject of this sketch, who had in the mean- 
time married Mr. Butterfield"s daughter, 
was given an interest in the Old Ale and 
Porter Brew^ery. Enlisting the financial 
support of Mr. Frederick Wehr (.^ince de- 
ceased) and Mr. H. H. Hoblemann, he was 
instrumental in establishing the present 



business and in the erection of its handsome 
brewery and malt house, one of the most 
important in the State of Maryland, to the 
success of which his business acumen and 
energy have largely contributed. 

He was also actively interested in the es- 
tablishment of the Consumer's Brewing Co., 
Harrisburg, Pa., in which he is a director, 
while his familiarity with the theory as well 
as the practice of business methods, is at- 
tested by his authorship of a clever work on 
"Averaging Accounts," which is regarded 
as an authority on the subject. 

In the afifairs of the trade generally, as 
represented by its various associations, Mr. 
Gottlieb has taken special interest. He was 
instrumental in organizing the former 
Brewers' and Makers' Association of Bal- 
timore, of which he was secretary during 
almost the entire period of its existence, and 
from this organization has been evolved 
the present Brewers' Exchange of Balti- 
more, of which he was two years president 
and four years member of its Board of Trus- 
tees. . His efforts were also largely instru- 
mental in inducing the Exchange to erect 
its handsome building which is alike an or- 
nament to the city and a credit to the brew- 
ing fraternity. As a member for three years 
of the Board of Trustees of the United 
States Brewers' Association, he has ren- 
dered services to that organization and the 
trade at large that have been recognized on 
more than one occasion in its ofiFicial docu- 
ments, and he has proved himself ever ready 
to defend and advance, with voice and pen, 
the interests and welfare of the brewing in- 
dustry, as he has done on several occasions 
before the Legislature of the State. 

A member of the leading clubs and socie- 
ties in Baltimore, Mr. Gottlieb enjoys 



704 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



marked social popularity, which is enhanced 
by his genial personality, courteous de- 
meanor and refined tastes. A skilled musi- 
cian and liberal patron of the art, he has at- 
tained more than local fame as a performer 
on the flute. This is not surprising, as he 
comes from a musical family, his brother, 
Will B. Gottlieb, who is well known as a 
malt broker in New York, being a com- 
poser of note, while another brother has at- 
tained fame in the theatrical profession. He 
is equally adept with the brush, and as a di- 
rector of the Charcoal Club has many 
warm friends among leading artists in the 
South. Afifable, generous and withal a 
keen, active business man, he is a highly 
creditable representative of the industry it 
has been his constant efifort to elevate. 

Dr. George Brown Reynolds. — This 
gentleman was born in Cumberland county, 
Va., October 26, 1846. He is a son of the 
late James W. and Julia Ann (Carter) Rey- 
nolds, natives of Virginia and descendants 
of colonial settlers, the latter lineally de- 
scended from "King" Carter, one of the 
most prominent characters in Virginia's his- 
tory, and one of its earliest English settlers 
and great landed proprietors. Dr. George 
B. Reynolds was educated in private 
schools, entered the medical department of 
the University of Virginia, and was gradu- 
ated from Washington University, class of 
'72. Following graduation he was for one 
year resident physician at Bay View Asy- 
lum, and for about three years thereafter 
physician in charge of the old City Hospi- 
tal. During the latter period he was Dem- 
onstrator of Anatomy, medical department 
Washington University, resigning both of 
the latter positions to enter upon general 



practice, in which he has since been 
engaged with present office and resi- 
dence at 809 X. Charles street, Bal- 
timore. Doctor Reynolds was for a 
number of years visiting physician to 
Bay View Asylum. He has taken a 
lively interest in and devoted as much 
time as possible to the service of a num- 
ber of benevolent and charitable insti- 
tutions of the city. He is one of the Board 
of Directors of the Children's Aid Society 
and Girls' Home, Watson Home and Home 
for Consumptives, and is consulting physi- 
cian to the last named. He has been for 
many years physician to Calvert Street 
Boys' Home. He is a member of the 
American Medical Association, Medical 
and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, 
Baltimore Clinical Society, Baltimore Med- 
ical Society and Baltimore Medical and 
Surgical Societies. He is a Mason and 
a member of and medical examiner for 
Independent Order of Heptasophs, Royal 
Arcanum, American Legion of Honor and 
Ancient Order United Workmen. He was 
married June 15, 1875, to Ada Campbell, 
daughter of the late Charles B. Fiske, of . 
Washington, D. C, a graduate of Yale and 
a noted civil engineer, chief of the corps in 
the construction of the eastern end of the 
Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad. The ser- 
vices of Engineer Fiske were in demand 
wherever difficult feats in engineering were 
required. One of the greatest of the South 
American nations offered him practically 
his own terms to assume charge of the gov- 
ernmental engineering work, which included 
railroad construction and other great pub- 
lic works. The Fiskes of America are de- 
scended from English ancestors of noble 
lineage. Mrs. Dr. Reynolds is on the mater- 





,.■^.-,,-^^^^1^ ^-0 



l\ 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



705 



nal side granddaughter of the late Maj. 
Charles Bender of the U. S. Army, who was 
a son of George Bender, a soldier in the 
War of the Revolution. Dr. and Mrs. Rey- 
nolds have four children: Charles C, stu- 
dent at St. John's College; Mary Elizabeth; 
Stanley Aleade and Julia Ann Carter Rey- 
nolds. The family are communicants of 
Grace Protestant Episcopal Church. 

John Fletcher Parlett, Collector of 
the city of Baltimore, was born in Baltimore, 
March i, 1853. He is a son of the late Ben- 
jamin F. and Mary (Taylor) Parlett, natives 
of ^Maryland, the former of French, the lat- 
ter of German descent. Benjamin F. Par- 
lett established a wholesale tobacco business 
in Baltimore in 1843. I" 1874 he added a 
tobacco manufacturing business at Danville, 
Va., continuing both businesses in conjunc- 
tion with his sons, John F. and Benjamin F. 
Parlett, Jr., until July, 1884, when he retired 
because of failing health, disposing of his 
business to his sons. He died September 
3, 1884. The business continued to be con- 
ducted under the original firm name of B. 
F. Parlett & Co., B. F. Parlett, Jr., subse- 
quently retiring from the firm and John 
F. Parlett finally closing up the Danville 
factory and the Baltimore jobbing trade, 
and connecting himself with the R. J. Rey- 
nolds Tobacco Company, of Winston, N. 
C, with which he is still associated as resi- 
dent director and manager of the eastern 
territory. He was nominated by his honor, 
Mayor Hooper, to the position oi City Col- 
lector in Alarch, 1896; the appointment was 
confirmed the following November and he 
entered upon the discharge of the duties of 
his ofifice December 3, 1896. He was mar- 
ried January 10,1878,10 Susan M., daughter 
42 



of the late Thomas G. Evans, for many years 
one of Baltimore's leading builders. Mr. 
and Mrs. Parlett have three children, Car- 
rie Alelville, Florence Edna, and Mary; re- 
side at 1717 Park Place and are members 
of Mount Vernon Place Methodist Church, 
of the Board of Trustees of which Mr. Par- 
lett was a member for several years. 

Capt. Seth S. Ullrich, M. D., Surgeon 
for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad and As- 
sistant Surgeon of the Fourth Regiment of 
Maryland National Guard, with the rank of 
captain on Col. Willard Howard's stafT, re- 
sides at No. II N. Carey street, Baltimore. 
Of southern birth, but of northern and 
German parentage, he was born in Louis- 
iana, May 18, 1858, being a son of John H. 
and Leah C. (Stevens) Ullrich, natives, re- 
spectively, of Germany and Pennsylvania. 
The Ullrich family was prominent in Nur- 
emberg, where the Doctor's great-grand- 
father attained the great age of one hun- 
dred and five years. The Doctor's father 
came to America in 1847, when a young 
man, and for many years engaged in mer- 
cantile pursuits, but now, at the age of sev- 
enty-four, is living in retirement from active 
labors. He was one of three brothers 
who participated in the Civil War as sol- 
diers in the Union Army. The Doctor's 
grandfather was a soldier in the War of 
1812, and when eighty-seven years of age, 
was killed on the 4th of July, 1874, in a 
railroad bridge accident, he with a num- 
ber of others having taken refuge there dur- 
ing a storm which blew the bridge down. 
The mother of our subject was a woman of 
noble character and was especially inter- 
ested ih church matters ; of a hospitable dis- 
position, her home was the headquarters for 



roo 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



ministers and her labors were unrivaled to 
promote the happiness of those who labored 
for the world's salvation* She died in 1894, 
at the age of sixty-six years. 

The young-est of three sons, Doctor 
Ullrich was educated in Dickinson Semi- 
nary, Williamsport, Pa., and entered upon 
the study of medicine in Jefferson Medical 
College, Philadelphia, in 1877. He re- 
mained a student in that institution until he 
was graduated in 1881, carrying ofif one of 
the honors in a class of two hundred and 
sixty-five. Upon the completion of his 
course of lectures, he gained practical ex- 
perience by study in the hospitals of Phila- 
delphia and Xew York, and as surgeon in 
the Belgian mercantile marine service. In 
1885 he opened an office in Baltimore, 
where he has since practiced. For three 
years he was chief surgeon in the City Hos- 
pital Dispensary, and since 1893 has been 
surgeon for the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad 
Company. June 26, 1895, Doctor Ullrich 
married Catharine E., daughter of the late 
J. J. and Frances Boyd, of Baltimore. She 
is a member of the Episcopal Church, with 
which the Doctor is also identified. Fra- 
ternally he is a member of St. John's Chap- 
ter, No. 19; Crusade Commandery. Xo. 5, 
Knights Templar, and Boumi Temple, 
Mystic Shrine. He is also identified with 
the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the 
Junior Order American Mechanics and the 
Daughters of Liberty. As a believer in 
Democratic iwinciples he takes an interest 
in politics and public affairs. He is an en- 
thusiast on Iiorse matters and writes for a 
number uf p;ipers on that subject. His so- 
cial cjualities are of a high order, and liis 
genial manner wins friends, h'ew men are 
more capable than he of bringing all around 



him to an appreciation of the great value of 
a vigorous intellect and a genial nature. 

Dk. Milton Raphael Walter was 
born in Baltimore, June 30, 1870. He is a 
son of Abraham and Paulina (Jordan) Wal- 
ter, natives of Baltimore and respectively of 
Bavarian and Westphalian parentage. Ra- 
phael Walter came to this country and lo- 
cated about 1830 in Baltimore, and in con- 
nection with a brother established a whole- 
sale clothing business under the firm name 
of R. Walter & Bro. This lirm was suc- 
ceeded by that of R. Walter's Sons, of which 
Abraham Walter was senior member. Mil- 
ton R. Walter attended the public schools 
and City College of Baltimore, graduated 
from Maryland College of Pharmacy in 
1S90 and from iXlaryland University medi- 
cal department in 1893. During the last 
year of his university course he was resi- 
dent student at the University Hospital and 
the year following his graduation assistant 
resident physician at Bay View Asylum. In 
1895 he was assistant in neurological de- 
partment of Johns Hopkins Dispensary, and 
the following year was spent at the Univer- 
sity of Berlin, Prussia, where he was assist- 
ant to Professor Kraiise, throat and nose 
department. Since his return to Baltimore 
Doctor Walter has been assistant laryngolo- 
gist Bay View As}-lum and assistant in the 
nose and throat department, Maryland Uni- 
versity. He is a member of the Medical and 
Chirurgical I'acnlty of ]\Iaryland and r>al- 
timore Clinical Society, has his ofWcv at 
1301 Madison avenue, and resides at 1833 
Bolton .street. 



Dr. Willla: 
I'.altimore. Ji 



James Hughes was born 
V 18, i86^. He is a son of 



HISTORY OF EAI^TIMORE, MARYLAND. 



707 



William H. and Mary Elizabeth (Smith) 
Hughes, natives of Maryland and descend- 
ants, respectively, of early Welsh and Eng- 
lish settlers of the colony. John Hughes, 
Doctor Hughes' paternal grandfather, lo- 
cated in Baltimore from Harford county, 
Md., as a boy, and by dint of industry and 
perseverance accumulated a large fortune 
which he lost in the Spanish Main. Noth- 
ing daunted he started afresh and amassed 
a competency in the undertaking and cabi- 
net making business, in which he was asso- 
ciated with his son. William H. Hughes. 
The former died in 1887, the latter has re- 
tired from business and resides at Royal 
Oak, Md. James Smith, Doctor Hughes' 
maternal grandfather, was for many years 
one of Baltimore's leading contractors and 
built numerous of the public buildings of 
the city and vicinity. He resides at 621 W. 
Lafayette avenue. Dr. W. J. Hughes at- 
tended the public schools at Baltimore, was 
graduated from Maryland University medi- 
cal department in 1893 and during the last 
year of his university course v^'as resident 
physician at Maternite Hospital and has 
since been engaged in general practice with 
I-iresent office and residence at 181 1 E. Bal- 
timore street. Doctor Hughes is a mem- 
ber of Maryland University Alumni Associa- 
tion. He was married February 28, 1895, 
to Anna C, daughter of Adam Pole, mer- 
chant tailor, of Baltimore. Doctor Hughes 
is a member of the Episcopal and his wife 
of the Lutheran Church. 

Dr. Edward Pontney Irons was born 
in Baltimore, October 12, 1824. He is a 
son of the late Dr. James and Rebecca 
(Kelly) Irons, natives of Maryland, respect- 
ively of English and French-Irish ancestry, 
and descendants of earlv settlers of Marv- 



land. Edward P. Irons received a common 
school education and was variously em- 
ployed in mercantile pursuits in several of 
the Southern States until 1863, when he re- 
turned to Baltimore and entered the medi- 
cal department of Maryland University, 
from which he was graduated two years 
later. During the closing months of the 
Civil War he was assistant surgeon in the 
Officers' Hospital at Annapolis. For one 
year thereafter he was engaged in the prac- 
tice of medicine in Alabama returning 
thence to Baltimore, where he has ever since 
followed his profession. He is a member of 
the Medical and Surgical Society of Balti- 
more and of the Medical and Chirurgical 
Faculty of Maryland. He is a Mason 
and a member of the Royal Arcanum 
and subordinate medical examiner of the 
latter order. He was married, March 20, 
185 1, to Anna Rebecca, daughter of the 
late Thomas H. Sewell, manufacturer, of 
Baltimore. One daughter, born of this 
marriage, Anna Rowe, married Samuel 
Pleasants, lawyer, of Baltimore, by whom 
she had one child, Honora H. Pleasants. 
Mr. Pleasants died and his widow mar- 
ried J. W. Ramsey, dealer in wooden and 
willow ware, Baltimore. Doctor and Mrs. 
Irons reside at 1835 E. Baltimore street and 
attend Broadway Methodist Protestant 
Church. 

Dr. J. William Correll was born in 
Winchester, \'a., August 14, 1825. He is a 
son of the late Abraham and Ann (Lyder) 
Correll, natives of Virginia and descend- 
ants of early English settlers of the colony. 
Dr. J. W. Correll was educated at private 
schools and the Academy, Winchester; 
studied medicine under the preceptorship 
of Dr. Hugli Maguire and was admitted to 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



practice in Virginia in 1847. -'^t the break- 
ing out of the war he enlisted in the Con- 
federate Army and served throughout the 
entire war as surgeon and in different ca- 
pacities. In 1866 he came to Baltimore and 
was for a number of years engaged in Mary- 
land University Hospital service and since 
been engaged in general practice. He was 
married October 17, 1850, to Lucinda, 
daughter of the late Thomas Latham, of 
Winchester, Va. One daughter, born of this 
union, is the wife of John Shinn, auditor of 
Lehigh \'alley Railroad with headquarters 
at Baltimore. Dr. and Mrs. Correll reside 
at 1105 Argyle avenue and are members of 
Eutaw Place Baptist Church. Doctor Cor- 
rell is a Mason. 

Dr. John Hampton Sc.vllv was born in 
Baltimore, June 23, 1870. He is a son of 
John and the late Ellen (Cushley) Scally; 
the former a native of Belfast, Ireland; the 
latter a Baltiniorean by birth and descended 
from early Irish settlers of the colony of 
Maryland. John Scally was for thirty years 
a leather merchant in Baltimore, but since 
1892 has been a dealer in furniture. His 
wife died January 11, 1885. Their son, John 
Hampton Scally, attended the public 
schools and City College of Baltimore, 
graduated from Maryland College of Phar- 
macy in 1890 and was engaged for several 
years thereafter as a pharmacist in Balti- 
more. He studied medicine under Dr. J. C. 
Monmonier, and was graduated from the 
College of IMiysicians and Surgeons with 
the class of 1892. During 1892 he served as 
assistant resident physician at Spring Grove 
Asylum and has since been engaged in gen- 
eral practice with office and residence at 
1807 E. Fayette street. 



Dr. Charles John Carroll was born 
at Dennisville, Cape May county, X. J., De- 
cember 16, 1872. He is a son of the late 
John and Mary (A'an Gilder) Carroll, the 
former of English, the latter of Scotch de- 
scent. Charles J. Carroll received his initial 
education in the public schools of his native 
county. Following this he took up the 
study of pharmacy and had charge of a drug 
store at South Seaville, N. J., a business 
which he abandoned to enter the medical 
department of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania, from which institution he was grad- 
uated with the class of '95. He then came 
to Baltimore and became assistant in die 
surgical dispensary of Johns Hopkins Hos- 
pital, which service continued for one year, 
following which he was for brief periods in 
the nerve and general medicine depart- 
ments and has been since December, 1897, 
with the gynecological department under 
Dr. Howard A. Kelly. Doctor Carroll is a 
member of the State Medical State Society 
and of the Royal Arcanum. His office and 
residence are at 2508 E. Baltimore street. 

Dr. Henry Ayres Hyland was born at 
Moundsville, Marshall county. W. Va.. Au- 
gust 15, 1854. He is a son of the late Rev. 
William L. and Eliza J. (Machir) Hyland, 
the former a native of Maryland, and the 
latter of Ohio, and both of Scotch descent. 
Henry Hyland, paternal great-grandfather 
of Dr. H. A. Hyland, was one of three bro- 
thers who fled from Scotland because of a 
political offense, and located in Maryland 
prior to the Revolutionary War. His son, 
Henry Hyland, was a physician, an 1S12 
graduate of the University of Pennsylvania. 
He practiced medicine in ^Maryland. His 
son. Rev. William L. Hyland, was an Epis- 



HISTORV OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



ro9 



copal minister, who, in early manhood, left 
Maryland to engage in missionary work in 
West Virginia, marrying and settling in 
Moundsville, where he built the Episcopal 
Church edifice. His next charge was at 
Parkersburg, where the erection of the new- 
est Episcopal Church structure was com- 
menced during his ministry. Returning 
thence to ^laryland he ministered to a con- 
gregation in Prince George's county until 
disabilities necessitated his retirement from 
the ministry, and thereafter until his de- 
cease (1892) he resided in Washington, D. 
C. James Machir, maternal great-grand- 
father of Dr. H. A. Hyland, located in the 
valley of Virginia, and early in the century 
represented his district in Congress. His 
son moved into Kentucky and finally lo- 
cated at Dayton, O. Dr. H. A. Hyland 
was educated at the public schools and 
academy, Parkersburg, W. Va., graduated 
from Bryant, Stratton & Sadler's Commer- 
cial College in 1873, engaged in the drug 
business at Baltimore and later in Pitts- 
burg, and then established himself in the 
drug business at Hyndman, Pa., where he 
remained for nine years, and during which 
period he took up the study of medicine. 
In 1888 he entered the College of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons, of Baltimore, where he 
attended one course of lectures, when the 
burning of his store at Hyndman compelled 
his return to that place and the consequent 
temporary abandonment of medical studies. 
Upon his return to Baltimore in 1891 he 
was made dispensary physician of Balti- 
more University, graduated from the insti- 
tution in 1892, continuing his dispensary 
work for another year and fulfilling also the 
duties of clinical assistant to Dr. P. B. Wil- 



son, Demonstrator of Chemistry. He then 
entered upon general practice with present 
office and residence at 1435 N. Broadway. 
Doctor Hyland is a member of the Medical 
and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, a 
member of and medical examiner for the 
Home Forum and National Union, and a 
member also of the IMasonic fraternity. 
Knights of P}1:hias, Knights of the Golden 
Eagle and Improved Order of Heptasophs. 
He was married September 16, 1885, to 
Fanny Bell, daughter of Alex. H. Grimes, 
farmer of Prince George's county, Md. One 
son born of this union is Henry A. Hyland, 
Jr. The family are members of the Holy 
Innocents' Protestant Episcopal Church. 

Dr. George Christopher Ernest Vo- 
GLER was born at St. Louis, Mo., June 22, 
1864. He is a son of Ernest and Helen 
(Zeitler) Vogler, the former a native of Ger- 
many, and the latter of Zanesville, O., and 
of German descent. Ernest Vogler is a re- 
tired merchant of St. Louis, Mo., where he 
still resides. Dr. G. C. E. Vogler attended 
the public schools of St. Louis, engaged in 
mercantile pursuits in Birmingham, Conn., 
for several years, came to Baltimore to en- 
ter Baltimore Medical College, and was 
graduated therefrom in 1895. During 1894- 
95 he was assistant demonstrator of gyne- 
cology to Prof. T. A. Ashby. INIaryland 
General Hospital Dispensary. Doctor \'o- 
gler was for two years medical examiner of 
the Improved Alutual Life Insurance Com- 
pany. He is a member of the I. O. O. F., 
and J. F. Wiessner Conclave I. O. H., Uni- 
formed Knights. His ofifice and residence 
are at 1230 E. North avenue, and he is a 
member of the Presbyterian Church. 



710 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Dr. Edmund Cantwell Gibbs was born 
near Middletown, Del., September 17, 1856. 
He is a son of the late Benjamin and Han- 
nah (Justis) Gibbs, natives of Delaware, and 
descendants respectively of early Welsh and 
Swedish settlers of the colonies. Dr. Ed- 
mund C. Gibbs completed his general edu- 
cation at Middletown Academy, Delaware, 
and after several years' experience as a 
pharmacist came to Baltimore and entered 
Maryland University Medical Department, 
from which institution he was graduated 
with the class of '84. During the last year 
of his collegiate course he was resident stu- 
dent at University Hospital, and for several 
years following graduation was surgical dis- 
pensary assistant. He has since been en- 
gaged in general practice with present ofifice 
and residence at 316 E. North avenue. He 
is a member of the Medical and Chirurgical 
Faculty of Maryland and .\ncient Order of 
United Workmen, and a member of and 
medical examiner for the Shield of Honor. 
Doctor Gibbs married January 4, 1893. 
Lulu G., daughter of Philander Chase Hil- 
dreth, of Wheeling, W. Va. Dr. and Mrs. 
Gibbs are communicants of St. Michael 
and All Angels Protestant Episcopal 
Church. 

Dr. Gabriel Henry Chabot was born 
in Baltimore, April 19, 1861. He is a son 
of Dr. Lawrence J. and Mary A. (Cole) 
Chabot, natives of Baltimore, the former of 
French parentage and the latter a descend- 
ant of early English settlers of the colony 
of Maryland. Doctor Chabot's maternal 
great-grandfather was a soldier in the pa- 
triot army during the Revolutionary War. 
Dr. Lawrence Chabot was graduated from 
Marvland University Medical Department, 



class of '50, and practiced in Baltimore up 
to the time of his retirement in 1891. Ga- 
briel Henry Chabot attended the public 
schools of Baltimore, Maryland Agricul- 
tural College and Bryant & Stratton's Com- 
mercial College and was thereafter engaged 
for six years in mercantile pursuits. He 
studied medicine under the preceptorship 
of Dr. William B. Canfield, and was gradu- 
ated from Maryland LTniversity Medical 
Department, class of '83, during the last 
year of his college course being resident 
student at the Maryland University Hospi- 
tal. Following his graduation he was for 
one year chief of clinics, medical depart- 
ment of dispensary, and has since been en- 
gaged in general practice with ofifice and 
residence at nil E. Preston street. Doc- 
tor Chabot is a member of the Medical and 
Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland and Balti- 
more Clinical Society, a member of and 
medical examiner for Zeta Conclave Im- 
proved Order of Heptasophs, and member 
of and medical examiner for the Shield of 
Honor and National Union. He was mar- 
ried April 26, 1892, to Celia R., daughter of 
the late Thomas Kelly, of Baltimore. Dr. 
and Airs. Chabot have one child, Gabriel 
Henry Chabot, Jr., and are members of St. 
Paul's Roman Catholic Church. 

Edwin Allen Sauerwein, Attorney-at- 
Law, was born in Baltimore, November 29, 
1875. He is a son of Edward Augustus 
and Anna Procter (Taylor) Sauerwein, na- 
tives of Baltimore, the former of German, 
the latter of English descent. The Sauer- 
wein family had its first representative in 
Maryland in the person of Peter G. Sauer- 
wein, who came from Germany .about the 
year 1700, locating in one of the villages 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



711 



which formed the nuclei of the city of Bal- 
timore. He founded the flouring business 
which for nearly two centuries bore the 
name of P. G. Sauerwein & Sons, having 
been handed down from generation to gen- 
eration, the eldest son of each bearing the 
name of Peter G. Sauerwein, downi to the 
latest representative of the family Edward 
A. Sauerwein, who recently retired from the 
business. Thomas Wilson, founder of the 
Wilson Sanitarium of Baltimore county is 
an uncle of Mrs. Edward .'\. Sauerwein, 
who is the daughter of R. J. Taylor, of Balti- 
more. E. Allen Sauerwein received his 
general education in the public schools and 
City College of Baltimore; attended Mary- 
land University Law Department, was 
graduated therefrom in 1S96, and is junior 
member of the law firm of Owens & Sauer- 
wein, 224 St. Paul street. Mr. Sauerwein 
resides at 1406 Mt. Royal avenue, and is a 
member of St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal 
Church. 

Charles H.\rvev Stanley, Attorney-at- 
Law, was born in Saybrook, Conn., October 
20, 1842. He is a son of the late Rev. Har- 
vey and Mary Anne (Kinne) Stanley. Rev. 
Harvey Stanley was a native of North Caro- 
lina and a lineal descendant of John Stanley, 
surveyor of the colony of Maryland, and a 
great-grandson of John Wright Stanley, of 
North Carolina, of Revolutionary fame. 
John Stanley was a younger son of the Earl 
of Derby. Mary Anne (Kinne) Stanley 
was a daughter of Charles R. Kinne, who in 
early life removed from New York to North 
Carolina, where he engaged in the practice 
of law. He was a brother of William Kinne, 
editor of Kinne's Blackstone. Rev. Stan- 
ley and family located in 1851 in Prince 



George's county, Md., where the immediate 
subject of this sketch, Charles H. Stanley, 
received his initial training in the public 
schools and by private tutor. Soon after 
the breaking out of the Civil War he en- 
listed in the First Maryland Volunteer Cav- 
alry and served until General Lee's sur- 
render. Returning to Maryland he en- 
gaged in school teaching and began the 
study of law under the preceptorship of Gen. 
Thomas F. Bowie. He was admitted to the 
bar January 17, 1869, and has been actively 
engaged in the practice of his profession 
since 1870, dividing hip time between legal 
and other interests in Prince George's 
county and the city of Baltimore. Mr. 
Stanley has served the State as a member of 
its Legislature, during which period he was 
chairman of Committee on Education and 
a member of the Judiciary and Inspection 
Committees. He was State Director of the 
Baltimore and Ohio Road for four years; 
was Mayor of Laurel for three years and has 
been for the past six years President of the 
Citizens' National Bank, of Laurel. Mr. 
Stanley has been married twice ; November 
26, 1871, to Miss Ella Lee Hodges, of Anne 
.\rundel county, Md., who died in Septem- 
ber. 1881. In September, 1884, he married 
Miss Margaret, daughter of John Snowden, 
of Prince George's county. Mr. and Mrs. 
Stanley have four children, Harvey, Eliza- 
beth, Charles Harvey and William, and are 
members of the Episcopal Church. Mr. 
Stanley is a Mason. He is a member of the 
standing committee of the Diocese of 
Washington, residing in the town of Laurel, 
which is within the new diocese. He has 
for years been a trustee of the Maryland 
Agricultural College, elected with others to 
represent the private stockholders. 



712 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Dr. James Sherman Barnard was born 
in Albion, N. Y., June 25, 1857. He is a 
son of the late James B. and Caroline M. 
(Young) Barnard, natives of New York, 
and descendants respectively of early 
Scotch-Dutch and English settlers of the 
colonies. Gen. Ethan Allen, of Revolu- 
tionary fame, was an uncle of Doctor Barn- 
ard's maternal grandmother. James B. 
Barnard was a farmer; he died in 1887, hav- 
ing survived his wife seven years. Dr. 
James S. Barnard attended the public 
schools of his native county, studied medi- 
cine under the preceptorship of Dr. R. S. 
Bishop, of Medina, N. Y., was graduated 
from Hahnemann Medical College, of Phil- 
adelphia, with the class of '82, and entered 
upon the practice at Clyde, where he re- 
mained until 1890 when he removed to Bal- 
timoire, where he has since been engaged in 
general practice, making a specialty of 
surgery, and with office and residence at 
211 1 St. Paul street. Doctor Barnard was 
one of the charter members of the Southern 
Homeopathic College and is a member of 
the Faculty of that institution, having held 
the chair of surgery from 1890 to 1895, and 
the chair of surgical gynecology since the 
latter date. For the jjast three years Doc- 
tor Barnard has been Superintendent of 
Maryland Homeopathic Hospital. He 
was married October i, 1884, to Lily, 
daughter of George H. Hoyt, of Ely Sons 
& Hoyt, glass manufacturers of Clyde, N. 
Y. Dr. and Mrs. Barnard are members of 
First M. E. Church. Doctor Barnard is a 
Mason, and was made a member of the Blue 
Lodge in 1883, of the Chapter in 1886, 
Knight Templar in 1886, and since 1893 
Nol)k' of the Mvstic Shrine. His com- 



mandery membership in Baltimore is with 
the Beauseant Commandery. 

Dr. J. Ward Wisner was born at Mar- 
tinsburg, W. Va., August 8, 1871. He is a 
son of Charles W. and Mary E. (Jackson) 
^^'isner, natives of Baltimore county, Md., 
the former of Swiss, the latter of English 
descent. Charles W. Wisner was for a 
number of years a Government employe; 
was then connected with the Equitable Life 
Lisurance Company, and is now a Justice of 
the Peace by appointment of Governor 
Lowndes. Dr. J. Ward Wisner studied 
medicine under Dr. James S. Barnard, and 
was graduated from the Southern Home- 
opathic Medical College, Baltimore, in 
1895. In 1895-6 he was Assistant Demon- 
strator of Anatomy, and in 1896-7 Demon- 
strator of Gynecology under Prof. James S. 
Barnard, and Chief of Clinics of the College 
and Hospital. He resides at Hagerstown 
and is a member of the Protestant Episcopal 
Church of St. Michael and All Angels. 

Dr. George Florence Taylor was 
born in Baltimore, August 17, 1855. He 
is a son of the late Jesse and Elizabeth J. 
(Church) Taylor, natives respectively of 
Pennsylvania and Maryland, and descend- 
ants of early English settlers of the Ameri- 
can colonies. The family descended on the 
paternal side from three brothers — ^John, 
Henry and George — who immigrated to 
this country from England in 1700, and 
from whom descended the late President 
Zachary Taylor. The maternal side de- 
scended from the Halls, a prominent Mary- 
land family who flourished in Anne /Vrnn- 
dcll county for years. It is an interesting 




<:::%^'^7r^^l.-j=t^. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



713 



fact that both the paternal and maternal line 
had representatives in each of the wars of 
the United States back to and including the 
Revolution. Jesse Taylor was for many 
years engaged in spice manufacturing in 
Baltimore. He was prominent in Odd Fel- 
lowship and died September 14, 1888. 
George F. Taylor attended Knapp's School, 
studied medicine under the preceptorship 
of Professors Brown, Latimer and Coskey; 
was graduated from the College of Phy- 
sicians and Surgeons in 1878, taking the 
fifth prize; was Clinical Assistant to Profes- 
sor of Throat, Heart and Lungs, College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, for two years, 
and has since been engaged in general prac- 
tice, with present office and residence at 
1254 X". Broadway. Doctor Taylor is medi- 
cal examiner for Manhattan Life Insurance 
Company of New York; a member of Medi- 
cal and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, 
Medical and Surgical Society of Baltimore, 
Clinical Society of Baltimore, American 
Medical Association, Junior Order United 
American Mechanics and Knights of 
Pythias. He was married December 19, 
1882, to Alary Jeannette, daughter of 
Thomas McGill, proprietor of a printing 
house in Washington, D. C. Dr. and Mrs. 
Taylor have one child, Herbert D., and at- 
tend Faith Presbyterian Church. 

Dr. Harry Gaunt Harryman was born 
in Baltimore, January 9, 1865. He is a son 
of the late Benjamin B. and Ellen (Gaunt) 
Harryman, the former a native of Alary- 
land, the latter of New York, and respect- 
ively of French-English and English de- 
scent. The Harrymans were early settlers 
in Baltimore county, taking up land on 
Belair Road early in the last century. Ben- 



jamin B. Harryman was a printer in the em- 
ploy of the Government. He died in 1890. 
His widow resides in Baltimore. Dr. H. G. 
Harryman was graduated from City Col- 
lege, class of '81, and after a course at Mur- 
ray's School of Languages took up the 
study of medicine under Dr. Wilmer Brin- 
ton. He was graduated from Baltimore 
Medical College, class of '88, taking the 
gold medal, and was assistant to Professor 
of Diseases of Nose, Throat and Chest for 
three years after graduation. He is a mem- ■ 
ber of Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of 
Maryland, Baltimore Medical and Surgical 
Society and Baltimore Medical College 
Alumnal Association, of which latter he was 
secretary. _ He is surgeon to the Ancient 
Order of Foresters and medical examiner 
L O. H. Reb. Conclave, No. 10. He was 
married October 27, 1892, to Mary Theresa, 
daughter of the late Dr. Wm. B. Klipstein, 
of Alexandria, Va. Dr. and Airs. Harry- 
man have two children, Mary Ellen and 
William Klipstein; reside at 15 12 E. Pres- 
ton street, and are communicants of Church 
of our Saviour P. E. Cliurch. 

Dr. Joseph L. Spruill was born in Co- 
lumbia, N. C, June 16, 1870. He is a son 
of Thomas and Alary L. (Chaplain) Spruill, 
the former a native of North Carolina, of 
German descent; the latter a Virginian by 
birth and of English ancestry, and both are 
descendants of early settlers of the States 
of their nativity. For a number of gene- 
rations the Spruill family has been repre- 
sented in the Legislature of North Caro- 
lina. Three members of the Chaplain fam- 
ily were Confederate soldiers during the 
late war. Joseph L. Spruill completed his 
general education at Bingham (N. C.) Alili- 



714 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



tary Academy, then entering the School of 
Medicine of the Maryland University, from 
which institution he was graduated in 1895, 
becoming through excellence in competi- 
tive examination resident physician of St. 
Agnes' Hospital. In October, 1896, he was 
appointed to his present position of Assist- 
ant Dispensary Physician of Maryland Uni- 
versity Hospital, and is connected with St. 
Agnes' as lecturer on surgery. Doctor 
Spruill resides and has olifices at 2466 
Greenmount avenue, and is a member of 
Eutaw Place Baptist Ciiurch. 

Thomas Ireland Elliott, City Solici- 
tor of Baltimore, was born in Baltimore, 
December 25, 1855. He is a_son of the 
late William and Rosa (Bunting) Elliott, 
natives of Baltimore and descendants of 
early English settlers of Maryland, the for- 
mer being lineally descended from William 
Elliott, wlio located in Queen Anne's 
county about 1715, and the latter from 
William Bunting, who settled in Baltimore 
county from Manchester, England, in 1740. 
Thomas I. Elliott was educated in the pub- 
lic schools and City College of Baltimore, 
graduating in 1873; and from Princeton 
College, with the degree of A. B., in 1876, 
receiving from the latter institution degree 
of A. M. in 1879. He read law with Messrs. 
Hinkley & Morris; attended the law de- 
partment of I\larvl;ind University, and was 
graduated tlu'nfium with the degree LL. 
B. in 187S. He was admitted to practice in 
June of the same year ui)on oral examina- 
tion before the Supreme Bench, and has 
since been engaged in law practice, with 
present oiifices in the Equitable Building. 
Mr. Elliott was associated with Hon. Pink- 
ncy Whyte as counsel hy appointment un- 



der ordinance to the Council Investigating 
Committee of 1894-5, and was appointed to 
the office of City Solicitor in the spring 
of 1896. He is a Mason, Knight Templar 
and Shriner and a member of the I. O. O. F. 
and Royal Arcanum. He resides at 2026 
Mt. Royal Terrace and attends Mount Ver- 
non M. E. Church. 

Dr. Philip Allen Paxetti was born 
in Baltimore, December 19, 1871. He is 
a son of the late Dr. Ernest F. and Bar- 
bara (Ganmier) Panetti, the former a na- 
tive of Bavaria, of Italian descent, and the 
latter a native of Baden, both of whom came 
to the United States in youth and were mar- 
ried in Baltimore, where Dr. Ernest F. 
Panetti engaged in the practice of dentistry 
up to the time of his decease in 1884. Philip 
A. Panetti attended the public schools of 
Baltimore and then made a special study 
of chemistry under Prof. P. B. Wilson, who 
was also his preceptor in the general study 
of medicine. He then entered the Ken- 
tucky School of Medicine, Louisville, from 
which institution he was graduated in 1892. 
Returning to Baltimore he entered upon 
the general practice with present office and 
residence at 1243 N. Broadway. During 
1893-4 Doctor Panetti was assistant to 
Professor of Chemistry of Baltimore Uni- 
versity School of Medicine. He is a mem- 
ber of and medical examiner for Usa Con- 
clave, Improved Order of Heptasophs, a 
member of Jr. O. U. A. M., and medical 
examiner Legion of the Red Cross. He is 
a number of Trinity Episcopal Church. 
Doctor Panetti comes from a family of phy- 
sicians, his father, grandfather, great- 
grandfather and two uncles having been of 
the iirofession. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



^15 



Dr. John Roth was born in Prussia, 
January 20, 1852. He is a son of John 
George and Louisa (Bertram) Roth, both 
natives of Prussia, as were their ancestors 
as far back as the genealogies of both fami- 
nes are traceable. Mr. and Airs. John 
George Roth came to the United States and 
located in Baltimore in August, 1852, where 
Mr. Roth has ever since been engaged in 
business as a merchant tailor. His son 
John was educated in the public schools of 
Baltimore, and then took a commercial 
course at Bryant & Stratton's Mercantile 
College. For some years thereafter he was 
connected with the Police Department of 
Baltimore, during which period he devoted 
ills leisure to the study of medicine, pursu- 
ing it latterly under the preceptorship of 
Dr. P. G. Dausch. He was graduated from 
Baltimore Medical University in 1895, and 
during the year following was Chief of Clin- 
ics of the gynecological department of the 
University. Doctor Roth's office and resi- 
<lence are at 1429 E. Hofifman street. He is 
a member of the Masonic fraternity. 

Dr. Arminius Cleveland Pole was 
born in Baltimore county, April 9, 1852. 
He is a son of William and the late Emily 
Vancourt (Stier) Pole, natives of Mary- 
land, the former a descendant of early Eng- 
lish settlers of Maryland, and the latter 
Welsh, of German ancestry. Mr. William 
Pole hi.:, held a number of official trusts, 
serving for ; long period as Justice of the 
Peace; for one term as SheriiT of the county, 
and for several sessions as a member of the 
House of Delegates. He has always been 
a stalwart Democrat and served for several 
years in the Confederate Army during the 
late war. He resides with his son, Doctor 



Pole. The latter attended the public 
schools of Baltimore and Lexington, Va ; 
beg-an the study of medicine under the pre- 
ceptorship of Dr. Henry Darling, then of 
Baltimore, now of Brigntwood, D. C. ; was 
graduated from Maryland University Med- 
ical Department with the class of '76, and 
has since been engaged in general practice 
with present office and residence at 2038 
Madison avenue. In 1884 Doctor Pole ac- 
cepted the chair of anatomy, which he still 
holds, in the Baltimore Medical College, to 
which were added for two sessions lectures 
on operative surgery. Doctor Pole is one of 
the medical stafif of the Home for Consump- 
tives, a member of the American Medical 
Association, Medical and Chirurgical Fac- 
ulty of Maryland, Baltimore Clinical So- 
ciety and of the Maryland Book and Journal 
Club. He is also a member of the Royal 
Arcanum and a member of and medical 
examiner for the Shield of Honor. Doctor 
Pole is a Fellow of the Society of Science, 
Literature and Arts of London. 

He was married January 2, 1884, to Miss 
Mary Louisa, daughter of the late William 
and Rosina (Nathan) Bumpus, of Virginia. 
Dr. and Mrs. Pole are members of Em- 
manuel Baptist Church, of the Board of 
Deacons of which Doctor Pole is a member. 

Dr. Richard Alex.\nder Urouhart 
was born in Isle of Wight county, Va., Sep- 
tember 28, 1872. He is a son of the late 
John B. and Mary L. (Urquhart) Urquhart, 
natives of Virginia, of Scotch descendants 
of early settlers of Virginia and North Caro- 
lina. Dr. R. A. Urquhart received his 
initial training by private tutor and at a 
private school and the Academy of Lewis- 
ton, N. C. This was supplemented by at- 
tendance at Churcliland Academy, near 



■lu 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Norfolk, Va. His general education was 
completed at the University of North Caro- 
lina. In 1892 he entered the medical de- 
partment of the University of Virginia, 
graduating therefrom in June, 1894. Re- 
moving to Baltimore he took a post-gradu- 
ate course at Johns Hopkins Hospital. In 
1895-6 he was senior resident physician at 
St. Agnes' Hospital, and is now assistant 
in the Children's Department at Johns Hop- 
kins Hospital. Doctor Urquhart has his 
residence and office at 2724 Pennsylvania 
avenue and is a member of the Episcopal 
Church. 

Dr. Milton Elmer Hammer was born 
in Baltimore, September 4, 1866. He is a 
son of Peter and Sarah C. (Shoemaker) 
Hammer, natives of Maryland, of German 
descent. Peter Hammer was engaged for 
some years in mercantile pursuits in Balti- 
more, was then for a term of years master 
mechanic of the Northern Central Railway 
at Baltimore, and is now retired and re- 
sides in Baltimore. Dr. M. E. Hammer at- 
tended the public schools and City College 
of Baltimore, then taking a commercial 
course at Bryant & Stratton's Mercantile 
College, graduating therefrom in 1883. He 
entered the medical department of Mary- 
land University in 1886 and was graduated 
in 1888, and has since been engaged in the 
practice of his profession in Baltimore, with 
offices at 1 100 N. Calhoun street and ion 
Light street. He was married April 24, 
1888, to Amelia li., .laughter of Henry 
MuUer, grocer, of S. Eutaw street, Balti- 
more. Dr. and Mrs. Ilanmier have two 
children, Sadie C. and Elmer Y.: reside at 
1 100 N. Calhoun street and arc members 
of the Methodist Episcopal Clnu-ch. 



Dr. John Jabez Caldwell was born at 
Oak Hill, near Wilmington, Del., April 28, 
1836. He is a son of the late Col. John S. 
and Rebecca Webb (Baker) Caldwell, the 
former a native of Delaware, the latter of 
Pennsylvania, and descendants respectively 
of Scotch-Irish and English colonial set- 
tlers. Capt. John Caldwell, a son of Sir 
Davy Caldwell, County Antrim, Ireland, 
emigrated to America early in the last cen- 
tury, locating on the Eastern Shore of Dela- 
ware. On Doctor Caldwell's maternal side 
the descent is from Richard Baker, who 
came to the American colonies with Wil- 
liam Penn, and from the same stock came 
the Harlans, Marshalls and Webbs. Nu- 
merous representatives on both sides were 
soldiers in the Revolutionary War. Dr. J. 
J. Caldwell attended the Quaker school at 
Wilmington, Del., and was graduated from 
New York Medical College, class of i860. 
He was an interne at Bellevue Hospital, 
New York, for two years, and early in the 
Civil War was appointed assistant sur- 
geon on general hospital duty, serving 
throughout the war from St, Louis to 
the Rio Grande, including transjxjrt, camp 
and hospital duty. Following the war 
he was physician and surgeon in charge 
of Brooklyn Central Dispensary until 1878 
when he removed to Baltimore, where he 
has since been engaged in practice, with 
present office and residence 1138 N. Fulton 
street. Doctor Caldwell makes a specialty 
of neurology, .^.n honorary degree was 
conferred upon Doctor Caldwell by College 
of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore. 
Doctor Caldwell has been engaged largely 
in magazine, journalistic and other literary 
work. 

He was married January 6, 1864, to .\nn 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Ridgelcy, daughter of the late Robert Hor- 
ace Love, of Worthington Valley, Mary- 
land. Dr. and Mrs. Caldwell have three chil- 
dren: Maud Worthington, wife of Bereda 
Turner, merchant of Baltimore, and Ridge- 
ley Love and E. Calhoun Caldwell, elec- 
trical engineers, of Baltimore, and forming 
the firm of Caldwell & Co. The family are 
Episcopalians. 

Dr. Alfred Whitehead was born in 
London, England, September lo, 1849; 
completed his general education at King 
Edward VL Grammar School, Birming- 
ham, and was articled to the study of medi- 
cine under Prof. Alexander Fleming, at- 
tending during this period Queen's College 
and being a resident student at Queen's 
Hospital from October, 1866, to January, 
1871, graduating with honors from that in- 
stitution as well as from the Royal College 
of Surgeons, England. During 1871 he was 
resident assistant surgeon at Queen's Hos- 
pital, and following this up to July, 1873, 
resident medical officer of Birmingham and 
IMidland Counties Free Hospital for Sick 
Children. From 1873 to 1878 Doctor 
Whitehead was surgeon to the Peninsula 
and Oriental Steamship Company, being 
variously stationed in India, China and 
Japan. Returning to Birmingham in 1878 
he was engaged in general practice in that 
city in 1882, when he came to the United 
States and located in Baltimore, where he 
has since been engaged in the practice of His 
profession, with present office and residence 
at 1121 E. Baltimore street. Doctor White- 
head was Professor of Diseases of Children, 
Baltimore University School of Medicine, 
from 1884 to 1889, and Professor of Anat- 
omy and Clinical Surgery in the same in- 



stitution from January, 1889, to October, 
1894. He is a member of Maryland Medi- 
cal and Chirurgical Faculty, Baltimore 
Medical Society, Baltimore Medical and 
Surgical Society and American Medical As- 
sociation. He was married January 16, 
1889, to Amy Gertrude, daughter of the late 
Col. Isaac Brewster Roe, of Port Jefferson, 
L. I. Dr. and Mrs. Whitehead are members 
of Mt. Vernon M. E. Church. 

Dr. Alexander Taylor Bell was born 
at Norfolk, \'a., December 12, 1835. He 
is a son of the late Alexander and Margaret 
(Soutter) Bell, the former a native of Kirk- 
cudbright, Scotland, and the latter of Vir- 
ginia and of Scotch parentage. Alexander 
Bell, who was a prominent commission mer- 
chant of Norfolk, Va., died in 1867. His 
sons, six in number, were Confederate sol- 
diers during the late war, and four of 
them, including Doctor Bell, were wounded. 
Alexander T. Bell graduated from William 
and Mary College with the degree of A. B. 
in 1855; began the study of medicine under 
the late Dr. William Selden, of Norfolk, 
and continued it under Dr. Willard Parker, 
an eminent surgeon of New York City; at- 
tended one session of the University of 
Virginia, and was graduated from the New 
York College of Physicians and Surgeons 
in 1858. During 1859 and i860 he was in- 
terne and resident surgeon at the old New 
York Hospital. He began the practice of 
his profession in New York, but at the 
breaking out of the war went South and 
entered the Confederate Army, serving 
throughout the war as assistant surgeon 
and surgeon. Subsequent to the war and 
up to January, 1S70. he practiced medicine 
in Norfolk, Va., and during the most of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



this period was Health Officer of that port. 
During his practice at Norfolk, Doctor Bell 
became interested in homeopathy with the 
result of his adopting its practice since his 
removal (1870) to Baltimore. His office 
and residence are at iiii N. Calhoun street. 

Dr. CharlHS Thomas Harper was born 
at Southport, N. C, August 10, 1872. He 
is a son of Capt. J. T. and Anna S. (Drew) 
Harper, natives of North Carolina and de- 
scendants of early Scotch-Irish settlers of 
Eastern North Caroline. Capt. J. T. Har- 
per was a Confederate soldier and several 
years subsequent to the close of the war 
was captain of a governmental vessel in the 
engineer department. He is now a capi- 
talist with extensive steamboat, real estate 
and manufacturing interests at Wilmington 
and Southport, N. C. Dr. Chas. T. Harper 
prepared for college at Cape Fair Academy, 
Wilmington; then entering Trinity College, 
where he completed his general education. 
After a brief period of service in his father's 
milling business at Wilmington, he entered 
Davidson's School of Medicine, at David- 
son, N. C. The summer of 1892 he spent as 
hospital student at Bellevue Hospital (New 
York), then coming to Baltimore to enter 
the medical department of Maryland Uni- 
versity, from which he was graduated in 
1894. Doctor Harper stood second in a 
class of cighty-onc. He was licensed to 
practice in North Carolina in 1893. He was 
Demonstrator of Anatomy at the Woman's 
Medical College in 1895, and also during 
that year Assistant Demonstrator of His- 
tology at Baltimore Medical College. In 
1896 he was Chief of Clinics of Surgery at 
Baltimore University, and in 1897 lecturer 
on Minor Surgery and Bandages at Balti- 



more University. He is Secretary of Balti- 
more Medical and Surgical Society and a 
member of Baltimore Medical Association 
and North Carolina Medical Society. He 
is a member of the Masonic fraternity, 
Knights of Pythias and Junior Order 
United American Mechanics. He was mar- 
ried December 18, 1895, to Jesse G., daugh- 
ter of George H. Zimmerman, Deputy 
United States Marshal of Maryland. Dr. 
and Mrs. Harper have one child, Jessie G. ; 
reside at 1627 W. Lexington street, and arc 
members of Fulton Avenue Presbyterian 
Church. 

Dr. David Streett was l>orn near "The 
Rocks," Harford county, Md., October 17, 
1855. He is a son of the late Corbin Graf- 
ton and Nancy (Streett) Streett, natives of 
Plarford county, Md., and both lineally de- 
scended from Thomas Streett, one of three 
brothers who came to the North American 
colonies from London, England, early in 
the last century, Thomas locating in Har- 
ford county, Md., where he took up on a 
patent seven hundred acres of land, part of 
which is still in possession of the Streetts. 
Both of Doctor Strcett's grandfathers par- 
ticipated in the battle of North Point, Sep- 
tember 12, 1814. Dr. David Streett complet- 
ed his general education at Bethel Academy, 
Harford county; taught school at 19; began 
the study of medicine two years later; grad- 
uated with honors from College of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons, Baltimore, March 6, 
1873; served one year as resident physician, 
Maternite Hospital, and another at Balti- 
more City H^ospital; and has been engaged 
since March, 1880, in general practice, with 
])resenl office and residence at 712 Park 
avenue. Doctor Streett was a member of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



First Branch Cit\- Council for two terms, 
18S3-4. In 1885 lie was chosen Professor 
of Principles and Practice of Medicine, 
Baltimore Medical College, and in 1888 
was made Dean of its Faculty, both of which 
positions he still holds. He was active in 
the establishment and support of Maryland 
General Hospital and is one of its medical 
staff. He was elected President of the 
Medical and Surgical Society of Baltimore 
in January, 1891, and Vice-President of 
Maryland Medical and Chirurgical Faculty 
in May, 1891. He is a member also of 
American Medical Association, Baltimore 
Medical Association and Maryland Clinical 
Society. His degree of A. M. was con- 
ferred by Loyola College, Baltimore. Doc- 
tor Streett was married April 25, 1882, to 
Sadie, daughter of Wm. H. B. Fusselbaugh. 
Two children born of this union, Annie and 
David Corbin Streett, survive, and one, 
William F. Streett, is deceased. 

Dr. George Griffith Jones was born 
in Baltimore, December 10, 1858. He is a 
son of the late Capt. John Stanley and So- 
phia (Griftith) Jones, natives of Dorches- 
ter county, Md., and descendants of early 
Welsh and English settlers of the Eastern 
Shore of the State. Capt. John S. Jones 
was for many years and up to the time of 
his decease (1858) a captain of steamers 
plying the waters of Chesapeake Bay and 
James river. His widow resides in Balti- 
more. Dr. George G. Jones attended the 
public schools of Baltimore and was gradu- 
ated from the City College with the class 
of '78. He studied medicine under the pre- 
ceptorship of the late Dr. Henry Webster, 
and was graduated from the School of Med- 
icine of J\.aryland University in 1881. He 



began the practice of medicine in Talbot 
county, Md., where he remained for two 
years, then returning to Baltimore, where 
he has since followed his profession. He 
was married in 1884 to Annie, daughter of 
the late Jacob Friedhoffer, of Baltimore. 
Mrs. Jones died in 1891, leaving three chil- 
dren: Clarence W., Norman W. and Edna 
E. Jones. In November, 1897, Doctor 
Jones married again, his second wife being 
Miss Elizabeth M. Winters, a lady of Ger- 
man descent in both branches. Doctor 
Jones resides at 1708 Pressberg street and 
attends Grace M. E. Church. He is a mem- 
ber of the Masonic Order. 

Dr. Joseph Bernard Saunders was 
born in Baltimore, April 25, 1864. He is a 
son of James S. and Mary A. (Macklin) 
Saunders, natives of Baltimore, the former 
a descendant of early settlers of the colony, 
and the latter of Irish descent. James S. 
Saunders is a machinist by trade and is in- 
spector of pipes for Baltimore Water De- 
partment. Dr. J. B. Saunders attended the 
public schools and City College of Balti- 
more; was for five years employed as a 
pharmacist with Coleman & Rogers, drug- 
gists: studied medicine under Prof. T. S. 
Latimer and was graduated from the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons in 1885. 
From that date to 1889 he had charge of 
clinic diseases of children and out-door 
department, College of Physicans and Sur- 
geons. From 1889 to 1896 charge of gen- 
eral practice of medicine, out-door depart- 
ment. College of Physicians and Surgeons; 
from 1894 to 1896 was of the visiting phy- 
sicians, Baltimore General Dispensary, and 
from 1886 to 1897 physician in charge of 
St. Elizabeth's Home. Dnclrir Saunders is 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



President of St. Ignatius Branch of Young 
Catholic Friends an active member of and 
physician to St. Vincent de Paul's Confer- 
ence, Secretary of the League of the Sacred 
Heart, orator of St. Leo's Council, Catholic 
Benevolent Legion, and a member of the 
State Council of the same Order; Medical 
Director of Western Maryland Railroad 
Relief Association ; Archon of Clifton Con- 
clave, No. 370, Improved Order of Hepta- 
sophs, and President of the Maryland Pil- 
grims' Association. Doctor Saunders is a 
member of St. Ignatius Church, and resides 
and has his office at 219 East Preston 
street. 

Dr. George Henry Everhart was 
born in Shrewsbury, Pa., February 20, 
1867. He is a son of George P. and Mary 
(Hauer) Everhart, descendants respectively 
of early German settlers of the colonies of 
Maryland and Virginia. The founder of 
the American Everhart family was Paul 
Eberhardt (subsequently Anglicized to 
Everhart), who emigrated from Stuttgart 
early in the last century, taking up a tract 
of land by grant from Lord Baltimore in 
Carroll county, Md., a part of which tract 
still remains in possession of the family. 
George P. Everhart is a retired merchant 
and resides in Baltimore. Dr. George H. 
Everhart completed his general education 
at Hopkins' School, New Haven; studied 
medicine under his uncle, Dr. O. T. Ever- 
hart, of Hanover, Pa., and was graduated 
from Maryland University Medical Depart- 
ment in 1890. During the last year of his 
university course he was a hospital student. 
He is one of the visiting physicians of the 
Home of the Aged, and Sanitary Inspector 
of the Water Shed by apixjintnient of 



Mayor Hooper. He is medical examiner 
for A. O. U. W. and Brotherhood of Rail- 
road Trainmen. He was married June 24, 
1891, to Mary Almeda, daughter of E. H. 
Fitzgerald, of Shrewsbury, Pa. The family 
reside at 100 West Twenty-fifth street, and 
are members of Grace P. E. Church. 

Dr. William Alered Belt Sellman 
was born in Frederick, Md., June 10, 1850. 
He is a son of J. J. M. and the late Anne 
Elizabeth (Belt) Sellman, the forrrter a na- 
tive of Maryland, the latter of Virginia. On 
the maternal side Doctor Sellman is de- 
scended from Welsh-Scotch colonial set- 
tlers, several of whom participated in the 
War of the Revolution. Mr. J. J. M. Sell- 
man was for a number of years a merchant 
of Frederick. Upon his retirement from 
business he removed to Baltimore, and now 
resides in Washington, D. C. His wife died 
in 1877. Dr. W. A. B. Sellman was edu- 
cated at St. Timothy's Military Academy 
and Steuart Hall, Baltimore; studied medi- 
cine under the preceptorship of the late 
Prof. Nathan R. Smith; was graduated 
from the medical department of Maryland 
University with the class of '72, and was 
for some time thereafter clinical assistant 
to Prof. Nathan R. Smith. Doctor Sell- 
man has l>een since 1884 Professor of Dis- 
eases of Women, Baltimore University 
School of Medicine, and is visiting physician 
to Union Protestant Infirmary. He is a 
mcmljcr of the American Medical Associa- 
tion, American Association of Gynecology 
and Obstetrics, Medical and Chirurgical 
Faculty of Maryland, Baltimore Medical 
Association, Baltimore Clinical Society, 
Order of the Golden Chain, and .American 
Legion of Honor. He was married .\o- 







^/-^^^ 



rORV OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 



vember 15, 1882, to ^lary, daughter ot the 
late Thomas Vincent Ohver, and grand- 
daughter of General Sewall, of Cecil coun- 
ty, Md. Dr. and Mrs. Sellman have one 
son, Reginald Oliver Sellman, born in 1884; 
reside at Albion Hotel and are communi- 
cants of Grace Protestant Episcopal Church. 

Dr. Ikying Miller was born in Kent 
county, Aid.. March 5, 1858. He is a 
son of William T. and Elizabeth (Aldridge) 
Miller, also natives of Kent county, and 
both of Scotch ancestry. Dr. Irving Miller 
completed his general education at Ran- 
dolph-Macon College, from which institu- 
tion he was graduated with the class of '75. 
He then entered the School of Medicine of 
Maryland University; was graduated there- 
from in 1877, and entered upon the practice 
of his profession in Baltimore. In 1895 he 
established a private sanitarium for surgi- 
cal treatment of diseases of women, the in- 
stitution being located at 224 East Lafayette 
avenue. He was married in 1882 to Bessie, 
daughter of William H. Knott, of Wash- 
ington, D. C. Dr. and Mrs. Miller have one 
child, Bessie; reside at 1927 St. Paul street, 
and are members of St. Michael and .All 
Angels Episcopal Church. Doctor Aliller 
is a member of the Masonic Order. 

Dr. Charlton Myron Cook was born 
at Orwell, Bradford county, Pa., February 
29, i860. He is a son of the late Zeri and 
Elizabeth (Tyler) Cook, the former a native 
of Pennsylvania, the latter of New York, 
and both descendants of early English set- 
tlers of Xew England. Dr. C. M. Cook 
was educated in the public schools of Or- 
well and was graduated from Baltimore 
43 



Aledical College in 1893. For a year and a 
half thereafter he was in the nose, throat and 
chest department of the dispensary, then be- 
coming Chief of the Clinics and Dispensary 
Physician in charge, which position he still 
holds, together with that of Demonstrator 
of Clinical Medicine. He is a member of 
the Clinical Medical Society of Baltimore, 
Medical and Surgical Society of Baltimore, 
and the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of 
Alaryland. He was married September 10, 
1894, to Bessie, daughter of A. Carey, 
of Orlando, Fla. Doctor Cook's office and 
residence are at 1052 Myrtle avenue and he 
is a member of Lafayette Square Presby- 
terian Church. 

Sylvancs Stokes, proprietor of the 
Eutaw House, was born in Richmond, Va., 
May 6, 1858. He is a son of the late Allen 
Y. and Margaret M. (Pickett) Stokes, the 
former a native of North Carolina and the 
latter of Virginia. Mr. Stokes completed 
his education at the University of Virginia 
in 1879, and was admitted to the bar the 
following year. After practicing law for 
several years in Richmond, Va.. he bought 
an interest in the old-established grocery 
and liquor house of George A. Hundley, 
which was thereafter known as Hundley & 
Stokes. From this business he retired three 
years later. In 1889 he came to Baltimore 
and leased the St. James Hotel, which he 
ran for one year, when he secured a lease of 
the Eutaw House, upon which its owners 
expended in improvements $65,000. This 
house Mr. Stokes has since continued to 
operate with conspicuous success. He was 
for a time a leading stockholder in and 
President of the Germania Brewing Com- 
pany, of Baltimore, but retired therefrom 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



because of its trespass on his time. Mr. 
Stokes is the leading stockholder in a mag- 
nificent hotel, The Monticello, now in pro- 
cess of erection at Norfolk, Va. He was 
married in December, 1889, to Miss Minnie, 
daughter of the late Frederick Geesee, of 
Richmond, Va. Mr. and Mrs. Stokes have 
two children, Madge and Sylvanus, Jr., and 
attend St. Peter's Protestant Episcopal 
Church. 

Dr. Gkorge Henry Cairnes was born 
in Harford county, Md., May i, 1838. 
He is a son of the late Isaac H. and Anna 
(Watt) Cairnes, natives of Maryland, the 
former Irish, the latter of English-Welsh 
parentage. The late Isaac H. Cairnes was a 
valued and valuable citizen and e.\:tensive 
planter of Harford county, held a number ot 
official trusts and was a member of the State 
Legislature, session of 1867. He died in 
1890, surviving his wife many years. Dr. 
George H. Cairnes completed his general 
education at Tuscarora Academy, Juniata 
county. Pa., taught school a few years, 
studied medicine under Dr. S. C. Chew and 
James H. Butler, and was graduated from 
Maryland University Medical Department, 
class of '64. He spent some time as resident 
student at the old City and Count}- Alms 
House, was for si.x years Director of Spring 
Grove .'\syluui and is a member of Maryland 
Medical and Cliirurgical Faculty. Doctor 
Cairnes is a I Jeinocrat, was for a number ot 
years a mendjer of the Democratic State 
Central Committee, for three years a mem- 
ber of the Board of Supervisors of Elections 
and from 1886 to 1S90 L'nited States Mar- 
shal for District of Maryland by appoint- 
ment of President Cleveland. During 
Doctor Cairnes' inctunbencv of the Mar- 



shalship he had a partnership association in 
the practice of medicine with Dr. D. W. 
Smith. Doctor Cairnes w-as married Janu- 
ary 21, 1873, to Katharine, daughter of the 
late William Reside, of Baltimore. The 
family reside at 21 W. Twenty-fifth street. 

Dr. Willlvm Herbert Pearce was 
born in Baltimore county, Novendier 23, 
1870. He is a son of John B. and the late 
Linda A. (Blade) Pearce, natives of Mary- 
land and descendants respectively of early 
Welsh and English settlers of the colony. 
The founder of the American Pearce family 
located in Kent county. Md., in tiie 
seventeenth century. William Slade, Doc- 
tor Pearce's maternal grandfather, a farmer 
of Jjaltimore county, was in the State Legis- 
lature, session of 1891. John B. Pearce is 
an agriculturalist of Baltimore county. His 
wife died October 13, 1892. Their son, 
William H. Pearce, attended Milton 
Academy and Dickinson College Prepara- 
tory School, studied medicine under the 
preceptorship of Dr. A. \'. Parsons (now 
of Tacoma Park, Washington), was gradu- 
ateil from Maryland L^niversity Medical 
Department in 1891, and iluring the year 
following his graduation was connected 
with Johns Hopkins Hospital Dispensary. 
.\fter several years of practice he was 
ai)pointcd resident ]diysician, Hospital 

since }ilay 15. i8(;4, resident pli\sician. 
Home for Incurables. He was married ( )c- 
tober 23. 1895, to .\nna Lynn, daughter of 
Frisbie 1.. and .\nna (Boiling) Tilghman. of 
Cund)erland. .Mil. Doctor Pearce is a mem- 
ber of I'irst M. E. Church and his wife of 
.St, Michael and All Angels 1'. Iv Church. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



r23 



Dr. William Ernst Miller was born 
in Baltimore, November 23, 1869. He is a 
son of the late George T. and Minna 
(Schroeder) Miller, natives of Germany, 
who were brought in childhood to the 
United States by their respective fam- 
ilies, who located in Baltimore. George 
T. Miller carried on a mercantile busi- 
ness in Baltimore for many years and 
up tj the time of his decease, July 27, 
1888. William Ernst Miller attended the 
l)ublic schools of Baltimore; graduated from 
I'.ryant and Stratton's Business College in 
1884: afterwards studied medicine under Dr. 
William Rickert; was graduated from the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons of Bal- 
timore, in 1892, after which he took a post- 
graduate course at Frederick- William Uni- 
versity, Berlin, and returning to Baltimore 
entered upon general practice with office 
and residence at 2239 Pennsylvania avenue. 
Doctor Miller is a member of the Alumni 
Association of the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons ; examining physician for the For- 
resters of America, Court Stars and Stripes, 
No. 12, and Ladies' Circle, Pride of Stars 
and Stripes, No. 371. He is a member of 
St. John's Evangelical Lutheran Church. 

Dr. J.\.MES Davidso.\ Igleiiart was 
born in Anne Arundel county, Md.. 
October 6, 1850. He is a son of 
the late John W. Wilson and Ma- 
tilda (Davidson) Iglehart, natives of Mary- 
land and descendants respectively of early 
German and English settlers of the 
colony. The founder of the American 
family of Igleharts came from Germany and 
located near Alarlborough, Prince George's 
county. Md., in 1740. James Davidson, 
Doctor Iglehart's maternal grandfatlier, 



who was born November 5. 1760, came to 
the American colonies from England in 
1775, and the following year enlisted in a 
Pennsylvania regiment of the patriot army, 
was transferred soon thereafter to the Mary- 
land line. General Smallwood commanding, 
and served throughout the Revolutionary 
War. He was also one of the "Old Defend- 
ers," battle of North Point, September 12, 
1812. He settled in Anne Arundel county 
and founded the village which bears his 
name — Davidsonville. He died November 
28, 1841. John Wilson Iglehart, who was 
born April 10, 1814, owned an extensive 
plantation in Anne Arundel county, was ap- 
pointed Magistrateat twenty-one and served 
as County Commissioner and Judge of the 
Orphans' Court. He died July 21, 1881; 
his wife, February 2, 1877. Their son, James 
Davidson Iglehart, took his B. A. degree 
at St. John's College, Annapolis, graduating 
with the class of '72, subsequently — 1876 — 
taking the course degree A. M. He studied 
medicine under the preceptorship of Dr. 
William P. Bird, of Anne Arundel county, 
and was graduated from the medical depart- 
ment of the University of Pennsylvania in 
March, 1875. He served as resident physi- 
cian at Bay View Asyhmi up to the close of 
1875, since which time he has been engaged 
in general practice with present office and 
residence at 1214 Linden avenue. In April, 
1880, Doctor Iglehart was appointed by 
President John W. Garrett as one of the 
surgical staff of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- 
road, at Baltimore, a position he still holds, 
and as such is one of the visiting physicians 
to the LTniversity Hospital. He was one of 
the organizers of the Baltimore & Ohio Re- 
lief Department; surgeon for Mexican Vet- 
eran .Association; a member of the Board of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Managers of the House of Refuge since 
1887; member and Secretary of the Sons of 
the American Revohition and similarly con- 
nected with the Society of the War of 18 12; 
a member of the Maryland Historical So- 
ciety, Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of 
Maryland, Knights of Ancient Essenic Or- 
der and Royal Arcanum. He was married 
October 7, i88g, to Monterey, daughter of 
the late Col. William H. Watson, who com- 
manded the Baltimore Blues in the Mexi- 
can War and was killed at the battle of 
Monterey. Doctor and ]\Irs. Igiehart are 
communicants of Grace P. E. Church. 

Dr. Robert Garrett Lee Lumpkin 
was born in Baltimore, C)ctober 12, 1870. 
He is a son of Robert Garrett and Hannah 
Susannah (Ferry) Lumpkin, the former a 
native of \'irginia and the latter of Alary- 
land, and descendants respectively of early 
English and Scotch settlers of the colonies. 
Robert G. Lumpkin was for many years 
engaged in the hat manufacturing and job- 
bing business, latterly in connection with 
two of his sons under the firm name 
(if R. G. Lumpkin & Sons. He re- 
tired from business in 1885. Robert 
Garrett Lee Lumpkin completed his gen- 
eral education at Baltimore City College 
in 1888, studied medicine under Dr. John 
D. Blake, was graduated from Baltimore 
Medical College in 1892, taking a three 
years' course during the last year of which 
he was a resident student at Maryland Gen- 
eral Hospital. In 1892-93 he was Clinician 
on nose, throat and chest, Baltimore Medi- 
cal College, and in 1S95-96 surgical assist- 
ant at Doctor Lampmann's Private Sani- 
tarium, Wilkesbarre, Pa. He is now en- 
gaged in general practice in Baltimore witli 



oflice and residence at 1416 W. Lexington 
street. Doctor Lumpkin is consulting phy- 
sician at Doctor Hamilton's Sanitarium fr r 
Nervous Diseases. 

Dr. X.vthaniel Garland Keirle, 
Aledical Examiner for Baltimore, was born 
in Baltimore October 10, 1833. He is a son 
of the late Matthew Murfin and Sarah Ja- 
cobs (Garland) Keirle. ]^Iatthew j\L Keirle 
was a son of John Washington Keirle. who 
located in Baltimore from Philadelphia and 
was engaged in the wholesale boot and shoe 
business at Baltimore and Charles streets 
for a number of years. He was one of the 
victims of the destruction by fire in Long 
Island Sound of the steamer Lexington in 
January, 1840. The Garlands were of Puri- 
tan stock and Captain Nathaniel Garland, 
Doctor Keiric's maternal grandfather, was 
for many years engaged in commission 
merchandising and marine service between 
Baltimore and New York and New Eng- 
land ports. Nathaniel G. Keirle attended 
public and private schools of Baltimore and 
was graduated from Dickinson College 
(Carlisle, Pa.), with the class of "55. He 
studied medicine under the preceptorship of 
Dr. George W. Miltenberger and graduated 
from the medical department of Maryland 
University in 1858. After the battle of Get- 
tysburg Doctor Keirle volunteered his ser- 
vices to the Confederate wounded in the 
College Building at Gettysburg, and 
both prior and subsequent to tlve war 
was resident student at Baltimore City 
and County .Alms-House. In 1865 he 
was resident physician of Baltimore Infir- 
mary (now AlaTyland University Hospital), 
and in the first year of its establish- 
ment was resident physician, Bay View 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAXD. 



Asylum. He \vas visiting physician and 
reg-istrar of Baltimore Special Dispen- 
sary during its existence and held the 
branch of diseases of the skin. He was for 
more than twelve years physician in charge 
of Dispensary of College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, the Demonstrator of Pathology, 
and is now Professor of Pathology and Med- 
ical Jurisprudence and chief of Laboratory, 
Pasteur Department, of the same institu- 
tion. He has been Medical Examiner of 
Baltimore City since 1S87. Doctor Keirle's 
wife, who was Mary Elizabeth Jones, of 
St. Michael's, ;\Id., is deceased, as are two 
children. The surviving child, Nathaniel 
G. Keirle, Jr., is a student at the College 
of Physicians and Surgeons. Dr. Keirle is 
a member of the Baptist Church and has 
his office and residence at 1419 W. Lexing- 
ton street. 

Dr. Joseph Barney Frazier, of 1901 
W. Fayette street, was born in Dorchester 
county, Md., September 2, 18 13. His pa- 
rents, Joseph and Anna (Barry) Frazier, 
were natives of Maryland and descendants 
respectively of early Scotch and English 
settlers of the Eastern Shore of the State. 
Joseph Frazier was a soldier in the War of 
t8i2, a member of the regiment known as 
the "Eastern Blues." He died in the fifties, 
his wife in the seventies. Joseph B. Fra- 
zier received his schooling in the Hibernian 
Free School of Baltimore, and was then 
apprenticed to learn the trade of turner, a 
business which he followed in Baltimore up 
to 1894. In i860 he discovered that he was 
endowed by nature with a magnetic power 
v,!;ich he has been requested to apply 
in an attempt to cure disease which he did 
in manv instances with marvelous success. 



His curative powers were of late years 
brought into requisition to such an extent 
that in 1894 he determined upon spending 
his remaining years in the curing of dis- 
ease by magnetic treatment. He is not a 
graduate of any medical college nor has he 
made a special study of medicine, but is sim- 
ply a firm believer in his power to cure be- 
cause of the beneficial results that have at- 
tended his efforts in that direction. He was 
married June 17, 1835, to Emily, daughter 
of Thomas Major Crozier, of Philadelphia. 
She died May 11, 1892, leaving five chil- 
dren. They are Mary J., wife of the late 
Stephen Winingder, of Norfolk, Va.; Eliza- 
beth, wife of George Sanders, merchant; 
Imogene, wife of Dr. Joseph Hart; William 
W. Frazier, turner, and George M. Frazier, 
clerk, all residents of Baltimore. Dr. 
Joseph B. Frazier is a member of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church. 

Dr. Michael Kimmel Warner was 
born in Baltimore June 5, 1853. He is a son 
of the late Dr. John E. and Elizabeth 
(Wilks) Warner, natives of Maryland, and 
descendants respectively of early English 
and Scotch settlers of the colony. Dr. John 
E. Warner graduated from Washington 
University, class of '48, and practiced medi- 
cine in Baltimore. During the late war he 
was surgeon to the ist Maryland Cavalry, 
serving throughout the late war; latterly in 
marine surgeon work. He died in 1888, sur- 
viving his wife one year. Their son, Michael 
K. Warner, attended public and private 
schools of Baltimore, studied medicine un- 
der his father's preceptorship, was gradu- 
ated from Washington University in 1876, 
subsequently attending Icctiu'cs at Mary- 
land University Medical Department. He 



726 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



was married July 6, 1871, to Clara Au,2;"usta, 
daughter of the late James H. Wheeler, of 
New Orleans. The family reside at 901 N. 
Strieker street, and are of the Episcopal 
faith. 

Dr. Ceciltus Calvert Steuart was. 
born at Patuxent Forge, Anne Arundel 
county, ]\'Id., July 29, i860. He is a son of 
the late Dr. William Frederick and Ann 
(Hall) Steuart, natives of Maryland and de- 
scendants of early English settlers of the 
colony, the former having been collaterally 
connected by descent with the historic Cal- 
verts of ^laryland. Dr. William Frederick 
Steuart was a graduate of the medical de- 
partment of M'aryland University, class of 
'30, and practiced in Anne Arundel and St. 
Mary's counties up to the breaking out of 
the Civil War, throughout which he par- 
ticipated as surgeon on the staff of Gen. 
Robert E. Lee. Subsequent to the close of 
the war he located in Baltimore and became 
resident physician of the old Maryland Hos- 
pital for the Insane, then located at the cor- 
ner of Monument and Broadway. He was 
then resident at Spring Grove .Asylum, and 
next served as quarantine physician. He 
then founded an institution for the treatment 
of insane and inebriates, known as Harlenn 
Insane and Inebriate .\syknn, located at 
Catonsville. In 1885 the latter institution 
was closed and another of a similar charac- 
ter opened at Melvale, Baltimore county, 
which was operated by Doctor Steuart for 
three years, when he retired from practice. 
He died December 10, 1889: his wife, No- 
vember 4, 1887. Their son. Dr. C. C. Steu- 
art, received his initial schooling under pri- 
vate tutors in Anne .Arundel county, and 
later in Baltimore: he completed his general 



stuilies at Carey's School, Baltimore. He 
began the study of medicine under his fath- 
er's preceptorship and then entered the 
medical department of Maryland Univer- 
sity, from which he was graduated with the 
class of '82. His university course was sup- 
plemented by special studies at Johns Hop- 
kins L'uiversity. Following his graduation 
he became associated with his father at his 
Catonsville Hospital and subsequently man- 
aged the Melvale Hospital. Upon the clos- 
ing of the latter institution Doctor Steuart 
removed to Baltimore where he has since 
been engaged in the general practice of his 
profession, with present office and residence 
at 122 W. 23rd street. He is a member of 
the Maryland University Alumni and of the 
Maryland Medical and Chirurgical Faculty, 
and a communicant of Memorial Protestant 
Episcopal Church. 

Dr. Georoe Glanville Rusk was born 
in Baltimore September i. 1846. He is a 
son of Jacob Krebs and Katharine Olivia 
(Lane) Rusk, the former a native of Balti- 
more, of English descent, the latter born 
at Washington, D. C, and of Irish ancestry. 
Jacob Krebs, one of the paternal great- 
grandfatliers, and George W. Rusk, grand- 
father of Doctor Rusk, participated in the 
battle of North Point. Jacob R. Rusk was 
for a number of years in the provision busi- 
ness, but has latterly been engaged as a hide 
and leather merchant. Dr. G. G. Rusk was 
graduated from Baltimore City College in 
1863. studied medicine under Doctor Mnn- 
kur, was graduated from Maryland Univer- 
sity Medical Department in 1867 and has 
since been engaged in general practice in 
Baltimore, with present office and residence 
at \'<i. 2or-n E. Baltimore street. Doctor 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



727 



Rusk hekl the chair of Principles and Prac- 
tice of Surgery. Baltimore Medical College, 
for two years, 1884-5, a"d is a member of 
the Aledical and Chirurgical Faculty of 
^Maryland. He was married October 21, 
1875, to Alar}', daughter of the late Jacob 
Geisley, contractor, of Baltimore. The chil- 
dren born of this marriage are Glanville G. 
Rusk, a student of the medical department 
of Johns Hopkins University; Elsie, Anna, 
Merle, Katharine, Emily, Edward, George, 
William and Alexander. Doctor Rusk is a 
member of East Baltimore Station M. E. 
Church and the family attend Second Pres- 
byterian Cliurch. 

Dr. Frederick Caruthers was born in 
Nashville, Tenn., February 2, 1870. He is 
a son of Dr. John A. and Minnie (Bell) 
Caruthers, natives of Tennessee, the former 
of Scotch and the latter of Irish descent. 
Dr. John A. Caruthers practiced medicine 
for many years in Tennessee and Arkansas, 
but has latterly retired and now resides at 
Fort Smith, Ark. His son, Frederick, com- 
pleted his general education at the Univer- 
sity of Arkansas. He began the study of 
medicine under the preceptorship of Drs. 
Breedlove and Southard, at Fort Smith, 
Ark. ; came to Baltimore to enter the medi- 
cal department of Maryland University, was 
graduated therefrom in '92. During the 
second year of his university course he was 
clinical assistant. After his graduation he 
was assistant physician at Maryland Hos- 
pital for the Insane to November, 1892, when 
he accepted the position of assistant phy- 
sician at Bay View Asylum, in which ca- 
pacity he was engaged until May, 1893, 
when he became resident physician of the 
asylum and was so employed until 1895, 



when he entered upon the general practice 
of his profession with office and residence at 
2229 E. Baltimore street. He is now (1897) 
Professor of Anatomy and Pathology, Bal- 
timore University, and Surgeon of Balti- 
more General Dispensary. He is a mem- 
ber of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty 
of Maryland, and a member of the Aletho- 
dist Episcopal Church South. 

Dr. John Henry Collexberg was born 
in Baltimore March 7, 1852. He is a son of 
Theodore and the late Louisa (Cook) Col- 
lenberg, natives of Prussia, who were 
brought in their childhood (1837) to the 
United States, both families locating in 
Baltimore. Theodore Collenberg was en- 
gaged in mercantile pursuits in Baltimore 
up to 1872, when he retired from business. 
His wife died January 9, 1893. John Henry 
Collenberg attended the public schools and 
City College of Baltimore, studied medicine 
under the preceptorship of the late Dr. 
Charles L. Gordon, was graduated from the 
medical department of Maryland Univer- 
sity in 1879, and has since been engaged in 
general practice, with present office and 
residence at 1810 E. Baltimore street. Doc- 
tor Collenberg is a member of and medical 
examiner for the Shield of Honor. He was 
married August 26, 1881, to Mary J., 
daughter of the late Joseph Hodges, of 
Anne Arundel county. Five children born 
of this marriage are Charles Gordon, Ethel, 
Henry Theodore, Greenwood and Alice. 
The family attend the Methodist Episcopal 
Church. 

Dr. Bicrnard Purcell Mi"SE was born 
in Essex county. Va., January 23, 1868. 
He is a son of Samuel W. and Mary Louise 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 



(Purcell) Muse, natives of Virginia and 
descendants respectively of early English 
and Scotch-Irish settlers of the colony. 
Samuel W. Muse served through the Civil 
War as a Confederate soldier, being mus- 
tered in as a private and successively pro- 
moted until he had attained a colonelcy. 
He was wounded in two engagements and 
taken prisoner three times. He is now en- 
gaged as travelling salesman for Tregallas, 
Hertel & Co., of Baltimore. Dr. B. P. 
Muse completed his general education at 
the City College, Baltimore, was then em- 
ployed in a retail drug business for a short 
period, studied medicine under the precep- 
torship of Dr. James G. Wiltshire, and was 
graduated from the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons of Baltimore with the class 
of '88. For six months after graduation he 
was resident physician at the Baltimore 
Eye, Ear and Throat Charity Hospital. He 
practiced for three years in Green Brier 
county, W. Va., returning thence to Balti- 
more. During 1892-3 he was Demonstrator 
of Surgery, College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons. In the fall of 1894 he v>'as elected 
to the lectureship on eye and ear, Balti- 
more University, and in 1895 to his present 
position. Professor on Physiology and Hy- 
giene, of the same institution. Doctor Muse 
was for four years in conjunctinn with Doc- 
tor Wilt.shire, visiting physician of Balti- 
more Baptist Orphanage, and had charge 
from its inception and for a year and a half 
following of the Dispensary of the Nursery 
and Child's Hospital, Baltimore. He is a 
member of and medical examiner for the 
Improved Order of Heptasophs, Order of 
Pendo and Masonic Order, and a member 
of the Junior Order ITnited .\merican Me- 
chanics. He was married April 21, 1S02. to 



]Mary Florian, daughter of the late Dr. Wm. 
H. Sunderland, of Baltimore. Dr. and 
Mrs. Muse have two children, ^lary Lurana 
and Samuel ^^^, Jr.; reside at 1002 Ed- 
mondson avenue, and are members of 
Brantly Memorial Baptist Church. 

Dr. John Girdwood was born in the Is- 
land of Barbadoes, West Indies. April 10, 
1 87 1. He is a son of James and Margaret 
Cummins (Price) Girdwood, the former a 
native of Glasgow, Scotland, and the latter 
of Barbadoes. James Girdwood located in 
Baltimore in 1875, where he has since been 
engaged in commercial pursuits. His wife 
died in 1S77. Their son John was educated 
in the public schools and City College of 
Baltimore, was for four years thereafter a 
clerk in mercantile establishments of Balti- 
more, during the latter and greater part of 
this period with a wholesale drug store, and 
in October, 1891, entered the medical de- 
partment of Maryland University, from 
which lie was graduated with the class of 
'94. Following his graduation he was for 
one year dispensary physician, throat and 
nose diseases, and also at the Woman's 
^ledical College, and dispensary physician, 
diseases of women and children. Since 
May, 1896, he has been dispensary physi- 
cian, department of general medicine of 
Maryland University. His residence is 
2021 W. North avenue, office 1523 E. Bal- 
timore street. He is a member of the Epis- 
copal Church of the .Ascension. 

Dr. Georgic Andrew Hartnl\n was 
born in Baltimore, February 17, 1851. He 
is a son of the late Doctor Andrew and Eliza- 
l)etli .Anne (.Mien) Plartman, the former a 
native of Ponnsvlvania and of German de- 




^/ r 




"V 



^i.^yC^'^^^^^OOy— 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



scent, the latter a Baltimorean by nativity 
and of English-Irish descent. Mrs. Andrew 
Hartnian"s lather was an artilleryman in the 
War of 1812. Dr. Andrew Hartman was 
g-raduated from Washington University 
with the class of 1839, practiced for six 
years at North Bloomfield, O., whence he 
came to Baltimore, where he was engaged 
in general practice up to the time of his de- 
cease, December 15, 1884. His widow re- 
sides iji Baltimore. Their son. George 
Andrew Hartman, attended the public 
schools and City College of Baltimore, at- 
tended Maryland College of Pharmacy, en- 
gaged in the drug business for two years, 
studied medicine under his father's precep- 
torship and graduated from Washington 
University in 1872. He was lecturer in ob- 
stetrics, Baltimore University School of 
Medicine, from 1885 to 1888. Doctor Hart- 
man is a member of the American Medical 
.Association, Medical and Chirurgical Fac- 
ulty of Maryland, Baltimore Medical Asso- 
ciation, and Baltimore Medical and Surgical 
Society. He is one of the directors of the 
North Eastern Dispensary, and Secretary of 
tlie Board, and a member of the Boards of 
Directors of American National Bank and 
Economy Savings Bank. He was married 
December 23, 1885, to Sarah Louisa, 
daughter of the late Joseph Abey, of Balti- 
more. The family reside at 1121 N. Caro- 
line street. 

Dr. John Campbell ^Iorfit was born 
in Baltimore, April 4, 1874. He is a son of 
Major Mason and Elizabeth (Garrison) 
Morfit, the former a native of Washington, 
D. C, the latter of Beaufort, N. C, and both 
descendants of settlers of colonial days. 
Maj. Mason Morfit was in the Confederate 



service throughout the late war, and has 
since been engaged in mercantile pursuits. 
Dr. J. C. Morfit received his generous edu- 
cation in the public schools and City Col- 
lege of Baltimore, entered the College of 
Physicians and Surgeons, from which insti- 
tution he was graduated with the class of 
'95. The year following he was one of the 
resident physicians of the City Hospital 
and has since been Assistant Demonstrator 
of .\natomy. College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons, and engaged in general practice, 
with office and residence, 201 W. Madison 
street. He is a member of the Medical and 
Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland and the 
Maryland Clinical Society. He is a mem- 
ber of the Knights of Pythias, and Eutaw 
Place Baptist Church. 

Dr. Eugene McEvers Van Ness was 
born in Baltimore, July 24, 1868. He is a 
son of Eugene and Helen Barbow (Sargent) 
Van Ness, the former a native of New York, 
the latter of Baltimore, and descendants re- 
spectively of early Dutch and English set- 
tlers of the colonies. The founder of the 
family in this country located in New Am- 
sterdam (now New York) in the seventeenth 
century. Judge Wm. P. Van Ness, Doctor 
Van Ness' paternal great-grandfather, was 
lieutenant in Arnold's Expedition to Que- 
bec, and later was second to Burr in the 
Burr-Hamilton duel. One of the brothers 
of Judge Van Ness was Cornelius P., Gov- 
ernor of Vermont, antl another brother. 
Gen. John P. \'an Ness, won his title in the 
War of 1812 and afterwards represented his 
district in Congress. Eugene \'an Ness' 
grandfather v.^as deputy paymaster gen- 
eral of United States Army with rank of 
lieutenant colonel and served in the Semi- 



780 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



nolf and Mexican Wars and in the Union 
Army during the late war. Rev. Thonia.s 
Barbow Sargent, Doctor Van Xess' mater- 
nal grandfather was a graduate of the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania and a Methodist di- 
vine, who had several charges in Baltimore 
and vicinity; his wife was Sophia Carroll, 
daughter of James Carroll, of Mt. Clane, 
and Achsals Ridgely. of Hampton. Eugene 
Van Ness' father is with the banking firm 
of Alexander lirown & Sons, Baltimore. 
Dr. Eugene McE. Van Ness attended the 
public schools and City College of Balti- 
more, was engaged in mercantile pursuits 
for several years, was graduated from3lar\'- 
land University Medical Department in 
1 89 1, was resident student at the University 
Hospital during the last year of his uni- 
versity course, and assistant resident sur- 
geon, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1891-92: 
during the summer of 1893 he was assist- 
ant to the resident medical stai? of Johns 
Hopkins Hospital and has since been 
variously engaged in dispensary and labora- 
tory work of the same institution. He is a 
member of the Medical and Chirurgical 
Faculty Journal Club, Baltimore. Doctor 
\'an Ness has his office and residence at 
1515 I^ark avenue. 

Dr. Citari.ks F'kicderick Noi.En was 
born in Baltimore .\pril 5, 1868. He is a sou 
of the late T. Spencer and Mary W. (Readel) 
Nolen, the former a native of Massachu- 
setts and the latter of Baltimore. T. Spen- 
cer Nolen was engaged in mercantile pur- 
suits in Baltimore for a number of years 
and up to the time of his decease in 1871. 
Charles F. Nolen attended private schools 
in Baltimore and was graduated from Mary- 
land Lhiiversity Medical Department in 



1890. He has been connected with the 
Presbyterian Eye, Ear and Throat Hospi- 
tal since 1 89 1 and as assistant surgeon since 
1892, Since 1894 he has been Opthalmic 
Surgeon for B. & O. R. R. Co. His 
ofifice and residence are at 606 N. Charles 
street. 

Dr. Auolfh Charles Eisen'berg was 
Ijorn in Braunschweig, Genuany, April 6, 
1859, during a visit of his parents to the 
Fatherland. He is a son of Charles and 
Frederika (Gerinert) Eisenberg, natives of 
Braunschweig, as were their ancestors as far 
back as the genealogies of the families are 
traceable. Charles Eisenberg located \n 
Baltimore in 1848, was engaged for many 
years as American representative of the 
Rothschild exporting firm of Braunschweig, 
and is now engaged as a jobber of cigars and 
tobacco in Baltimore. Adolph C. Eisen- 
berg received his initial schooling in the 
public schools of Baltimore, then took a 
literary course in a Pennsylvania college 
and was for several years thereafter engaged 
in mercantile ]:)ur?uits in Pennsylvania. 
During the latter period he indulged a 
natural taste for the study of medicine as he 
found tiiue, and upon returning to Balti- 
more in 1891 entered the School of Medi- 
cine of Baltimore University, from which 
he was graduated in 1894. During the last 
year of his college course he was assistant 
to Prof. \V. .\. 15. Sellman, in diseases of 
women. He was dispensary physician and 
assistant in genito-urinary surgery, 1894-5; 
assistant in general operative surgery, 
1895-6, and assistant in diseases of children 
1896-7. He is Examining Physician for 
the Improved Order of Heptasophs — also a 
member of the Knights of the Ancient 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



731 



Essenic Order and Jr. O. U. .\. M. He was 
married Alay i, 1885, to Lydia, daughter 
of the late Henry Baughmann, a farmer of 
York county, Pa. Four children born of 
this union are Adeline, Mary, Minnie and 
.Albert. The family reside at the N. E. 
corner of Bank and Wolfe streets. They 
are of the Lutheran faith. 

Dr. Percy St.wsbury was born in Balti- 
more, February 10, 1865. He is a son of 
the late Nathaniel and Hannah A. (Wad- 
dell) Stansbury, natives of Maryland and 
descendants of early German-English set- 
tlers of the colony. Twenty of the mem- 
bers of these families, including those in 
direct line and collateral branches were sol- 
diers in the patriot army. Revolutionary 
War. The battle of North Point was fought 
upon the land granted the Stansburys, by 
original patent, at Patapsco Neck, from 
whence Nathaniel Stansbury removed to 
Baltimore in 1861. He was educated for 
the law but never practiced, pursuing the 
avocation of planter. He died in 1872; his 
widow resides in Baltimore. Percy Stans- 
bury attended private schools at Hagers- 
town, ]Md., and public and private schools 
of Baltimore': studieti medicine under 
Profs. Z. K. Wiley and Thomas Evans; at- 
tended one course of lectures at the Balti- 
more Medical College and three at Balti- 
more University; was graduated from the 
latter institution in 1885, being president 
and honor man of his class; was assistant 
to Doctor Wiley, Professor of .\natomy and 
Genito-Urinary Surgery in 1885-6; first as- 
sistant to J. W. C. Cuddy, Professor of 
Theory and Practice and Clinical Medicine, 
1887-8: chief of clinic, 1898-90: lecturer on 
Principles and Practice of Medicine, 1891-2, 



and has since been engaged in general prac- 
tice, with present office and residence, at 
1422 E. Preston street. Dr. Stansbury is 
member of and medical e.xaminer for 
William Fell Lodge, No. 3, Knights of Py- 
thias ; a member of the .\lumni .Association 
and the Baltimore University. Dr. John 
Cavendish Smith Monkur, maternal grand- 
uncle of Doctor Stansbury, was one of Bal- 
timore's very distinguished physicians. 

Li politics the Doctor is a Democrat, be- 
ing a member of the Seventh ward and 
other Democratic clubs. He is a member of 
the M. E. Church South and is unmarried. 

Dr. Joseph Lowrie Ingle was born 
August 16, 1846, in Washington, D. C. He 
is a son of the late Joseph and Susan (Childs) 
Ingle, the former a native of Philadelphia, 
of Scotch-French descent, the latter born 
in Springfield, Mass., and descended from 
early English settlers of New England. 
Henry Ingle, paternal grandfather of Dr. 
Ingle, lived in Alexandria, Va., when that 
place was the seat of government and was 
one of the first to take up his residence in 
Washington. The late Joseph Ingle was 
for many years and up to President Lin- 
coln's first administration in the Treasury 
Department, Washington: he died .April 13, 
1863: his wife in September, 1855. Dr. J. 
Lowrie Ingle attended Rittenhouse .Acad- 
emy, Washington and Phillips Academy, 
.Andover, Mass., took the medical course at 
the University of Virginia, and completed 
it at the University of New A^ork, from 
which latter institution he was graduated in 
March, 1871. Locating in Baltimore he 
was for one year resident physician at Bay 
View Asylum and has since been engaged 
in general practice, with present office and 



■32 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



residence at 1007 W. Lanvale street. He 
is a member of Maryland Medical and Chi- 
rurgical Faculty, Baltimore Clinical So- 
ciety and Baltimore Medical Association, 
serving as president of the last named for 
some years. Since 1893, Doctor Ingle has 
been a member of the State Board of Medi- 
cal Examiners and President of that Board 
in 1896-7. He is consulting physician to 
the Home for Epileptics, Port Deposit. He 
was married October 22, 1878, to Rebecca 
Covington, daughter of the late William 
Meade Addison, of the Baltimore Bar, and 
United States District Attorney during 
Pierce's, Buchanan's and part of Lincoln's 
administrations. Dr. and Mrs. Ingle have 
two children, J. Lowrie Ingle, Jr., student 
at Baltimore Polytechnic, and Mary Pechin 
Ingle. The family are communicants of P. 
E. Church of Ascension, of which Doctor 
Ingle has been a vestryman for thirteen 
years. 

Dr. RidgelEy I'.RDWN \\'.\Ri-iELn was 
born in Howard county, Md., June 15, 1864. 
Me is a son of Dr. Milton W. and the late 
Mary Elizabeth (Dawley) Warfield, the for- 
mer a native of Maryland and the latter of 
New York, and respectively of English- 
Welsh and English ancestry. Dr. Milton 
W. Warfield was born in 1828, graduated 
from Jefferson Medical College with the 
class of '49, and has ever since been engaged 
in the practice of his profession in Howard 
county, Md. 

Ridgely P.. Warfield was graduated from 
the medical department of the Maryland 
University, class of '84; was for one year 
thereafter assistant resident physician of 
University Hospital, and during the next 
year resident physician of Bay View Hos- 



pital, since which time he has been engaged 
in general practice, with present office and 
residence 845 Park avenue. Doctor War- 
field was Demonstrator of Anatomy, Med- 
ical Department, Maryland University, '92- 
'93; Demonstrator of Anatomy, Baltimore 
Medical College, '93-'95, and since the lat- 
ter day Associate Professor of Anatomy, 
Baltimore Medical College. He is one of 
the surgical staff of Maryland General Hos- 
pital, a member of the Medical and Chirur- 
gical Faculty of Maryland, Baltimore Clini- 
cal Society, Medical Journal Club and Book 
and Journal Club. Doctor Warfield is 
Surgeon General of Maryland National 
Guard by appointment of Governor 
Lowndes. 

NicuoL.vs RuFLS Gill, senior member 
of the law firm of N. Rufus Gill & Sons, was 
born in Baltimore county March 12, 1838. 
He is a son of the late George W. and Re- 
becca (Ensor) Gill, natives of Maryland, 
and descendants of early English settlers of 
the colony. Nicholas Gill, N. Rufus Gill's 
paternal great-grandfather, was a captain in 
the patriot army during the Revolutionary 
War, and his son, Stephen Gill, served as 
captain in the War of 1812, participating in 
the battle of North Point. The mother of 
Nicholas Gill was the daughter of Nicholas 
Rogers, who was a distinguished soldier in 
the War of the Revolution — one of General 
DeKalb's staff — and who rendered service 
in various commissions from Gen. George 
Washington. N. Rufus Gill completed his 
schooling at Milton Academy, studied law 
under the preceptorship of Hon. David 
Stewart, attended Harvard Law College, 
was admitted to the bar September 9, 1859, 
and has since been engaged in general prac- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



733 



tice in Baltimore with present offices in the 
Law Building. Mr. Gill is a Democrat, 
represented the old Fifth ward in both 
branches of City Council, and was President 
of both bodies ; was a member of the Water 
Board of Baltimore for ten years; was one 
of the organizers of the Old Town Fire In- 
surance Co.; a director for many years and 
general counsel of the Old Town Bank and 
is President of the Henry McShane Manu- 
facturing Company. He was married Feb- 
ruary, i860, to E. Agnes, daughter of the 
late Dr. Edward Gill, of Baltimore county. 
'Sir. and Mrs. Gill have six living children: 
Roger Taney and Robert Lee Gill, gradu- 
ates of Maryland University Law Depart- 
ment, and in partnership association with 
their father; Nicholas H. and Albert Sidney 
Gill, graduates of Maryland .Agricultural 
College; .\nna Agnes Gill, student at the 
Woman's College of Baltimore, and Calvert 
B. Gill. The family reside at 125 Aisquith 
street and attend the Lutheran Church. 

Col. David W. Thomas, one of the 
builders and contractors for erecting our 
new court house, was born at Millersburg. 
( )., March 9, 1841. His permanent home is 
at Akron, O., but he is residing here now 
until he completes the work named. His 
father was George Thomas and his mother 
Jane (Wilson) Thomas, both belonging to 
some of the oldest Ohio families, their early 
home being Millersburg, O. .\fter 1845 
tlieir home was in Akron, where his father, 
who was a builder and contractor, carried 
on his business for a number of years. His 
parents are dead. 

Colonel Thomas was educated in the pub- 
lic schools of Akron; when sixteen years old 
he quit school and went into the service of 



his fatherwhere heremained until the break- 
ing out of the Civil War, when just a little 
over twenty years old, lie enlisted in the 
Nineteenth Ohio V. L, Company G, Capt. 
Lewis P. Buckley. This regiment went in 
for a three months' service and was sent to 
West Virginia, where in the battle of Rich 
Mountain, Colonel Thomas received his 
first e.xperience of war, his company being 
in the thickest of the fight. He ser^^ed his 
time out in this regiment and in October, 
1861, enlisted in Company H, Twenty-ninth 
Regiment, O. V. L, his former captain be- 
coming colonel of the Twenty-ninth. Their 
first engagement was at Winchester, Va.. 
where they were commanded by General 
Shields. He was also in the battle of Port 
Republic, \'a., where his company lost 
heavily, coming out of the battle with but 
fifty men; he also participated in the battles 
of Cedar Mountain, Chancellorsville (where 
he was woundedj and Gettysburg, after 
which he was sent with his regiment to New 
York to quell the riots there incident to the 
draft. L'pon their return to the army of the 
Potomac, he was sent with his regiment to 
the Department of the South and was in the 
battles of Wauhatchie and Lookout Moun- 
tain. His regiment then joined Sherman 
in the Atlanta Campaign and he partici- 
pated in all the engagements of that stirring 
period. Colonel Thomas was sergeant 
major of his regiment and for a time com- 
manded Company H, as orderly sergeant; 
at Atlanta he was commissioned first lieu- 
tenant; went with Sherman on his "march 
to the sea," and reaching Savannah, was 
promoted to be captain and assigned to 
Company A. He was mustered out of ser- 
vice with this rank at Louisville. Ky., June 
22, 1865. On his return to .\kron he en- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



gaged in the lumber and planing-inill lousi- 
ness with his father, and also became a con- 
tractor and builder, which business he is 
is now engaged in. 

Having been a soldier, when he returned 
from the war, he took a great deal of inter- 
esit in Grand Army matters and in the mili- 
tary of the State, and in 1876 he was elected 
colonel of the Xinth ( ). N. C. which he 
commanded for a number of years, and 
which under his conunand was considered 
one of the best drilled and appointed regi- 
ments in Ohio. For a number of years he 
served as a member of the Board of Educa- 
tion of his county and was considered one 
of its most valuable members. He belongs 
to I'.uckley Post, G. A. R., of Ohio, and has 
filled almost every office in that Post. In 
1871 he was S. \'. commander; in 1873 
quartermaster: in 1874 officer of the guard; 
1875 chaplain and trustee of the relief fund; 
1878 commander; 18S8 adjutant. In 1880 
Buckley Post. No. 12, was again called to 
the front in department affairs. .\t the De- 
partment Encampment held January 21st, 
at Cleveland, dilonel Thomas was elected 
Commander of the Department; he chose 
for his adjutant general. T. D. McGilli- 
cuddy; O. M. general, C. j. Lamb, both of 
Akron. During his administration Grand 
A\nny affairs took a bnom in ( )hi(). and at 
the end of the vuar luenty-fnur new Posts 
had been organized and the membership in- 
creased nearly 300 per cent. — to 3,800, with 
a balance in the treastu-y of $664, and it was 
generally conceded in Grand Army circles 
that the prosperity of the (Miin ne])artnicnt 
was largely due tn the .idniinistrative ability 
and push and energy that he evinced. Cnln- 
nel Thomas is a mendier nf tlu' firm 
of John Gill & Sons and D. W. Thomas, as- 



sociate contractors, Cleveland, O., and in 
this city at the southwest corner of Fayette 
and Calvert streets. When the Court 
House Commission published proposals for 
bids for that work. Colonel Thomas and his 
firm came here and put in their estimate; 
the commission decided in their favor, their 
bid being $1,849,000, which was the lowest, 
and in many respects considered the best 
for the city. They are now doing the work 
to the perfect satisfaction of all concerned. 
When it is finished it will, however, have 
cost nearer $3,000,000 than $2,000,000, but 
will be one of the finest buildings and most 
magnificent Court Houses in the country, 
and for this result we are particularly in- 
debted to Colonel Thomas; we are therefore 
pleased, although he is with us only tem- 
porarily, to give him a place in our history 
of Baltimore, and we trust he may be in- 
duced to take up his permanent residence 
in our city. While he is here, he and his 
wife are located at the Hotel Rennert. 

Colonel Thomas has been twice married; 
his first wife was Miss Alice E. Hale, of 
( )hio. to whom he was married in 1868. 
His present wife was Airs. Isabella Gage, 
of Ohio, she being the daughter of Charles 
.and Martha Webster, both being descend- 
ants of old and prominent families of Con- 
necticut. Colonel Thomas has four chil- 
dren: (^icorge H., architect; James A., me- 
chanical engineer: Frank D., liookkeeper, 
and Elizabeth .Alice Thomas. He and his 
family .attend the Congregational Cluu-ch. 
lie is Thirtx-^eeonil degree Mason and as 
we have .said, a member of the G. A. R. In 
|)olitics he is .'i Re|)nlilieaii. but not a poli- 
tician, and (leNotes all his time lo business 
and expresses his opinion only by his vote 
at the polls. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAKD. 



rso 



Daxiel CrEa HEDniNGER, President 
Board of Police Commissioners, Baltimore, 
office, City Hall, was born in Philadelphia, 
Pa., September 21, 1854, where his parents 
spent the first four years of their wedded 
life. His father is James Heden Heddinger 
and his mother Alary Elizabeth Emory 
(Burgess) Heddinger. His father was born 
in Baltimore, February 15, 1830, and his 
mother at Easton, Talbot county, Md., May 
5, 1833. His father's ancestors were Ger- 
man, and immigrated to this country from 
\Mnsinbach, Province of Alsace, Lorraine, 
in the last century, and settled in Baltimore. 
His mother's ancestors were Scotch and 
came to this country' from Scotland and 
were among the early settlers of Maryland. 
His maternal great-great-grandfather set- 
tled in Talbot county. During the War of 
1812 his great-grandfather, Hugh Crea, 
(from whom he takes the name of Crea) was 
a soldier in Capt. Peter Gault's company, 
and lost his life in the service of his country, 
and it was this same Hugh Crea who organ- 
ized the first Masonic Lodge in Baltimore 
City, 

His father is a printer, and has been a 
compositor on the Baltimore Sim for fifty- 
two years. Both his parents reside in Balti- 
more. Besides the subject of this sketch 
there is one son, Charles F. Heddinger, rail- 
road official, wdio also resides in this city. 

Mr. Heddinger was educated in the pub- 
lic schools of Baltimore, and the Diester- 
weig Institute and on leaving school turned 
his attention to the business of steamboat 
and railroad transportation, serving suc- 
cessfully with the Maryland Steamboat Co., 
the Baltimore & Oliio Railroad Company 
at Locust Point Station, the Baltimore 
Steam Packet Company, and the Western 



Maryland Railroad Company, serving for 
over twelve years with this company as 
traveling freight and passenger agent, and 
as assistant to the executive. At present, in 
addition to being president and member of 
the Board of Police Commissioners, he is 
an officer in the freight department of the 
B. & O. R. R. Co; president of the Silver 
Valley Mining Company, reorganized, and 
president local liranch, Anglo-American 
Building and Loan Association, of New 
York. All these are high and important 
positions, and show tlie regard in which Mr. 
Heddinger is held. 

After the death of Mr. John Q. A. Rob- 
son, one of the police commissioners of Bal- 
timore, Mr. Heddinger was elected by the 
Legislature of Maryland on March 25. 
i8g6, to fill out the unexpired term of Mr. 
Robson; he received his commission at once 
and was qualified two days after being 
elected. Mr. Heddinger at that time was 
the first Republican elected to this position, 
the other two commissioners being Demo- 
crats. The Republicans at the same session 
of the Legislature elected another commis- 
sioner, who, on March 15, 1897, qualified. 
Mr. Heddinger was made president of the 
Board the day following, which position he 
now holds. His term expires on the 15th of 
March. 1901. When Mr. Heddinger went 
on the r)Oard, our city was cursed with 
policy, the proprietors and backers of this 
game being men prominent in both the 
Democratic and Republican parties, all 
working together. The newspapers of the 
city had been doing all they could to break 
this game up. When Mr. Heddinger came 
to the Board he did all in his power to ac- 
complish this, and although it was a difficult 
thing to do and at great per.s<inal risk, willi 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



the concurrence of his colleagues, he has 
succeeded in driving policy out of our city, 
and he certainly is entitled to the gratitude 
of our citizens for his efforts in this direc- 
tion. 

^Ir. Heddinger was married in lialtimore, 
June 18, 1879, to Miss Emma Estelle Booz, 
daughter of Charles W. Booz and Harriet 
(Shinnick) Booz, of Baltimore. Mr. Charles 
W. Booz is a retired ship builder. ^Irs. 
Heddinger's paternal grandfather emigrat- 
ed from England and settled in Baltimore: 
her mother's parents emigrated from Ger- 
many and also settled in Baltimore. Mr. 
and Mrs. Heddinger have four children, 
Charles Wesley Booz, artist, Mabel Lin- 
dau, Daisy Crea and Howell Griswold Hed- 
dinger, the last three attending school. All 
reside in Baltimore, and attend the Metho- 
dist Episcopal Church. Their home is at 
2536 Madison avenue. 

Mr. Heddinger is a member of Washing- 
ton Lodge, No. 3; St. John's Chapter and 
Baltimore Commandery, Masons; and is 
also a member of the Union League (Re- 
publican) of Baltimore. 

Mr. Heddinger is of a kindly disposition 
and liberal in his charities, and popular alike 
with his superior officers in the Baltimore 
& Ohio Railroad Co., with the members of 
the police force, and with the community 
at large. 

William Fussklbaugh Stone, Col- 
lector of Customs for the Port of Baltimore, 
was born in Baltimore, October 11, 1855. 
He is a son of the late James H. and Harriet 
Newell (Fusselbaugh) Stone, the former a 
native of Massachusetts, the latter of Mary- 
land, and both of German descent. The 
late James H. Stone was connected for some 



years with the Corn and Flour E.xchange 
of Baltimore, severing his connection there- 
with on account of ill-health, and residing 
during his declining years with his son. He 
died January 14, 1897; his wife, August 19, 
1876. 

William F. Stone left school at the age 
of thirteen to earn a livelihood, his first em- 
ployment being as cash boy for Hamilton 
Easter & Sons. After a year of this service, 
he was made assistant cashier of the same 
firm, and was thus employed until October 
9, 1872, when he accepted a cashiership with 
J. W. Gwinn & Co. While thus engaged 
during the following year he learned book- 
keeping, and on October i, 1S73, took 
charge of the books of the firm, resigning 
this position January 31, 1876, to accept the 
position of book-keeper for Charles P. 
Knight, wholesale dealer in paints, printer's 
ink, etc., Baltimore, with whom he con- 
tinued to be associated until January i, 1897, 
when the connection was severed, except in 
a personal and advisory way. Mr. Stone is 
a Republican and has been actively engaged 
with his party's work since May, 1880. 
Since 1893, he has been chairman of the 
Republican City Committee. January 2j, 
1896, he received the unanimous vote of the 
Republican members of the City Council 
for the office of city register of Baltimore, 
and entered upon the discharge of his duties 
as such February I, 1896, and served the 
full term of two years with such conspicu- 
ous ability an<l zeal that great pressure was 
brought to l)ear by the leading financiers 
and financial institutions of Baltimore to in- 
fluence his re-election. The te.xt of a com- 
munication addressed to the Mayor and 
Citv Council of Baltimore, which bore the 





^5 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



737 



signatures of more than seventy bankers of 
Baltimore, is as follows: 

"The undersigned desire to bear testi- 
mony to the excellent business methods 
employed by 'Sir. William F. Stone in con- 
ducting the very important and highly re- 
sponsible duties which the law imposes 
upon the office of the City Register. Mr. 
Stone has discharged these duties with ac- 
curacy, promptness, courtesy and marked 
ability. He has, with the approval of the 
Alayor, been compelled to borrow, in antici- 
pation of tax receipts, large amounts of 
money. He has negotiated these loans on 
the most favorable terms to the city, and 
has succeeded in obtaining money at the 
lowest interest rate the municipality has 
ever secured during its existence. The 
City Register's Department of the City 
Government is in many respects similar to 
that of a large banking institution, and its 
satisfactory administration requires special 
intelligence and capabilities, which qualities 
we are confident all who have had busi- 
ness with the office, have found developed 
to a large degree during the incumbency 
of Mr. Stone. For these and other good 
reasons, we respectfully make the sugges- 
tion that Mr. William F. Stone be tendered 
a re-election and invited to continue in the 
position for which he has shown such emi- 
nent qualifications." 

Mr. Stone was appointed by President 
Mcl-Cinley, Alay 1 1, 1898, to the important 
office of Collector of Customs of the Port 
of Baltimore, the highest salaried local of- 
fice within the gift of the President. No 
other name was mentioned in this connec- 
tion, Mr. Stone being practically the unan- 
imous choice of his party for that appoint- 
ment. It is also in strict accordance 
44 



with the facts to state that in addition to 
this unusual and magnificent endorsement 
the appointment is most favorably regarded 
by the incumbent's warmest political oppo- 
nents. Mr. Stone was O'ne of the founders 
and is one of the Board of Governors, and 
chairman of Committee on Membership of 
the Union League of Maryland, the largest 
political club in the State. He is one of the 
directors of the Northeastern Free Dispen- 
sary, a member of the Old Town Merchants' 
and Manufacturers' Association, the North- 
eastern Improvement Association, Jr. O. U. 
A. M., A. O. U. W., Young Men's Republi- 
can Club, and numerous social organiza- 
tions, and an honorary member of Wilson 
Post, G. A. R. He was married December 
22. 1881, to Clara S., daughter of the late 
Alfred B. Roberts, a merchant of Baltimore. 
Mr. and Mrs. Stone have three children, 
Mary, William F., Jr., and Ruth Stone; have 
their summer home at West Arlington and 
their winter residence at 1222 N. Caroline 
street, and attend the Methodist Church. 

Hon. John Hi-;nry Naas, one of the 
Judges of the Orphans' Court, was born 
in Baltimore, May 10, 1848. His father 
was John Justus Naas and his mother, 
Barbetta Sophia (Fox) Naas. His pa- 
rents were Germans; his father was born 
in 1803 at Frankfort-on-the-Main and 
his mother at the same place in 1813. They 
innnigrated from Germany and settled 
in Baltimore in 1839. On arriving here 
his father w-ent into the retail boot 
and shoe business which he conducted 
successfully for years. As a business man 
and a man of honor he stood high with 
his associates of that day. His father 
died August 15, 1877, and his mother, March 



738 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



30, 1879. They had seven children: Judge 
Naas, the subject of this sketch; EHzabeth, 
widow of WiUiam Tarpper, of Jersey City, 
N. J. ; Henrietta Ann, widow of Louis Fred- 
erick, of Baltimore; Mary, wife of William 
Linder, of Bloomiield, N. J.; Sarah, widow 
of Charles Brinkman, of Cincinnati, O.; 
John Justus Naas, of Bloomfield, X. J., and 
Philip V. Naas, late of Baltimore, but now 
deceased. 

Judge Naas was educated in the public 
schools of Baltimore, and upon tinishing 
his education he went into the store of his 
father as a clerk. Having received an ap- 
pointment at the Custom House, he went 
into the service of the Government as 
weigher and ganger, serving in this capa- 
city for four years. He then weiH into the 
service of the B. & O. R. R. Co., where he 
remained from 1878 until 1895, when he 
was nominated by the Republican City 
Convention as a candidate for one of the 
Judges of the Orphans' Court and was 
elected, with Judges Riehl and Stockbridge, 
by a large majority, and on November 23, 
1895, took his seat on the Bench. A short 
time after his election Judge Stockbridge 
died and Judge R. E. Wright was appointed 
in his place. The three Judges of this 
Court are Wright, Riehl and Naas, and 
sketches of the two former will be found on 
other pages of this history. 

Judge Naas's term is for four years, and 
expires the 23d of November, 1899. The 
Orphans' Court i> one of our most imi)ort- 
ant Courts and our peoi)le are very ])ar- 
ticular as to whom they put on the Bench in 
thi.-^ Court, and it was jutlge Naas's high 
character and known abilhy that secured hi< 
election: since he has been on the Bench 
he has faithlullv discharged liis duties and 



with marked intelligence and ability: and 
generally all his decisions have been satis- 
factory to all concerned. It is the senti- 
ment of all that Judge Naas makes a very 
good Judge. He was married in this city, 
September 4, 1874. to Miss Margaret So- 
phia Winkelnian, daughter of John Win- 
kelman. Both of Mrs. Naas's parents are 
Germans and settled in Baltimore; Mrs. 
Naas was born in this city. They have four 
children: John Justus, who is a student at 
the Maryland Universit\-: Maude Amelia 
Elizabeth and Marie Krenrich, both pupils 
at one of the grammar schools of the city: 
and Mildred May Naas. He and his family 
attend the Lutheran Church. He is a 
member of the L'nion League of Marylaml 
and of the leading Republican clubs of the 
city and State. Judge Naa^ has hosts of 
friends and stands high in the community 
as a man" of honor and integrity. He and 
his family reside at 810 N. Gilmor street. 

Hon. Charles Frederick Riehl, on(> 
of the Judges of the Orphans' Court of this 
city, was born in Germany, October 17, 
1840. and came to this country with his 
parents, Caspar Riehl and Margaret (Ries) 
Riehl in 1845, ''"'^1 settled in Baltimore. 
His father was a miller and millwright and 
■ for a number of years carried on business in 
this city. His father died December 13, 
1877, and liis motiier in nccemlier. 187S. 
Thev had. seven children, four of whom arc 
living: John Henry, mariner, residence, 
2223 C.nugh street; James L., engineer, 
residence. 1924 Cough street; Elizabeth, 
wife of 'i'heodore Kreutzer, residence, Barre 
street, and Mr. Riehl, the .subject of this 
sketch. 

Judge i>:iehl was educated in tlie public 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



schools of Baltimore, but quit school early 
in life and took up the occupation of steam- 
boating, which he followed for some years, 
and became owner of several steamboats. 
On the breaking out of the Civil War, he 
entered the United States Navy, going into 
the gunboat service, serving until the close 
of the war. He was in some of the most 
important battles fought by the gunboats, 
and always proved himself a faithful and 
brave man. After he returned from the war 
he entered into a co-partnership with 
Darius H. Leary, under the firm name of 
Leary, Riehl & Co., and conducted the tug- 
boat business here successfully many years. 
On the 9th of October, 1862, in Balti- 
more, Judge Riehl was married to Miss 
Katherine Block, daughter of Mr. Henry 
Block and M'argaret (Moore) Block. Mrs. 
Riehl was born in Baltimore, but her pa- 
rents were Germans, and emigrated from 
that country and settled in Baltimore, the 
father dying on October 5. 1853, and the 
mother September 9, 1879. Judge and 
Mrs. Riehl have had five children, three 
of whom are living, viz.: William H.. who 
is a mariner and married, and resides at 
1049 North Broadway, this city: Clara Re- 
becca, wife of T. Edward Burch. and Emma 
Mrginia Riehl. The latter two reside witli 
their father. All of his children were edu- 
cated in the public schools and colleges of 
this city. The family attend the English 
Lutheran Church. Judge Riehl is a Past 
Master, Union Lodge, No. 60, A. F. & .A.. 
M.: Past High Priest Concordia Chapter, 
No. I, and member of Crusade Ccmimand- 
cry. N'o. 5. K. T. In politics, in which 
he takes an active part, he is a Republican. 
In 1887 he was nominated by his party as 
a candidate to represent the First ward in 



the First Branch of the City Council, and 
was elected. He represented his ward so 
ably that he was re-nominated and re- 
elected in 1888. He claims that he had the 
honor of being the first Republican to carry 
the First ward for twenty years. Before 
that it had been a strong Democratic ward, 
but Judge Riehl's high standing and popu- 
larity was such that they could not beat 
him. In 1895 he was nominated by the 
Republican City Convention as a candidate 
for one of the judgeships of our Orphans' 
Court, which is composed of three Judges, 
and is one of the most importanit Courts 
in this city. Mr. Riehl was elected to the 
position by a large majority, as also was 
Judge Naas and Stockbridge. who in a 
short time died, when Judge Wright took 
his place on the Bench. Judge Riehl's 
term is for four years, and expires on the 
23d of November, 1899. The Court is now 
composed of Judges R. E. Wright, Riehl 
and Naas. All their sketches are in this 
history. 

Judge Rielil is one of our best citizens 
and stands high for sterling honesty and 
integrity, which qualities have made him 
so successful in business and ]X)Iitics, that 
whilst he has never had the advantages of 
a collegiate training, he has had a good 
education, and is a man of fine intelligence 
and sense and makes a good Judge. 

He and his family reside at 2209 Gough 
street. 

Lawrexck Fielding Lewis, Cit_\' Com- 
missioner of Baltimore, office City Hall,' 
was bom in Richmond, Va., September 7, 
1864. His father is John Redmond Coxe 
Lewis and his mother Maria Byrd (Free- 
land) Lewis. His father was born at 



740 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Woodland, the old Lewis homestead, Fair- 
fax county, \'a. : his mother in New Orleans. 
His father was an officer in the United 
States Navy whose family is one of the old- 
est in Virginia, the Lewises being related 
to the Washingtons and the Lees and other 
notable families in that State. During 
colonial days and the War of the Revolu- 
tion, the Lewises figured prominently in 
high and honorable positions both in State 
and army affairs. His mother's family, the 
Freelands, is also an old and honored one. 
Mr. Lewis's parents still reside in Berry- 
ville, Clarke county, Va. His father has 
five children, three of whom are living: 
Lawrence Fielding Lewis, the subject of 
this sketch; Marie Stuart and Duncan Free- 
land Lewis, both residing with their parents 
at 'Berryville. 

He was educated and graduated at the 
Episcopal High School, Alexandria, Va. 
Soon after quitting school he went into the 
railroad service, then turned his attention to 
architecture and civil engineering, and was 
engaged in this business when, in March, 
1898, he was appointed by Mayor Malster, 
City Commissioner, one of the most im- 
portant and responsible positions under our 
municipal government. Those who are 
competent to speak say he has shown 
marked ability in the discharge of has duties 
and is making a first-class Commissioner. 
He was married June 9, 1891, in this city, 
to Miss Jane Hollins Nicholas, daughter of 
Sidney Nicholas and Jane (Hollins) Nich- 
olas; her father and mother are descendants 
of some of the oldest and most distinguished 
families of Maryland; Mrs. Lewis is a niece 
of Commodore Rollins, who distinguished 
himself both in the United States and Con- 
federate navies. Thev have one child. 



Janet Hollins Le\\-is. He and his family 
are members of the P. E. Church; in poli- 
tics he is a Republican. 

Mr. Lewis is a gentleman of fine man- 
ners and is very popular as an officer of the 
city government; as a man of character an<l 
honor he stands high and has hosts of 
strong friends. He and his family reside at 
1225 N. Calvert street. 

Dr. Wm. Travis Howard, 804 Madison 
avenue. — Few, if any, of the many brilliant 
men who have added to the lustre of the 
medical profession of Baltimore have exer- 
cised a wider influence for the good of the 
institutions of medical learning than Dr. 
William Travis Howard. A self-made 
man in every respect, he has won his way 
to affluence from adverse circumstances that 
would have discouraged a less resolute and 
talented man, and have made him give up 
the struggle for more than a mere existence. 

Doctor Howard was born in Cumberland 
county, Va., on January 12, 1821. His 
father was William A. Howard, a native i:)f 
\'irginia and a noted architect of his day. 
He died in Warren county. N. C, in .April. 
1859. His wife, who was Miss Rebecca 
Elizalieth Travis Anderson, was a wo- 
man of man}' Cliristian virtues, and of 
especially fine mental vigor. She sur- 
vived her husband some seven years. 
Doctor Howard after primary education 
in classical schools became a student 
in Hampden Sidney College, in Prince Ed- 
ward coiuity. \'a.. and also at Randr)l]i]i- 
Macon College, then located in Meck- 
lenburg county, \'a. After leaving col- 
lege Doctor Howard began the study 
of medicine under Dr. John Peter Met- 
tauer, an eminent surgeon in Prince Ed- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



741 



ward county, \'a., whose father came 
over with Lafayette as a surgeon, and re- 
mained in America after the close of the 
Revohitionary War. Doctor Howard en- 
tered the Jefiferson Medical College in the 
autumn of 1842, and graduated in March, 
1844. Between the sessions he was one of 
the resident students of medicine in Balti- 
more City and County Aims-House, now 
the Bay \^iew Asylum, to whith Drs. Wil- 
liam Power and T'hos. H. Buckler were at- 
tending physicians. After graduating. 
Doctor Howard settled in Warren county, 
N. C. May i, 1844, where his predecessor 
had practiced twenty-seven years, never 
drank or gambled and died insolvent. Doc- 
tor Howard was then in poor health, inci- 
dent to an attack of the Grippe, which im- 
paired his constitution during all subse- 
quent years, leaving a persistent cough, 
from which he has never been entirely ex- 
empt. While in North Carolina, Doctor 
Howard became involved in a discitssion on 
malarial pneumonia in the North Carolina 
Medical Journal, with Dr. O. F. Manson, 
subsequently a professor in the Medical 
College of Virginia, at Richmond. This 
discussion was reviewed in the .\merican 
Journal of Medical Sciences for October. 
1S60, by the able and learned Dr. .Alfred 
Stille, afterwards Professor of the Practice 
of Medicine in the University of Pennsyl- 
vania. Doctor Stille speaks of Doctor How- 
ard's essays as being "in the highest de- 
gree interesting and instructive: interest- 
ing from the admirable critical spirit which 
pervades them, and from which none of the 
errors of his opponent's thesis escape, and 
instructive from the complete analysis 
which tney present of the descriptions by 



'a large number of physicians of this modi- 
fied form of pneumonia." 

After the close of the Civil War, owing 
to the unsettled condition of the country in 
the South, and having suffered a severe do- 
mestic bereavement in the death of his first 
wife, Doctor Howard removed to Balti- 
more. The following citation from the 
Maryland Medical Journal, September 4, 
1897, gives an account of his career since. 

"The history of every great institution 
is very closely linked with the names of the 
men who have made that institution and 
who by their work and attention have con- 
tributed their share towards the perfec- 
tion of tne whole plan. 

For this reason the connection of Dr. 
William T. Howard with the University of 
Maryland is a matter of interest and a part 
of the history of that old foundation of 
learning. His resignation, which was pre- 
sented last July and accepted with great 
reluctance and after repeated refusals by the 
faculty of physic, has caused a change in the 
chair of diseases of women and children, 
which has continued for the past thirty 
years without a break. 

When Doctor Howard first came to Bal- 
timore from North Carolina, he was made 
adjunct to the chair of physiology tit en 
held by the late Dr. Frank Donaldson, Sr. 
There was at that time but one graduate 
of the University of Maryland from this 
large Southern State, but his influence was 
such that he brought eighteen from North 
Carolina and also eighteen from lower Vir- 
ginia, and this influence has been so strong 
and lasting that at a recent commencement 
there were forty-three graduates from 
North Carolina. There are. perhaps, few 
of the professors who showed not only such 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



great power and influence in his teachins^ 
and his personaHty, but who so materially 
added to the strength of the university by 
gathering students from all points in the 
South, as did Doctor Howard. 

After he had acted as assistant to Doctor 
Donaldson for some time he notified the 
faculty of his intention to resign, when 
Dr. George W. Miltenberger, then Pro- 
fessor of Ob.stetrics and also Dean, urged 
the division of the chair of obstetrics and 
the appointment of Doctor Howard to a 
chair which he proposed to call gynecology 
and diseases of children. Two prominent 
Baltimore physicians were candidates for 
this place, but Doctor Howard received 
every vote and was on January 26, 1867, 
more than thirty years ago, elected to the 
chair which he has so lately vacated. It 
is also an interesting fact that this was the 
first distinct chair of its kind in any medical 
school in this country. 

That Doctor Howard has always filled 
his position with untiring energy, ever giv- 
ing the full nund)er of lectures each ses- 
sion and teaching the students with that 
strong personality and wonderful memory, 
all his many students all over the State of 
Maryland and elsewhere will attest. His 
lectures were not vain repetitions from the 
te.xt-books, but were made up almost ex- 
clusively of liis own large experience and 
many facts and points given havf never ap- 
peared in any book. His lectures were con- 
sidered important enough by the students 
to be reported and printed in book form, but 
this book served only as a skeleton, for each 
year he revised his work and brought it up 
to date, so that the lectures delivered in the 
last sessions were more powerful and more 
valuable tlran those of any previous year. 



The faculty, also, perhaps, uninten- 
tionaily, be.-towed an additional honor upon 
him when it chose three clever men to fill 
his vacant place, and three who had all 
heard his lectures in times past. 

Doctor Howard is the author of various 
lectures, reports, and articles in medical 
journals, and has invented many gyneco- 
logical instruments of a highly useful and 
practical character. Along with the late 
Dr. H. P. C. Wilson, he founded the Hos- 
pital for the Women of Maryland; he was 
one of the founders of the Baltimore Gyne- 
cological and Obstetrical Society, of which 
he was its second president: and he w^as 
also one of the founders of the American 
Gynecological Society: vice-president 1S80: 
member of the Council, 1883, and president 
1885: Consulting Gynecologist to the Un- 
ion Protestant Infirmary: Consulting Phy- 
sician to the Hebrew Hospital and Asylum 
.Association of Baltimore City: Consulting 
Physician and Surgeon to the Johns Hop- 
kins Hospital ; honorary member of the Ob- 
stetrical and Gynecological Society of 
Washington, D. C. : corresponding member 
of the Gynecological Society of Boston; 
honorary member of the State Medical So- 
ciety of North Carolina, etc. 

Doctor Howard has been married three 
times; first, to Mrs. Lucy M. Fitts. nee 
Davis, a brilliant beauty and wit, of \'ir- 
ginia: second, to Miss .-Xnnis L. Watldill. 
of North Carolina, a lady of varied attain- 
ments in belle lettres, and especially profi- 
cient in languages, being able to read her 
Bible fluently in four tongues. Doctor 
Howard was last married in July, 1893. to 
Miss Rebecca N. Williams, a Baltimore 
belle and beauty, and belonging to one of 
the best Marvland families. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



743 



Doctor Howard still retains unusual men- 
tal and physical vigor, witli clear vision 
and a steady hand, performs the most diffi- 
cult operations as well as ever, and his mem- 
ory is phenomenal in its accuracy. He has 
endeared himself to all who have enjoyed 
his tutelage as students, or as colleagues in 
professional life. 

Woodward Abrahams was born in the 
city of Baltimore, October 2, 1814, and 
comes of good old English parentage. His 
father. Captain W. Abrahams, after whom 
he was named, was the son of another 
Woodward Abrahams, of Marblehead, 
Mass., an Episcopal minister. He preached 
the first sermon in his church at the close 
of the Revolutionary War. He was also 
postmaster of Marblehead. Captain Abra- 
hams, the father of the Woodward, the sub- 
pect of this sketch, came to this county in 
tlie year 

He was an experienced and educated sea 
captain who owned his own vessel and 
sailed to various ports of Europe. On one 
of these voyages he was wrecked, losing 
everything but his clothes and watch. He 
then purchased a farm in Cecil county, Md., 
near Port Deposit, which he named "The 
Lucky Mistake." He subsequently moved 
to Port Deposit where he died at the age of 
sixty years. 

His sen W'oodvvard began life as a 
printer. At the close of his apprenticeship 
he went to Petersburg, Va.. but returned 
to Baltimore, where he and James Young 
published The Baltimore Express, which 
afterwards became The Kaleidoscope. He 
abandoned the paper and embarked in 
the lumber business on West Falls avenue. 
In 1850 he engaged in the ice business in 



conjunction with Thomas J. Cochran, the 
only ice dealer in the city at that time. In 
this business he remained until his death, 
at which time he was president of the com- 
pany. Mr. Abrahams was a Mason of high 
standing, and of great influence in the craft. 
He was at one time president of the Ben- 
jamin Howard Benevolent Society of the 
M'asonic Order. 

In pontics he was an old time Whig. In 
religion, a Methodist. 

April ,30. 1844, he was married to Miss 
Margaret Littig, daughter of Frederick Lit- 
tig Schaffer, who was born in 1797. Fred- 
erick was the son of George and Rachel 
Bosley Littig, natives of Germany, who em- 
igrated to this country in 1752. They lo- 
cated in Baltimore and engaged in the 
manufacture of brushes. 

Mr. Woodward Abrahams died .\ugiist 
2, 1892, at the age of yj years. 

W. W. Abrahams has succeeded his father 
in the ice business. The company is now 
(1897) known under the firm name of Coch- 
ran-Oler & Co., of which he is secretary. 

James Stevens Girwood, Secretary of 
the Y. AI. C. A., Baltimore. Md., resides 
at 2021 W. North avenue, Baltimore. He 
was born in Barbadoes, West Indies, No- 
vember 14, 1861. He is a son of James and 
Elizabeth Augusta (King) Girwood. The 
former was born in Glasgow, Scotland, in 
1830; the latter in Barbadoes. W. I., 1827. 
Subject's father was a retail dry goods mer- 
chant, which occupation was the business 
of his life. He came to the United States 
in 1876: he subsequently came to Balti- 
more. His mother died in 1868. Their 
family consisted of eight children now liv- 
ing, viz.: first, John, who is a physician; 



744 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



second, Allan C, who is a teacher: third, 
Henry D., a salesman of this city; fourth, 
William L., a Xew York salesman: fifth 
Florence A., resides in Hartford, Conn. : 
sixth, Alary L. : seventh, Christiana, both of 
whom live in Baltimore. 

James Stevens Girwood was educated at 
Egremont Academy, Liverpool, England, 
where he was graduated in 1878. He has 
engaged successfully as a salesman in gen- 
tlemen's furnishing business, also a book- 
keeper, and from 1892 to 1897 he, was em- 
ployed as secretary of the West Branch 
Young Men's Christian Association of Bal- 
timore, Md. 

In politics he is a non-partisan. In 
religinii he is a member of the P. E. 
Church. 

wSamui-l Wi.vTijK, Capitalist, now de- 
ceased, was born in Hopewell township, 
York county, Pa., October 30, 1800. He 
was a son of John and Catharine (Meckley) 
Winter, both of German descent, whose an- 
cestors were natives of Hanover, Germany. 
They had nine children. all of whom are now 
deceased: one daughter, Elizabeth Miller, 
who lived in Morrow county, O., died July 
25, 1897, in her ninety-second year. His 
father was a farmer, blacksmith and dis- 
tiller: was also a captain of a militia com- 
pany. It was intended that Samuel should 
be educated for the profession of a lawyer, 
his father taking him to the city of York to 
school at the age of ten years to remain 
until he was twenty, but being homesick, 
he persuaded his mother to take him home, 
and after several unsuccessful attempts to 
induce him to return, he was allowed to 
have his own way, an act he often regretted. 
Until he was seventeen years old, Samuel 



worked on the farm in summer, attending 
school in the winter. At this age he was 
apprenticed to John Dorkus, a carpenter, 
and served him for three years, after which 
he worked as a journeyman for about five 
years. During that period he enrolled 
himself with the Washington Blues, a 
militia company, which went to York to 
receive General Lafayette. In 1825 he 
went to Rochester, N. Y., where he re- 
mained and worked at his trade until 1827, 
and was there when the waters of Lake 
Erie were first let into the Erie Canal. 
There being at that time no telegraph, infor- 
mation as to the flow of the waters was con- 
veyed by the firing of cannon, stationed 
along the whole line within hearing distance 
of each other. 

In 1827 he went to Baltimore and ex- 
ecuted his first work on the steamboat 
Kentucky for Messrs. Ericsson & Page. 
He afterwards held the position of foreman 
in the shops where he was thus employed 
for many years. From 1835 to 1862 he 
carried on the business of a carpenter on 
his own account, dealing in lumber a part 
of the time, purchasing from twenty to 
fifty thousand feet in rafts, which were 
generally sent down the Susquehanna 
river. With carpentering he connected 
the building business, erecting about two 
hundred fine dwellings, among which was 
a factory which he rented to Charles M. 
Stieff, Sr., for the manufacturing of his first 
pianos; also a contract to build for William 
Knabe & Co. a factory in South Baltimore 
for the manufacture of their instruments. 
He was also interested in buying town lots, 
either leasing out, selling or building 
thereon. By integrity, energy, persever- 
ance and frugality he accumulated an in- 




^/oy^^n^u/^ //^, 




HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAXD. 



(45 



dependence. He was brought up in the 
Evangehcal Lutheran Church, his parents 
having been members thereof. He was a 
member of the First EngHsh Lutheran 
Church where the family still attend. 

Previous to the war he was a Democrat, 
but a strong Unionist, and afterwards be- 
came an Independent. Mr. Winter repre- 
sented the Seventeenth ward of Baltimore 
City in the First Branch of the City Council 
in 1848. hi 1867 he traveled in Europe, at- 
tending the Paris Exposition and visited 
London, France, Germany, Switzerland 
and other countries. Mr. Winter was twice 
married; first to Miss Sarah Price, daughter 
of Capt. John Price, by whom he had four 
children, Amelia, Jerome and Samuel, de- 
ceased, and William who is still living. His 
second wife was !\Iiss Sarah Armstrong, a 
daughter of Margaret and William Arm- 
strong, Sr.. of Wheeling, W.Va. Her father 
was the owner of a valuable coal mine 
and an extensive shipper of coal to New 
Orleans and other Southern cities. By his 
second wife he had two children. John A., 
deceased, and Sara A., who is a student at 
the Women's College. Mr. Winter's widow 
resides at Washington Heights, corner of 
Gilmor and Preston streets. From the 
top of her house is a magnificent view of 
the city and bay: viewed at night it is a 
scene of surpassing beaut\-. Mr. Winter 
was present at the laying of the corner- 
stone of the Baltimore & Ohio R. R. He 
died May 5th, 1892, from the effects of a 
cold he contracted two years before, which 
afifected his throat, never entirely recover- 
ing from it, yet was able to attend to busi- 
ness until six weeks before his death. He 
was of a genial disposition and much be- 
loved and respected by his many friends 



and acquaintances. The qualities which 
Mr. Winter possessed in an eminent degree 
seldom fail to command success in any 
enterprise. The main oljject of his life was 
to do that which was right. Mr. Winter is 
interred in Greenniount cemetery. 

Hexrv J. Rkiniiardt, Plumber, Gas- 
titter, Builder and Contractor, was born 
in Baltimore October gth, 1850. He is a 
son of Charles C. and Margaret (Erney) 
Reinhardt, of German descent. His mother 
died when he was two years old. He is the 
youngest of six children: William H., 
Charles, Edward Lewis, Augustus and a 
sister \\"ho died in infancy. Edward is also 
deceased. His father was born in Ger- 
many, his mother in York, Pa. His father 
came to this country (Baltimore) in the 
thirties and engaged in business as an in- 
strument maker; he had a coMract with 
the Government during the war; he died 
in 1864. Henry's early education was ob- 
tained in the public schools; at the age of 
fifteen he entered the employ of Richard 
Walzl as junior clerk for five years. Tlien 
he was married and went with his father-in- 
law on his truck farm in Baltimore county 
in the eastern suburbs: he bought a half 
interest in this truck farm, one of 105 acres. 
He was very successful for fourteen years. In 
1884 lie returned to Baltimore and entered 
the firm of the Farmers' Fertilizing Com- 
l)an\-. and at the same time bought half 
interest in the firm of Gardner & Co., 
Plumbers, etc. He withdrew from the Far- 
mers' Fertilizing Co. in 1887 and purchased 
the remaining interest in Gardner & Co. 
In connection with plumbing he engaged 
in building operations quite extensively 



746 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



and has been very successful. He is a 
Master Mason. 

In July, 1871, he married in Philadelphia 
Miss Lidy L. Rienck, daus^hter of Thomas 
F. and Mary Rienck. of German descent, 
who had come from Philadelphia to Balti- 
more in i860. They have three children: 
Thomas, who is engaged successfully in the 
real estate business; Misses Ada M. and 
Bessie L.. who are students at St. Luke's 
Academy. 

Mr. Reinhardt's wife and family are 
members of the Episcopal Church. He has 
been a life long Democrat. 

Georgk R. Cinnamon d, deceased, At- 
torney-at-Law and Conveyancer, was born 
in Belfast, Ireland, July 29, 1814. He was 
the son of James and Catharine (.Mines) 
Cinnamond, both of Fountainville, Ireland. 
His father was Scotch-Irish, and died in 
Belfast. His mother, a native of the North 
of Ireland, was lost at sea with four grown 
sons, James. John, Thomas and Joseph. 
The subject of this sk(.tcli was shipwrecked 
four times l)efore he reached the age of 25 
years. 

George Ruthven received his earh' 
education at the Rnxal Academy in Bel- 
fast, and was graduated from Trinity Col- 
lege in Dublin. After completing his 
studies he came to America, where he 
taught Latin, Greek and Hebrew. He 
subsec|uently |)racticed law and convey- 
ancing in Baltimore. Mr. Cinnamond 
married on May 3rd, 1840, Lydia Amanda 
Burdick. sixth dauglitcr cf Henry Burdick, 
of \''ermont, and T^ydia .\nn Hoadley, of 
New Haven, Conn. I'.y this union eleven 
children were born to b.im, seven dying in 
infancv. The four who grew to maturity 



were: Caroline, who married Warfield T. 
Browning of Washington, D. C. He died 
June 18, 1894, aged 54 years. Has one 
child, Clarence A. C. Browning. George 
R., Jr., who married Christiana Howard 
of New York, has two children, Ethel and 
Helen. He died May 2nd, 1888, aged 41 
years. Robert Morrison, aged 24 years, 
unmarried, died .\pril 4th. 1878: and Isa- 
belle Scott, who married T. Ceresca Rose- 
berry of Springfield, 111., has three children, 
Howard, Stewart Cinnamond and Blanche. 

Air. Cinnamond was president of the 
Monumental Chess Club and founder of 
Patapsco City (now known as Brooklyn, 
Maryland). He belongs to the I. O. O. F., 
and was a member of Concordia Lodge, 
Free Masons. He was an Episcopalian in 
his religious views and a Democrat in jx.ili- 
tics. 

Air. Cinnamond conducted a large and 
very important business for many years, 
honored with the confidence not less of the 
l)ar than of his numerous clients, among 
whom were to be found many of oivr wealth- 
iest citizens. In that especial branch of his 
jjrofession to which he devoted himself he 
had no superiors: he was faithful, relial)le 
and careful, bringing at all times to the dis- 
charge of his professional duties a well 
trained intellect. He was a man of mind, 
a man of indomitable energy, a man of 
marked force of character. He was distin- 
guished for the accuracy of his learning and 
scholarly attainments, no less than for the 
great e.xecutive talent and admirable tact 
with which he di^ii;itched the laborious and 
coni|)licated jjiisiiiess of his oflice. Cour- 
tes}- distinguished his intercourse and 
honor his dealings. He did not ]M-esem lo 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



i47 



the world a character assunietl for the occa- 
sion, nay he went hi and out among us as 
a Christian man whose words and doings 
were the necessary and natural outpouring 
of a true heart. With him to seem and to be 
were one. In action he had all the noble 
qualities of manhood. In endurance he 
possessed all the finer qualities of woman, 
.•\s a speaker he was gifted above the aver- 
age of his profession. Possessing great fer- 
tility of illustration and facility of utterance, 
he never failed to improve and enliven with 
humor and especially with a fit quotation^ 
any subject upon which he essayed to speak. 
In addition to a general acquaintance with 
English literature he had made Shakes- 
peare a particular study, and there seemed 
to be scarcely a limit to his facility of quota- 
tion from that great poet. His tempera- 
ment was cheerful, his manner cordial, 
his taste artistic, mind quick and apprecia- 
tive and his memory extraordinary. The 
wit, sentiment and pathos of his native land 
commingled in him. and he woukl alter- 
nately amuse you by the one or melt your 
heart by sympathy with the other. He 
loved all beautiful things in art, nature and 
language: was a good elocutionist, read 
admirably, and made intellectual culture a 
feature of his domestic and social life. 

Judge James L. Bartol. of the Court of 
,\ppeals, wrote of him: "It was my privi- 
lege to know him at home, at his fireside 
and my own, and to form one of that little 
circle where his genial disposition, charm- 
ing humor and his goodness endeared him 
so much to every one." 

He was called to New^ York (with Robert 
J. Brent, Esq.) on business, but was taken 
ill in Philadelphia, where he died February 
[J. 1866, ill the 52(1 year of his age. In the 



prime of life and in the complete fullness of 
intellectual vigor he received the summons. 
At his death the Baltimore City Courts ad- 
journed, and there was a meeting of the 
members of the bar, many of whom spoke 
in feeling terms of the deceased and offered 
resolutions which were sent to his family. 

David GenESK, D. D. S., and Inventor. 
This gentleman was born in London, Eng- 
land, in 1848. He is the son of the late 
Sampson Genese, whose father w^as the first 
of the name to come to England from 
Spain, and who purchased an estate in the 
city of London, redeeming at the time the 
land tax, a custom in vogue 150 years ago. 
David Genese was one of nine children, four 
sons and five daughters: two of the latter, 
together with their parents, are dead. 
The remainder of the family with the ex- 
ception of the Doctor still reside in London. 

David Genese, D. D. S. and Inventor, 
public school in London, after which he was 
articled to the dental profession, under Wal- 
ter Blundell, D. D. S. (the first inventor of 
painless dentistry by congealation), to the 
Metropolitan Hospital, London, remaining 
with him during the full term of articleship 
of three years, and afterwards four years as 
assistant. He then went into business for 
himself, practising in London for eight 
years; at Bournemouth, England, for three 
years, and at liordeaux (south of France) 
one year. 

His first visit to America was in June 
1876, when he came to Philadelphia on a 
visit to "A. L. O. E." (a famous authoress) 
w^ho was his patient during his professional 
practice in London, and w4io afterwards 
became his wife. During his visit he in- 
troduced his first invention to the dental 



748 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



profession of this country, and made 
acquaintance of Profs. Essig. Darby and 
Barker, now of tlie University of Penn- 
sylvania. It was suggested to him by them 
that he enter the Dental College in Phila- 
delphia, and having left his London prac- 
tice in competent hands, he decided to do 
so, and graduated from that institution, 
returning to London and resuming his 
practice after his completion of the course. 

He again met A. L. O. E. in Paris and 
London, renewing the friendship that had 
brought him to the United States, and which 
culminated in their marriage at Great Mal- 
vern, England. The Doctor then sold his 
practice to Doctor Duller and bought a 
small estate in Essex, near the famous Aud- 
ley Court, properly named IngatestoneHall. 
From this quiet spot they wandered to 
Bournemouth in the south of England, re- 
maining there for three years, gaining a 
large circle of friends and patients. Their 
next move was to France, where he prac- 
ticed in Paris, in the Rue de la Faurie de 
Monbadon, and residing at the Chateau de 
Tuilleries, in the Medoc. The climate 
being too warm for Mrs. Genese who had 
passed most of her time in America, they 
paid another visit to England, and then 
(1876) came to Baltimore making it their 
permanent home. 

Shortly after his arrival in this citv. the 
Doctor filled a jxjsition in the University of 
Maryland as clinical instructor, relinquish- 
ing it after three years in consequence of 
his growing practice. He was also a 
modellor for the University of Maryland 
in plastic work, i-epniducing by casts and 
coloring to nature models for ilhr^^tration; 
also engaged in restoring by artificial 
means prominent features of the face lost 



by accident or deformity: his reputation for 
this work is national. 

He is a regular contributor to various 
medical journals, the most of which are The 
Cosmos. Items of Interest, Southern Dental 
Magazine and the Ohio State Journal. 
From 1877 to 1880 he was a member of the 
Hampshire Yeoman Cavalry, a volunteer 
regiment for home service under Lord 
John Mildmay. He is a member of the In- 
ventors' Institute of London and Paris; 
State Dental Society of Maryland; South- 
ern Dental Association ; New Jersey Dental 
Association and is dentist to St. Mary's In- 
dustrial School. 

Doctor Genese has been the 201st vice- 
president and president of the Maryland 
State Dental Society, and has had the honor 
of giving clinics before the State So- 
ciety of New York, New Jersey, Penn- 
sylvania, District of Columbia, Vir- 
ginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Georgia and Kentucky. He is an inventor 
of no mean order, having obtained over 
forty patents on machines for the manu- 
facture of dental and pharmaceutical prep- 
arations of great value to the medical and 
dental professions. Tlie late Wilmington 
Dental Co. where his representatives in the 
United States for supplying his inventions 
to the profession, while Messrs. C. Ash 
& Son of London and Paris, and Mr. 
Eiche of Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany, 
were his representatives in Europe. 

The Doctor was the first person to ship 
to Africa from this city, sending articles of 
his own manufacture to Johannisburg and 
Graffe-Rennetl. His last and most impor- 
tant invention connected with pharmacy 
was sold to Burroughs, Welcome & Co., of 
London, for a handsome sum, going himself 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



749 



to London to tit up a laboratory, an<l to in- 
strtict the employes in the manipulation 
of the work, he retaining control of the 
American branch with Burroughs Bros. 
;\If.s:. Co., Baltimore, as the distributing 
agents. He bas also invented an aceteline 
lamp which he has under perfect control, 
a condition hitherto difficult to obtain. He 
has given considerable employment to the 
engineers of Baltimore, the Goodman 
Machine Co., having manufactured the 
machinery used in the plant that the Doctor 
established in England for Burroughs & Co. 
The J. B. Morris Co. has made a great deal 
of fine dental machinery for him. Such 
satisfaction did the Goodman machinery 
give the London house, that within eight 
months a duplicate set of double the capac- 
ity was (Ordered in Baltimore from the 
same firm. Keen & Haggerty made all of 
the copper stills used in that plant, and they 
also have been duplicated. 

As a rest from labor, the Doctor bought 
a farm in Kent count}-, ^Id., near Bet- 
terton, where he and Airs. Genese enter- 
tained their friends during the summer, but 
which he has rented since the death of his 
wife, llie farm afforded an opportunity for 
indulgence and practical demonstration in 
the studies of ornithology and experimen- 
tal agriculture, of which the Doctor is very 
fond. He has introduced at his place va- 
rious trees ami plants hitherto unknown in 
that section, importing the seeds from dis- 
tant lands. He has always taken a deep 
interest in ornithology, and some time ago 
wrote a puljlic letter which was extensively 
copied, in reference to the prevailing idea 
that the English sparrow destroved our 
small plumage birds ; he clearly proved this 
to be fallacious. For several vears he has 



forbidden the trapping and shooting of birds 
on his farm, until to-day every bird indig- 
enous to the State of Maryland can be 
found either in the woods or on the lawn, 
proving that gunners and trappers, and not 
the sparrows are responsible for the de- 
struction of the native birds. The Doctor's 
place is on Chesapeake Bay, and from his 
porch may be had a magnificent water view, 
embracing a sight of the Susquehanna. 
Northeast, Elk and Sassafras rivers. 

The lady who became his wiie was Miss 
Annie Woodward, daughter of William 
Woodward, Esq., O. C. of London. Mrs. 
Genese was a literary woman of some pro- 
minence, writing under the nom de plume 
of "A. L. O. E." for James Gordon Ben- 
nett, of the New York Herald: N. P. Willis, 
of the Home Journal, and others, besides 
being the author of numerous works of 
fiction. She died about four years ago. 
The Doctor resides at Harlem Park, Bal- 
timore, where he enjoys a lucrative practice. 
In politics he is a Democrat. 

Rev. Charles Ernest Smith, D. D., 
rector of St. Michael and .All .\ngels 
Church, was born in Cheshire, England, Oc- 
tober 24, 1855. He is a son of John and 
Elizabeth (Lowe) Smith. His father was a 
classical master in various colleges and af- 
terwards established a school. He was a 
classical prize man of Victoria University, 
of Manchester: he is deceased, but Doctor 
Smith's mother is still living. Doctor Smith 
was educated by his father; also at private 
schools in Chester and at St. Augustine's, 
Canterbury. Whilst there he obtained the 
college diploma in 1879, having previously 
passed the Oxford and Cambridge examina- 
tions for holy orders, graduating in the first 



(oU 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



class. He was also Ernest Hawkins prize 
man. Afterwards at Durham University he 
graduated B. A. from University College, 
with honors in classical and general litera- 
ture, 1887. In 1892 St. John's College, 
Annapolis, Md., conferred the honorary de- 
gree of M. A., and since then that of D. D. 
In 1S96 the University of the South, Sew- 
anee. Tenn., also conferred upon him the de- 
gree of D. D. He was ordained deacon by 
Bi.shop of Newfoundland in his Cathedral 
on Trinity Sunday, 1880, and subsequently 
priest in 1882, in the parish church of Bri- 
gus, same diocese. After ordination he was 
appointed curate of Harbor Grace, where 
he remained for fifteen months. He then 
became rector of Heart's Content, where he 
acted as chaplain of the Anglo-American 
Cable Company's staf?. Seven years later 
he accepted the rectorship of vSt. Paul's par- 
ish. Prince George county, Md., which he 
held three years. While there he declined 
several calls to this and other cities. Was 
called to the rectorship of St. Michael and 
.Ml .\ngels March, 1892, in which \ear 
Bishop Paret appointed him an examining 
chaplain of the Diocese of Maryland. The 
Bishop also appointed him lecturer to the 
Maryland Theological Class on Old Testa- 
ment and Dogmatic Thenlogry. Four years 
ago he publish' 1 •'Tiu 1 Hd L'hurch in the 
New Land," now m its s, con*] e<lition. A 
year later 'in tin- Household of Faith;" 
since then lie li;is i.nblished a manual for 
confirmation candidates, entitled ".\ Call to 
Confirmation," which is now in its third 
thousand: also "Readings and Praxcrs for a 
Communicants' Class." He is now writing 
•Tvarly Church Historv of Maryland." Doc- 
un- Smith is also chaplain of the Hospital for 
Cripjilcd and Deformed Children. During 



Doctor Smith's rectorship the Church of St. 
Michael and .'\11 Angels has had a remark- 
able growth. From 471 communicants 
connected with the church in 1892, the num- 
ber in 1897 had arisen to 1013. In March 
of the same year the church presented for 
confirmation eighty persons, being the 
largest class for this purpose ever presented 
in Baltimore during the present Episcopate. 

In 1897 he was Bishop Paret's special 
chaplain of the Fourteenth Lambeth Con- 
ference meeting under the presidencv of the 
Archbishop of Canterbury. 

In 1882 he was married to Flora, daugh- 
ter of George and Jean Wood, of Sussex 
House, East Molesey, England. They have 
one son, Marcus Harold, and five daugh- 
ters, Marcella, Monica, Barbara, Helena 
and Olive. Doctor Smith has one brother. 
John, who is in An.stralia, and two sisters, 
.■\da and Gertrude. 

Wrr.LL\M H.\KT .-VlgI'R, elocutionist, Bal- 
timore. This energetic and enterprising 
young gentleman h.as by his pluck and the 
gifts of nature managed to put himself to the 
front as an elocutionist in his native city 
(P>altimore) where he was born February 12, 
1871. He is the son of Porter R. and Flor- 
ence (Brosius) Alger. The former was 
born in Syracuse, N. Y.. in 1838, of English 
origin; the latter is a native of Maryland, 
and was born in 1848 of English and Ger- 
man descent. The familv consists of three 
children, two now- living, Louise and Wil- 
liam Hart. The father of our subject lias 
spent a considerable i)art of his life in mer- 
cantile business, chiefly in the boot and shoe 
trade, and has been a commercial traveler in 
that line for man}- years; has an extensive 
acciuaintance in Marvland and Kentuckv. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



(51 



He can spin yarns in the style of Abraham I 
Lincohi and is gifted in conversational pow- 
ers. The latter quality has been transmitted 
to his son, the suljject of this sketch, who 
is at present in the employ of The New 
England Life Insurance Company, head- 
quarters in the Herald Building, Baltimore. ! 
He spends many pleasant evenings enter- 
taining private parties and is often called 
upon to gnve public performances both here 
and in Washington, D. C. As an elocution- 
ist and an imitator he has few equals in 
Maryland. On account of ill health he was 
compelled to leave school when but 17 years 
old. He is specially gifted in originality 
and his recitations, etc., are chiefly of his j 
own composition. He is an active member 
of the Y. M. C. A., and also of the Royal 
Arcanum. He is non-partisan in politics, 
and in religion the family is Protestant. 

Ri;v. H. M. \ViL\KToN, D. D.— Perhaps 
there is no man better known in the city 
of Baltimore, by all denominations and the 
public generally, than the subject of this j 
sketch. He came to Baltimore the first of 
January, 1881, as pastor of Lee Street 
Church, and entered upon his duties by 
holding a series of meetings and preaching t 
every night for ten weeks, and receivmg [ 
more than two hundred additions into his 1 
church. ] 

Henry iVIarvin Wharton was born at 
Western View. Culpeper county, Va.. Sep- 
tember II, 1848. He was the son of Mal- 
com H. and Susan R. Wharton, parents 
noted for their intelligence, piety and in- 
fluence in the community. He was the 
youngest of eig^ht children, and as such was 
the idol of his parents, and his brothers and 1 



sisters. His mother died when he was thir- 
teen years of age, and when he most needed 
a mother's care, for it was when the storms 
of war were beating with all their fury upon 
the land, destroying homes, and driving 
tlie scattered members of onr happy family 
circles into situations of danger, and even 
of demoralization and ruin. 

At the age of fifteen young Wharton en- 
tered the service of the Confederate States, 
first as a druggist in the hospital dispen- 
sary, then as a member of the Signal Corps, 
and finally a private soldier under General 
Lee. He followed him 'o Appomattox, 
and laid down his gun on the memorable 
9th of April. On his return from the war 
he went to Mexico, where he remained 
some months, but soon returned to his na- 
tive State, and at the age of nineteen en- 
tered the practice of law. For five years he 
practiced, not only with success, but dis- 
tinction, but at the age of twenty-five being- 
converted to God, he devoted himself to the 
ministry of the Gospel, and from that time 
until now he has followed that calling. 

When be came to Baltimore he soon 
learned that there was no denominational 
paper among his own people in this city. 
He began a modest little monthly church 
paper, which soon grew into the Baltimore 
Baptist, and is now the well-known Evangel. 
read in many homes throughout the land. 
His assistants in this undertaking were 
Rev. A. C. Barron, D. D., a life-long friend, 
and Mr. L. M. Cross, also an intimate per- 
sonal friend. 

As Mr. Wharton went about the streets 
of the city seeing the suffering of those 
who had walked away in sin and fallen into 
degradation and disgrace, he conceived the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 



idea that the proper time to begin to reform 
the outcast i- when they are children. He 
therefore started a liome for these, and be- 
gan to pick up here and there helpless little 
waifs, some of whom were taken from the 
streets, some from the Society for the Pre- 
vention of Cruelty to Children, while others 
were brought by \vidowed mothers and 
placed in his care. It was not long until an 
orphanage was founded which grew very 
rapidly. In fact, the building at first rented 
was soon overcrowded, and he w"as forced 
to move to larger quarters. The comfort- 
able building now at the corner of Lanvale 
and Fremont streets is filled with children, 
and is altogether insufficient for the work. 

In addition to this, believing that it 
would be wise to separate the children as 
much as possible from their old associa- 
tions, he secured a farm of more than two 
hundred acres of land in the valley of \'ir- 
ginia, near Luray, and named it '"The 
Whosoever Farm," where children, with- 
out regard to denomination or creed, are 
all received and cared for. Here they are 
educated, clothed, fed and taught to work. 

With all the demands pressing upon him, 
he was forced to give up the pastoral care 
of the Lee Street Church, and devoted him- 
self to the establishment of his paper, and 
other enterprises. While this was going on 
a little mission was being formed in the 
city by a few \inuig people. They asked 
Doctor Wharton to give some of his spare 
time and attention to this work. He ac- 
cepted the invitation, believing it would be 
merely incidental to his general work, but 
the little building was soon over-crowded. 
.A large lot was jKirchased at the corner of 
Schrneder street and F.dnKmdson avenue, 
and the lirantlv .Memorial Chnrch, which 



is the largest of any denomination in this 
city, now stands as a result of the labors 
of this little congregation. Beginning with 
thirty-two, they now have about one th(ju- 
sand members, while the congregation 
overcrowds the building every Sunday. 

Besides this, the large book and publish- 
ing house of Wharton, Barron & Company, 
located at 304 North Howard street, is also 
one of the enterprises founded by him. He 
is also president and originator of the Na- 
tional Evangelization Society for the prop- 
agation of the gospel among all denomi- 
nations, and in destitute places where the 
gospel is not heard. 

As may well be supposed, all these en- 
terjjrises require a great amount of money, 
: nd he depends entirely upon the contribu- 
tions of those Avhom the Lord has blessed 
with enough and to spare. 

It was during the panic of '93, and the 
hard winter that followed, that Dr. and 
Mrs. Wharton, with a number of memlsers 
from the Brantly Church, would go with 
two wagons, one carrying the gospel ami 
the other a lot of sandwiches and other good 
things to eat, among the most destitute of 
our population. They would stand upon 
the wagon and sing and preach, while the 
people would help themselves to something 
to satisfy their hunger. It was an interest- 
ing sight to look down upon the asseml)led 
nudtitude listening to the gospel wliile 
eagerly devouring the sandwiches they 
had taken from the wagon. 

Doctor Wharton is an evangelist and 
preaches in meetings all over this country. 
He has also visited Europe, Asia and 
.■\frica and preached the gospel there. 
\\'lien asked on one occasion with refer- 
ence to his occupation, as to whether he 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



was an evangelist and did pastoral work in- 
cidentally, or vice versa, he replied that his 
work was all one, and if a man could drive 
a team of six he could carry more than with 
a single horse. He believes that every tal- 
ent God has given us should be used for 
His glory and the good of our fellow-man, 
and that change of work, not inactivity, is 
rest. 

Doctor Wharton has been twice married. 
His first wife was the daughter of Dr. and 
;\Irs. George W. Rust, of Luray, Va., and 
the only child. She lived only three and a 
half years after his marriage, and died just 
before he came to this city. After thirteen 
years he married the daughter of Mr. James 
Pollard, a prominent lawyer of Bedtimore. 

He is the author of sixteen different 
works, and is now the president of a 
woman's college at Luray, \'a., where a 
large and excellent school for young ladies 
is conducted, under the direction of an ex- 
cellent set of teachers. 

He believes that the happiest life is the 
busiest when it is lived to make this world 
better, and to help those who are strug- 
gling in the great battle for bread. As will 
be seen by his photograph he is now in the 
prime and vigor of life, giving promise of 
many years of earnest work yet to come. 
He is devoted to Baltimore, and says there 
is no city on all the earth where there are 
better people, greater facilities for the en- 
joyment of life, or greater opportunities for 
the highest usefulness. 

Hiram F. Straus, Insurance Broker, 
Baltimore, Md., was born in this city De- 
cember 17, 1861. He is a son of Joseph 
and Bettie (Lazarus) Straus. The former 
was born in 1835, the latter in 1S37, both 



natives of Germany. In religion the family 
are members of the Reformed Jewish de- 
nomination. Our subject's mother is a 
niece of Jonas Friedenwald. This family is 
among the most prominent and wealthy 
manufacturers and merchants of this city. 

In 1843 o"'' subject's parents emigrated 
from Germany and settled in Baltimore; 
his father carried on the clothing business 
here with success vmtil he went to South 
Carolina, where he continued that busmess 
until he was stricken with yellow fever, 
which caused his death in 1872, Two of 
their three children are living, Miss Lina, 
resides with her brother Hiram F., whose 
name heads this sketch. 

He was educated in Baltimore, first in 
the public schools, and after^vards attend- 
ed Bryant & Stratton's Commercial Col- 
lege. In 1874, two years after his father's 
death, when he was only fifteen years old, 
he commenced his bu.siness life as an er- 
rand bov for Lewis Newman, dry goods 
merchant of Baltimore; was subsequently 
apprenticed and learned printing, continu- 
ing it until he reached the important posi- 
tion of foreman for Griffin, Curley & Co., 
Printers, 202 E. Baltimore street. When 
that firm went out of business in 1892 he 
then embarked in his present birsiness; his 
office is at 161 1 N. Fulton avenue, Balti- 
more, where he can always be founil at- 
tending to all the minute affairs of his busi- 
ness. He is an active member of the fol- 
lowing societies: Treasurer of Star of tlie 
West Council, Jr. O. U. A. M.; financial sec- 
retary of Lord Baltimore Council, National 
L'nion; financial secretary and recorder 
of Ri.sing Star Lodge, Sexennial League; 
Oriental Lodge, J. O. M.: Oriental Court, 
Jr. O. U. .\. M.; Zcter Conclave. Ilepta- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



sophs. He has the confidence of his brother 
members and takes an interest in every- 
thing connected with the societies. 

In politics he is a staunch RepubHcan. 
In iSyo he was nominated on his party's 
ticket for the Legislature, and to illustrate 
his popularity, we point to the fact that he 
ran ahead of any other candidate on the 
ticket, receiving the largest vote that had 
been given for years for any Republican in 
the First District. In 1896 Governor 
Lowndes appointed him Tax .\ssessor. 

Harry Patterson Horicins, composer, 
was born in Baltimore, Md., May 25, 1873. 
He is the son of John S. and Marv A. 
(Lampher) Hopkins. John S. came from 
Harford county, Md., and entered the ser- 
vice of the B. & O. Railroad as collector, 
after which he es'tablished the wholesale 
wooden-ware business in BaltimOire. In 
masonry he attained the thirty-third degree, 
and, prior to his death, was president of 
the Tax Payers' Association of Baltimore. 
He was of Quaker parentage, whilst his 
wife was of English descent. Being a busi- 
ness man, he was anxious to have his son 
join him in that occupation, but having no 
such inclination, yoamg Hopkins, with his 
father's permission, began to study music 
at an early age. In 1888 the boy eiucred 
the Peabody Institute, and during his tui- 
tion there he was elected organist of the 
First Reformed Church: later on he re- 
signed his pusilon ior a .similar mie at 
Grace M. K. Church, at which latter place 
he has given a number of organ recitals. 
In 1897 he accepted the position of organ- 
ist of the Har Sinai Synagogue. Air. Hop- 
kins received the diploma of Distinguished 
Musicianship from the Pcaliody in 1895. 



He is the composer of a number of cham- 
ber and orchestral works, among which are 
the following: Four songs, a piano trio, 
string quartette, two piano quintettes, piano 
sextette, a comic opera, two organ compo- 
sitions, female choiiis, "A Tragedy," con- 
cert overture, "Death's Dance," a suite of 
piano pieces, and a symphony, "Va'ther." 
Whilst at the Peabody Mr. Hopkins studied 
under Hamerik in composition. In 1896 
he was elected a member of both the New 
York and Chicago Manuscript Societies, 
and of the Peabody Alumni Association of 
Baltimore. His works have all been pro- 
duced either in this country or in Denmark. 
He is thoroughly American in all his views, 
and endeavors to make his compositions in- 
dicate that independence. 

The firm of K. Katz & So.xs, Clothiers 
and Merchant Tailors, is composed of 
Kaufmann Katz, Meier Katz and Zadok 
Katz. Kaufmann Katz, the senior member, 
was born in Bavaria in 1824. After a 
meagre early education in his native place, 
he came to .America in 1850: was engaged 
as a clerk in Xew York and Baltimore, and 
in 1857 went into the clothing business on 
his own account at Port Deposit, Md., 
where he remained until 1880, at which time 
he came to Baltimore and established the 
firm of K. Katz & Co., at the present place 
of business, 309 E. Baltimore street, .\fter 
successfully conducting the business until 
1887, the firm of Katz & Sackerman wa.^ 
founded, which firm ceased to exist in iSo". 
after ten years of unvarying prosperitv, giv- 
ing i)lace to the present tirm. 

May I, 1857, he was married to .Miss 
Henrietta Tannel)auni, of Bavaria. .As a 
result of this union nine children were born. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Moses, who is engag-ed in the dry goods 
and clothing business at Kissimee, Florida; 
Esther, wife of L. M. Sackerman, dealer in 
furnishing goods on N. Gay street, Balti- 
more; Meier, member of the present firm; 
Zadok, member of the present firm; Re- 
becca, unmamed; Carrie, wife of A. J. 
Weinberg, one of the proprietors of the 
Baltimore Bargain House; Katie and 
Sophie, unmarried; Abraham, clerk in the 
Baltimore Bargain House. During his 
residence at Port Deposit, Mr. Katz was 
Coroner of Cecil county for several terms. 
He is a Mason of the Tliirty-second de- 
gree; supreme treasurer of the Independent 
Order of B'nai B'rith ; treasurer of the Oheb 
bhalom Congregation (Eutaw Place and 
Lanvale street), and is a member of various 
other orders. Mr. Katz is a Reformed He- 
brew. 

JNIeier Katz, of K. Katz & Sons, was born 
in 1863 in Port Deposit, Md. Received his 
early education at the public schools of 
Port Deposit and Baltimore. He began his 
business career as clerk for his father, con- 
tinuing in that capacity until he entered 
the present firm in 1897. In 1889 he mar- 
ried Miss Sophie Van Leer, daughter of 
the late Solomon Van Leer (and Hannah 
Harsh) member of the firm of Henry Son- 
neborn & Co. Three children have been 
born to them: Z. Morton, Hilda and Esther. 
Air. Katz is a member of the Royal Arca- 
num and other beneficial orders. 

Zadok Katz was born at Port Deposit in 
1865. He received his early education in 
the public schools of Port Deposit and Bal- 
timore. After leaving school he went to 
New York, where for two years he learned 
the trade 01 cutter. When lie had com- 
pleted his coiu-se in that business he en- 



gaged with his father, and although at pres- 
ent a member of the fimi, still retains his 
position as cirtter. In 1897 he married Miss 
Florence Shakman, daughter of Morris 
Shakman (and Mary Pleller Shakman, of 
Woodstock, Va.,) wholesale druggist. He 
is a member of the Royal Arcanum and 
other orders. 

The firm by its upright and honorable 
dealings has made for itself an enviable 
reputation among the business houses of 
this city. 

RiiV. George W. Miller, D. D., pastor 
of Grace M. E. Church of Baltimore, was 
bom near Gefttysburg, Pa., April 11, 1845. 
His early history reads almost like a ro- 
mance. From his very childhood he was 
the subject of divine impressions and per- 
suasions, especially in regard to the minis- 
try. His studies and readings were carried 
forward with sole reference to this work. 
Before he was seventeen years of age, the 
flood of patriotism, then sweeping like a 
tidal wave over the country, caught him 
and carried him into the army for the 
preservation of the Union. In May, 1864, 
he was frightfully wounded in the battle of 
the Wilderness; for twenty-four hours he 
remained on the battlefield; the surgeon 
who examined the wound pronounced it fa- 
tal, but he did not allow himself to despair 
of recovery. His faith found vent in these 
memorable words to Mr. Wbitney, a dele- 
gate of the Christian Commission: "I feel 
that God has a work for me to do; I be- 
lieve that m.an is immortal till his work is 
done." For fifteen months he lay in the 
hospital in Philadelphia. During this per- 
iod certain "elect ladies" of that city found 
him, and learning his tastes and inirposes, 



756 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



took turn, in reading theology to him, so 
that at the close of that period (and he went 
forth with an unhealed wound), he had 
traversed nearly the whole field of Biblical 
learning. He begun his ministry in the 
East Baltimore Conference in the spring of 
1866. His ministry, thus began in obedi- 
ence to early impressions and persuasions, 
rather than to force of external influences, 
gave early promise of unusual success. 
Under the stimulus of reading and the op- 
portunity to preach, his brilhanit mind ma- 
tured rapidly, and he was soon recognized 
throughout the conference as a young man 
of rare powers. His reputation as a deep 
thinker and finished speaker sooii spread 
beyond the bounds of his own conference. 
After having spent thirteen years in his 
home conference he yielded to earnest so- 
licitations and was transferred to the Wil- 
mington Conference, to serve at Grace M. 
E. Church in the city of Wilmington, Del. 
At the close of his time here he was trans- 
ferred to the Philadelphia Conference to 
take charge of Spring Garden M. E. Church 
in that city, after which he served Grace 
Church, Brooklyn and Independence aven- 
ues, Kansas City. These churches rank 
among the very strongest and most mflu- 
ential in American ^Methodism. The fact 
that he served them all with remarkable 
acceptability and conspicuous efficiency, is 
the highest cnmmendation that can be 
awarded. At the close of his term of pas- 
toral service in Kansas City, he was trans- 
ferred by special request to the New York 
Conference, to take charge of St. Andrew's 
where his pastoral labors began in October, 
1892. Meanwhile, Dickinson College, Car- 
lisle, Pa., recognized his a1)ililv bv con- 
ferring on him the degree of ,\. Af. and I 



D. D. As a preacher. Doctor Miller is 
thoroughly evangelical in doctrine, analy- 
tical, illustrative and pictorial. His manner 
in the pulpit is full of energy and fervor. 
He has won wide fame for his sermons at 
Ocean Grove during ten or twelve succes- 
sive seasons, and on other campmeeting 
grounds. The Ocean Grove Record of 
x\ugust 25, 1894, says: "His name has 
now for a full decade been connected with 
the greatest pulpit celebrities on the 
American Continent. The first sermon he 
ever preached at Ocean Grove put him 
where he never could surpass it; but he 
has come back at our urgent call nearly 
every year since, and each sermon, accord- 
ing to our best standards of authority, has 
exceeded the former." 

As a pastor he is systematic, faithful and 
abundant in labors. As a lecturer and plat- 
form speaker he is graphic, effective, and 
at times carries all before him. At Chan- 
taucjua and at the anniversary of the Sun- 
day-School Union at St. Paul, Minn., in 
1884, on the JMountain Lake Park .Assem- 
bly platform and many other rostrums, he 
has sliown himself a brilliant, powerful and 
captivating orator. His lectures on "Mar- 
tin Luther," "Pluck," "Eyes; or, the Art of 
Seeing," "Our Country and Some of Its 
Problems," etc., have won the highest com- 
mendation for their thought, diction and 
delivery. 

The Christian .hhvcatc, si)caking of 
notable addresses before the conference 
anniversaries, sa}'s: "Doctor oMiller ad- 
dressed the New Jersey Conference on 
"Churcli Extension," the New York East on 
'Temperance," and the Newark on "Educa- 
tion," and on all these three dissimilar topics 
was equally and remarkably successful. 



HISTORY OF EALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Thoroughness and warmth are his marked 
characteristics, and show themselves with- 
out any effort. He does not leave a single 
l:)ranch of his subject or work unattended, 
and his sermons and addresses and lectures 
make an impression of wide and accurate 
reading, high intelligence and thorough- 
going blood earnestness." 

Dr. James BillingslEa, Physician and 
Surgeon, Baltimore, Md. This gentleman 
was born in Harford county, Md., January 
21. 1858. His parents were also natives of 
Harford county, and were descendants of 
the early settlers of ^Maryland and O'f Eng- 
lish origin. His father was an enterprising 
and successful business man and succeeded 
in accumulating a handsome fortune. The 
gentleman whose name heads this sketch 
received the rudiments of his education in 
the public schools of his native county. He 
subsecjuently attended the Baltimore City 
College, also St. John's College, Annapo- 
lis, Md. He chose medicine and surgery as 
his profession, and entered the University 
of ^Maryland, took the regular course and 
was graduated from that institution with 
the degree of M.D.in 1878. and immediately 
thereafter opened an ofifice and commenced 
the practice of medicine in Baltimore. He 
has met with success in his profession. He 
is a Democrat in politics; served the city 
of Baltimore as coroner from 1892 to 1896. 
He is medical examiner for the Royal Ar- 
canum and the Loyal Additional Benefit 
Association, and is Regent of the Baltimore 
City Council of the Royal .\rcanum, and 
Past Counsellor of Columbian Council of 
the Loyal Additional Society. Doctor 
Billingslea was united in marriage with the 
daughter of Edward J. and Mary Snow; her 



parents were residents of Baltimore and of 
English origin. Doctor Billingslea and 
wife are members of the Broadway Metho- 
dist Church, Baltimore, in which church 
they were married November 16, 1880. 
They have one child, born March 29, 1S84. 

Rev. Royal H. Pullman. A. M., D. D. 
This gentleman was born in Auburn, X. Y., 
June 30, 1826. He enjoyed good educa- 
tional advantages; was a most diligent and 
pains-taking student, graduating wth the 
class of 1844 from the Portland High 
School, and later receiving the degree of 
Master of Arts from Lombard L^niversity, 
Galesburg, 111. The same university con- 
ferred upon him the degree of Doctor of 
Divinity in 1894. 

His parents, who were devout members 
of the Universalist Church, early conse- 
crated him in their hearts to the Christian 
ministry of that church. He pursued his 
theological studies under the private in- 
struction of Rev. George W. Montgomery, 
D. D., of Rochester, N. Y., there being at 
that time no theological school in the de- 
nomination to which he belonged. In 1853 
he entered the home missionary field with 
great zeal, preparatory to receiving full 
ministerial orders. The service of ordina- 
tion was held in the Clarendon Universalist 
Church, June, 1854. Immediately thereafter 
he was given in charge of an extensive field 
for missionary work in the western part of 
his native State. He entered upon his du- 
ties with an enthusiasm of love which no 
hardship could chill, and with such courage 
and Christian faith as gave him the most 
flattering success. To him Universalism 
was more than a simple denial of theological 
errors — more than a mere protest against 
an endless hell : it was an affirmation of 



758 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Christian ethics, and of the great doctrines 
of the fatherhood of God and the brother- 
hood of all mankind. He understood sal- 
vation to be not an escape from the right- 
eous retribution of sin, but Christian charac- 
ter built after the divine ideal of manhood 
in the life of the Lord Jesus Christ. 

The religious fervor of Mr. Pullman's 
preaching soon gathered a large congrega- 
tion at Olcott, N. Y., the central station of 
his missionary work — where he secured the 
erection of a substantial house of worship. 
From Olcott he was called to Fulton in the 
same State. Here, also, after a few years, 
he erected a new church edifice, the new 
building far exceeding in cost and beauty 
the old one which it displaced. In 1867 he 
accepted a call to Peoria, 111., where, in the 
succeeding year, he dedicated the most 
compiodious and beautiful church in that 
growing city. In 1872 he was elected to 
the office of general secretary of the Uni- 
versalist General Convention. This posi- 
tion gave him charge of all the general mis- 
sionary work of the convention. This is 
the highest official position in the Univer- 
salist denomination. He was re-elected 
each \ear for four years, prosecuted his 
work with tireless energy, and won the most 
gratifying success. Resolutions of the 
Board of Trustees of the General Conven- 
tion bear this testimony and express the 
profoundest regret that overwork compell- 
ed the resignation of an officer who was so 
efficient in the tield of high responsibility. 
Though .Mr. Pullman had taken a brief rest 
in a trip to F.urojic in the summer of 1875, 
he felt on his return that he had not the 
strength to continue the work in a way sat- 
isfactory to himself, and that he nuist seek 
further rest. 



Doctor Pullman was called to the pastor- 
al charge of the Second Universalist Church 
in this city, and entered upon his work in 
May, 1877. From the first he impressed 
himself upon the public as an earnest and 
devoted Christian, independent in thought, 
bold in speech, and tireless in zeal for the 
up-building of the Redeemer's Kingdom. 
His eloquence attracted large audiences, es- 
pecially in his Sunday evening lectures on 
popular themes. His expository sermons 
were listened to with great interest, and his 
presentation of the distinguishing doctrines 
of his church was plain, simple and con- 
vincing. His controversial sermons were 
models of the debater's skill. His contro- 
versy with the Rev. Dr. Cox, of the South- 
ern M. E. Church, in 1882, and published in 
the Baltimore American, on the orthodox 
dogma of hell, created great interest. The 
lamented death of Doctor Cox cut short a 
discussion that had promise of the most gra- 
cious results. But, however great Doctor 
Pullman's skill as a controversialist, and 
however strong in his doctrinal preaching, 
his real power is evidenced in the later years 
of his ministry in his masterly handling of 
practical Christian themes. His power to 
stir the conscience and move the heart is 
marked. The helpfulness of his preaching 
in the work of character-building may be 
said to be the chief characteristic of his min- 
istry in Baltimore. 

The church edifice on East Baltimore 
street, occupied by Doctor Pullman during 
the early years of his pastorate, was sold in 
1886, and luider the inspiration of his ef- 
forts a very attractive and beautiful church 
edifice was erected on Guilford avenue and 
Lanvale street, and dedicated in 1888. In 
1887 Doctor Pullman founded the Young 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



People's Guild, a strong organization of the 
young men and women of his church. The 
Christian Endeavor department of the 
Guild established a monthly magazine for 
the furtherance of mission work. Of this 
magazine Doctor Pullman has editorial 
charge. It is popular in the city and its cir- 
culation is not inconsiderable outside of the 
city. In 1890 "All Souls Mission" was 
founded as an outgrowth of the church, and 
was so prosperous that a site was secured 
and a neat and convenient chapel was erect- 
ed in 1892 on Hopkins avenue. Doctor 
Pullman preached the dedicatory sermon. 
The occasion was one of great interest and 
was a celebration of victory — the victory of 
faith which began the work and sustained 
it, fulfilling all the promise of God. It was 
accepted as an evidence of the missionary 
spirit of the church. 

In the winter of 1891, Doctor Pullman 
made a strong movement in the interests of 
Christian unity, by arranging for a series of 
sermons to be preached in his church by rep- 
resentative clergymen of the leading de- 
nominations in the city. Each clergyman 
was asked to give a brief resume of the his- 
tory of his church, and to present its dis- 
tinguishing doctrines. The following 
clergymen responded to the courteous invi- 
tation : 

Rev. Dr. Evans, of St. Paul's English Lu- 
theran. 

Rev. Dr. Clever, of the Reformed Church. 

Rev. Dr. Rowland, of the Franklin 
Square Baptist Church. 

Rev. Dr. Van Meter, Dean of the Wo- 
man's College, Methodist. 

Rev. Dr. Marshall, of the Christian 
Church. 



Rev. Dr. J. Addison Smith, of the Pres- 
byterian Church. 

Rev. Dr. Lawrence, of the Congregation- 
alist Church. 

Rev. Thomas .-\. King, of the New Jeru- 
salem Church. 

These sermons were all of a high order 
and were pervaded with the Christian spirit. 
Large congregations attended: the press of 
the city spoke in the highest terms of this 
practical effort to bring the church closer 
in the fellowship of the Spirit. Doctor Pull- 
man preached the concluding sermon of the 
series; this was published as a tract and 
widely circulated. 

The demands upon the time and strength 
of the now venerable pastor were so heavy 
that he secured Rev. U. S. Milburn as as- 
sistant, who, the year following, was suc- 
ceeded by Rev. C. P. Hall. Doctor Pullman 
has not confined himself to the work of 
his church alone, but has always answered 
calls for help in other fields of usefulness. 
He has lectured in nearly every part of the 
city on temperance and other reforms. He 
always responds to patriotic calls on the 
Fourth of July, Decoration Day, and other 
occasions of great public interest. In 1850 
he accepted the nomination for Congress 
from the Republican Convention of the 
Third Congressional District of Maryland. 
In his speech accepting the nomination he 
said: "The better the Christian, the better 
the patriot: even the Christian minister 
should take a working interest in politics. 
I put my religion in harness and shall enter 
the campaign to do all I can to lift politics 
out of its degradation, by urging honest 
methods and high patriotic motives." Dur- 
ing the campaign he was constantly in the 



roo 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



field. He was defeated, as he expected, but 
gained everything he aimed to accompHsh. 
Both Democratic and RepubUcan papers 
commended his noble efforts to raise the 
standard of politics to a higher moral plane. 
"Citizens can be, should be, must be, as 
honest in politics as in anything else" was 
his constant plea. "American sovereigns 
should be kingly in every true sense of that 
word. "Government of the people, for the 
people and by the people" are words of the 
martyred Lincoln that go to the heart of 
the matter." Doctor Pullman refers to his 
experiences in his campaign as among the 
most interesting of his life. He gained 
knowledge of human nature which added 
greatly to his pulpit efficiency. He could 
take betcer aim and hit the mark when deal- 
ing- with much of human weakness. He 
may be considered as one of the most pub- 
lic-spirited of the Baltimore clergy. He is 
a member of the Reform League; of the 
Good Gi.ivernnient Club; of the Union for 
Public Good. He is a member of the Mary- 
land State Temperance League, and of the 
Maryland Academy of Science. He is a 
Master ]\Lison, a Royal Arch ALison and 
Knight Templar. 

He married }iliss Harriet J. Barm .\pril 3, 
1845. On April 3, 1895, the happy couple 
celebrated their golden wedding. Tlie filial 
reverence and love in which the congrega- 
tion held their venerable pastor and his 
faitiiful wife, moved them to unite with the 
family in ceiel;rating the golden event. 
Early in the day Mr. George M. Pullman, 
brother of the bridegroom, arrived with his 
private car filled with relatives from the 
East, West and North. These, with the son 
and (laughter, made up the happy family 
part\ at the residence of the distinguished 



couple on Guilford avenue. In the evening 
a reception was given to the committee rep- 
resenting the seven organizations of the 
parish. Resolutions were presented and fe- 
licitous speeches were made by the members 
of the several committees, all of which were 
responded to with sentiments of high appre- 
ciation by the pastor. Rev. Dr. James M. 
Pullman said, as he had said at the silver 
wedding, ""The fidelities of the past on your 
wedded life are accepted on this golden 
wedding as the pledge of your future faith- 
fulness. God bless and keep you." This 
simple service concluded, the golden circlet 
was gallantly placed upon the finger of the 
bride by the bridegroom. Later the wed- 
ding party entered the church, which was 
crowded by a rejoicing assemblage in 
which were recognized many of the leading 
citizens of Baltimore. Rev. Dr. Charles 
Eaton, of New York, offered prayer. Rev. 
Dr. James M. Pullman made an eloquent 
address, which was responded to by the pas- 
tor in behalf of his bride and himself. The 
Deems Quartette sang tastefully selected 
numbers, after which an elegant collation 
was served by the ladies in the social rooms 
of the church. Fifty years of happy wedded 
life are eloquent witnesses in behalf of such 
manly and womanly virtues, without which 
the golden wedding is impossible. 

At the conclusion of a pastorate of twenty 
years, .Vpril 30, 1897, Doctor Pullman, fcel- 
ingthat hecould no longerbear the .strain of 
continued service, tendered his resignation, 
which, after many delays and many confer- 
ences, was accepted with profound regret 
by the parish. He was made Pastor Emeri- 
tus by unanimous vote, accompanied with 
the resolutions expressing the highest ap- 
preciation of his faithful and successful ser- 






irrtlL^ 



c^ ^/uyi^V^^l^^, JA.S). 



HISTORV OF BALTIMORE, AIARYLAND. 



761 



vice. He retired from his work covered 
with honors, revered and loved, not only by 
his congregation, but by great numbers of 
people who have been blessed and helped 
through his faithful ministrations through- 
out the city. 

He will continue to reside in Baltimore, 
believing, as he says, this city to be "the 
most healthful and delightful in the coun- 
try: intelligent, refined and progressive." 
He will devote himself to public interests as 
he has strength, and do such things as he 
can for the public good. 

Moses Rothschild, President of the Im- 
mediate Benefit Life Insurance Company, 
was born July 17, 1863, near Frankfort-on- 
the-Main, Germany. He is a son of Z. and 
A'iolet (Nusbam) Rothschild, of German an- 
cestry. Moses is the youngest of ten chil- 
dren, nine of whom are still living. Six are 
in the United States and three are in Ger- 
many. Solomon Rothschild is in charge 
of the Raleigh branch of the I. B. A. 

His early education was obtained in the 
public schools of Gennany, graduating 
therein. He came to this country at the 
age of eighteen and engaged in mercantile 
pursuits in Richmond and other points 
South. In January, 1889, he came to Balti- 
more and engaged in industrial insurance 
with Mr. F. S. Strawbridge. Started as a 
solicitor and was finally promoted to be as- 
sistant superintendent, etc., remaining in his 
employ for about a year and a half, when he 
became one of the incorporators of the Im- 
mediate Benefit Insurance Company, being 
made its secretary and later president. 

He was married on April 4. 1894, to Miss 
Miriam Moses, daughter of Bernard Moses. 



a prominent clothing manufacturer of Bal- 
timore; they have one child, Hilda AI., born 
March 9, 1895. 

Immediate Benefit Life Insurance Com- 
pany was incorporated June 5, 1890, by 
Adelbert G. Botts, Wm. A. Casler, Moses 
Rothschild, Dr. Edward E. Macenzie and 
Thomas Macenzie. It is conducted on the 
principle of co-operative insurance, weekly 
premium plan, paying sick, accident and 
death benefits. This is the only institution 
paying full benefits within twenty-four 
hours. It has grown rapidly in public favor 
and in consequence enjoys a remarkable 
prosperity. Its first board of officers was 
composed of Adelbert G. Botts, president; 
Wm. A. Casler, vice-president; M. Roths- 
child, secretary; Doctor Macenzie, medical 
director. Thomas Macenzie was general 
counsel until March i, 1895. Adelbert G. 
Botts and Mr. Wm. A. Casler retired as 
president and vice-president respectively, 
their places being filled by Mr. Moses Roths- 
child as president, and Doctor Macenzie 
assuming the office of secretary in addition 
to that of medical director. Mr. Charles 
F. Diehl was appointed to the position of 
assistant secretary and general manager. 
Owing to its progressive career, due to care- 
ful management, the attention of man\- 
firms was attracted to it and on January 12. 
1897, it was re-incorporated as a stock com- 
pany, with capital stock of $15,000 by Mr. 
Rothschild, Thomas and Edward Macenzie, 
Solomon Rothschild and Marx H. Iseman, 
the two last-named gentlemen being resi- 
dents of Virginia. The field of operations 
has extended to the District of Columbia 
and North Carolina, and will open up the 
Southern States as rapidly as possible. 



762 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



CiiARLLS F. DiEHL, Assistant Secretary 
Immediate Benefit Life Insurance Com- 
pany, was born in Baltimore, Md., .\pril 2, 
1S74. He is a son of Charles H. and Annie 
Diehl. He was educated in public schools 
of Baltimore, and afterwards completed a 
business course at Bryant & Stratton's Col- 
lege. At the age of fifteen he entered the 
employ of the Old Maryland Steamlioat 
Company as clerk, and afterwards was as- 
sitant purser of the steamer Avalon, ply- 
ing between Baltimore and points in Vir- 
ginia. This position he resigned after two 
years to accept a position as clerk with the 
Immediate Benefit, and by industry and in- 
tegrity won the confidence of the officers 
of the company and has been rapidly ad- 
vanced to important positions. 

Dr. Oliver F. Gregory was born in 
Charleston, S. C, March 7, 1844. He was 
baptized in the First Baptist Church of 
that city May 9, 1858, and was ordained in 
the same church January 15, 1871. He was 
educated in the city of Charleston and was 
a member of the first company (Charleston 
Zouave Cadets) enlisted in the service of 
the Commomvealth of South Carolina, 
December 20, i860; he was present at the 
firing on the Star of the West and the 
bombardment of Fort Sumter. He served 
in Company H, Hampton Legion. South 
Carolina \'olunteers, Army of Northern 
A'irginia, from May, 1861, to the close of 
the war. He was wounded and captured 
in the charge on Fort Saunders at Knox- 
ville. Tenn., Decemlu'r 5, 1863. He was a 
prisoner of war at Rock Island, 111., until 
March 7, 1865. 

Doctor Gregory removed to Charleston 
in the tall of 1860, and was associated with 



the IVorking Christian, a prominent Baptist 
journal of South Carolina, as one of its edi- 
tors, while completing his theological 
course. He was licensed to preach Octo- 
ber 10, 1870, by the First Baptist Church 
of Charleston, S. C, and ordained at the 
call of the same church Januai^y 15, 1871. 

His first pastorate was Mt. Pleasant 
Church, near Charleston, 1871 to 1876. 
During these years he did much evangelis- 
tic work in South Carolina and had charge 
part of his time of churches in Williams- 
burg county, S. C. He became pastor of 
the First Church, Eufaula, Ala., April i, 
1877; Tuscaloosa, Ala., February, 1879, 
and returned to^ South Carolina as pastor 
at Cheraw and Florence in 1880 to 1882. 
He was pastor at Charlotte, N. C, from 
1882 to February 18, 1885. He was pastor 
at Valence Street Church, Xew Orleans, 
from February to September, 1885, when he 
accepted a call to High Street Church, Bal- 
timore (now Fourth Church), where he still 
remains. For the past eleven years he has 
been the secretary of State Missions in 
^Maryland, and has occupied many leading 
poisitions in the denomination. He is 
senior pastor in continuous service with 
one church in Alaryland. He has been in- 
strumental in building seven meeting 
houses. He was elected one of the secre- 
taries of the Southern Baptist Convention 
in 1877, again in 1880, and from 1882 to 
the present time has continued to be re- 
elected, in company with his colleague, 
Dr. Lansing Burrows, of Georgia. 

Doctor Gregory is also one of the trus- 
tees of the Maryland Baptist Home for 
Colored Children; a director of the \'ine- 
yard Association, Cottage City, Mass. Was 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



the first president of the Maryland Chris- 
tian Endeavor Union. 

Doctor Gregory is a son of the late Fer- 
dinand M. and Sarah A. (Brown-Fuller) 
Gregory, both of English descent, the for- 
mer a native of Bridgeport, Conn., the lat- 
ter of Charleston, South Carolina. Ferdi- 
nand j\l. Gregory was for many years in the 
clothing business in Charleston, having lo- 
cated in that place about 1840. 

Doctor Gregory's early education was 
obtained in the high school of Cha-rleston, 
being there prepared for a thorough classi- 
cal course. When the war broke out the 
entire class, with the exception of one, en- 
listed in the service of the Commonwealth 
of South Carolina. Within an hour after 
the State had seceded, the Charleston 
Zouave Cadets were mustered in,. Decem- 
ber 20, i860, and January i, 1861, went on 
duty at Morris Island; after the siege of 
Fort Sumter, entered into the Confederacy, 
helped to build batteries, etc. At the close 
cif the war he was employed on the daily 
papers of Augusta. At this time he studied 
at night with a view of entering the minis- 
try under the direction of Rev. E. T. Wink- 
ler, who was his pastor for twenty-two 
years. During the time he was one of the 
superintendents of Green Street Baptist 
Sunday-school of Augusta, having in 
charge, when he was tweuty-one, 400 chil- 
dren. 

?Jarch 6, 1866, was niarried to Miss Ke- 
ziah A. Hobson, a daughter of John and 
Margaret Lawrence (Smith-Lee) Hobson. 
One child of this union, Oliver P. Gregory, 
was born in Augusta, November 10, 1867; 
was married to Miss Anna Belle Bowling, 
of Baltimore, in 1888, and died February 
I, 1897. His wife and three children sur- 



vive, Lee Fuller, Edwin R. and Ruth An- 
nabel. 

Rev. E. W. Wroth, Pastor of JMemorial 
Church of All Saints, 1844 W. Baltimore 
street. This gentleman was born October 
8, 185 1, in Kent county, Md. He is the son 
of Dr. Thomas G. and Mary E. (Wrotli) 
Wroth. He attended public schools of his 
native county until he readied the age of 
nineteen when he began his preparatory 
studies for the ministry at the Theological 
Seminary of Virginia. On June 25, 1875, 
he was ordained deacon, after which he 
was stationed in Virginia. He then came 
to the Diocese of Maryland, and was made 
pastor of St. John's Church, Upper Falls, 
Baltimore county, wliere he remained one 
and a half years. He then went to Dar- 
lington, Harford county, Md., as rector of 
Deer Creek Parish, where he remained for 
eleven years. He then became pastor of 
Memorial Church of All Saints, Baltimore 
City, May i, 1892, since when he has re- 
mained in charge of this congregation. 

On Mav 30, 1882, he was married to 
Margaret Gilpen Price, daug'hter of Judge 
John H. and Mary R. (Parker) Price, of 
Harford county, Md. To them have been 
born the following children: John, Edward 
Pinkney, Mary Parker, Margaret Price, all 
of whom Hve at home. 

In politics Mr. Wroth is a staunch 
Democrat. 

The father of our subject was a native 
of Kent county, Md., where he obtained 
his early education in the common schools. 
Was graduated from the Maryland School 
of Medicine, Baltimore, and practiced his 
chosen profession until '68 or '69. He then 
located in Baltimore and engaged in the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



mercantile business; he died here in June, 
iS88, aged about 74 years. He was a 
Democrat, and a member of the Episcopal 
Church. His wife died in Baltimore at the 
age oi 66 years. Their children are Mar- 
tha Page; Peregrine, rector of Church of 
Messiah, Baltimore; Edward W., the sub- 
ject of this sketch, and Mary Eugenia L. 

Peregrine Wroth, maternal grandfather 
of Rev. E. W. Wroth, was a native of Kent 
county. Aid. He practiced medicine in 
Chestertown, Md., for many years, and at 
one time was professor at Washington Col- 
lege, and succeeded Ezekiel F. Chambers as 
president of the Board of Msitors. He was 
married four times. His first wife was Miss 
Page, by whom he had nine children: by 
his sec.ond wife he had six children; his 
third and fourth wives had no issue. The 
Wroths originally came from England, 
emigrating to America at an early day. 

Judge John H. Price, father of Mrs. E. 
W. Wroth, was a native of Harford county, 
Md. He studied law in Baltimore, was Cir- 
cuit Judge when Cecil, Harford and Balti- 
more counties were one; tried Cooper and 
Corry, two noted murderers, and was on 
the Bench when lawdessness and rowdyism 
reigned supreme, and did much to suppress 
both. He resided near Darlington, where 
he owned a magnificent residence. On one 
occasion, when stepping from his buggy, 
he was approached l_iy a man, who said, 
"Judge, 1 \oted for you." "Xot another 
word," said the Judge, "or I will turn you 
over to the sherifif." He knew the man was 
trying to influence his decision in a certain 
case. Tie never allowed the law to be tam- 
pered with. He died at his home near 
Darlington in 1892, aged 84 years. 

His wife still resiiles at the old place at 



the age of 75 years. They had the follow- 
ing children: John Henry, Ann (Mrs. John 
C. Killingsworth), St. Louis, ]Mo.; David 
E., farmer and packer of Harford county. 
Md.; William W., resides on the old home- 
stead; I\Irs. E. W. Wroth, and Isabelle. who 
resides at home. 

The Price family originally came from 
Wales, E'ngland, tlie name being spelled 
Apprice. 

Mr. William Heinekamp, Piano Manu- 
facturer, was born in 1826 in Westphalen, 
Prussia. He received his first instruction 
at home under his father who w-as a man of 
scholarly attainments, and a teacher by oc- 
cupation. Afterwards our subject attended 
the schools of his native place until the age 
of fourteen, when he went to learn the trade 
of cabinet making. Later he took up piano 
making at which he continued in his native 
place until the age of twenty. At twenty- 
three, in the spring of 1848. he embarked for 
America, taking passage in the staunch sail- 
ing vessel "Albert," and after a passage of 
nine weeks landed in Baltimore with but a 
few dollars in his pocket. He inmiediately 
set out in search of employment, which upon 
the fifth day after his arrival he secured in a 
piano manufactory on Hanover street. He 
remained with this firm until 1861 and then 
embarked in the business for himself in a 
small building on Fayette street. His busi- 
ness prospered and in 1863 was forced to 
seek more commodious cjuarters. Four 
years later he built a factory five stories high 
on the corner of St. Peter and Barre streets. 
For seven years he was located on Euiaw 
street opposite the Eutaw House and from 
there removed to East Baltimore street, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



765 



second door from Charles. In 1896 he 
moved to his present warerooms. 

He is a staunch Democrat and an active 
member of St. Martin's CathoHc Churcli; 
he is energetic, industrious, kind and affable. 

Mr. Heinekamp has been twice married: 
First in 1852 to Mary Marischen, by Rev. 
Father Rowland, of St. Alphonsus Church. 
She was a native of Westphalen Province, 
Germany, and landed in this country when 
a young girl. She died in 1881. To this 
marriage were born the following children: 

Elizabeth, married Frederick Walter, a 
native of Germany, residing in Staunton, 
Va.; they have nine children. 

'SloWy (Mrs. John Waldeck, Baltimore). 

William, Jr., married Miss Laura Riddle- 
moser and resides in Baltimore. 

Annie (Airs. J. J. ^Murphy), resides in 
Staunton, \'a. 

Charles, married Miss Cowper and re- 
sides in New York City. 

Katie (Mrs. William A. Carroll), resides 
in Baltimore. 

;\Ir. Heinekamp remarried one year later 
Aliss Mary ilarischen, a native of Germany, 
and a niece of his first wife. To this mar- 
riage have been born three children, all of 
whom are at home, viz: ]\Iary, aged four- 
teen, Francis eleven and Rudolph six. 

John Heinekamp, father of our subject, 
was born in Westphalen Province, Prussia, 
where he received a fine education and took 
up the profession of school teaching, in 
which he was engaged nearly all his life. 
He married Katerina Kloth. Both died in 
Westphalen. They had five children as fol- 
lows: William, our subject; John A., piano 
manufacturer in Baltimore, came to Amer- 
ica in 1S63: Conrad .A., piano manufacturer 



in Baltimore: iNIary, who resides in West- 
phalen, and Minna, who also lives there. 

John FI. Heinekamp, grandfather of the 
subject of this sketch, was a native of West- 
phalen and a teacher by occupation. He 
had four sons, all of whom were teachers, 
and also two daughters. Their names were 
as follows: John H., Conrad, Anton, Ferdi- 
nand, Mary and Elizabeth. 

For two hundred years the majority of 
the male members of this family have 
followed the occupation of teaching. 

Rev. F. H. HavenxER. Pastor of East 
Baltimore Station M. E. Church. 

This gentleman was born June 25, 1S52, 
in Washington, D. C. He is a son of 
Thomas H. and Mary Cornelia (Wilson) 
Havenner. Mr. Havenner passed his youth 
in Washington, receiving his preparatory 
education at Columbian University, Wash- 
ington, D. C, and afterwards entered upon 
his collegiate course at the same college. 
He received the degree of B. A. in 1871 and 
of M. A. in 1873. He was admitted to the 
Baltimore Conference in the fall of 1872 
and was placed in charge of congregations 
near Hagerstown, Md., for a few months, 
and was then removed to Frederick county, 
Md., for one year, and then one year in 
Prince George's county in the vicinitv of 
Washington. He was pastor of a church in 
Washington in 1891. In JNIarch, 1894, he 
assumed charge of his present congregation. 

November 11, 1879, '^^ married Aliss 
Mary Roberts, of Baltimore county, daugh- 
ter of Lewis J. and Anne Cornelius, the lat- 
ter of Baltimore City, the former of same 
county. Their children are Frank R., Anna 
Cornelias, and Rev. F. H. Havenner, the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



subject of this sketch. He is an independent 
voter, formerly a Democrat. 

His father was born in Washington, D. 
C, where he received his early education 
in private schools. He was a man of su- 
perior attainments, finely educated in Latin 
and Greek. He became a member of the 
Cracker Manufactory which liis father had 
established many years before. He married 
Miss Mary Cornelia Wilson, and died in 
1870. He was a member of the Metropol- 
itan M. E. Church at Washington, and was 
trustee and steward of same for many years. 
He was highly esteemed among the best 
citizens of Washington, a modest, unassum- 
ing man, possessing determination and 
firmness of character. He was a Union 
Democrat and had received excellent testi- 
monials from the Government for services 
rendered the Union soldiers and commis- 
sary department. He inspected most of the 
flour sent out by the Government and was 
ofifered large bribes by different firms to ac- 
cept their goods, but lie always repelled 
such overtures. 

Since the death of his wife, his mother 
and sister Cornelia have resided with Mr. 
Havenner. The other children of his father 
and mother were Nerval, died at seventeen; 
Harry, died in early manhood; the subject 
of this sketch: Walter R., who went West 
and was employed on the Denver and Lead- 
ville press: he (iicd in Leadvilie in 1880. 

Thomas 11. Havenner, grandfather of 
subject, was a native of X'irginia, of English 
extraction. After the city of Washington 
was laid out he located tiiere, and became a 
memlier of the Sl.ite militia: he fought 
against the r.riti>li at r.iadrn-l.urg in 1S12. 
In 1815 established a Cracker ISakery, 
which grew to be one of the largest estab- 



lishments of the kind in the South. He 

married and died in Washington in 

1872 in his 84th year. His children vvere, 
Thomas H.; John P., who died in Washing- 
ton; Charles W., who died in Washington; 
Elizabeth (Mrs. Wm. Rowe), who died in 
Indiana, and Sarah (Mrs. Benj. Charlton), 
also died in Washington. 

Dr. Eli.-xs C. Price was born near Price- 
ville, Baltimore county, on a farm owned 
by his father, in 1826. He now resides at 
1012 Madison avenue, Baltimore. He is a 
son of Samuel and Ann (Cooper) Price. He 
spent his youth and early manhood on the 
farm ; attended private schools in his native 
county until he reached the age of eighteen, 
after which he taught school for one year. 
During vacations he assisted his father on 
the farm. During this year he took up the 
study of medicine, and in October, 1846, he 
entered the University of. Maryland, from 
which he graduated in March, 1848. Ke 
then practiced for seventeen years in Balti- 
more county, and for nine years was located 
at Priceville. In 1851 he commenced the 
study of homeopathy, which he has con- 
tinued to practice up to the present time. In 
1865 he removed to Baltimore, where he is 
highly esteemed among the leaders of his 
profession. He was raised a Quaker, and 
still adheres to that faith. In 1852 he mar- 
ried Martha .\. Cowntan, of Baltimore, a 
daughter of jdlm 1'. Cowman, who was a 
native of Alexandria, \'a. She died in 1888, 
leaving one child. Dr. Eldridge C. Price, 
who is connected with the subject of this 
sketch. Sannicl I'rice, father of Dr. Elias 
C. Price, was born in Baltimore county, 
near what is now Priceville. .After thi« fam- 
ily the town was named. This pait of the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, -MARYLAND. 



767 



county was numerously populated with 
Prices and ^Matthews, and it is said of a 
stranger who visited that section, that he ex- 
tended his hand to a gentleman, saying, 
''How do, Mr. Price." "My name is not 
I'rice, sir." "Oh, I beg pardon. How do, 
Mr. ^Matthews?" Samuel Price was reared 
to farming pursuits, which he followed to 
within a few years of his death in 1851, at 
the age of 85 years. He inherited his farm 
from his father. He was twice married. His 
first wife was Frances Moore, by whom he 
has four sons, as follows: Jehu, Jared, John 
M. and David W., all of whom are deceased. 
David W. became a tailor and afterwards a 
store-keeper. He married Hannah Mat- 
thews. They raised but one child, who mar- 
ried Enos Tennis. The entire family re- 
moved to Kansas, where both parents died 
several years ago. The first two named 
were associated in the manufacturing of 
woolen goods, and for a time John M., the 
third son, succeeded them in the business, 
which he later abandoned and became a tan- 
ner, and afterwards a store-keeper at Park- 
ton. Their father remained a widower for 
five years, and then married Anne Cooper, 
w ho is the mother of the subject of this 
sketch. By her he had ten children, viz: 
Frances, Thomas, Ellen, Esther, Samuel C, 
and Priscilla. who are deceased; and Kath- 
erine, Edward C, Mary C, and Elias C, 
the subject of this sketch. 

Dr. G. Irvi.\ Barwick, who resides at 
2841 Rayner avenue, was born March 28, 
1869, in Kent county, Md.. on a farm near 
i\Tassey. He is a son of John and Eli.zahetli 
(Rose) Barwick. who had two children, and 
spent his yoinh on the farm. His parents 
removed to Cecil countv when he was about 



one year old. His father located on a farm 
near Sassafras, and here he attended the 
country schools. During the summer he 
assisted on the farm. When he was eleven 
years of age his parents returned to Kent 
county, and located on a farm near Ken- 
nedyville, where he attended public school 
in the fall of 1887. He then was in his 
eighteenth year. He then entered Western 
Maryland College, where he remained four 
years, graduating in 1891, taking the degree 
of A. B. In the fall of 1891 he entered the 
University of Maryland, graduating in 1894, 
and the last year of his college course he was 
resident student of Mar,yland Hospital. He 
moved to Calverton and began practice, and 
has succeeded in building up a large and 
lucrative practice. 

He was married March 25, i8g6, to Miss 
Carrie Mire Bonn, of Richmond, Va., 
daughter of Henry R. and Caroline (Ben- 
son) Bonn, both natives of Virginia, but 
v,-ho now reside in Baltimore. Mrs. Bar- 
wick spent ten }-ears in Nova Scotia. She 
graduated as nurse from the University of 
Maryland in 1894. Doctor and Airs. Bar- 
wick have one child, Caroline Elizabeth. 
In politics the Doctor is a staunch Demo- 
crat. He is a member of the Methodist 
Protestant Church. 

The father of the subject was born in Mid- 
illetown, Del. He began farming in Kent 
county, Md., when a young man, but 
returned to near Townscnd, Del., where 
he was married to the mother of this 
subject. They soon after located in Kent 
county, Md. He died in 1891, and his wife 
still survives him. They had two children. 
Dr. C. Irwin Barwick, the subject of this 
sketch, and Xcllie Rose. 

William Barwick, the grandfather of Doc- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



tor Barwick, was a native of Delaware, 
where he married Alary A. Mears. Their 
children are as follows: William J., mer- 
chant in Cecil county; Lizzie (Mrs. Henry 
Jones), Chesapeake City, Md.; Mary Jane 
(Mrs. Thomas vScott), of Middleton, Del, 
and F. 

David C. Rose, the father of Mrs. Ear- 
wick, is a native of Sussex county, Del. 
Soon after marriage Mr. and Mrs. Rose 
(nee Ruth Foster), removed to Odessa, 
Del., where he follows his trade of stone 
mason. Their children are as follows: Tru- 
man, Frank, David C, Jr., and Mrs. Bar- 
wick. Mrs. Rose died many years ago. Mr. 
Rose married again, and lives a retired life. 
He is eighty years of age. 

Dr. Henry J. Berkley was born July 
17, i€>6o, and is a son of Edris Berkley, of 
Baltimore, and grandson of John Walker 
Berkley, of Fairfax county, Va. He grad- 
uated at the University of Maryland in 
1882 and aftenvards studied at the Uni- 
versity of Vienna, Austria. In 1888 he re- 
turned to the United States and commenced 
the practice of medicine at his present resi- 
dence. Since 1890 he has been connected 
with the medical department of Johns Hop- 
kins University. 

Dr. C.\ry B. C..\.mhli-: was born Septem- 
ber 25. 1827, at Grove Hill, Botetourt 
county, \'a., where his mother was residing 
at that time, tlieir home being in Richmond, 
Va. He is the grandson of Col. Robert 
Gamble, of Richmoml, \';i.. a 'loted officer 
of the Revolutit)n. He received his primary 
education in Virginia. He went to college 
at what is now Washington and I,ce Ihii- 
versity, where he studied for two vears, and 



then entered the University of Virginia. He 
graduated in medicine at the University of 
Maryland, and then located at Tallahassee, 
Fla. When the war broke out he entered 
the Confederate service as surgeon of the 
First Florida Volunteers. He was a close 
friend of General Bragg and other leaders 
in the Southern cause. He began the prac- 
tice of his profession at the close of the war 
in Baltimore and has remained here ever 
since. 

He married in 1850 Edunda, daughter of 
Captain Shaw, deceased, of the regular 
army, and niece of Commander Shaw, of 
the United States Navy. Children of the 
subject are Dr. Cary B., Jr., and Nannie, 
widow of Charles D. Lowndes. 

William L. Russell, M. D., an eminent 
Physician and Surgeon, of Baltimore, has 
long been successfully engaged in practice 
in this city. One of the most exacting of all 
the higher lines of occupation to which a 
man may lend his energies is that of the 
physician. A most scrupulous preliminary 
training is demanded and a nicety of judg- 
ment little understood by the laity. Then 
again the profession brings its devotees into 
almost constant association with the sadder 
side of life, that of pain and sufifering, so 
that a mind capable of great self-control 
and a heart responsive and sympathetic are 
essential attributes of him who would essay 
the practice of the healing art. Thus when 
professional success is attained in any in- 
stance, it may be taken as certain that sucli 
measure of success has been thoroughly 
merited. 

Doctor Russell was born March 7. 1835, 
at Peru, St, Mary's county, Md., which 
place was often called "Davy Jones' 





/!_ 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Loc!:er." The family is of English origin 
and its members became early settlers of 
Baltimore, the old homestead being located 
on Eiitaw street, two doors south of Lom- 
bard street. In that city the Doctor's grand- 
father, Thomas Russell, spent his entire life, 
and as he was a large property owner he 
followed no particular occupation. 

Thomas Russell, Jr., the father of our 
subject, was also born in Baltimore, where 
he learned the shoemaker's trade, but in 
early life removed to St. Mary's county. 
There he married Elizabeth Combs, whose 
birth occurred on the same farm where our 
subject was born, in the house erected by 
her mother's father, David Jones. Her 
father, Nathaniel Combs, was also a native 
of St. Mary's county, born two miles below 
Peru, of English parentage, and followed 
the various occupations of farming, black- 
smithing and carpentering, as he was a nat- 
ural mechanic. He served his country in 
the War of 1812, and was also at one time a 
member of the State Legislature. Although 
the family were Roman Catholics in re- 
ligious faith, he became a Protestant and 
was one of the founders of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church in St. Mary's county, 
with which his children later became con- 
nected. 

After his marriage Thomas Russell, Jr., 
continued to work at his trade in St. Mary'.s 
county for a time, and later removed to his 
wife's old home at Peru, where he followed 
farming until his return to Baltimore in 
1853, where he entered the employ of the 
B. & O. R. R. At the age of forty-nine he 
was accidentally killed by being caught be- 
tween the cars at the depot of that road. His 
ancestors were communicants of the 
Roman Catholic Church, but, like his wife. 



he became a Methodist. In their family 
were four children: William L., of this re- 
view; Thomas Nathaniel, a ship builder, of 
Baltimore: Isabel Marian, wife of Capt. 
John Abbott, of the same city, and Charles 
Wesley, a resident of Baltimore and the 
captain of a boat. 

The Doctor spent his boyhood and youth 
in the county of his nativity, where he at- 
tended the public schools. On coming to 
Baltimore with his parents in 1853 he 
clerked in a wholesale drug house for four 
years, and for the following fourteen years 
engaged in the retail drug business. In the 
meantime he had begun the study of medi- 
cine, in 1855, tinder the direction of Prof. 
J. W. R. Dunbar, and in 1869 graduated 
at the University of Maryland, with the de- 
gree of M. D. He has since successfully 
engaged in active practice, and is one of 
the pioneer physicians of Northeast Balti- 
more, his residence for twenty-six years be- 
ing at No. 800 N. Broadway. He is not 
only well posted on everything pertaining to 
the science of medicine and surgery, but is 
a man of broad general information and is 
an excellent conversationalist. Fraternally 
he is a prominent member of the Royal Ar- 
canum, and in religious belief is an Episco- 
palian. 

July ID, 1862, at the parsonage of Rev. 
A. F. Neville Rolfe, a Protestant Episcopal 
clergyman of Baltimore, was solemnized 
the marriage of Doctor Russell and Miss 
Cecelia Hall. They became the parents of 
eight children, three of whom are living: 
Willie Nathaniel, now engaged in the drug 
business in Baltimore City; Frank Donald- 
son, a graduated pharmacist, but on account 
of ill health is unable to enter any business, 
and Alary, the youngest, still at home. 



770 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Mrs. Russell also belongs to a prominent 
old family of this State, itsfounderin the new 
world being John Hall, known as "Long 
John" Hall, as he was nearly seven feet in 
height. He was a native of England and 
settled near Chesapeake bay, where he be- 
came an extensive farmer. His grandson, 
Nathaniel Hall, grandfather of Mrs. Rus- 
sell, participated in the storming of Quebec 
during the French and Indian War, and re- 
mained in the service until the scurvy 
caused the loss of his health. He married 
Sarah Marriott, and their son, Nathaniel, 
Mrs. Russell's grandfather, was born in 
1787, and married Delila Williams, daugh- 
ter of Nathan and Sarah (Hancock) Wil- 
liams. In the War of 1812 he took up 
arms in defense of his country. As a spice 
manufacturer he was the founder of the 
Phoenix Spice Mills, of Baltimore, in which 
city his death occurred in 1862. John W. 
Hall, the father of Mrs. Russell, was a na- 
tive of Anne Arundel county, Md., and also 
became a spice manufacturer, being the 
founder and proprietor of the Monument;d 
Spice Mills. For many years he was su- 
perintendent of the Methodist Episcopal 
Sunday-school on Caroline street, Balti- 
more, and took quite an active and promi- 
nent part in all church work. During the 
Ci\il War he joined the Union Army and 
died in the service. 

The mother of Mrs. Russell, who bore 
the maiden name of Almira Cowles, was a 
daughter of William and Margaret (Hall) 
Cowles, the former a native of Connecticut, 
and the latter of Baltimore. Mr. Cowles 
was the old original city watchman of Bal- 
limore. To John W. and Almira (Cowles) 
Hall were born eight children, five still liv- 
ing, viz: Cecelia, now Mrs, Russell, who 



has spent her entire life in Baltimore ; Wil- 
liam A., a book-keeper at Gault's; John W., 
receiver for the Baltimore Street Passenger 
Railway; Mrs. Almira Hebron and Mrs. 
Emily Harrison, both of Baltimore. The 
mother died when Mrs. Russell was quite 
young, and the father was again married, 
his second union being with Caroline T. 
Cox, by whom he had two children: Delia 
J., the wife ol Rev. C. A. York, of Balti- 
more, and Caroline G., wife of Lafayette 
Stewart, of the same city. 

J. AkTi-u;r ClEiU'.nt, Homeopathic 
Physician, was born in Baltimore in 1871. 
He attended the Friends' Elementary High 
School, from which he graduated in 1890. 
He then began to read medicine at the 
Southern Homeopathic College, and was 
graduaited therefrom in 1894. He located 
at his present place and has been success- 
fully practicing ever since. He is a mem- 
ber of the Univers'alist Church, to which 
church his father and mother also belong. 
He is a staunch Republican. 

Mr. Clement is the son of James and 
Sarah Merrill (Pecker). The father of Mr. 
Clement was born in Houghton, Me., and 
when little more than a boy he went to 
Lynn, Mass., and worked for a time at shoe 
manufacturing. In 1891 he took a trip for 
his health to San Francisco, going by way 
of the Islhnuis of Panama. He opened a 
shoe store there; sold and did custom work 
for a time, and then went to prospecting 
for gold in the Sacramento Valley. He re- 
mained in that country for two years and 
then came home oil a visit: went back and 
remained one }-ear. then sold out and re- 
turned to Lynn. He next went into the 
maiuifacturing of shoes at that iilacc with 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Mr. Moore. In 1865 they removed to Bal- 
timore, and the firm was changed to Crane, 
Moore & Co., he being a partner. It is 
now known as Clement & Ball, and the 
firm has a large trade in different States. 
Mr. Clement has one child. 



was a bricklayer, died in 1893: Frank M., 
druggist; the subject of this sketch and 
Alverta (Mrs. Caleb Hipsley), who resides 
in Baltimore. Grandfather of subject came 
from Ireland and settled in Harford county, 
Md. He died in Baltimore. 



Dr. George W. Blaney. — This gentle- 
man was born in Baltimore May 12, 1853. 
He is a son of James W., deceased, and 
grandson of Jeremiah Blaney. He attend- 
ed the public schools, from which he gradu- I 
ated. At the age of nineteen he began the 
study of pharmacy and medicine with Doc- 
tor Harper, with whom he remained two 
years, and during which time he took a j 
number of his patients. He has practiced 
ever since 1870. He handled drugs for 
eighteen years. ' 

He married Adelaide Lutimer. of New 
Berne, N. C, in 1885. They had two chil- 
dren, Leon, who died at the age of five, 
and Myrtle. ! 

Doctor Blaney is a member of tlie Mon- 
roe Street Church, and is an independent { 
voter. 

His father was born in Harford countv, 
Md. He came to Baltimore with his par- ' 
ents when he was eleven years old. He was 
by trade a bricklayer, and afterwards he be- 
came a contractor and builder. He died in 
Baltimore September 8. 1887, aged 84 | 
years. ' 

Doctor Blaney's mother died two vears 
later at the age of 74: she was Lucretia .^nn I 
Grimes: their children are as follows: Mary j 
(Mrs. E. C. Smith), residing in Baltimore: 
Charles, a contractor and builder in Balti- I 
more: John T., a partner of Charles H., 
contractor and builder of this citv: James j 
J., bricklaver in Baltimore: Harrv, who ! 



Dr. a. C. Smink was born December 
17, 1875, '" Hebbville, Baltimore county, 
Md. He is a son of Adolphus and Mary 
(Shuel) Smink. He attended the schools 
of his native place until he was seventeen 
years old. He then entered the office of 
Doctor Everhart, of Hebbville, under 
whom he read medicine for one year. At 
the expiration of this time he became 
a student of the University of Mary- 
land, graduating in 1896, after which 
he located for a short time at 2013 W. 
North avenue. From there he removed to 
Hebbville, where he established an office, 
also having one at Powhatan, and making 
his home with his parents. He is a Re- 
publican, 

Adolphus Smink, the father of our sub- 
ject, was born at Hebbville, When a young 
man he learned the trade of plasterer, and 
is now a prominent contractor. The chil- 
dren of Adolphus and Mary Smink are M, 
Clifton, who married Ethel Weiderman and 
resides at Hebbville; A. C. subject of this 
sketch, and Jessie, who lives at home. 

Akert Smink, grandfather of A, C. Smink, 
was an honorable citizen of Hebbville, 
wdiere he died in 18 . He married a Miss 
Macken, a lady of Irish extraction, wlio is 
also deceased. The children are as follows: 
Monterey and Jacob, who reside at Hebb- 
ville: Franklin, who resides at Carroll; 
Laura, who is Mrs. Adam Bupert. of Balti- 
more, and .\dolphus. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Mr. C. E. Paul, 2866 Lanvale street.— 
This gentleman was born September 19, 
1872, in Baltimore. He is a son of Samuel 
B. and Catherine (Downey) Paul. He re- 
ceived his primary education in the public 
schools, finishing his studies at the a^e of 
eighteen years, after which he read medi- 
cine under Doctor Lewis. During this time 
he entered the University of Maryland and 
took a two years' course. He abandoned 
his studies to be married, and will enter 
upon another two years' course this fall. 
He married in February, 1895, Miss Isa- 
bella Dillon, daughter of William H. Pease, 
of Baltimore. They have one child, Kath- 
arine E. 

In January, 1895, he accepted the posi- 
tion of claim agent of the Eureka Insurance 
Company, which position he still holds. He 
is a Repul)lican, a member of the Catholic 
Church. 

William H., the father of our subject, is a 
native of Maryland, and is at present a re- 
tail cigar dealer in Baltimore. C. E. Paul, 
the subject of this sketch, is the only child. 

Dr. p. F. Saitixctox was born in 1866 
in Baltimore, AM, He received his early 
education in St. James College, finishing 
his studies there at the age of si.xteen years. 
His forefathers for five generations were 
prominent physicians. After leaving St. 
James College, he immediately began the 
study of medicine under Doctor Tififany at 
the University of Maryland. He took a five 
years' course, graduating in 1887, at the age 
of twenty-one. He first located at Govans- 
town, Baltimore cotuity, where he con- 
tinued for a period of eighteen months, after 
which he jiracticed for a short time at the 
New T'.oundarv T.ine. lie returned to Go- 



vanstown, but did not remain long before 
removing to his present location on Arling- 
ton and Greenwood avenues. 

Doctor Sappington has been prominently 
connected with the Northeastern Dispen- 
sary for eight years, in which institution he 
is at present senior physician. He is also 
county health officer. In politics he is a 
Republican. 

He was married in 1888 to Miss Bessie 
Clare, daughter of John P. Ringgold, a 
highly esteemed citizen of Govanstown. 
Their children are Bessie Clare, Louise 
Aralanta and John Ringgold. While at 
Maryland University our subject graduated 
in pharmacy. 

Rkv. F. H. Lewis, Pastor of Broadway 
Methodist Protestant Church. Residence 
115 S. Washington street. — The subject of 
this sketch was born November 4, 1870, in 
Sussex county, Del. One year later his pa- 
rents' removed to Caroline county, Md. He 
passed through the public schools, gradu- 
ating at Preston High School in 1880; hav- 
ing determined upon a theological course, 
he began his studies with such books as the 
home library afforded, under his pastor. He 
was dcvote<l to his studies. In 1880 he en- 
tered Westminster College, in Carroll coun- 
ty, graduating from the same in 1892. Im- 
mediately afterward he was placed in charge 
of a mission church at Frederica, Kent 
county, Del., wliere he remained for two 
years. He then entered upon his duties as 
pastor of his present congregation, succeed- 
ing Rev. J. L. Straughn. His church was 
erectcfl in i860, its first pastor being Rev. 
Jesse Shreex'c. who remained for four years. 
.'\t the close of his pastorate the church was 
free of all financial encumbrances, but the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



building of a parsonage during the pastor- 
ate of Peter L. Wilson, incurred a debt of 
eight thousand dollars, which resulted in 
much trouble and Court litigation. Two 
parties sprung up in the church which 
caused much bitter feeling in the congrega- 
tion ; one party held service in the basement 
with J. P. Wilson as pastor, while the other 
held services in the auditorium and was 
presided over by Dr. S. B. Sutherland. The 
affairs of the church became so complicated 
under this regime that it was finally sold to 
the Lutheran denomination, Rev. Mr. Wil- 
son severed his connection with the Metho- 
dist Protestant Church, became a Metho- 
dist Episcopal minister. The Lutherans re- 
tained the church for one year and the 
Methodists once more took possession with 
Rev. A. D. Murray as pastor. 

Our subject was married September 8, 
1890, to Miss Maud Bowie, of Baltimore. 
In politics our subject is devoted to the 
cause of Prohibition. 

Abraham Lewis, father of our subject, 
was born and reared in Denton, Caroline 
county, Md. He was a farmer, ilarried in 
Sussex county, Del., Miss Lizzie Handy. 
They resided in Sussex county, Del., seven 
years after they were married and then re- 
moved to Caroline county, where they still 
reside. Both are active members of the 
Methodist Protestant Church. Their chil- 
dren are as follows: William E., farmer, 
Caroline county, Md. ; John B., fanner, 
Caroline county, Md., and the subject of this 
sketch. 

His paternal ancestors came from Wales 
and his maternal ancestors from England. 

Colonel Handy, the father of Mrs. Abra- 
ham Lewis, was an officer in the War of 
1812, and a descendant of a soldier of the 
Revolution. 



Mr. F. C. Streett was born in June, 
1S67. near the village of Jarrettville. Fourth 
District or what is known as the ^Marshall 
District. Harford county. He attended the 
public schools of his native place until he 
was fifteen years of age. His primary edu- 
cation was obtained under somewhat ad- 
verse circumstances, having been required 
to assist with the farm duties at home, which 
began early in the spring and continued 
until late in the fall, and at times he was 
compelled to walk three miles to school. 
When he reached the age of fifteen he re- 
moved to Baltimore, where he continued 
his studies until he reached the age of 
eighteen, hi 1887 he entered the Baltimore 
Dental College, from which he graduated 
in 1890, beginning the practice of his pro- 
fession at his present location in 1891. It 
was through pecuniary assistance rendered 
him by his father that he was enabled to pur- 
sue his studies at college. 

In politics Doctor Streett is a staunch 
Democrat, and while he may not be termed 
an active politician, he takes a deep in- 
terest in the success of his party. Al- 
tliough not a member of any religious de- 
nomination, he attends church regularly 
and leans towards Methodism, in which 
church his parents were active members. 

Shadrach Streett, father of Dr. F. C. 
Streett, was born in 1841 in the Marshall 
District, Harford county, Md. He received 
such education as the public schools of his 
time aiTorded. He was reared to agricul- 
tural pursuits until 1880, when he removed 
to Baltimore. Soon after he became a mem- 
ber of the police department and was pro- 
moted to sergeant, where he remained until 
1892, the year of his death. He was mar- 
ried in Harford county, to Julia, daughter 
of Caleb Wright, of same countv. He was 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



well known for his activity in the Demo- 
cratic party, and while a member of the po- 
lice department, he was an able and efficient 
officer. His wife survives. Their children 
are John W., farmer in Harford county; Ida 
^lary, Airs. Wm. Meise, of Baltimore; F. 
C, subject of this sketch, and Allie and 
Laura, who live at home. 

John W^atkins Streett, grandfather of Dr. 
F. C. Streett, was an old and respected citi- 
zen of Harford county. He came of a 
prominent family of that county, whose an- 
cestors having immigrated from England 
at an early day, became identified with the 
best interests of the county. The majority 
of the family were tillers of the soil, and 
others w'on fame in the medical profession. 
He married Miss Alary Swaine, of Balti- 
more City. He died in Harford in 1872, 
and his wife in 1887. Their children were: 
Shadrach, father of our subject; Dr. Chas. 
H., a prominent physician of Harford 
county; John Franklin, farmer of Harford 
county; James E., ditto, and Alary Ann, 
who married a Air. Owens. 

Dr. Ell\s Joxes was born October 27, 
1842, near Fredericksburg, Dorchester 
county. Aid. He attended the public schools 
and academy in his native county, complet- 
ing his studies at the latter institution at 
about the age of twenty. His father was a 
sea captain and after leaving school he be- 
came a hand on his father's vessel. This 
he continued for one year with the view of 
becoming master of his own craft, but at the 
end of a year he abandoned this project and 
became a clerk in the wholesale and retail 
mercantile store of Kimberly Bros., at For- 
tress Alonroe, and remained with them 
during the late war. 



He was married Alarch 29, 1864, to Alary 
B. Nichols, of Dorchester county. Aid. 
Their union w^as blessed with the following 
children: Albertis C, graduated from the 
Baltimore Aledical College in 1890, and was 
an active practitioner in Dorchester county 
for nearly three years. He died in 1893. 
He had married Aliss Burke, daughter of 
Rev. Asbury Burke; she survives him; 
Harvey, a druggist in Dorchester county, 
Aid.; Silas, died young; Edgar A. P., gradu- 
ated from the Baltimore Aledical College in 
1894, and is now in active practice in Dor- 
chester county; Edith, Ruth and Nellie, liv- 
ing at home. 

In 1865-66, Doctor Jones attended his 
first course at the University of Alaryland, 
and in 1867 began the practice of his profes- 
sion at SharpstOAvii, Aid., where he re- 
mained for one year. He then located in 
his native county, and was successful in 
building up a lucrative practice. He later 
came to Baltimore and attended two courses 
of lectures at the College of Physicians and 
Siu-geons. Owing to confinement and close 
application to his studies he was taken sick 
just before the time of graduation, and did 
not recover his health for one year. He next 
located at Bishop's Head, Aid., and prac- 
ticed in that place and vicinity until 1890, 
when he moved to Baltimore and accepted 
a position as clerk in the Custom House. 
Since 1890 the Doctor has not been in active 
practice. 

In politics he is a Republican, becoming 
affiliated with that party about 1877. As a 
surgeon Doctor Jones has successfully per- 
formed many difficult operations and has 
achieved a high reputation as a physician. 

Capt. Elhanan Jones, father of our sub- 
ject, was born in 1815 in Dorchester county, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



775 



Md. When a boy he became enamored of 
sea Hfe. He sought and found employment 
on board a vessel, afterwards becoming 
captain, filling this position for forty-five 
years. He married Mary Andrew. Both 
died in 1896. The children are as follows: 
Elias, subject of this sketch; Zora, who re- 
sides in Baltimore; Martha, who is single, 
and Mary, who married Air. William Elliott, 
of Dorchester county. 

Henry Jones, grandfather of subject, 
lived and died in Dorchester county. In his 
early days he followed the occupation of 
school teacher and surveyor. He married 
Xancy Payne, a lady of English descent. 
Their children deceased are: Elhanan, 
father of Dr. Elias Jones; John, Silas, Su- 
san, surviving, (widow of Robert Bryan), 
who resides in Caroline county; Elizabeth, - 
who was the wife of John Caulk, died in 
Caroline county in 18S4, and Mary, who 
died at fourteen. 

Thomas Jones, great-grandfather of 
Doctor Jones, came to America from Eng- 
land in 1769 and settled in Dorchester 
county, Md. He was a farmer. 

Rev. E. Feltox, 910 S. Canton street, 
Pastor of Canton Street English Lu- 
theran Church, was born August 24, 
1857, near the town of Everett. Bedford 
county. Pa. He attended the public schools 
of his native place until he was about nine- 
teen years old. His father was a farmer 
and an extensive lumber dealer. While at 
home our subject assisted with the farm 
duties and for a time ran an engine in one 
of his father's saw-mills. As a boy he was 
very studious and devoted much of his leis- 
ure time to the reading of books on the- 
olog}-, it being his ambition and determina- 



tion to prepare himself for the ministry. 
His education was wholly obtained through 
his own efiforts. He prepared at home for 
the Freshman year at Pennsylvania College, 
from which he was graduated in 1879, and 
from the Seminary at Gettysburg in 1882. 
He was for one year located at West Fair- 
view, 'four years at St. Paul's Church, Balti- 
more, and then in 1889 he organized his 
present congregation in King's Hall, on 
the corner of Patuxent and O'Donnell 
streets. A church council was formed of 
three elders and three deacons. Their pres- 
ent church was dedicated February 16, 
1890, and their membership now is 350. 

He was married at Gettysburg in 1883 to 
Miss Jane Elizabeth Kerr of that place. 
His political sympathies are with the Re- 
publican party. 

Jacob Felton, father of Rev. E. Felton, 
was born in 1820 in Bedford county. Pa. 
He began life as a farmer, and subsequently 
acquired large tracts of timber land on 
which he erected and operated saw-mills. 
After a long and useful life he retired to his 
home near Everhard, on the banks of the 
Juniata, where he now resides. He is a 
staunch Republican. He has always been 
an active worker in the Lutheran Church. 
His wife, who was Miss Elizabeth Karnes, 
departed this life some years ago. Mr. Fel- 
ton is of German descent, as was also his 
wife. Their children are, Simon P., who 
studied for the ministry at Gettysburg 
Theological Seminary, and who died just 
before completing his course: Christian K., 
deceased, who was a fanner and lumber 
dealer; Rev. Anthony K., pastor of English 
Lutheran Church, Upper Sandusky, O.; 
Julia, who died young; Ephraim FT., sub- 
ject of this sketch; Sadie, who died young; 



776 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Camilla, who lives at home, and Rebecca, 
who is now Mrs. Steele. 

Jacob Felton, grandfather of Rev. E. 
Felton, when a young man went from Phil- 
adelphia to Bedford county. Pa., took up a' 
farm and died there. 

Isaac H. Gardi.\Er, Physician and Sur- 
geon, 1712 W. Lexington street. 

Dr. I. H. Gardiner was born January 27, 
1866, in Baltimore, Md. He is the son of 
Isaac and Julia (Miller) Gardiner. As a 
boy. Dr. Gardiner attended the public 
schools and City College of Baltimore, from 
which he graduated in 1885, after wdiich he 
took special courses under directors in sev- 
eral institutions in the city. He then ac- 
cepted a professorship of Ancient Lan- 
guages and Higher Mathematics at New 
Windsor College, being associated with 
Thomas Fell, LL. D., president of St. 
John's College, Annapolis, Md. In 1886 
Doctor Gardiner severed his connection 
with this institution and accepted a profes- 
sorship at St. George's College, western 
Maryland, where he remained for several 
years. He next became principal of the 
Panola High School and Teachers' Normal, 
Sardis, Miss. His health failing, he re- 
signed at the end of three years. His duties 
as principal were difficult and laborious, 
having to teach thirteen different studies 
each day. He returned to Baltimore in 
1892-93, took his first course in medicine at 
the College of Physicians and Surgeons. 
In .August, 1S93. 't-' accepted a position as 
teacher at Warren (III.) Academy, where he 
remained for two years. .-Vt the end of this 
time he again returned to Baltimore and 
took his second course in medicine at the 
College of Physicians and .SurgCDns. gradu- 



ating in the spring of 1897, after which he 
began the practice of his profession at his 
present location. 

Since Doctor Gardiner was .seventeen 
years old he has been self-supporting. Be- 
sides earning sufficient money to pay his 
tuition, he contributed to the support of the 
family. During his vacations he worked 
at the carpenter trade, and for a time was 
employed in a printing office. 

He is an independent voter, liberal in his 
political views. While in Mississippi he 
supported the Democratic party and served 
as chairman of the Democratic County 
Committee. He is a member of the Pres- 
byterian Church. 

On August 22, 1888, he married Miss 
Mabel Henshaw-, of West Virginia. Their 
two children are Annie and Robert H., both 
of whom live at home. 

Isaac Gardiner, father of our subject, was 
born in Baltimore in 1827. He acquired a 
common school education. He was left an 
orphan at the early age of fifteen. He 
learned the trade of sail-making with his 
cousin, Thomas S. Clark, with whom he 
went to live in his fifteenth year, and was em- 
ployed by him for forty-five years. When 
he attained the age of 21, he became fore- 
man of j\Ir. Clark's business, in which ca- 
pacity he remained until his retirement in 
1882. He is a member of the Presbyterian 
Church: is a staunch Democrat. The chil- 
dren of Mr. and Yirs. Gardiner are as fol- 
lows: Helen (.Mrs. M. C. IMettee), Balti- 
more; Annie (ilrs. William Turner), Balti- 
more; William E., in canvas and awning 
business, Washington. D. C. ; Isaac H., sub- 
ject of this sketch, and Julia (Mrs. Marvin 
.\nderson). of .\nne Arundel county. Md.; 




lA^-^<£t.^:;^C^.=e^ 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Margaret (Mrs. Ed. O. Wig-ley), of Anne 
Arundel county, Md. 

Mr. Isaac Gardiner, grandfather of Doc- 
tor Gardiner, emigrated from Scotland 
when a young man. He was a near relative 
of the Earl of Lovejoy of Western Ireland. 
In his early youth he was betrothed to a 
young lady selected by his parents. After 
reaching manhood, the engagement having 
become distasteful to him, he broke it ofi 
with her. He had previously formed an 
attachment for Martha Leak, and with her 
eloped to America, locating in Baltimore. 
He was one of seven brothers, all of whom 
but one came to America and settled in 
Baltimore. Mr. and Mrs. Gardiner's chil- 
dren are as follows: James, deceased; 
Isaac, father of our subject, and Catharine, 
deceased. 

Dr. James E. Whiteeord, 819 Aisquith 
street. 

This gentleman was born June 24, 1848, 
in Harford county, Md. He was reared a 
farmer and was educated in the countr}' 
schools, and in the classical and military in- 
stitution at Columbia, Pa., having earned 
the money to pay for his tuition at this 
school. He began his medical studies in 
1874. In the fall of the same year he en- 
tered the College of Physicians and Sur- 
geons at Baltimore, Md., graduating in 
1877, after which he began the practice of 
his profession in Baltimore and has been 
eminently successful. 

He was married August 4, 1875, to Miss 
Anora Porter, of Baltimore; no issue. He 
is a Democrat. 

During the small-po.x epidemicof 1882 he 
treated one hundred and eighteen cases. 
He is a Presbyterian in faith and a member 



of the following orders: Landmark's Lodge, 
No. 127, of the Masonic Order; Alhambra 
Castle, No. 7, Knights of the Golden Eagle; 
Liberty Lodge, No. 39, Knights of Pjiihias, 
and of the Grand Lodge of the State of 
Maryland; Welcome Lodge, No. 15, Order 
of the Golden Chain ; Lord Baltimore Coun- 
cil, No. 2, Legion of the Red Cross; Amer- 
ica Council, No. 60, Jr. O. U. A. M. 

He is supreme medical examiner of the 
Golden Eagle and examiner for other or- 
ders; also surgeon general in the military 
branch of the Knights of the Golden Eagle, 
with rank of brigadier general; also mem- 
ber of the Grand Castle of the Knights of 
the Golden Eagle of the State of Maryland, 
and of the Supreme Castle of the United 
States. 

James Whiteford, father of our subject, 
was born in Harford county, Md., in 1808, 
and died in 1854; a farmer by occupation, 
after his marriage with Nancy N. Ramsay, 
mother of our subject, he bought a farm in 
Harford county, Md., in Fox's D£n, a dis- 
trict noted for its fox hunting, where he 
died. His wife died March 25, 1892, in her 
82d year. They had children as follows: 
Robert H., killed by accident at the age of 
16: Sallie J. (Mrs. John W. Berry), of Balti- 
more; M. Nelson, retired; James, died 
young; also Caroline and George, who died 
young, and James E., subject of this sketch. 

Michael Whiteford, grandfather of sub- 
ject, was a native of the North of Ireland, 
of Scotch-Irish descent. When a young 
man he emigrated to America and settled 
in Harford county, Md., where he died. 

Dr. J. Calvin Schofield was born 
August II, 1864, in the little town of Bir- 
mingham, Huntingdon countv. Pa. His 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



primary education was obtained at the pub- 
lic schools. He then entered the Mountain 
Seminary, one of the oldest seminaries in 
Pennsylvania, and was trained for college. 
.After a competitive examination for a schol- 
arship in the Pennsylvania State College, he 
was successful and completed his literary 
education. He then went to New York 
City and entered the office of H. H. Brown, 
author of "Brown's Supreme Court Re- 
ports," where he studied law. After wrest- 
ling with the legal profession in that great 
citv for over a year, he concluded to take 
up the study of medicine. Baltimore was 
chosen as the place of study, which was 
pursued at the Baltimore University School 
of Medicine, whence he graduated. While 
a student Doctor Schofield carried off all 
the envied prizes. He was appointed as- 
sistant professor on nervous diseases and of 
the throat and chest, holding the position 
for two years in that school. Then he was 
placed in charge of the dissecting room as 
demonstrator of anatomy and associate pro- 
fessor of pathology, positions which he con- 
tinues to fill. Doctor Schofield has been 
often before the public as an expert witness 
in many of the great murder cases which 
have been tried in the courts of Baltimore 
City and county. Seven years ago he open- 
ed an office at Orangeville on the Philadel- 
phia road, where he has built up an exten- 
sive practice. He is also surgeon for the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. 

Pie was married in 1892 to Miss Carrie 
M. Reber, of (_)rangcville, Baltimore coun- 
ty. They have no children. 

He is a member of the Presbyterian 
Church, Highlandtown : and is a staunch 
Democrat. 

William Schofield, father of subject, was 



born in Belfast, Ireland; emigrated to 
America at the age of 18, and settled in 
Birmingham ; at first he worked at anything 
he could get to do. When the war broke 
out he enlisted in the loth Penna. Vol., 
and served three years. He was wounded 
July 9, 1863. He was honorably dis- 
charged with rank of sergeant. After his 
return he accepted the position of superin- 
tendent of the Lippincott & Beckwell Axe 
mamifacturing plant. In 1876 he retired to 
Birmingham, where he now resides. He 
married Katharine Hall, whose father, John 
Hall, was a native of Berks county. Pa., and 
whose grandfather, William Hall, came 
from Holland in 1803. He died in Berks 
county. 

The children born to I\Ir. and Mrs. Scho- 
field are as follows: John C. (subject); Wil- 
liam, harnessmaker, of Tyrone, Pa.; Dr. 
James F., Shirleysburg, Pa.; Robert K., 
student at Baltimore University; Edward, 
student at Dickinson College, Williams- 
port, Pa.; Myrtle, at home. 

William Schofield, grandfather of our 
subject, resided in York Road, Belfast, Ire- 
land, where he died in 1897 in his 93d year. 
He was a book-keeper for a large ship build- 
ing finn in Belfast. He married twice. His 
children are: John, retired English Army 
officer, Belfast, Ireland; William; Robert, 
served thirty years of his life in India and 
the British Army; Francis and Allen, are 
partners in the bakery business in New 
York City; James, lives at Bellefonte, Pa., 
a member of the State Legislature; Mrs. 
Sampson, of Belfast, Ireland; Lizzie, died 
in New York City ; was wife of one Crocket. 

Jamics Smith Rogers, Treasurer of the J. 
C. Grafflin Company, 213 South street, resi- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



dence 709 W. Xorth avenue, was born in 
Baltimore, November 12, 1828. His father 
was Jonathan Rogers, and his mother 
Maria Smith before her marriage; she was 
born in BaUimore in 1797, and his father 
was born in New London, Conn., Decem- 
ber 29. 1794. Mr. Rogers comes from old 
English stock (the founder of this line in this 
country. James Rogers, born in England, 
1615, came to America in 1635, and died in 
New London, Conn., in 1687, where some 
of his posterity still reside), his ancestors 
having lived at New London, Conn., one 
hundred and fifty years before his father 
came to Baltimore to live in 1820. Jona- 
than Rogers was a commission merchant, 
and carried on business in Baltimore from 
his arrival here up to the date of his death, 
which occurred September 10, 1832; Mr. 
Rogers' mother dying in 1847. His father 
had five children, all deceased except Wil- 
liam P. Rogers, accountant, 323 N. Charles 
street, Baltimore, and Mr. Rogers the sub- 
ject of this sketch. He was educated in the 
private schools of Baltimore and always 
lived in this city except from 1855 to 1870, 
when he resided in A^irginia. During the 
Civil War he served the first year in the 
commissary department of the Confederate 
States Army in Virginia. Mr. Rogers was 
twice married ; first to Maria Virginia Leef , 
October 25, 1854, and upon her decease, to 
her sister, Mary Frances Leef, January 14, 
1864; both his wives being daughters of 
Henry Leef and Isabella Groom, his wife; 
and all of them being natives and residents 
of Baltimore. He has four children living: 
James S., Jr., architect, residing in Detroit, 
!Mich., and who was married June 5, 1895; 
Caroline; William F., Jr., book-keeper; Nor- 
man, electrical engineer. All his children 



were educated in the public schools of Bal- 
timore. He and all his family are members 
of Iklemorial Protestant Episcopal Church 
of the Ascension, Mr. Rogers being one of 
the vestrymen. Up to the formation of the 
Republican party, Mr. Rogers was a Whig, 
after that a Democrat, but takes little active 
interest in politics, and is strictly a business 
man, devoting all his time to the duties of 
his high and important office as treasurer 
of the J. C. Grafiflin Company, with whom 
he has been associated in business for more 
than twenty years. 

David Abercrombie, Manager of The 
Baltimore News Company, whose place of 
business is in the Sun Building, was born 
May 6, 1840, at Grameston, near Falkirk, 
Scotland. His father was David Aber- 
crombie, and his mother Christian Taylor, 
both Scotch. His father was a brick 
burner, which business he was engaged in 
until he came to Baltimore in 1847, when he 
connected himself with Henry Ta^dor in the 
newspaper business, both of whom con- 
tinued in that business until Mr. Abercrom- 
bie's death in 1864. Mrs. Abercrombie died 
January 28, 1898. Mr. and ]\Irs. Aber- 
crombie had ten children, of whom are 
living: John, who is assistant manager 
of the Baltimore News Company; William 
T., a clerk in the same company; Mrs. Eliz- 
abeth Hyde, of Baltimore; Christine, and 
Mr. Abercrombie, the immediate subject of 
this sketch. He had but few opportunities 
to receive an education when young, and at- 
tended the public schools of Baltimore but 
a short time, as at eight years of age he be- 
gan life as a newsboy in Baltimore, selling 
papers on the streets for Henry Taylor, and 
as he came up in life, educating himself; 



(80 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



next he became a messenger in Mr. Tay- 
lor's office: then clerk, salesman, and before 
he was twenty-one, manager of the entire 
business, and when in 1863 the firm became 
Henry Taylor & Co.. he was made a partner 
in the firm; subsequently (1870) the busi- 
ness was carried on under the present name, 
"The Baltimore News Company." I^Ir. 
Abercrombie was made treasurer of the 
company, and has for years been its mana- 
ger and cashier. Mr. Abercrombie mar- 
ried when little over twenty-one years old, 
on October 10, 1861, his wife being Aliss 
Addie, daughter of the late John A. and 
Mary A. Jenness, both being Americans. 
Mr. and Mrs. Abercrombie have no chil- 
dren. They are members of the Methodist 
Church: he is a Mason and master of St. 
John's Lodge; an Odd Fellow, member of 
St. Andrew's Society, a director of the 
Economy Savings Bank of Baltimore, treas- 
urer of the Emory Grove Camp Meeting 
Association, trustee for the Home of the 
A.ged, M. E. Church, and one of the board 
of managers of the Preachers' Aid Society 
of the M. E. Church. He is an Independ- 
ent Democrat. William and Henry Taylor 
were the foimders of th.e Baltimore News 
Coniriany in this city and were uncles of 
Mr. Abercrombie, both natives of Scotland. 
The business was started on North street in 
1840, and in 1S52 removed to its present 
ciuarters. An incident showing the push of 
this house and the tact and energ}' of Mr. 
Abercrombie occurred in April, 1861, when 
the war began and when for a time all com- 
munication with P>a!timorc and the North 
was cut ofT by the destruction of the rail- 
roads, bridges and telegraphs. Tliis house 
determined, at the suggestion of Mr. Tay- 
lor, to supply the i)eople with the northern 



papers, and thus to keep open communica- 
tion between Baltimore and the northern 
cities. To this end they ran wagons, under 
the direct management of Mr. Abercrom- 
bie, to Havre de Grace, day and night, tak- 
ing Baltimore mail and papers there and 
bringing back Northern papers and mail. 
This was done until regular communication 
was restored. Mr. Abercrombie is very pop- 
ular; known as a man of strict integrity and 
sterling worth — aself-mademan. At the ter- 
mination of his services as foreman of the 
grand jury (January term of 1892) he was 
given a banquet at the Hotel Rennert: his 
fellow jurymen there presented him with a 
handsome lamp, stand and shade as a testi- 
monial of their high appreciation of his 
worth as a man and of his able and con- 
scientious performance of his duties as their 
foreman ; and in respect to his principles as 
a temperance man and a Christian dis- 
pensed with wine at the banquet. Mr. 
Abercrombie resides at 742 \\'est North 



Edgar Kemp Legg, General Manager 
Baltimore Building and Loan Association 
of Baltimore City, was born in Winchester, 
\"a., June 22, 1843. ^^^ parents were 
George W. and Eliza (Doughty) Legg, 
both of whom were born in Alexandria, Va., 
their ancestors belonging to some of the 
oldest families of that State. His father 
was a flour merchant and carried on this 
business in Georgetown and Winchester, 
\'a., for sonic years, after which he resided 
in Berkeley county, Va. (now ^V. Va.), and 
represented the county for several sessions 
in the Legislature of West \^irginia. His 
father and mother are now deceased. Mr. 
Legg was educated in the Winchester 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



rsi 



Academy, at Winchester, \'a. When the 
Civil War came on in 1861, he, at the age 
of eighteen, joined the Confederate army, 
and served in the 13th Virginia infantry, 
Gen. A. P. Hill's troop, and on June 27, 
1S62, in the seven days' tight around Rich- 
mond, was severely woitnded; recovering, 
he returned to the army, where he served 
until the end of the war. After this he came 
to Baltimore to reside and was engaged in 
business for a number of years as a flour 
and grain merchant, retiring from this busi- 
ness upon the formation of the Baltimore 
Building and Loan Association. He was 
a]3pointed to the high and important office 
of general manager of the Association, and 
by his management and push it has built up 
an extensive business, now having assets of 
more than $2,000,000 a year, and is one of 
the leading associations in the country, its 
place of business being in the Fidelity 
Building, corner of Charles and Lexington 
streets. Mr. Legg was married " June 8, 
1880, at Frederick City, Md., to Ellen Trail 
Webster, whose parents were George F. 
Webster and Ellen Trail; both of Mrs. 
Legg's parents were bona in Frederick 
county, Md., and their ancestors were 
among the earliest settlers of that section 
of the State. Mr. Legg has five children: 
Frederick Webster; Edgar Kent, Jr.; Ellen 
Trail; Charles Trail and Florence Golds- 
borough Legg; they attend the various in- 
stitutions of learning in the city. He and 
his family are members of the Episcopal 
Church. Li politics Mr. Legg is a Demo- 
crat, but takes no active part except to vote, 
devoting all his time to his business, and 
being very domestic in his tastes spends 
most of his time with his family when not 
engaged in business. He resides at 112 W. 



North avenue. Mr. Legg was active in 
the reorganization of old North Baltimore 
Club, and one of the incorporators of its 
successor, the Commonwealth Club, of 
which he is now president, after having been 
a member of the board of governors. 

William Gisriel, Brass Manufacturer 
and Proprietor of the Maryland Brass and 
Metal Works, at 1527 and 1529 Guilford 
avenue, with residence at 1135 Johnson 
Square, was born In Baltimore, March 29, 
1853. He is the son of Frederick Gisriel, 
who was born in Alsace Lorraine in 1826, 
and came to America in 1840, settling in Al- 
bany, N. Y., where he resided a short time, 
after which he came to Baltimore. Mr. 
Gisriel's modier was also a German, and 
came to America from Germany about the 
time his father did and a short time after 
their arrival in this country they were mar- 
ried. Mr. Gisriel's father was a baker and 
soon after coming to Baltimore established 
a bakery on Greenmount avenue and 
Eager street, where he built up quite a busi- 
ness and accumulated considerable prop- 
erty; he died in 1868, and his wife in 1894, 
leaving four children: Sophia, Jennie, John, 
and William, the subject of this sketch, all 
of them being residents of Baltimore. Mr. 
Gisriel attended the public schools of Balti- 
more until he was about fifteen years of age, 
when his father dying, his mother appren- 
ticed him to Henry McShane, brass found- 
er, to learn that trade. He served his time 
out with McShane and, when twenty-one, 
went to Philadelphia and worked at his 
trade, but did not remain there long and 
returned to Baltimore to work at Davis & 
Watts' foundry on Holliday street, near 
Saratoga, this foundry being noted as the 



782 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



one wliere all the appliances for the Bell 
telephone were first manufactured and the 
first manufactured in the world. Mr. Gis- 
rielwas the man who had charge of this de- 
partment. In 1873 Davis & Watts closed 
their foundry and a short time afterwards 
Mr. Gisriel took the plant and commenced 
business for himself. Having no money, 
but good friends, by push and energy he 
soon established a good business and pros- 
pered, purchasing the property on Holliday 
street, known as 312, 314, and 316 
North Holliday street, where he built a 
foundry aiid carried on business for 
some years, but his business still in- 
creasing he was compelled to seek more 
commodious quarters for his plant, and 
in 1893 leased the plant of the Mary- 
land Brass Company's foundry, Guilford 
and Girard avenues, where he is at pres- 
ent located. Mr. Gisriel is the oldest 
individual brass founder now in the busi- 
ness in Baltimore, and his establishment is 
known as the Maryland Brass and Metal 
Works, of Baltimore. In 1872 he was mar- 
ried in Baltimore to Martha Washinglon 
Cornelius, daughter of John D. Cornelius, 
whose wife was Priscilla I'arks, both of his 
wife's parents In-ing Mar\landers and born 
in Baltimore county. He has eight chil- 
dren living iu Baltimore, viz: Lilly, Wil- 
liam, Emma, Walter, Cora, Edward, Stew- 
art, and Joshua Levering, and two dead — 
Mary, who died in 1873, and Beulah, who 
died in 1893. His daughter Emma is the 
only one of his children married, she hav- 
ing married James I'airbanks. His son 
William is a l)rass founder and engaged in 
business with his father. .-Ml of the family 
are Methodists, attending Madison Square 
Church. He is president of Summit Cirove | 



Camp Meeting Association, and a member 
of Phoenix Lodge, A. F. and A. M., and a 
member of Maryland Commandery, No. i, 
Knights Templar, which claims to be the 
oldest commandery in the United States. 
Mr. Gisriel is independent in politics and 
votes for those he considers the best men, 
but was formerly a Democrat. 

GusTAVus A. DoBLLR, Paper Dealer, 
was born in Elizabethto\«i, Lancaster 
county. Pa., October 16, 1839. He is a son 
of Daniel Dobler, who was born in Balti- 
more, April 4, 1804. His mother was 
Christina Barbara lehle, born in Kornwes- 
theini, Wurtemburg, Germany, May 20, 
1802, and came to Baltimore in 1816; both 
resided here until their deaths, his father 
dying in 1859, his mother in 1867. John 
Michael Dobler, Mr. G. A. Dobler's grand- 
father, located in Baltimore from Wurtem- 
bm-g in 1798, and did patrol duty for Balti- 
more September 12, 18 14, date of the batUe 
of North Point. Mr. Dobler's father was a 
chemist, physician and teacher; after follow- 
ing these professions for some years he be- 
came a manufacturer of paper boxes and 
carried on this l)usiness in Baltimore until 
1859. He had seven children, all deceased 
except the subject of this sketch and a 
daughter, Paulina Theodora, who is the 
wife of James R. Shumacher, book-keeper 
for Dobler & Mudge. Gustavus A. Dobler 
attended the public schools of Pennsylvania 
and Baltimore until 1853, when he went to 
work in his father's factory, subsequently 
becoming manager. In 185S he severed 
that connection and was employed by .K. L. 
Knight, paper dealer. From there he went 
with Wheelwright, Mudge & Co., same 
business, and as clerk and partner has been 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



with the successive firms and is at present 
senior member of the firm of Dobler & 
Mudge, paper dealers, one of the largest 
houses of the kind in the city, doing a large 
business south, west, etc. Their house is at 
113 Hopkins Place. Mr. Dobler has been 
twice married; first, December 17, 1874, to 
Catherine, daughter of George Dobler, of 
Baltimore. On March 10, 1885, to Ida 
Gertrude, daughter of I. George Gehring, 
of Baltimore; by his second marriage Mr. 
Do'bler has three children, Martin Luther, 
Emma Catharine and Mary Christina. Mr. 
Dobler is a member of the Evangelical 
Lutheran Church; is a trustee of St. Paul's 
Evangelical Lutheran Seminary of Hick- 
ory, N. C; has been a director of the Ger- 
man Orphan Asylum for the past seven 
years ; is a member of the Reform League, 
the Civil Service Association, and also a 
member of the German Society of Mary- 
land, the Lutheran Statue Association of 
Washington, D. C, and a member of the 
State Senate of Maryland, having been 
elected on the Republican ticket in 1895. 
He is a Democrat by inheritance and re- 
mained such until 1875, but votes for the 
best man irrespective of party. Mr. Dob- 
ler is noted for his strict integrity and ster- 
ling honesty; he is domestic in his habits, 
spending all his available time with his fam- 
ily; he has at his home, 131 Aisquith street, 
as fine and well selected a library as any lay- 
man east of the Falls. He is much inter- 
ested in public charities, hospitals, etc., indi- 
vidually caring for the inmates, besides aid- 
ing many institutions in various ways. Mr. 
Dobler never turns a deaf ear to the appeal 
of the needy, believing that "It is more 
blessed to give than to receive." 



Martin W.agxer, the subject of this 
sketch, is one of the pioneers in Baltimore's 
great oyster and fruit packing industry. 
He is the founder and president of the Mar- 
tin Wagner Company, the leading house of 
its kind on this continent, and has been 
identified with the packing industry since its 
infancy. He was born in Baltimore July 
24, 1849, 3-nd began life as an apprentice in 
the tinsmithing business when all that work 
^^•as done by hand. Then as now the mak- 
ing of tin cans was an important feature of 
local commerce over which Mr. Wagner 
acquired a perfect mastery and in the de- 
velopment of which he was largely instru- 
mental. Naturally the making of tin cans 
was very closjcly allied to the packing busi- 
ness, and Mr. Wagner's quick discernment 
enabled him to appreciate the splendid op- 
portunities which it offered. He then ac- 
quired a complete knowledge of the art of 
processing — an art at that time shrouded in 
mystery and accessible only to a very limit- 
ed few. With this valuable knowledge, to- 
gether with aggressive methods he began 
the packing of canned goods, improving 
upon old methods and bringing about inno- 
vations such as the business had not known 
before. It was then that the now widely 
Icnown "Martin Wagner" brands were 
launched out to win jwpular favor over a 
formidable array of competition. That 
they are to-day everywhere known and that 
a large demand for them proceeds from 
every quarter of the United States and Can- 
ada, extending largely to Europe, may be 
attributed to the fact that with the packing 
of the first as well as the last can this fixed 
rule was laid down: that nothing but super- 
ior excellence should appear under the 
Wagner brand; and it is because this prin- 



(84 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



ciple has never been changed that a uniform 
merit has always prevailed and a vast and 
increasing trade developed. In 1872 Mr. 
Wagner began business in a small way as a 
manufacturer of tin cans on Luzerne street, 
and was successful from the beginning, so 
much so that within a short period his es- 
tablishment had grown to be one of the 
largest plants for the manufacture of tin 
cans in Baltimore. The methods of the 
business have been revolutionized and the 
output of the large tin can making depart- 
ment of the Martin Wagner Company many 
times multiplies what was considered an ex- 
ceedingly large output in the other days. 
In 1880, however, with characteristic en- 
ergy, a prominent trait, "Sir. Wagner set 
aside the making of cans as an exclusive 
business and made it an auxiliary to his 
new venture in the packing of oysters and 
fruits. Thus from a small beginning the 
establishment has reached its present 
great proportions. In 1889 the Martin 
Wagner Company was incorporated with a 
capital of $200,000. The officers of the com- 
pany are Mr. Martin Wagner, president and 
general manager; Mr. M. J. Wagner, vice- 
president: Mr. W. A. Wagner, treasurer: 
Mr. George J. Wagner and Mr. John G. 
Schorr, superintendents respectively of the 
can manufacturing and packing depart- 
ment. 

At that time they occupied commodious 
quarters at 23 1 5-23 17 Boston street, com- 
prising a four-story building, 120x300 feet 
in dimensions, with wide area of sheds and 
wharves that afiforded facility in the dis- 
charging of vessels. Mr. Wagner long ago 
foresaw the conditions whicli to-day attach 
to the great enterprise of which he is the 
head and shrewdlv bought an extensive but 



unimproved tract of land at Curtis Bay, 
Anne Arundel county, to which place has 
been moved the entire plant which had for 
years made the old location a center of un- 
ceasing activity. To-day the unimproved 
land of other days is now Wagner's Point 
and immediately contiguous is the uninter- 
esting town of East Brooklyn, both places 
owned and controlled by the Martin Wag- 
ner Company. At the former place is lo- 
cated the packing establishment of the com- 
pany with largely increased capacity and 
embracing every device known to this busi- 
ness. Immediately adjoining is the can- 
making department, the output of which has 
recently been increased from 20,000,000 
cans i)er year to 30,000,000 and 40,000,000 
cans. Nearby and a striking figure in this 
great group of buildings is the box manu- 
facturing establishment: thus it is seen that 
in one center is combined all the various 
departments of the packing industry. Large 
warehouses line the water front, affording 
easy access to shipping on the one side and 
to rail transportation on the other. Splen- 
didly built docks and bulk-heads extending 
into deep water admit of the presence of 
a large number of draught vessels at one 
time. An electric plant supplies illumina- 
tion to the establishment, adding another 
to the conveniences that facilitate the hand- 
ling of a really enormous buisness. In car- 
rying the plant from Baltimore to Wagner's 
Point — about four miles distant from Balti- 
more — they likewise carried the operatives 
who form a happy and prosperous coin- 
numity, to the now busy little town of 
Kast Brooklyn, with its hundred two and 
three-story finely built brick dwellings, a 
I)OSt-oflice whither comes and goes the mail 
three times a day, a largely attended country 




^ 




HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



puhlic school, drug store, bakery, shoe store 
and restaurant, it has every clami to the dig- 
nity of a town many times older and larger. 
The town enjoys the presence of a well 
conducted grocery and provision store at 
which goods are sold at city prices. A fire 
engine company with splendid quarters is a 
feature of East Brooklyn and a fine chemi- 
cal engine truck and accessories to their or- 
ganization. Whilst serving a very distinc- 
tively practical purpose the social feature is 
not inconsiderable and the engine house is 
a place of great local importance. To the 
north of East Brooklyn is Alasonville, a 
town of growing importance and named for 
the great cracker baker of Baltimore; near- 
by is Fairfield indicating its activity by a 
number of factories and numerous pretty 
dwellings; to the west is the old town of 
Brooklyn and lying at the extreme souther- 
ly end is South Baltimore, with its churches 
and schools, mills and car' shops and one 
of the finest sugar refineries in the country. 
These growing towns have a combined 
population of about 10,000 people, and dot 
the landscape of one of the most successful 
vegetable sections in the United States — far 
famed Anne Arundel county. Baltimore 
lies heavily banked against the north and is 
easily reached by the electric cars which 
penetrate these towns. 

Hand in hand Wagner's Point and East 
Brooklyn grow together, for there is never 
any cessation in the march of improve- 
ments. New buildings are constantly going 
up and a strong building association makes 
it possible for every family to own its own 
dwelling, a convenience largely availed of. 
Altogether the buildings of the Martin 
Wagner Company used exclusively in their 
packing business cover .... acres. 



The subject of our narrative has not yet 
reached the half century mark and yet there 
has been crowded into his life the activities 
and results of a much longer period. Look- 
ing back over the past twenty-five years 
there is reason for much elation and gratifi- 
cation. The now towering proportions of 
the company dwarf into insignificance the 
place of beginning — a meagre and unpre- 
tentious place that lives again the embodi- 
ment of a town and a town's people. Mr. 
Wagner is as actively present in the con- 
cerns of the establishment as ever he was. 
He laid the foundation of the business and 
moulded its policy from which there has 
been no deviation. Every department is 
under his watchful eye — even the veriest de- 
tails of the business do not escape him. The 
past of the Martin Wagner Company's 
plant has been prolific of great results and 
indications point to a long continuance of 
prosperity. 

George W. Knapp, member of the firm 
of Matthai, Ingram & Co., manufacturers 
of tinware and sheet metal goods, a son of 
the late John K. and Harriet Anne (Ford) 
Knapp, was born in Baltimore county, Md., 
July 18, 1847. His father was a chemist 
and both his parents descended from Amer- 
icans, being colonial settlers of the country. 
The former was a native of Connecticut, 
the latter of Maryland. Mr. John Knapp 
died in 1857; his wife in 1895. They had 
four children, all deceased except John T. 
Knapp, civil engineer, of Baltimore, and 
Mr. George W. Knapp, the immediate sub- 
ject of this sketch. The latter was educated 
at the public schools of Baltimore and by 
private tutors. He was married February 
28, 1878, to Emma Kate, daughter of the 
late Nicholas and Susan (Gray) Boone, of 



786 



HISTORV OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Bucks county, Pa. Mrs. Knapp's parents 
were Americans and descendants of the 
earliest settlers of Pennsylvania. Mr. and 
Mrs. Knapp have four children: George 
Wroth, Alfred Marion, William Gideon, 
and Emma Kate; his sons are students at 
Johns Hopkins University and Professor 
Lamb's School. The family are Episco- 
palians and in politics Mr. Knapp is a Dem- 
ocrat. He is a member of the Maryland 
Club, Catonsville Country Club and the 
Academy of x\rts and Sciences. Mr. Knapp 
has full charge of the practical part of the 
business of the firm of Matthai, Ingram & 
Co., of which he is a member, having been 
connected with it from its beginning. 
Through his wise management and me- 
chanical skill and inventive genius the busi- 
ness has become one of the most important 
of its kind in the world. The warerooms 
are at 109, iii and 113 Hanover street. Mr. 
Knapp is a genial gentleman and stands 
high with our people. He resides with his 
family at 1232 Lafayette avenue. West. 

CoL. James Franklin Supplee, mem- 
ber of the firm of Hodges Bros., importers 
and jobbers of dress goods, hosiery and no- 
tions, 23 Hanover street, is the son of 
Franklin and Harriet (Lee) Supplee, and 
was born in Wilmington, Del., ]\'Iarch 22, 

1850, but has resided in Baltimore since 

185 1. Colonel Supplee's father was born 
December 27, 181 1, at the "Supplee Home- 
stead," Worcester township, Montgomery 
county, Pa., twenty miles nortlnvest of 
Philadelphia. His mother was born in 
Pennsylvania, February 21, 1809, Colonel 
Supplee's father and mother being of Amer- 
ican descent for five generations. His 
father's first ancestor in this country was 



a Frenchman, Hance Supplee, who was a 
soldier and died at the "Supplee Home- 
stead" in 1767; his son Abraham Supplee, 
his grandson Nathan and great-grandson 
Franklin Supplee were all born at this old 
homestead. Colonel Supplee's father came 
to Baltimore to reside in 1851; he was an 
attorney-at-Iaw and Judge of the Orphans' 
Court of Baltimore for eight years. Both 
parents are now deceased, his father dying 
in 1886 and his mother in 1870; they had 
eight children, all of whom are deceased ex- 
cept Mrs. Joshua P. Reynolds, Mrs. Eva 
S. Megraw and Mrs. Howard Miller, of 
Baltimore; Mrs. W. Frank Hart, of Bridge- 
ton, N. J., and Col. Frank Supplee. Colonel 
Supplee was educated in the public schools 
of Baltimore and is a graduate of the Balti- 
more City College. He was married No- 
vember 22, 1874. to Miss Kate, daughter of 
James Edward Cochran, of Maryland; both 
her parents are deceased. Colonel Supplee 
has six children: Bessie Cochran, James 
FrankHn, Jr., Henry Clay Miller, Daisy 
Kate, Albert Cummings and Cochran Sup- 
plee. Bessie was educated at the Woman's 
College, Baltimore; James Franklin, Jr., 
at Princeton University and Henry Clay 
Miller at Baltimore City College. Colonel 
Supplee and family are members of the M. 
E. Church. He is a meml^er of the A. F. & 
A. M., O. G. C, U. S. B. F., Royal Arca- 
num, Jr. O. U. .-\. M.. Sons of the Revolu- 
tion, Merchants' Club and other organiza- 
tions; is lieutenant colonel Fourth Regiment 
Infantry, Maryland National Guard. He is 
a Republican and takes an active part in 
politics. Was elected City Register by the 
City Council, h'ebruary, 1898, for two years. 
As a public speaker has achieved quite a 
reputation: is also a noted singer. Colonel 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



r87 



Supplee is an active business man and was 
connected with the wholesale dry goods 
house of Daniel Miller & Co. from 1868 to 
1890, being buyer and manager of the no- 
tion department for seventeen years, and for 
thirteen years a member of the firm. He 
organized the Chesapeake Shirt Company 
in 1887 and was for ten years its president, 
an enterprise giving employment to 600 op- 
eratives and having a capital of $100,000. 
Upon the death of Mr. James Hodges in 
1895 he re-organized the firm of Hodges 
Bros., as the head of the concern. This 
house was founded in 1846 and is the oldest 
and largest of its kind in Baltimore. Colonel 
Supplee also organized the Merchants' and 
Manufacturers' Fire Insurance Company 
in 1895, one of the most important com- 
panies in the State; he is now its vice-presi- 
dent. He is a director of the United States 
Fidelity and Guaranty Company and a di- 
rector of the Monumental Savings and Loan 
Association, a director of the Merchants' 
and Manufacturers' Association and was a 
director on the part of the city in the B. & 
O. R. R. from 1884 to 1887 and served in 
the second branch of the City Council from 
1889 to 1893. In all municipal celebrations 
or anything that conduces to the city's inter- 
est, Colonel Supplee always takes a promi- 
nent and active part. He was organizer, 
chairman of tlie committee and chief mar- 
shal of the great Civic and Trades' Display 
"in Baltimore in 1889. Colonel Supplee 
stands high among all classes and is one of 
the most popular and best known men in 
Baltimore. He resides at 1625 Eutaw 
Place, one of the most beautiful residence 
portions of the city. 



Ernst Schmeisser, Tobacco Manufac- 
turer, formerly of the firm of G. W. Gail & 
Ax (i to 19 Barre street), Baltimore, now 
G. W. Gail & Ax, branch of the American 
Tobacco Company, is a son of Christian 
and Marianne (Dresler) Schmeisser, of Sie- 
gen, Westphalia. Both of his parents were 
of German nativity and descent, his father 
(now deceased) having been a prominent 
physician of Siegen and his mother being 
still a resident of that city. They had six 
children, two daughters who are still living, 
and four sons, Adolph, Ernst, Heinrich and 
Karl. Adolph and Heinrich died. Karl is • 
Ober-Bergrath in the service of the German 
Empire. In the interests of his Government 
he made extensive investigations of the Af- 
rican gold fields, and subsequently visited 
the Australasian fields On behalf of an Eng- 
lish syndicate. Ernst Schmeisser was born 
in Siegen in 1851. Quitting school there 
in the fall of 1868 he came to America 
and located in Baltimore. For three years 
he was in the employ of the banking house 
of Kummer & Becker. From 1871 to 
1876 he clerked and traveled for the to- 
bacco manufacturing firm of G. W. Gail 
& Ax. From April 2, 1876, to April 
2, 1882, he was in partnership associa- 
tion with Mr. Henry Lauts, carrying 
on the export leaf and general commission 
business under the firm name of Lauts & 
Schmeisser. During this latter period, Sep- 
tember 30, 1879, Mr. Schmeisser married 
Miss Louise, daughter of G. W. Gail, Sr., 
founder of the well-known firm of G. W. 
Gail & Ax, and a member thereof until its 
dissolution in 1892, when the business was 
sold out to the American Tobacco Com- 
pany. Mr. Schmeisser is now manager of 



788 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



this branch. ISlr. and Mrs. Schmeisser have 
four children, Wilhehn C, Ernst Gail, 
Heinrich C. and Gerhard Lauts Schmeisser. 
The family are Lutherans, and reside at 
2401 Eutaw Place. Mr. Schmeisser is a 
valued and valuable factor in the business 
growth of Baltimore, and is identified with 
a number of the institutions and an active 
member of many of the prominent societies 
and clubs of the city. He is president of 
the General German Orphan Asylum of 
Baltimore: vice-president of the Germania 
Club ; vice-president of the Mutual Fire In- 
surance Company of Baltimore; vice-presi- 
dent of the Patapsco Fire Insurance Com- 
pany of Baltimore, and one of the directory 
of Hopkins Place Savings Bank. He is a 
member of the Masonic Fraternity and of 
the Lincoln and Union League Clubs. 

Charles O. Scull, Baltimore, was born 
in Somerset county, Pa., November 27, 
1851. He is a son of Edward and Louise 
(Ogle) Scull, both Pennsylvanians, their an- 
cestors being among the early settlers of 
that State; his father is an attorney and both 
of his parents reside in Somerset county. 
Pa. Mr. Scull was educated at Newell In- 
-stitute, Pittsburg, Pa., and graduated there- 
from in 1869. He entered the railway ser- 
vice at Columbus, O., in January, 1870, and 
continued with the Pennsylvania lines west 
of Pittsburg until 1886, when he entered the 
service of the B. & O. R. R. as their general 
passenger agent, which position he held un- 
til April, 1897. The intricate and onerous 
duties of this ofifice Mr. Scull discharged 
with signal ability and he was regarded as 
one of the most efficient general passenger 
agents in the country. The severance of 
his connection with railroad interests was 



regretted generally by his professional col- 
leagues and associates. February i, 1898, 
Mr. Scull was appointed general manager 
of the railway department of the United 
States Fidelity and Guaranty Company of 
Baltimore. He is unmarried and resides in 
Baltimore. 

George Washington I\Ioore, Oyster 
and Fruit Packer, place of business foot of 
Montgomery street, was born in Somerset 
county, Md., November 11, 1842. His 
father was Jonathan W. Moore, a sea cap- 
tain of Scotch descent, born and raised in 
Delaware. He came to Maryland to reside, 
settling in Somerset county, and married 
Rebecca E. Shores, of tliat county, her an- 
cestors being of English descent and among 
the earliest settlers of Maryland. Her 
father served in the War of 1812. Mr. 
Moore's ancestors were early settlers in 
Delaware. Capt. Jonathan W. Moore had 
four children, all deceased except the sub- 
ject of this sketch and his brother Jonathan 
W. Moore, who lives in this State and is also 
a sea captain; both their parents are de- 
ceased. Mr. Moore was educated in the 
public schools of Somerset county, but early 
in life he went to Annapolis to live and 
started in life as a clerk in a small grocery 
store, after which he went into the oyster 
business, beginning in a very modest way, 
but by hard work, energy and attention to 
business gradually increased it until he es- 
tablished a good business; then wishing to 
still further increase it, he came to Balti- 
more in 1872 to reside and opened a place 
here as oyster and fruit packer under the 
name of George W. Moore & Co., until 
1875, when the firm of Moore & Brady was 
formed, which is now one of the leading 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



789 



houses of the kind in the city, doing one of 
the largest businesses. The firm of Moore 
& Brady was one of the originators of the 
Canned Goods Exchange of Baltimore. 
Mr. Moore sensed twice as first vice-presi- 
dent and is now serving his second term as 
president; he is also president of the Na- 
tional Canned Goods Association of the 
United States. Mr. Moore has been mar- 
ried twice, first in 1862 to Lutia Evans, 
daughter of Samuel Evans and Jane Nor- 
man, all of Maryland, and after the death 
of his first wife, to Alice Brown, daughter of 
Jacob Brown, of Baltimore, and Alice 
Owens, of Matthews county, \'a. Mr. 
Moore has eight children: George N., 
Laura, Harvey, Brady, Alice, Carrie, Cath- 
erine, and Jacob Carson Moore. He and 
his family are Methodists; he is also a Ma- 
son, Odd Fellow and belongs to the order 
of Red Men. In politics he is a Democrat 
and in 1866 held a position as an officer in 
the Legislature of Maryland, and has been 
a member of the Harbor Board of Balti- 
more. Mr. Moore stands high as a business 
man and citizen, noted for his kind disposi- 
tion and liberality, always contributing to 
deserving charities and taking pleasure in 
doing good to others. He and his family re- 
side at their beautiful home, 1806 Eutaw 
Place. 

James H. Brady, Oyster and Fruit 
Packer, member of the firm of Moore & 
Brady, whose place of business is the foot 
of Montgomery street, is the son of Patrick 
Brady and Catherine O'Rourke, and was 
born in Ireland in January, 1848; in 1853 
came with his parents to this country, land- 
ing in Philadelphia, and settling in Steuben- 
ville, O., where his mother still resides, his 



father being deceased. He resided with his 
parents at Steubenville until 1871, when he 
came to Baltimore to live and was with 
James E. Stansberry as salesman, who was 
engaged in the oyster business, until 1875, 
when he formed a partnership with Mr. 
George W. Moore and they formed the 
firm of Moore & Brady, oyster and fruit 
packers, now one of the leading houses in 
that line in our city, Mr. Brady through 
his activity, push and business qualification 
having assisted his partner, Mr. Moore, 
very much in bringing the house and its 
business to the present high standard and 
great business. Mr. Brady is married and 
has six children. He and his family are 
Protestants and reside at No. 100 East 
North avenue, Baltimore. 

George William Gail, Jr., Tobacco 
Manufacturer, place of business Gail & Ax 
Building, Nos. i to 19 E. Barre street, is 
the son of Georg Wilhelm Gail, founder of 
the well-known house of Gail & Ax, to- 
bacco manufacturers, and was born in Bal- 
timore the 14th of October, 1864. His 
father, Georg Wilhelm Gail, was born in 
Giessen, Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, the 
8th of July, 1828, and came to this country 
in 1847, locating in Baltimore; his mother 
was Mary E. Feigner, and was born in Bal- 
timore, February 8, 1837, her parents both 
having located in Baltimore from Germany. 
Georg Wilhelm Gail, after settling here, 
started in a small way in the tobacco busi- 
ness and continued in this busines^ until 
i860, when he and Mr. Ax formed a part- 
nership and established the house of Gail 
& Ax, tobacco manufacturers; his father is 
still living, but his mother is deceased, she 
dying the 9th of March, 1891, leaving one 



790 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



son and four daughters. Mr. Gail married 
a second time and has one son by this mar- 
riage. Mr. George W. Gail, Jr., has a fine 
education, having attended the public and 
private schools of Baltimore and also had 
the advantages of private tutors. 

After attaining his education, his father 
desiring to make a business man of him, put 
him with the wholesale tobacco house of 
Bendheim Brothers & Co., then of Balti- 
more, where he served in the capacity of 
clerk, after which his father in Februarv', 
1885, took him into business in the house of 
Gail & Ax, of which firm he became a mem- 
ber January i, 1888. Mr. Gail was married 
the 5th of December, 18S8, in Richmond, 
Va., to Helen Christiana Bauch, who was 
born in Richmond, she being the daughter 
of Charles Bauch and Olga Von Bucholtz, 
both born in Germany, and on coming to 
this country, settling in Richmond, Va., 
where the family resided up to the decease 
of Mr. Bauch in tlie spring of 1897, since 
which time they have resided in Baltimore 
with Mr. Gail. Mr. Gail has four children, 
Helen Maria, George William, Nanny 
Louisa and Olga Elise. Mr. Gail and his 
family attend St. Peter's Episcopal Church. 
In politics he is independent and votes for 
those he considers the best men and best 
fitted for the positions they rtm for. 

Mr. Gail is one of our coming young busi- 
ness men, noted for his high character, 
both in business and as a citizen, and de- 
votes his time strictly to his business and 
the large interests he has under his charge, 
of the Gail & A.x factory and as assistant 
manager of the American Tobacco Com- 
pany. ;Mr. Gail is a member of the Ger- 
mania Club of Baltimore City, an active 
member of the Maryland llicvcle Club, 



Maryland Bicycle County Club, the Aler- 
chants' Club, a director in the Mt. Wash- 
ington Electric Light and Power Company, 
and various local organizations. In local 
affairs Mr. Gail's especial interest has been 
in the Fire Department and in so far as op- 
portunity has been afforded he has assisted 
toward its growth, development and effi- 
ciency. He resides on the Pimlico Road in 
the Annex. 

Harvey G. Skinner, Ship Builder, 
whose place of business is at the foot of 
Cross street, is the son of William H. Skin- 
ner and Martha A. Wilson, and was born 
in Baltimore December 17, 1858. Both his 
parents were Americans, their ancestors 
being among the early settlers of the coun- 
try; his father was a ship builder and died 
April 9, 1891; his mother is still living and 
resides at 1603 Eutaw Place. His father 
had seven children. Mr. Skinner was edu- 
cated in the public schools of Baltimore, 
and quitting school in 1875 he was appren- 
ticed to William Skinner & Sons, his 
father's firm, to learn the business, and on 
the death of his father in 1891, as a partner 
with his uncle, George W. Skinner, he man- 
aged and conducted the business of the firm 
of Wm. Skinner «Sr Sons, until in January, 
1894, when his uncle died, he succeeded to 
the business and now carries it on at the 
old shipyard, foot of Cross street, under the 
same firm name of Wm. Skinner & Sons 
that his grandfather, William Skinner, 
adopted when he first founded the business 
at that point early in the forties, the business 
being carried on continuously at tlie same 
place and under the same firm name for 
three generations, by father, grandfather 
and now by him, for over fifty years, and 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



791 



this firm having in these years built some of 
the finest ships and steamers that have 
sailed from the port of Baltimore, and being 
now, as it has been in the past, one of the 
leading ship building concerns in Balti- 
more. Mr. Skinner was married in Balti- 
more, April 7, 1885, his wife being Miss Ger- 
trude Thompson, daughter of John C. 
Thompson and Elizabeth C. Price. Both 
Mrs. Skinner's parents are Americans and 
came from families of the old settlers of 
Maryland. He has four children living. 
He and his family are Protestants and at- 
tend the Methodist and Episcopal Churches. 
He is a Mason. Mr. Skinner is a fine busi- 
ness man and stands high among all people 
as a man of sterling worth. He and his fam- 
ily reside at Mt. Washington, Baltimore 
county. 

WiNFiELD ScoTT Cahill, President and 
Treasurer of thejames Clark Company, ma- 
rine engine and boiler builders and repairers 
of steamships, and president of the South 
Baltimore Bank, is the son of the late John 
and Mary Ann (Gallagher) Cahill, and was 
born in Baltimore November 2, 1861 ; both 
parents were of Irish descent, but born in 
America. John Cahill, his father, was a ma- 
rine engine and boiler builder, and president 
of the James Clark Company. Mr. Cahill, at 
the death of his father, succeeded him as 
president of the company. His father had six 
children, three of whom are living, Mr. Ca- 
hill, his sister Mary, a Religieuse in the Con- 
vent at Short Hill, N. J., and Carrie Cahill, 
who resides at 1124 W. North avenue, Bal- 
timore. During the Civil War his father 
served in the United States Navy as acting 
chief engineer on the steamer Underwriter. 
Particular mention is made of his gallantry 



in assisting at the guns in battle, by Lieu- 
tenant Commander Jeffers, commanding 
tlie steamer, to the Secretary of the Navy, 
and by the Secretary of the Navy in his re- 
port in 1862 about the battle. His father 
and mother are deceased, the former dying 
in 1896, the latter in 1866. Mr. Cahill was 
educated in the public schools of Baltimore, 
St. Charles College, Howard county, Md., 
and Rock Hill College, Ellicott City, Md. 
He is also a graduate of Bryant & Stratton's 
Business College, Baltimore, having gradu- 
ated therefrom about 1878. After quitting 
school he served an apprenticeship of two 
years at marine pattern making; was eight 
years an apprentice in the machine shops of 
thejames Clark Company and ten years with 
the same company as time-keeper, book- 
keeper, treasurer and secretary, until at his 
father's death in 1896 he became president 
of the company and is also still its treasurer. 
Mr.Cahill was married toSarah Jane, daugh- 
ter of Geo. W. Voyce,in Baltimore, Septem- 
ber 26, 1883. Mr. Voyce was a brick manu- 
facturer, born in this city of Scotch parents ; 
her mother was of German descent; both 
are deceased. Mr. Cahill has no children. 
He is liberal in his religious views, having 
been educated a Catholic, but attends the 
Methodist Chur^ch with his wife. He is a 
Knight Templar. Mr. Cahill is an active 
business man standing high in the commu- 
nity, and besides his positions already men- 
tioned, he is treasurer of the People's Ma- 
rine Railway, a director of the Baltimore 
Dredging Company and manager of large 
tow boat interests. His place of business is 
at the south side of the Basin, foot of Web- 
ster street; his residence is at 204 Warren 
avenue, Baltimore. Mr. Cahill is one of the 
promoters of the Blue Ridge Power and 



<92 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Electric Railway Company, which is oper- 
ated on electric road between Pen-j\lar and 
Waynesboro. 

George Frederick Patterson, of the 
firm of Patterson, Ramsay & Co., Steamship 
Agents, was born in Bristol, England, in 
1840, his father being a prominent ship 
builder, who lived in England until his 
death. Mr. Patterson was educated in pri- 
vate schools in England and was married in 
that country in 1864; he came to Baltimore 
in 1880. He has six children, two of whom 
reside in South Carolina, one in Norfolk, 
Va., one in Boston and the other two in Bal- 
timore. Mr. Patterson and his family are 
Episcopalians. On coming to Baltimore in 
1880 the firm of Patterson, Ramsay & Co. 
was formed and is now one of the leading 
firms of that business in the city; their office 
is in the O'Donnell Building. Mr. Patter- 
son resides at Mt. Washington, Baltimore 
county, Md. 

Robert Rams.ay, member of the firm of 
Ramsay & Co., Steamship Agents and 
Brokers, O'Donnell Building, Baltimore, is 
the son of Robert and Margaret (Winton) 
Ramsay, of Melbourne, Australia, and was 
born in Melbourne, August 11, 185 1. His 
parents were Scotch, his fatlier being a ship- 
master of Melbourne until his decease. They 
had five children, three of whom are liv- 
ing, David Winton and Mary Sproule, who 
reside in Melbourne, and Robert, the sub- 
ject of this sketch, whose mother still lives 
in Melbourne. Robert Ramsay was edu- 
cated at the High School and the Athen- 
aeum, Glasgow, Scotland. After finishing 
his education he went into the office of Curie 
& Co., ship-builders, Glasgow, after which 



he entered the service of the Allen Line at 
Liverpool. England, becoming assistant 
freight manager of their lines. On leaving 
this company he went to London in the ser- 
vice of the William, Johnston & Co., limited, 
of London, and was with them as manager 
of their lines of steamships for two years, 
when he left their service, and came, in 
1880, to Baltimore, and with Mr. George 
F. Patterson formed the partnership of Pat- 
terson, Ramsay & Co., steamship agents and 
brokers. He was married in England, Au- 
gust 25, 1881, to Emily Easton Boultbee, 
whose parents were English. They have 
three children, Amy Isabel, Margery Win- 
ton and Dorothy. He and his family are 
Episcopalians and reside at Mt. Washing- 
ton, Baltimore county. Mr. Ramsay is a di- 
rector of the Corn and Flour Exchange, 
and was elected its president in 1896, and re- 
elected in 1897, under its new name, the 
Chamber of Commerce. He is noted as a 
first-class business man, and is very popular 
among his business associates. In politics 
he is a Democrat. 

James F. Hevward, formerly General 
Manager of the City and Suburban Rail- 
way Company, with headquarters at the 
company's office, Waverly, was born in Wil- 
mington, Del., March 19, 1856. He comes 
of old English stock, his ancestors on both 
sides having been distinguished people in 
England before any of the family came to 
this countr}-, as well as being distinguished 
in the civil antl military history of this coun- 
try. 

Daniel Hcyward, one of the ancestors, 
emigrated to this country in 1669 and 
settled in South Carolina, the family being 
among the earliest settlers of the country. 



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HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



participating in the Spanish. French, In- 
dian and Revolutionar)' Wars, and distin- 
gnishing themselves and holding high po- 
sitions in the service of their country; 
among them was his great-grandfather, 
Thomas Heyward, Jr., who was a member 
of the First Continental Congress from 
South Carolina, also captain of artillery in 
the War of the Revolution and a signer of 
the Declaration of Independence; after 
the Revolution he was Judge of the 
Court of General Jurisdiction of South 
Carolina. His father was James E. Hey- 
ward, a prominent physician, of Wilming- 
ton, Del., whose father, James Hamilton 
Heyward, was a planter of South Caro- 
lina, and died in that State, when his widow, 
Decima (Schubrich) Heyward, with her 
children removed to and settled in Wil- 
mington, Del., where Mr. Heyward's father 
was reared. His mother was Maria Prest- 
man, a daughter of the Rev. Stephen Wil- 
son Prestman, a South Carolinian, who. be- 
fore going into the ministry, was an ensign 
in the United States Navy, and distinguished 
himself in the service of his country in the 
War of 1812, on Lake Erie, when having 
command of a number of men he boarded 
and carried off two British vessels under the 
guns of Fort Erie, then held by the British. 
After the war closed Ensign Prestman, Mrs. 
Heyward's father, though a youth, was re- 
tained in the service, but resigned his com- 
mission in the navy, and exhibiting a higher 
and nobler courage, which he ever after 
evinced, in the year 1823, enlisted under the 
standard of the Cross and was admitted to 
holy orders of the Protestant Episcopal 
Church, by Bishop Moore, of Virginia. 
Doctor Heyward, his father, is dead, but his 
mother is still living and resides with him 



in this city. His father had four children, 
three of whom are living: Mr. Heyward, 
the subject of this sketch ; Mrs. Decima Tay- 
lor, wife of Winfield S. Taylor, a prominent 
member of the Baltimore bar, and W. P. 
Heyward, all of whom reside in this city. 

One notable instance in connection with 
Mr. Heyward's family, and proving that the 
blood is not degenerating, is that in the 
Civil War there were tzvcnty-thrcc Hey- 
wards relatives of his, who entered the Con- 
federate Army, many of whom were killed 
in battle and died in hospitals from wounds 
received in battle and diseases contracted 
from exposure in the service. In addition 
to these, his mother's only brother. Col. S. 
Wilson Prestman, who was in the engineer 
corps of the Confederate Army with Beau- 
regard and Hardee, after serving during the 
entire struggle, was killed in a railroad acci- 
dent on his way home from the war. This 
record of the Heyward family is unprece- 
dented and unequalled by any family on 
either the Confederate or Union side during 
the Civil War. Many of these young Hey- 
wards were in their teens when they en- 
tered the service, and some as young as 
eleven, thirteen and fifteen years of age. 
Their devotion to a cause which they be- 
lieved to be right, and offering their for- 
tunes liberally and lives in behalf of it, dem- 
onstrates clearly, as I have said, that the 
Heyward blood has not degenerated, and 
that these young men "were worthy sons 
of illustrious sires," and such devotion to a 
cause in one family, no matter which side 
was espoused in that contest, is worthy of 
special mention in this book. 

Mr. Heyward was educated in the private 
schools of \Mlmington, for a time attend- 
ing Rugby Academy, of that place, and for 



(94 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



a short time attending Sadtler's Business 
College in this city. He was not permitted, 
however, to devote much of his younger life 
to education, but was compelled to start 
out in life to make a living, and in March, 
1874, at the age of eighteen, he entered the 
service of the Baltimore Hall Springs Pas- 
senger Railway Company, as clerk at $3-75 
per week, serving in this capacity for some 
years and advancing by degrees until he be- 
came superintendent of the company. He 
was with this company for about ten years, 
when he dissolved his connection with it to 
take a position with the Equitable Gas Com- 
pany, of this city, during its construction, 
as time-keeper and pay-master, and later on 
when his work was completed here, he ac- 
cepted similar positions with this company 
in the construction of their plant in Chi- 
cago, in 1886; after which he went into the 
service of the United Gas Improvement 
Company, of Philadelphia, and was in their 
service about foivr years, part of the time 
stationed at Omaha, Neb., as agent of the 
Omaha Gas Company, which was owned 
and operated by the United Gas Improve- 
ment Company. C^n severing his connec- 
tion with this company, he returned to Wil- 
mington, Del., and accepted a clerical posi- 
tion with the Repanno Chemical Company, 
of that city, manufacturers of dynainite; he 
remained in their service about eight 
months, when he dissolved his connection 
with the comiiany and went to Alabama to 
take charge of the Montgomery Street and 
Terminal Railway Company as superintend- 
ent, with headquarters in Montgomery, 
which company he managed for a time, 
when he resigned his position and went to 
New York to reside and accept a position 
as assistant secretary of the Anaconda Min- 



ing Company, of that city, remaining in 
New York awhile in the service of this com- 
pany; he severed his connection with it and 
returned to Baltimore to reside, where he 
was appointed purchasing agent for the 
Union Passenger Railroad Company, which 
position he held until about five years since, 
when he resigned and was appointed gen- 
eral manager of the City and Suburban 
Railway of this city, which position he held 
until June 17, 1897, when the City and 
Suburban Railway Company consolidated 
with the Baltimore Traction Company, 
under the name of the Baltimore Consoli- 
dated Railway Company, when he was 
promoted to the high and important 
position as secretary of the Consolidated 
Company. Thus it will be seen, after 
starting in life as a clerk with the small 
salary of $3.75 per week, and the varied 
and important positions he has since 
held, and the number of places at which he 
has operated, he is back to his first love, the 
business of street railways, and back to the 
city in which he started life twenty-three 
years ago, but he has been going forward all 
the time, and under his management for the 
last five years, and mostly by his ability, 
energy and push, the City and Suburban 
Railway Company had grown to be one of 
the best regulated and best paying of the 
kind in the city; and now that it has been 
consolidated with the Baltimore Traction 
Company, and Mr. Pleyward is retained in 
the service of the consolidation, with his 
abilities and experience as a railway man, 
the new company must grow as did the City 
and Suburban under his management, as he 
is considered and looked upon by railway 
ofificials and people interested in the pro- 
gress of street railway business, as a coming 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



795 



man in this business, and as one of the most 
efficient street railway officers in this city. 
He is pleasant and affable in his intercourse 
with the people, and popular with the public 
and the hundreds of men he has had under 
him in the service of his company and all 
like him. 

He is not married: is a Protestant and at- 
tends the Episcopal Church. He resides 
with his mother, brother and j\Ir. and Mrs. 
Taylor, his sister, at the corner of Thirtieth 
and St. Paul streets. 

Henry Keidel, of Henry Keidel & Co., 
Importers and Manufacturers' Representa- 
tives of Hardware and Cutlery, with place 
of business at 32 Hopkins Place, is an illus- 
tration of the self-made man and what can 
be done by diligent application to business 
and hard work. 

Mr. Keidel commenced business in 1866 
as a member of the firm of Moritz & Keidel, 
their business being hardware. and cutlery. 
Their beginning, on account of limited 
means, was very small, they being able to 
occupy only half of the second floor of No. 
33 S. Charles street. Being determined to 
succeed, they worked hard — late and early, 
and their business increasing they removed 
to larger quarters, No. 10 S. Charles street, 
also occupying No. 8. Still growing, they 
moved to Nos. 8 and 10 W. German street, 
where they were later compelled to vacate 
on account of increasing business, and re- 
moved to No. 25 Hanover street, and finally 
they took the large and commodious ware- 
house they now occupy. No. 32 Hopkins 
Place. Mr. Moritz died in 1886 and Mr. 
Keidel continued the business under the 
' firm name of Henry Keidel & Co. 

Mr. Keidel is very Democratic in his 



ways, and success in life has not spoiled him 
as it does many; he is plain and unassum- 
ing and the humblest person can approach 
him and always -receive a kind and polite 
hearing. 

He and his family reside at Catonsville, 
Baltimore county, Md. 

Francis X. Ganter, ^lanufacturer of 
Show Cases, Bar Fixtures, Billiard and 
Pool Tables, Bank, Store and Office Fix- 
tures, whose place of business is 9., 11 and 
13 W. Pratt street, was born December 25, 
1849, at Freiburg, Briesgau, Baden, Ger- 
many, and is the son of Peter Ganter and 
Christina Georgii, whose home was at Frie- 
burg until they came to this country and set- 
tled in 1872. 

In Frieburg his father caried on the cabi- 
net and glacier making business, having a 
large establishment and doing an extensive 
business. He had two children, a daughter, 
now deceased, and Mr. Ganter, the subject 
of this sketch. His father died in this city 
in 1888 and his mother is still living and re- 
sides with him in this city. 

Mr. Ganter came to this country in 1870, 
two years before his parents. He located 
in Baltimore and in 1876 began business for 
himself in a small way on Hanover street, 
at that time confining his operations to man- 
ufacturing show cases mainly, but by extra- 
ordinary energy and enterprise, also by 
adding the different branches of industry to 
his business, enlarged his workings from 
time to time, and to-day in the extent of his 
operations and the reputation of his pro- 
ductions, he stands without a peer in his 
line in the United States. 

His main factory is a spacious building, 
and by his recent purchase at the Wilkins 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Tobacco Factory adjoining, he still further 
increased its size, both buildings covering 
a working space of 86,000 square feet, and 
this factory, built acording to the ideas and 
under the supervision of Mr. Ganter him- 
self, is regarded as better equipped in his 
line of business, for manufacturing first- 
class goods, than any factory in the country, 
liiesides paying the strictest attention to the 
management of his large business, the mi- 
nutest details of which he understands and 
looks after as well as the larger ones, Mr. 
Ganter also is constantly studying out new 
ideas in connection with his business. He 
is the sole inventor and patentee of twenty- 
four inventions, some of which are exclu- 
sively by himself in his factory, thus en- 
abling him by his genius to manufacture 
goods not in the power of other concerns to 
produce. Mr. Ganter, besides his business 
here, has branches at 351 Canal street. New 
York: 40 N. Fourth street, Philadelphia, 
and 446 Pennsylvania avenue, N. W., Wash- 
ington, D. C, and altogether furnishes the 
greatest number of cases used in the North, 
East and South, also doing a large export 
lousiness to all civilized countries of the 
world through his New York house. 

Mr. Ganter is married and has four chil- 
dren, Charles F. W. and Arthur Ganter, 
\'.ho are in the service of their father at his 
factory: Joseiihine, and Mrs. Victoria Jose- 
])hine I'lricli, wife of Mr. Henry A. Ulrich, 
of thr ISaltimore bar. Mr. Ganter and 
family are Protestants; he is also a member 
of tlie Masonic fraternity. He is a plain, 
unassuming man, pleasant in manner and of 
a kindly disposition. He has many friends, 
and in business circles stands high for 
honor and honesty. He and his family re- 
.side at 632 N. Gilmor street, lialtimore. 



Roger William Barron, Produce Mer- 
chant, whose place of business is 17 W. 
Pratt street, is a son of the late John Barron 
and Eleanor (Oremm) Barron and was born 
in Baltimore, May 3, 185 1. His father was 
of Irish and Welsh descent and born March 
25, 1820, in Springfield, Mass.; his mother 
was born in Baltimore, Md., and was of 
Irish descent. Both his parents belonged 
to families who came to this country in the 
early days. His father for many years fol- 
lowed huckstering and marketing in Balti- 
more from early manhood up to the time of 
his death. During the Civil War he was an 
uncompromising Union man and a Repub- 
lican in politics; in the sixties served two 
terms in the Legislature as a representative 
from Baltimore, and several terms in the 
First and Second Branches of the City 
Council of Baltimore: was a close friend of 
John Lee Chapman, Mayor of Baltimore, 
in the early sixties. Flis father had five chil- 
dren: Mary E., wife of Robert Wellslager; 
Clara Virginia Putts, wife of Thomas Putts; 
Eleanor, John Barron, and the subject of 
this sketch, all residents of Baltimore. His 
parents are now dead, his father dying in 
1879 and his mother in 1886. Mr. Barron 
was educated in the public schools of Balti- 
more and at the age of fifteen he had to quit 
school and go to work. He followed in the 
steps of his father, and young as he was, 
commenced the business of a huckster in the 
markets of Baltimore, which business he 
continued for some time, and by push and 
energy made a success of it, prospered and 
when he went into his present business as a 
produce merchant, as a partner in the firm 
of Stewart & Barron, this being the pioneer 
in that kind of business in Baltimore; in 
1884 they dissolved partnership, l\Ir. Bar- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



ron succeeding to and carrying on the busi- 
ness himself at the stand 105 W. Pratt street 
until 189 1, when he purchased the ground 
and built his present commodious ware- 
house_ at 17 W. Pratt street, where he con- 
tinues to do business; he has also a branch 
store at 117 W. Pratt street, where he also 
does a large business which extends to Vir- 
ginia, West Virginia, Pennsylvania and 
throughout Maryland, tO' all of which States 
he ships large quantities of fruit and pro- 
duce, his house being one of the leading 
houses in this business in the city and doing 
the largest business. As will be seen, Mr. 
Barron started the world when a boy of fif- 
teen, and his success in life and present po- 
sition are due to his untiring energy and up- 
right dealing. Among his business asso- 
ciates and the public generally no one 
stands higher than Mr. Barron. In politics 
he is a Republican; is a member of the Elks 
and a Knight Templar. He is married and 
has two children, Lizzie S. and Edna E- 
Barron. He and his family attend Grace 
Methodist Episcopal Church and reside at 
1042 Edmondson avenue, corner of Arling- 
ton. Mr. Barron is one of the Board of Di- 
rectors of the South Baltimore Bank. 

Jonathan Kirkeridge Taylor, Gen- 
eral Agent Provident Life and Trust Com- 
pany, of Philadelphia, whose place of busi- 
ness is in the Fidelity Building, Charles and 
Lexington streets, this city, was born in 
Loudoun county, Va., September 3, 1838. 
He is a son of the late Jonathan and Lydia 
(Brown) Taylor, who were also born in 
Loudon county, the former in 1797, the lat- 
ter in 1803. Both parents were of English 
descent, their ancestors having been among 
the earliest settlers of Pennsylvania and re- 



moving thence to Virginia. Jonathan Tay- 
lor, Sr., was in early manhood a teacher and 
in later life and up to the time of his decease 
(1846) a prominent farmer of Virginia. His 
wife died in 1878. Their children were eight 
in number, four sons and four daughters, 
viz: William H. Taylor, B. Fenelon Tay- 
lor (both farmers), Caroline Taylor and L. 
Alice Pancoast, who reside in Loudon 
county, Va.; Hannah B. Stabler, Montgom- 
ery county, Md., and the subject of this 
sketch. Of the deceased children, T. Clark- 
son Taylor was a prominent educator, of 
Wilmington, Del, and was an eminent min- 
ister of the Society of Friends, and Susan- 
na C. Taylor was a teacher in Loudon 
county, Va. Jonathan K. Taylor completed 
his education at Allen's Normal School, 
West Chester, Pa., in 1861, and then fol- 
lowed in the footsteps of his father by adopt- 
ing the profession of an educator, establish- 
ing the Chester Valley Academy at Coates- 
ville. Pa., of which he was principal and pro- 
prietor. He was one of the most successful 
teachers Coatesville ever had and many 
young men look back with pride and pleas- 
ure upon their course of instruction under 
him. Chester Valley Academy was started 
with one boarder and ten day scholars. Si.x 
years later, when the academy was closed 
by Mr. Taylor because of very serious weak- 
ness of sight from over-taxation, there were 
enrolled 125 students, representing seven 
States. The excellent reputation of this in- 
stitution was widespread and for many years 
after it had been closed strangers inquired 
after Chester Valley Academy. For two 
years subsequent to closing his Coatesville 
school Mr. Taylor engaged in mercantile 
pursuits at Hamilton, Loudon county, Va. 
Then being wedded to his vocation as an 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



educator he established Loudon Valley 
Academy for the education of both sexes, he 
being proprietor and principal. Under his 
management a flourishing school was soon 
built up and in the latter years of his con- 
nection therewith he added to it the normal 
idea for the training of teachers and it was 
thereafter known as the Virginia Normal 
Institute. He remained as principal of this 
school until 1873, when the call to a wider 
sphere in which to employ his splendid 
ability as a teacher came through his pur- 
chase in the latter part of that year of the old 
Taylor and Jackson Academy building, 
Eighth and Wollaston streets, Wilmington, 
Del., an institution of learning that had been 
established by his brother, the late T. Clark- 
son Taylor. The building was materially 
improved by Mr. Taylor and he established 
therein a school of high grade for both 
sexes, which was called the Taylor Acad- 
emy. The first session of this institution 
began September 7, 1874. and it eventually 
became one of the most popular and suc- 
cessful schools of its kind in Delaware, the 
reputation of its principal as an educator at 
Coatesville and Hamilton having preceded 
him and assured the success of his school 
from its inception. While engaged here Mr. 
Taylor met with a disability which destroyed 
all his hopes, ambitions and plans as an edu- 
cator. His eyesight became so seriously 
impaired that his retirement from the pro- 
fession of teaching was enforced and he sold 
his school property- to the city of Wilming- 
ton. Being a man of indomitable will, in- 
defatigable energy and untiring industry, 
Mr. Taylor could not and did not remain 
long idle. On January i. 1878. he became 
a special agent of the I'rovident Life and 



Trust Company, of Philadelphia, at Wil- 
mington, Del., where a great business suc- 
cess attended his efforts. November 6, 
1879, Mr. Taylor, in partnership association 
with Mr. E. H. Walker, opened an ofifice on 
German street near South, this city, as gen- 
eral agents of the Provident Life and Trust 
Company, of Philadelphia, and on the com- 
pletion of the Fidelity Building May i, 
1894, moved to their suite of rooms on the 
second floor of that structure. The firm has 
offices also in the Atlantic Building, Wash- 
ington, D. C, and Wilmington, Del, and 
have over $12,000,000 of life insurance in 
force. Mr. Taylor was married July 15, 
1863, to Emma L., daughter of the late Jo- 
seph and Mary (Cloud) Pyle, residents of 
Chester county. Pa., of English ancestry. 
Mr. and Mrs. Taylor are members of the 
Society of Friends, of which Mr. Taylor is 
chairman of the Board of Trustees; of the 
School Committee; Historical Committee, 
and First Day School Committee. In addi- 
tion to his business connection as above 
Mr. Taylor is vice-president of the Guar- 
dian Security, Trust and Deposit Com- 
pany, of Baltimore. Mr. Taylor has never 
held office other than the postniastership 
at Hamilton, Va., during two administra- 
tions. During the war he was an uncon- 
ditional Union man and was nominated by 
the Republican party for the State Senate 
at the first election following the surrender 
of Lee. The campaign was an extremely 
lively one, Mr. Taylor canvassing five or six 
counties (the then district) in a joint debate 
in opposition to Edgar A. Snowden and 
Thomas E. Taylor. He was defeated by a 
few hundred votes, running far ahead of his 
ticket. Mr. Taylor has been a popular lee- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



turer on the natural sciences, his travels 
in Europe and this country- and on temper- 
ance. For a number of years he was a mem- 
ber of the Frankhn Institute, Philadelphia. 
Mr. Taylor is a most zealous advocate of the 
cause of temperance. He is vice-president 
of the Maryland State Temperance Alliance 
and a most valued and valuable member of 
that organization as witness the following 
extract from the annual report of President 
Henry Branch, D. D., to the Convention 
held in Baltimore May 26, 27 and 28, 1896: 

"Ihe purchase of permanent headquar- 
ters, itself the dream of a vivid imagination, 
became the settled purpose of one of the 
most untiring, as he is one of the most in- 
telligent of our consecrated workers, and 
the story will be told to you by the man 
whose clear head and generous heart have 
heretofore so largely shaped the destiny of 
this body and whose loyalty with unswerv- 
ing devotion, has been a tower of defense 
to this cause. For wisdom in counsel, skill 
in management, and patient continuance in 
well doing Prof. J. K. Taylor excites our 
highest admiration and should receive our 
most grateful recognition.'" 

Rev. W. G. Herbert in his annual report 
to the same convention paid the following 
tribute to Mr. Taylor: 

"To my friend, and the friend of every 
man and cause that has merit, whose life 
of unostentatious benevolence has blessed, 
and shall ever bless the world, in whose fer- 
tile brain was born the thought of a per- 
manent place where the work of the Alli- 
ance might be carried on, and who in the 
midst of bodily sufifering still thought, and 
prayed, and gave of his means, and by dint 
of personal effort, has made that conception 



a glorious reality, to Prof. Jonathan K. Tay- 
lor, I make my bow of appreciation." 

Alexander M. Briscoe, Conveyancer 
and Builder, whose office is at 11 East Fay- 
ette street, was born in Charlestown, Jeffer- 
son county, Va., (now West Virginia) on 
the i6th of May, 1843. He is a son of John 
Thomas Briscoe and Henrietta E. ' Little. 
His father was born in Fairfax county, Va., 
and his mother in Harper's Ferry, Jefferson 
county, Va. His ancestors were among the 
early settlers of Virginia, having emigrated 
from Crofton Hall, Cumberland county, 
England, in the year 1722. The family coat 
of arms is : Anns argent, three greyhounds, 
current in pale sable, crest greyhound cur- 
rent sable seizing a hare. Crofton Hall, 
County Cumberland, England. 

His father was a farmer and stock raiser 
and died at Little River, Kansas, in 1895, 
and his mother died in Baltimore in April, 
1882. 

Mr. Briscoe was educated in the public 
schools of Baltimore, but did not have much 
opportunity for an education in his early 
days, as at the age of nine years he started 
life selling pop-corn ; at twelve years of age 
he went to Kent county, Md., to learn farm- 
ing. He returned to Baltimore after a year 
and began to learn the trade of carpenter- 
ing, and in 1861 started in this business for 
himself on Paca near Lexington street, and 
carried on this business until 1863, when 
he enlisted as a private in the Union Army, 
Company F, First Regiment, Potomac 
Home Brigade, Maryland Cavalry, known 
as Cole's cavalry. From private he was 
promoted to quai'termaster sergeant, then 
to second lieutenant, Company L same regi- 
ment, then to first lieutenant, same com- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



pany and regiment. He was in most of the 
battles fought by this cavalry, and was 
noted for his bravery and gallantry. In a 
fight at Hagerstown, Md., July 29, 1864, he 
was wounded and taken prisoner by the 
Confederates and imprisoned at Columbia, 
S. C, until February, 1865, when he made 
his escape from prison, worked his way suc- 
cessfully through the South and the Con- 
federate lines, and returned to Maryland. 
He then rejoined his regiment in Virginia 
and served with it until the war closed and 
thev were mustered out of service. After 
the war he worked at his trade as carpenter 
in Baltimore for one year, when he was ap- 
pointed letter-carrier in the Baltimore post- 
office, and was in that service three years. 
In 1870 he was appointed enrolling officer of 
the Maryland Militia; was register of voters 
during 1872-73; was appointed justice of the 
peace for Baltimore in 1875 and occupied 
that position until May, 1880, when he com- 
menced the business he is now in, that of 
conveyancer and builder. He was clerk of 
the First Branch of the Baltimore City 
Council in 1889, 1890. 1891. 1892, 1893 and 

1894. 

Mr. Briscoe has been married twice: first 
on May 22, 1865, to Christiana S. Barth, 
and after his decease was, on May 14, 1868, 
married to Alvira Toland. He has four 
children; Charles A. Briscoe, attorney-at- 
law; Fenton H. Briscoe, traveling advance 
theatrical agent ; Henrietta E. and Alexena 
McLane Briscoe. All reside with him at 
his home, 734 W. Hamburg street, Balti- 
more, except the eldest, who is married and 
lives at 2316 Ruskin avenue. He and his 
family are Episcopalians. He is a member 
of the Grand Army of the Republic, also of 
Gem Conclave, No. 3, Heptasophs, and of 



American Flag Council, Jr. O. U. .\. AL, 
No. 90. In politics he is a Democrat and 
tal<es quite an active part in party matters. 
He was secretary of the first Democratic or- 
ganization in 1867. He always engages in 
a campaign when it takes place — ^making 
speeches and working hard for the success 
of his party. Mr. Briscoe is a genial and 
pleasant gentleman, stands well in the com- 
munity and has hosts of friends. 

Charles E. Baker, of Baker Bros., 
Manufacturers of Glass, 26 and 38 S.Charles 
street, is a son of Charles J. Baker and Eliz- 
abeth (Basserman) Baker, and was born in 
Baltimore, February 5, 1845. His father 
and motlier were both of German descent, 
their ancestors coming to this country from 
Germany in the early days of the settlement 
of the country. His father, Charles J. Baker 
was a glass manufacturer and banker, one 
of the most prominent and well-known busi- 
ness men of his day in Baltimore, and iden- 
tified with large business enterprises of 
various kinds, and a successful man in 
everything he engaged in. He had nine 
children, eight of whom are living, William, 
Jr., George B., president of the Third Na- 
tional Bank; Bernard N., Richard J., Frank 
M., Ashby Lee Baker, who resides in Ral- 
eigh, N. C, and is a cotton manufacturer, 
and Mrs. Mary H. Bradenbaugh, wife of 
Rev. A. E. Bradenbaugh, and the subject of 
this sketch; all reside in Baltimore except 
Ashby Lee. Mr. Baker's father and- mother 
are deceased. Mr. Baker was educated in 
the private schools of Baltimore, but quit 
school at thirteen years of age, when he 
went into the service of the firm of Baker 
Bros., glass manufacturers, working for one 
dollar a week. This firm was founded in 



HISTORV OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



801 



1857 by Mr. Baker's father and uncle and 
has continued to do business under that firm 
name up to the present time, forty years. 
^Ir. Baker, after working with the firm as 
clerk, salesman, etc., in 1865 became a part- 
ner in the firm, and to-day is the head of the 
house of Baker Bros., and has the chief 
management of their large business, not 
only at their glass factory, but at their ware- 
house and general offices, 36 and 38 S. 
Charles street. Mr. Baker has been married 
twice, having married sisters, the daughters 
of Benjamin Whitely and Elizabeth W. 
Stone, whose great-grandfather was one of 
the most distinguished gentlemen of that 
day, and a signer of the Declaration of In- 
dependence. His first wife was Mary E. 
Whitely, and his second Hattie Stone 
Whitely, and he was first married February 
5, 1867, and on the decease of his first wife 
married again; he had ten children, nine of 
whom are living: William H., who is sec- 
retary of the Chemical Company,- Canton; 
Charles J., Jr. ; Mary E. ; Benjamin W., who 
is in business in Raleigh, N. C: Hattie S., 
Florence L., Edith M., Emma R. and Vir- 
ginia Baker. Mr. Baker and his family are 
Protestants and are members of the Meth- 
odist Episcopal Church. In politics he 
is a Democrat, but takes no part in such 
matters, only to vote, he being strictly 
a business man, and his large business 
matters requiring all his attention. With 
the public and among his business as- 
sociates he stands high and is noted as 
a man of fine business qualities and 
sterling honesty and worth. He is, besides 
being identified with his own business en- 
terprises, president of the Chemical Com- 
pany, of Canton, treasurer of the Baltimore 
Guano Company, treasurer and member of 



the Board of Managers of the Baltimore 
General Dispensary, one of the oldest chari- 
ties of the State of Maryland. His home is 
at 1405 Eutaw Place. 

William R. Hammond of the firm of 
Hammond & Snyder, Grain Exporters and 
Receivers, Nos. 49 and 51 Chamber of Com- 
merce Building, was bom March 4, 1864, at 
Berlin, Worcester county, Md. He is the 
son of William K. Hammond and Myra G. 
Hammond ncc Marshall. His father was 
born in Worcester county, Md., and his 
mother in Georgetown,, Del. Both his par- 
ents' ancestors were old settlers of Maryland 
and Delaware. His father was a boot and 
shoe merchant, and died in Baltimore in 
1887; his mother is still living and resides in 
this city. His parents had five children: 
Eleanor, who is the wife of Mr. Robert A. 
Lynch; Thomas T.; Harry M., and Bessie 
Hammond, all of whom reside in Baltimore. 

Mr. Hammond was educated in the public 
schools of Baltimore, but commenced his 
business career early in life, and in 1879, 
when 15 years of age, left school and went 
into the office as office boy of the firm of J. 
S. J. Gordon & Co., flour and grain mer- 
chants of this city. After a short time he 
severed his connection with this firm and en- 
tered the servic'e of Charles D. Fenhagen as 
a clerk, Mr. Fenhagen being in the flour 
and grain business. Now Mr. Fenhagen is 
City Comptroller of Baltimore. After being 
in the service of Mr. Fenhagen a short time 
Mr. Hammond was made a partner in the 
business. Dissolving his connection with 
the firm of Fenhagen & Co., he and Mr. 
John W. Snyder, formerly of Martinsburg, 
W. Va., formed a partnership under the 
name of Hammond & Snyder, grain export- 
ers and receivers, and it is under this firm 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



name that Messrs. Hammond & Snyder are 
noAv doing business. 

Mr. Hammond was married in Baltimore 
November 13, 1888, to Mrs. Fannie Frost 

(Pomp). Her fatlier is Mr. Pomp, 

and her mother Mrs. (Frost) Pomp. 

Mr. Hammond has one daughter, Audrey 
Frost Hammond. He and his family are 
members of the Presbyterian Church. In 
politics he is a Republican. 

The firm of which Mr. Hammond is the 
head is a young firm, both he and Mr. Sny- 
der being young men, but they are full of 
push, energy and business; they do a large 
business, exporting grain to all parts of the 
world. They are very popular among their 
business associates and stand high for in- 
tegrity and fair dealing. Mr. Hammond is 
regarded as one of the best and most suc- 
cessful grain merchants on the Atlantic sea- 
board. 

He and his family live at 1533 Linden av- 
enue. 

SamuLL Budd Se.\ton, Jr., Mamifac- 
turer of Stoves, Furnaces and Ranges, of 
Baltimore, Md., was born in Baltimore City 
April 25, 1853; his father was Samuel Budd 
Se.xton, of Burlington county. New Jersey, 
who commenced business Jn Baltimore in 
the }ear 1839 and established the well 
known house of S. B. Sexton & Co., which 
has since been succeeded by the firm of S. 
B. Sexton & Son. He was the inventor and 
patentee of the celebrated Baltimore fire- 
place heater, which has won fame for the 
firm throughout the country. 

Mr. Sexton, Sr., retired from the business 
in the year 1889, after celebrating the fiftieth 
anniversary in business, and died July 30, 
1890, aged 79 years. Mr. Sexton's mother 



was Elizabeth Ann Sexton, iice Elbert, and 
was born in Easton, Talbot county, Md., 
and died in Baltimore December 26, 1883, 
aged 64 years. Mr. Se.xton had one brother 
and two sisters, of whom there is only one 
now living — Mrs. Sarah E. Kiefer, wife of 
George T. Kiefifer, of Baltimore, Md. 

He was educated in Baltimore, attending 
the public schools for a number of years and 
finished his studies at the Friends' High 
School ; he afterwards graduated from Bry- 
ant, Stratton & Sadtler Business College, of 
Baltimore, July 8, 1871. In August, 1871, 
he was taken into the office of S. B. Sexton 
& Co., and from March, 1872, to 1874, was 
given charge of the management of the 
manufacturing department of the busi- 
ness. In 1874 he became a partner with 
his father, and the style of the firm 
changed to S. B. Sexton & Son, the 
business continuing under that style ever 
since. In 1889 he bought out his father's 
interest in the firm and has since been the 
sole proprietor of the business, which has 
been gradually increasing, necessitating the 
acquirement of other property and also a 
considerable enlargement of the plant and 
warehouse, which are situated in the follow- 
ing parts of the city, viz: The foundry, fac- 
tory and warehouse buildings are on West 
Conway street, Nos. 511 to 527, inclusive. 
Warehouse on Wayne street; store and 
salesroom No. 23 E. Lombard street. 

Within a recent date Mr. Sexton has pur- 
chased three large warehouses four stories 
in height, with iron fronts, known as Nos. 
5, 7 and <■) S. Cay street, which he intends 
to use in connection with his business. 

Mr. Se.xton is married and his family con- 
sists of his wife and six children, two daugh- 
ters and four sons. Thev reside in Balti- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



803 



more City during the winter, at 1914 Eutaw 
Place; in the summer at their country seat, 
"The Cedars," at Mt. Washington, Balti- 
more county. He and his family are con- 
nected with Grace Methodist Episcopal 
Church, Baltimore. He is a member of the 
Masonic fraternity, also a member of a num- 
ber of fraternal and benevolent associations. 
He is very conservative in his views on po- 
litical matters, but adheres firmly to his con- 
victions on any subject when he believes he 
is right. He was president of the Builders' 
Exchange, one of the principal organiza- 
tions of the city, during the year 1895, when 
the National Association of Builders of the 
United States held their convention in Bal- 
timore, and were the guests of the Builders' 
Exchange" of Baltimore. Last year he was 
elected delegate at large to represent the 
Baltimore Builders' Exchange in the Na- 
tional Association of Builders; he is also a 
director in the last named association. He 
has been connected with a number of local 
enterprises and has given much of his time 
to the advancement of the city, so as to make 
it one of the principal commercial centres 
of the country. 

Mr. Sexton has the full confidence of the 
public ; is an active man of untiring energy, 
full of progress and a generous, public- 
spirited citizen. 

George Smith Kieffer, son of the Rev. 
Moses Kieffer, D. D., and Catherine Ann 
Kiefifer (nee Smfth), was born in Hagers- 
town, Md., September 23, 1844. After 
growing up in the bosom of a pious family 
he started, at the age of eleven years, to the 
preparatory school at Heidelberg College, 
in Tiffin, O.. and afterwards entered the col- 
lege, where he studied until the age of fif- 



teen, with a view to graduate and afterwards 
make law his profession, but owing to cir- 
cumstances he went into business, develop- 
ing land, which he successfully operated for 
a time. In 1869 he came to Baltimore; in 
1871 married Miss Sarah Elizabeth Sexton, 
daughter of Samuel Budd Sexton (the in- 
ventor of the celebrated Baltimore fire-place 
heater) and Elizabeth Ann Sexton {nee El- 
bert, of Easton, Md.). Three children were 
born to them, viz: Bessie Kate, Mary Sex- 
ton and George Samuel M., all of whom are 
living in Baltimore. In 1881 he was com- 
missioned a justice of the peace for the Thir- 
teenth election district of Baltimore county, 
and retained the position until May, 1896. 
From 1 879, in connection with this position 
of magistrate, he has assisted the well 
known firm of S. B. Sexton & Son, stove 
manufacturers of Baltimore, in their busi- 
ness as their accountant. In 1894 he was 
elected a Democratic member of the Mary- 
land Legislature; while a member of that 
body he became noted for his efiforts to se- 
cure protection to motormen on our electric 
cars, from October to April of every year, 
from the cold and storms, by having them 
enclosed in glass. The committee to whom 
the bill was assigned brought in an unfav- 
orable report; he substituted the bill for the 
report, and in an extended speech, suc- 
ceeded. It passed the second reading, and 
was finally killed by a great efifort of the 
lobby, after (according to the records) the 
bill was before the House six times, show- 
ing with what persistency and determina- 
tion he espoused the cause of those he claim- 
ed as the bread winners of the corporation 
they serve. He also had a charter granted 
to the South Baltimore Company, to con- 
struct a bridge across the upper portions of 



804 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Spring Gardens, to connect Baltimore coun- 
ty with Baltimore City, in order that electric 
cars could be run from Ridgley street, along 
the Annapolis road and around the Spring 
Gardens, thus developing on the Baltimore 
county side the most beautiful resorts for 
the weary toilers of our great city and in- 
creasing the taxable basis of the county, and 
thus gradually enhancing the value of all 
the surrounding land. By this act of As- 
sembly, brought about by his indefatigable 
efforts in the face of much opposition, thou- 
sands of citizens with their families during 
the hot months avail themselves of a cool 
and refreshing trip to the beautiful groves 
and around the water's edge, where the poor 
mothers and their sick children are benefit- 
ed, as the Baltimore Traction Company has 
given them a five cent fare, thus putting 
within the reach of all health and happiness. 
Mr. Kieffer, although a self-made man (so 
far as this phrase can be sensibly quoted), 
has inherited from his father, the Rev. M. 
Kieffer, a gift of oratory, cjuite natural, be- 
ing a pleasant and edifying speaker, always 
in demand during a political canvass. His 
views are, as a rule, consistently held, logic- 
ally developed and clearly presented; he 
holds his audience by what he says and also 
by his manner of saying it. He is a Demo- 
crat and firmly believes that the only hope 
of our country, for its betterment, is that the 
principles of Jefferson, Jackson and William 
Jennings Bryan (on whom rest their man- 
tle.s) shall be carried out. Reared by a pious 
father and mother of Protestant faith, he be- 
came a member of the Protestant Episcopal 
Church, yet he has charity for all denomina- 
tions, believing there exists truth enough in 
them all to keep them alive. Although an 
Episcopalian, he has been for more than 



eighteen years, superintendent of a Metho- 
dist Episcopal Sunday-school at Sexton- 
ville, in Baltimore county. He is a member 
of the Masonic fraternity and also of the 
Royal Arcanum. He looks back upon the 
days of youth and holds in sacred reverence 
his father, the Rev. M. Kieffer, D. D., presi- 
dent of Heidelberg College and professor 
of Theology, at Tiffin, O., for a number of 
years, and remembers how his father la- 
bored for years in writing a book of "Dog- 
matic Theology," and when completed he 
took the ]\ISS. to Chambersburg, Pa., with 
a view of having it published. The next 
day after he had left it with the publishers, 
the Confederate soldiers burned Chambers- 
burg, and his labor of years went up in 
smoke. His father died in Sandusky, C)., 
February 3, 1888, and his mother in Tiffin, 
September 14, 1867. Four children were 
born to them, two dying in infancy, the 
other, the Rev. Augustin Rauch Kiefifer, is 
an Episcopal minister, now residing at 
Bradford, McKean county. Pa., a graduate 
of Heidelberg College, Tiffin, O., and of the 
Theological Seminary of Gambier, O. He 
married Miss Lena Hall, daughter of the 
celebrated Doctor Hall, now of New York 
City. The subject of this sketch resides on 
Spence avenue. Thirteenth District, Balti- 
more county, Md., during the summer, and 
his city home during the winter is 1414 Mt. 
Royal avenue, where with his family blessed 
of God, a welcome hearty hand is extended 
to those many friends who for nearly thirty 
years of close personal and endearing mem- 
ories are held in sweet recollection. Truly 
can it be said, '"The good man's steps are 
ordered by the l,ord."' Mr. Kieffer's place 
of business is 521 W. Conway street. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



805 



Edward J. Codd, Engineer and Machin- 
ist, whose place of business is at 700-708 
South CaroHne street, was born in Balti- 
more, August 6, 1833. He is the son of 
Pilkington Codd and Eliza Anna Cowpland. 
His father was an Irishman, and was born 
in Ireland and came to this country when a 
youth and settled in Baltimore. He was a 
lawyer and practiced in the courts of Balti- 
more and the adjoining counties. His mo- 
ther was born in Philadelphia, Pa., and was 
the daughter of Capt. William S. Cowpland, 
whose family was among the early settlers 
of Pennsylvania. During the War of 1812 
and 1814 with England, he commanded the 
privateer Revenge, distinguishing himself 
by the number of merchantmen he captured 
and destroyed. He became such a terror 
that the English Government determined to 
capture Captain Cowpland nnd his cruiser, 
"The Revenge," and finally in a severe bat- 
tle with him, they succeeded in doing so, 
taking him and his crew prisoners and de- 
stroying his ship. They held him captive 
two years, confining him in the Dartmouth 
prison. The cruel treatment and suffering 
of the prisoners at that prison were a notable 
event in the history of our country. After 
his release he returned to this country, and 
settled in Baltimore, where he resided for 
some years until his death. 

Mr. Codd's father had five children, all 
deceased except the subject of this sketch. 
One of his sons, William H. Codd, and bro- 
ther to Air. E. J. Codd, went south when 
the Civil War commenced, entered the 
Confederate Army (infantry), and was noted 
for his gallantry. He was severely wounded 
at the first battle of Manassas. On his re- 
covery he was transferred to the Confeder- 
ate Navy and assigned to the position of first 



assistant engineer on the famous Confeder- 
ate cruiser "Shenandoah," Capt. James Ire- 
dell Waddell commanding, and was with 
the "Shenandoah" in all its exciting cruises 
around the world, capturing and destroying 
United States' merchantmen, until Novem- 
ber 6, 1865, when Captain Waddell ran his 
ship into Liverpool and delivered her up to 
the English Government, Capt. Waddell 
not hearing that the war had ended until the 
2d of August, which information he received 
from a British bark, when on his way to the 
California coast. On turning his ship over 
to the English Government, Assistant En- 
gineer Codd and his men were discharged, 
and he returned to Baltimore, where for 
some years he was in business with his bro- 
ther, the subject of this sketch. Mr. Codd's 
father died in 1842, and his mother on the 
4th of July, 1891. Both died in Baltimore. 

Mr. Codd was educated in the public 
schools and St. Patrick's parochial school 
of this city. He left school at the age of 15. 
He was apprenticed to Wells & Miller, well 
known machinists of that day. He was with 
this firm five years, when he severed his con- 
nection with it and served on a steamship for 
two years as engineer. He then started in 
his present business in a small way, until to- 
day it is one of the largest establishments of 
its kind in our city, employing an average of 
one hundred and fifty men annually. 

He started in business by himself, then 
with his brother, William H. Codd, as a 
partner, and then with his son, William C, 
until 1888, when he formed and incorpor- 
ated the E. J. Codd Co., he being the presi- 
dent of the company, and J. W. Mohler, Jr., 
the secretary and treasurer, their business 
being engine, machine, boiler builders and 
millwrights. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



In 1859 — when 26 years of age — he mar- 
ried Avarilla Hooper, daughter of James 
Hooper and Marianna Hooper. Mr. 
Hooper was a prominent and well-known 
merchant in this city of that day, and 
he and his wife's family descended from 
one of Maryland's oldest families. He has 
eight children: Mary Stella, William C, 
Charles, Edward J., Eugene, Vernon, Clar- 
ence and Clinton, all residents of this city. 
He and his family belong to the Catholic 
faith. In politics he says he is a Jefifersonian 
Democrat. He has never held any public 
office except that of a member of the Har- 
bor Board a few years ago. 

He is treasurer of the Dolan Aid Society, 
member Board of Protectors St. Mary's Fe- 
male Orphan Asylum, trustee St. Mary's 
Industrial School, and is a director of Can- 
ton National Bank, Economy Savings 
Bank. East Baltimore Business Men's Asso- 
ciation, Assurance Building Association, 
Equitable Building Association, Friendly 
Inn, Baltimore Poor Association, Baltimore 
Mutual Life Insurance Company, American 
Banking and Trust Company and the Mu- 
tual Guarantee Building and Loan Associa- 
tion. 

Mr. Codd is one of our most prominent 
business men and is well known through- 
out the city, but is more particularly known 
in the eastern section, being clearly iden- 
tified with everything that goes to build 
up and develop that vicinity, alvvavs" 
ready to assist with his means and in every 
way to accomplish this end. Besides busi- 
ness matters, as will be seen, he is identified 
with the charities of the city, and it is his 
greatest pleasure to help the needy and do 
what he can to alleviate the sufferings of the 
poor, the unfortunate and destitute. He is 



of a kindly disposition, pleasant in his inter- 
course with his fellow men, everybody loves 
him, and for sterling honesty and integrity 
none stand higher in our city than he. He 
and his family reside at 506 North Broad- 
way. 

William H. Hoffman, Leather Mer- 
chant, 112 E. Lombard street, was born in 
Baltimore, May 27, 1839. He is the son of 
George Lockman Hoffman and Mary Dru- 
silla Lyeth, both of w'hom were born in 
Baltimore, their ancestors being among the 
early settlers of the countr>-, and on both 
sides serving as soldiers in the Revolution- 
ary War. His father's business was that of 
a tanner and currier, and in his early life he 
was in the service of the Defords ol this city, 
well-known tanners and leather merchants 
of that day, dissolving his connection with 
them in 1856. He then went into the leather 
business himself and became a partner in 
the firm of Stansbury & Hoffman, he being 
the principal manager and conductor of the 
business of this firm. They carried on the 
leather business until 1858, when the firm 
was changed and became the firm of Hoff- 
man & Deford, and continued under this 
name and style until 1868, when it was dis- 
solved and his father succeeded to the busi- 
ness and formed the firm of G. L. Hoffman 
& Co., his eldest son, John M. Hoffman, 
being the company in this firm. It con- 
tinued until November. 1881, when his son, 
John M. Hoffman, died, and in 1890 Mr. 
Wm. H. Hoffman was taken into the firm 
as a partner with his father under the same 
firm name of G. L. Hoffman & Co. His 
father died June 18, 1891, and he succeeded 
to the business which he still conducts under 
the old firm name at the same warehouse 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



807 



at 112 E. Lombard street, where his father 
commenced the business forty years ago. 
His mother died April 28, 1883. 

His parents had seven children, all of 
whom are deceased with the exception of 
Mr. Hof?m.an, the subject of this sketch, and 
his sister, Mrs. Mary E. Keister, wife of 
W. H. Keister, a commission merchant of 
this city. 

Mr. Hofifman was educated in the public 
schools of Baltimore. After leaving school 
in 1837, he went to Berkeley county, Va., to 
live, and was engaged in looking after some 
farming interests of his relatives in that 
county until 1862, when he located at Mar- 
tinsburg, the county seat of Berkeley 
county, Va., now West Virginia, and en- 
gaged in the general merchandise business 
at that place until 1870, when at the instance 
of his father he closed out his business and 
took charge of his father's tannery, known 
as the Union Tannery, at Uniontown, Car- 
roll county, Md., and continued in charge of 
this until 1890, when as we have said he was 
made a partner in his father's business in 
Baltimore, and came to this city to reside. 

Mr. Hofifman was married in Hagers- 
town, Md., December 23, 1862, to Laura 
Virginia Mead, the daughter of Stephen 
Barton Mead and Sarah Elizabeth Bennett. 
Her father was born in New York and her 
mother in Pennsylvania. Both of them are 
descendants of old and prominent families 
of their respective States. After her parents" 
marriage in Pennsylvania, they went to 
Martinsburg, Va., to reside, where Mrs. 
Hofifman was born. Her father is now de- 
ceased. 

Mr. and Mrs. Hoffman have eight chil- 
dren: Sallie; John William, whose wife was 
Miss Sadie O. Anderson, of this city; Mary 



Drusilla, wife of Norman Paduzzi; Frank, 
Howard, whose wife was Miss Blanche De- 
hofif, of Carroll county, Md.; Laura Vir- 
ginia, wife of Charles Rooke; Benjamin Al- 
bert and Bertha Edna. All his children re- 
side in Baltimore with the exception of 
Howard, who resides in Baltimore county. 
Mr. Hofifman and his family attend the Lu- 
theran Church. In politics Mr. Hofifman is 
a Republican. He is a fine business man, 
and does a large business. Among his as- 
sociates he stands high for honest and fair 
dealing, and his word is considered as good 
as his bond. He is very domestic, loves and 
is devoted to his home, where he spends all 
his spare time with his family. He is of a 
very kindly disposition, always ready to 
help those in need and is liked by all who 
know him. His home is at 627 North Cal- 
houn street, fronting Harlem Square. 

Bernard WiESENFELD, Attorney-at- 
Law, ofifice 706 Fidelity Building, N. W. 
corner Charles and Lexington streets, was 
born in Baltimore December 29, 1857. His 
father was Moses Wiesenfeld, born in the 
Duchy of Hesse Darmstadt, Germany, in the 
year 1819 and settled in Baltimore in 1837. 
His mother was Betsey Friedenwald, 
daughter of the late Jonas Friedenwuld, and 
sister of Joseph Friedenwald and Dr. A. 
Friedenwald. She was born in Giessen, 
Germany, in 1825 and came to Baltimore 
with her parents in 1832. Her father was 
the founder and head of the firm of Wiesen- 
feld & Co., manufacturers of clothing, who 
were the pioneers in this business in the 
United States, doing a very large business 
for years in this city and amassing a large 
fortune. He had nine children, five sons, 
David, Hiram, Robert S., Joseph and Mr. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Wiesenfeld, the subject of this sketch; also 
four daughters, Caroline, the wife of Mi- 
chael Rosenfeld, a member of the firm of 
Rosenfeld Bros., proprietors of the New 
York clothing house of this city; Rebecca, 
wife of Abram Altemayer; Amelia, wife of 
Joseph Miller, retired merchant; and Rose, 
wife of Goody Rosenfeld, one of the firm of 
Rosenfeld Bros. All of them reside in Bal- 
timore, except Mr. and Mrs. Altemayer, 
who live in San Francisco, Cal. Both ol 
Mr. Wiesenfeld's parents are deceased, his 
father dying in 1871 and his mother in 1894. 
Mr. Wiesenfeld was educated in the pub- 
lic schools of Baltimore and is a graduate 
of Baltimore City College ; he also attended 
Harvard College, Johns Hopkins Univer- 
sity, and graduated in law at the University 
of Maryland in 1889, previous to which he 
was a clerk with the firm of Wiesenfeld & 
Co. Since his graduating at the University 
Law School, he has been practicing law in 
the courts of Baltimore. Mr. Wiesenfeld is 
married and has one child, Elizabeth Wie- 
senfeld. lie was married in Baltimore 
March 26, 1895, and his wife, Blanche Fried- 
enwald, is the daughter of Isaac Frieden- 
wald, who was born in Giessen, Germany, 
and Eugenie Dalsheimer, who was born in 
Vicksburg, Miss. He and his family are 
ijrthodox Hebrews. In politics he is a 
Sound Money Democrat. He is an alumnus 
of Baltimore City College, Johns Hopkins 
University, Law School of the University of 
Maryland; also a member of Phoenix Club 
and connected with a number of charitable 
institutions of our city, being like his ances- 
tors on both sides, the Wiesenfelds and 
Friedenwalds, devoted to charity and help- 
ing the needy and destitute. He stands high 
with his brother members of the bar for ster- 



ling integrity and honor. He is of a kindly 
and genial disposition and liked by all who 
know him. He and his family reside at 1926 
Eutaw Place, Baltimore. 

Edward S. Judge, Editor and Publisher, 
also Secretary of the National Food Pack- 
ers' Association, office 38 S. Holliday street, 
Baltimore; residence, Winston avenue, Go- 
vanstown, Baltimore county, Md. 

This gentleman was born in Baltimore on 
the 25th of June. 1842. His father was 
Henry Judge and his mother's maiden name 
was Anne AIcNuIty; his father was a native 
of Ireland, born on Easter Sunday in the 
year 1809. His mother was born in Dublin 
of English and Irish parentage in the year 
1819. At sixteen years of age his father set- 
tled in the island of Jamaica, W. I., where 
he was connected with a firm dealing largely 
in music and musical instruments. He left 
there in 1840, coming to Baltimore. His 
mother died in January, 1866, and his father 
in August. 1871. 

Mr. Henry Judge, who was very well 
known in Baltimore, was the father of 
twelve children, eleven of whom lived to be 
over forty years of age. Of these, eight 
were sons and three daughters. The latter 
all went into religious life and became nuns. 
Two of the sons also entered the religious 
life, one of whom is Rev. Charles J. Judge, 
professor in the College of St. Charles, near 
Ellicott City, Md., and the other. Rev. Wil- 
liam H. Judge, is at present a Jesuit mission- 
ary in Alaska, located among the miners at 
Forty Miles. 

The subject of this article was educated 
partly at Calvert Hall and partly in the pub- 
lic schools of Baltimore; but at fifteen years 
of age, being well grown, he found himself 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



809 



occupation with the gilding firm of Barrett 
& Bros., where he remained until the out- 
break of the war. In June, 1862, near the 
close of his nineteenth year, he ran the 
blockade to Richmond and entered the 
Southern Army, joining Captain (after- 
wards Colonel) Herbert's company; and 
from that until his capture at Hatcher's Run 
on the 2d of April, 1865, he was steadily with 
the command, having had neither sickness 
nor furlough. In May, 1863, while in camp 
at Lacey's Springs, in the valley of Virginia, 
he was appointed by Colonel Herbert as as- 
sistant commissary of subsistence to Capt. 
J. Edgar Howard, who was regimental com- 
missary. After the Gettysbtirg campaign, 
shortly after the command reached Warren- 
ton, he was appointed by Captain Crane, 
then in command of the battalion, commis- 
sary sergeant, under the' new law of the Con- 
federate Congress which had abolished the 
office of captain commissary, and substi- 
tuted that of commissary sergeant. As 
stated, he remained with the regiment 
through all its experiences until captured at 
Hatcher's Run on April 2, 1865. Thence 
he was sent as prisoner to Point Lookout, 
where he remained until June 9th following, 
when he returned to Baltimore. Here he 
went into the provision business for two 
years, but later gave his attention to orna- 
mental architectural work, which his previ- 
ous knowledge in the gilding and orna- 
mental business specially fitted him for. At 
this time he took out a patent for Papier- 
mache and Carton-Pierre work, and shortly 
afterwards went to Philadelphia, where he 
sold the right to use the same to some large 
manufacturers of ornamental work in that 
city. While superintending that branch of 
their business, he established a factory for 



the manufacture of floU heads, on his own 
account; but receiving favorable ofTers from 
some capitalists there for the general work- 
ing of his patents, they formed a company 
for its manufacture. Success and loss 
marked the course of the next ten years; the 
six years following 1873 being continuously 
disastrous. In 1880 he dismissed his work- 
ing force, closed up his business and went 
West to start life afresh. He went to St. 
Louis, where he remained but two years, 
and then returned to Baltimore to take 
charge of a weekly paper which had been 
started in the interests of the Canned Goods 
Packers, known as Tlic Trade, of which he 
was editor and publisher. He soon suc- 
ceeded in making it the organ of the canning 
interests and gave his attention to the build- 
ing up of the influence of the Canned Goods 
Exchange of Baltimore, of which he was for 
five years secretary. He resigned that posi- 
tion in 1889, after having organized the 
canned goods packers in various parts of the 
United States, and consolidated them in the 
National Canned Food Packers' Associa- 
tion, of which he was made secretary, an of- 
fice which he still retains. 

From his earliest years Mr. Judge had a 
literary inclination, and about 1887 he 
bought out the Labor Free Press of Balti- 
more and several other weekly publications, 
including the Commercial Index, The Market 
Journal, The Farmers' Alliance Journal. La- 
ter on he purchased the Fifth Regiment Ga- 
zette, his purpose being to keep in touch with 
the Southern military movement. 

In 1870, in Philadelphia, he married Miss 

Therese M. C. Leahy, the daughter of an 

officer of the Federal Army and a native of 

Philadelphia. Her father was Mr. James 

I Leahy, a merchant of Philadelphia, of Irish 



810 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



descent: lier mother had been Rebecca Fox, 
a Hneal descendant of the Fox who came 
over with WilHam Penn. 

Mr. Judge has eight children living, five 
sons and three daughters; the three elder 
boys are connected with his business in the 
office in one way or another. As can be 
seen, he was born and raised in the Roman 
Catholic faith, and at 55 years of age says 
he cannot see that any other creed will make 
better men or women, if it is only properly 
lived up to by a liberal American mind. 
Some years ago he joined the Knights of 
Labor for the purpose of studying their 
views, and he believes the principles of the 
Order the best of any he knows of, and 
finds fault only with the fact that instead of 
championing the cause of the idle they os- 
tracize them as "scabs." While a member 
of this Order he was an urgent pleader for 
the idle man, maintaining that the only so- 
lution of our labor difficulties is for the em- 
ployes in each of the industries to divide the 
work that is to be done among all those who 
need to work to live by it; that it is of no 
consequence to body-politic whether a day's 
work is five hours or fifteen: that the only 
necessity is that the man shall be in demand 
and the rates of wages will adjust and fix 
themselves satisfactorily. 

As editor of the Fanners' Alliance Journal, 
he was a foremost and fearless advocate of 
an increase of the currency, preferring 
greenbacks even to silver, and maintaining 
that while an increase of currency of any 
kind whatever will cause an inflation and a 
depreciation of the currency, unless the 
country is ])ro(lucing an amount of real 
value in equal proportion to the currency 
increase: it is equally true that an increase 
of the products of the country, the real ma- 



terial wealth of the country, with no increase 
of the currency, will cause such an inflation 
and depreciation in value of the products as 
will ruin all producers, especially in a coun- 
try that is as heavily in debt as ours, for the 
conveniences of public and private life which 
always maintain their face value and do not 
depreciate as products do. He sums up his 
political views by saying that no republic 
can exist unless it cares primarily for its 
producers. 

Mr. Judge is a member of the Society of 
the Army and Navy of the Confederate 
States in ^Maryland, and of the James R. 
Herbert Camp of Confederate Veterans of 
Baltimore. While all his present occupation 
is literary work, it is mainly of a commercial 
character: he has done but little in the line 
of fiction and that only for his own private 
use. 

AIr. George C. AIorrison, Attorney-at- 
Law, offices 949 Equitable Building, was 
born in Baltimore June 13, 1869. He is the 
son of F. D. Morrison and Mary A. (Pat- 
rick) Morrison. His parents are Americans 
of Scotch-Irish descent. His father was 
born in Harford county, Md., in 1837 and 
his mother in New Hampshire in 1839, both 
of them coming from families who were 
among the early settlers of this country, 
their ancestors immigrating in the early part 
of the eighteenth century. Mr. Morrison 
was educated in Baltimore, first attending 
for several years the school of Mr. George 
G. Carey. Subsequently he entered the 
Johns Hopkins University, where he grad- 
uated in 1890. and took the degree of A. B. 
After graduation he taught school in this 
city from 1891 to 1893, at the same time at- 
tending the Law School of the University 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



811 



of Maryland. In 1893 he graduated from 
this university with the degree of L. B. Af- 
ter his admission to the bar, Mr. Morrison 
commenced the practice of his profession 
in Baltimore City, practicing in both the 
United States and State Courts. He has 
also given considerable attention to the 
study of co-operative banking systems so 
common in Europe, and is at present a di- 
rector of the Co-operative Savings and 
Loan Association of Baltimore City. Mr. 
Morrison is a member of the Alumni Asso- 
ciation of the Johns Hopkins University, 
and of the University of Maryland. He is 
also a member of the Alpha Delta Phi and 
Phi Beta Kappa fraternities, and of the 
Green Spring Valley Hunt Club. In poli- 
tics he is a Democrat. 

Mr. Morrison stands well at the bar as a 
young lawyer, and painstaking and careful 
attorney and counsellor, and is regarded as 
having a promising future before him in his 
profession. He is genial and pleasant in 
his manners and is popular among his 
friends. 

;\Ir. James H. S.mith, Attorney-at-Law, 
whose office is at 11 East Lexington street, 
was born in Howard county, Md., March 
17, 1841. He is the son of Henry 
Smith and Sarah Ayler. His father was 
born in the north of Ireland and immigrated 
to this country in 1835, when eighteen 
years of age, and settled in Baltimore. His 
mother was a native of Maryland, and a res- 
ident of Baltimore. His father's profession 
was that of an accountant, and he followed 
his profession in Baltimore until his death 
in 1880. His mother died in 1858. His 
parents had four children: James H. Smith, 
the subject of this sketch; Joseph M. Smith, 



merchant; William O. Smith, clerk, and 
Sarah E. Smith; all of them reside in Bal- 
timore. Mr. Smith was educated in the 
public and private schools of Baltimore. 
On finishing his education in 1858 he was 
employed for five years in the machine 
works of Pool & Hunt, of Baltimore. Af- 
terwards, for several years, he was in the 
mercantile business. He then studied law, 
and in 1870 was admitted to the bar in Tow- 
son, Baltimore county, and also was ad- 
mitted to the Baltimore bar, and he prac- 
tices in the courts of both Baltimore county 
and city. 

On the 27th of May, 1872, he was married 
to Miss Frances R. Gibson, the daughter of 
James F. Gibson and Araminta (Sanders) 
Gibson. Mrs. Smith's father and mother 
were Marylanders and descended from old 
Maryland families. They have three chil- 
dren, two sons and four daughters. He and 
his family are Protestants and attend the 
Presbyterian Church. Mr. Smith is a Dem- 
ocrat and takes quite an active part in poli- 
tics. He has been elected a number of times 
by the Democratic party to the Baltimore 
City Council, as a representative from the 
Twenty-second ward, serving as follows: 
.In 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894 and 
again in 1896, and was chairman of the im- 
portant Committee of Ways and Means in 
1890, 1891 and 1892; was a member of the 
same committee in 1896 and '97, and was 
president of the Second Branch, City Coun- 
cil, in 1893 and '94. Mr. Smith has always 
taken a prominent part in public afifairs. and 
has been very active in the development of 
the annexed section of the city, the people 
of which section have kept him in the Coun- 
cil because of his abilities and great use- 
fulness to them and to the city, as he is con- 



812 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



sidered by people of all political parties as a 
model councilman, and a representative of 
whom the people of Baltimore can be 
proud. He stands high in his profession 
among the people, and as a man of sterling 
worth and honesty. He has been favorably 
and prominently mentioned a number of 
times for the nomination as Mayor of the 
city by the Democratic party. He is pres- 
ident of the Baltimore Association for the 
Improvement of the Condition of the Poor, 
and takes great interest in charity, and is 
ever active in looking after and helping 
those in need. He is president of the Citi- 
zens' Association of North Baltimore. Mr. 
Smith is very pleasant in manner and of 
a kindly disposition and is very popular 
with all classes of people. His home is 2455 
Maryland avenue. 

Walter Roblv Townsend, Attorney- 
at-Law, offices 17 St. Paul street, was born 
in Baltimore county, July 20, 1857. He is 
the son of Wilson and iNIary L. (Robey) 
Townsend. His father was born in Balti- 
more City, February 18, 1829, and his 
mother in Prince George's county, Md., 
October 14, 1838, both being descended 
from early English colonial settlers of Mary- 
land. 

Wilson Townsend, a very prominent and 
popular man of his day, was a farmer and 
a large real estate owner, and for over 
thirty-eight years was connected in a confi- 
dential capacity as special agent with the 
Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore 
Railroad Company. He also represented 
Baltimore county in the I^'gislature of 
Maryland, being a member of the House of 
Delegates in the session of 1878, elected to 
this position on tlic Democratic ticket. He 



had three children, two of whom are living, 
Walter R. Townsend, the subject of this 
sketch, and Mrs. Elizabeth T. Douglas, 
wife of Mr. James M. Douglas, a promi- 
nent civil engineer of this city. They 
have one child, Malcolm Townsend Doug- 
las. The deceased child, Addie C, married 
Dr. Sidney O. Henkell, quarantine physi- 
cian of Baltimore. She died February 26, 
1885. Mr. Townsend's mother resides at 
the old Townsend homestead, "Sunny 
Side," Rossville, Baltimore county, Md. 
His father died March 7, 1893. 

Mr. Townsend was educated in the pub- 
lic schools of Baltimore City and county, 
and attended the Baltimore City College 
for three years. He then entered the law 
offices of the late Thales A. Linthicum and 
Julian J. Alexander, reading law with them, 
and in 1881, after passing a very creditable 
examination, was admitted to the bars of 
Baltimore City and Baltimore county to 
practice, since which time he has been prac- 
ticing his profession in the courts of the city 
and county, and has by his energy and abil- 
ity built up a good practice. 

Mr. Townsend was married in Philadel- 
phia, May 30, 1888, to Miss Cora, daughter 
of Mayer Farmer, an agriculturist of Ches- 
terfield county, Va. Both Her ])arents are 
N'irginians of English descent, and are de- 
scendants of some of the oldest families of 
that State. Mr. Townsend and his family 
are Protestants and Episcopalians. He is 
a member of the Royal Arcanum, Ancient 
Order United Workmen, and an alumnus 
of the Baltimore City College. He is a 
Democrat and takes an active part in i)oli- 
tics. In 1885 he was elected on the Demo- 
cratic ticket as a member of the Maryland 
Legislature to represent Baltimore county, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



813 



and served in the House of Delegates in the 
session of 1886. He was also elected by the 
House of Delegates of Maryland reading 
clerk for the legislative sessions of 1888, 
1890, 1892 and 1894, and in all these posi- 
tions he has the reputation of having filled 
them, with ability, general satisfaction and 
credit to himself, his constituency and the 
members of the Legislature. He is pleasant 
in his manner, has many friends and is pop- 
ular in his county as well as our city, also 
stands well at the Towson and Baltimore 
bars as a lawyer. 

He has no children, and he and his wife 
reside with his mother, and Mr. and Mrs. 
Douglas, at their old family homestead, 
"Sunny Side," Rossville, Baltimore county. 

Richard Be.\uregard Tippett, Attor- 
ney-at-Law, 603 Law Building, southwest 
corner of Lexington and St. Paul streets, 
was born in St. Mary's county, Md., Janu- 
ary 14, 1862. He is a son of Robert Bruce 
Tippett and Susan E. Payne, of St. Mary's 
county, Md., where his father is a prominent 
farmer. Mr. Tippett's father is of Scotch 
and his mother of English descent, and both 
belong to families that were among the 
early settlers of Maryland. His parents 
have nine children as follows: Mr. Tippett, 
the subject of this sketch; Mary B., wife of 
Bernard Long; Jennie, wife of T. Webster 
Mattingly; Nora, wife of A. Kingsley Love, 
attorney-at-law; Robert Lee Tippett, mer- 
chant; William T. Tippett, merchant and 
farmer; Bruce G. Tippett, merchant; James 
E. Tippett. attorney-at-law and junior mem- 
ber of the firm of R. B. Tippett & Bro., 
and J. Preston Tippett, merchant. His 
father and mother are both living and reside 
at Chaptico, St. Mary's county. 



Air. Tippett was educated at Charlotte 
Hall Military Academy, in St. Mary's 
county, Md., and at St. John's College, An- 
napolis, Md. He graduated from the latter 
in the class of 1884 and delivered the vale- 
dictory address of the graduating class. 
While attending St. John's College, in ad- 
dition to his studies, he read law under the 
instruction of Mr. James Revell, of the An- 
napolis bar, and now one of the judges of 
the Circuit Court of that Judicial District. 
In 1885 he took his examination in law and 
was admitted at Upper Marlboro, Prince 
George's county, Md., to practice law. A 
short time thereafter he came to Baltimore 
to reside and practice his profession in this 
city. Subsequently his brother, James E. 
Tippett, graduated in law at the University 
of Maryland, with whom he formed the law 
firm of R. B. Tippett & Bro. He and 
his brother have built up a large and lucra- 
tive practice and both hold prominent po- 
sitions at the bar as able and reliable attor- 
neys. 

Mr. Tippett was married April 7, 1885, 
to Miss Margaret F. Thornton, of Balti- 
more. Her father was James M. Thornton, 
of this city, now deceased. Both of Mrs. 
Tippett's parents were residents of Balti- 
more. Mr. Tippett has four children: 
James Royal, Mary Helen, Richard Edgar 
and Margaret Natalie Tippett. He and his 
family are Catholics, and in politics he is a 
Democrat. Mr. Tippett resides at Wal- 
brook and has a charming country cottage 
there, where he resides the year around and 
is said to be the leading spirit in improving 
and making Walbrook the pleasant suburb 
that it now is. He is a member of the Catho- 
lic Benevolent Legion and is the orator of 



814 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Maryland State Council of the C. B. L., and 
a member of the Catholic Club. 

He is a large owner of real estate and is 
connected with many enterprises and in- 
dustries of this city. Mr. Tippett is pleas- 
ant in his manners, a forcible and fluent 
speaker, of a kindly disposition, and besides 
standing well as a lawyer, is popular as a 
man, and has hosts of friends. 

Eugene N. Belt, whose place of busi- 
ness is 606 E. Lombard Street, was born in 
Baltimore and is a son of Thomas Walter 
Belt and Louisa Ann (Steever) Belt. His 
father was of English and his mother of Ger- 
man descent, and on both sides his ancestors 
were among the early settlers of the coun- 
try, his mother's parents and ancestors 
first settling in Pennsylvania and his father's 
in Prince George's county, Md., in 1647. 
Beltville in this county took its name from 
his ancestors. His father was born in Bal- 
timore; engaged first in business as a mer- 
chant and then as a banker, being among 
the most prominent merchants and bankers 
of that day. The father died in 1840. the 
mother in 1881. 

Mr. Belt was educated by private tutors 
in Baltimore, and in Louisville, Ky. After 
finishing his education he w-ent to New Or- 
leans in 1841 and began life as a clerk in a 
mercantile business. After remaining there 
Tiwhile he returned to Baltimore and was en- 
gaged as clerk in the insurance business. 
From this he went into the Franklin Bank 
of Baltimore, and from there to the Bank of 
Baltimore as clerk, after which, in 1859, he 
formed a partnership with P. C. Martin and 
conducted a conniiission and liquor busi- 
ness under the name of Martin, Belt & Co., 
initil the Civil War in iS6[, when this firm 



went into liquidation. In 1868 J\Ir. Belt re- 
sumed business, and became a member of 
the firm Calm, Belt & Co., wholesale liquor 
dealers, and is still a member of that firm. 

Mr. Belt attends the Episcopal Church. 
He is a member of the Historical Society, 
the Archaeological Society, Merchants' 
Club, Maryland Club, and Elk Ridge Fox 
Hunting Club. In politics he is a Demo- 
crat, but takes no active part being strictly 
a business man. Mr. Belt is one of our lead- 
ing business men and stands high as a man 
of the strictest integrity; has many warm 
friends and is noted for his kindly and gen- 
erous disposition. His home is at 816 N. 
Charles street. 

Hon. Frank Brown, Ex-Governor of 
the State of Maryland. Offices No. 230 N. 
Charles street, Baltimore. — This gentleman 
was born on "Brown's Inheritance," an es- 
tate of his father, the late Stephen T. C. 
Brown, near Sykesville, Carroll county, 
Md., August 8, 1844. His mother was Su- 
san A. Bennett, daughter of Wesley Ben- 
nett, a prominent farmer of Carroll county, 
Md. Both his father's and mother's ances- 
tors were among the early settlers of the 
country, and prominent people in Maryland 
in their day; they were Scotch-Irish. His 
father, Stephen T. C. Brown, was one of 
the most prominent farmers of his time in 
Carroll county, and a large land owner in 
that county. The farm called "Brown's In- 
heritance," where the Governor was born, 
he inherited from his father, and in addi- 
tion to another farm of over 2,000 acres 
called "Springfield," inherited from an 
uncle; he thus i)ccanie one of the largest 
land owners in the State. His father had 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



815 



two children, the Governor being the only 
one living. His mother still lives. 

He sold the greater part of his land a few 
years ago to the State of Maryland, as the 
most suitable location for the new State In- 
sane Asylum, which has recently been fin- 
ished. 

Governor Brown was educated in the pri- 
vate schools of Carroll and Howard coun- 
ties and in Baltimore, but early in life was 
put to work on the farm, his father's ambi- 
tion being to make him a first-class farmer, 
which ambition was gratified as Mr. Brown 
is considered one of the best farmers in the 
State, and up to the time of severing this 
large farm of 2,000 acres by the sale of a 
portion of it to the State, it was regarded 
in all its appointments as one of the 
finest farms in Maryland, it having been 
brought up to this high state of perfec- 
tion by the Governor's exertions and indi- 
vidual attention, he being a great lover of 
agricultural pursuits. For some time Mr. 
Brown was employed in the agricultural im- 
plement and seed house of R. Sinclair & Co., 
of this city. A few years later he made his 
first political appearance as clerk in the State 
tobacco warehouse in this city. In 1875 he 
was nominated by the Democratic party as 
a candidate for the Legislature in his county, 
and was elected to the House of Delegates 
to represent Carroll county; in 1877 he was 
re-elected to the same position. After serv- 
ing out his term he declined further elec- 
tion. 

During the campaign of 1885 the Gov- 
ernor was treasurer of the Democratic State 
Central Committee and took an active part 
in the campaign, and it was considered as 
being largely due to his skillful manage- 
ment that the party achieved such a marked 



success at the polls as they did at this elec- 
tion. During this time and for several years 
he was a director of the B. & O. R. R. on 
the part of the State. This position he re- 
signed when he was appointed postmaster 
of Baltimore by President Cleveland during 
his first term. He held the office four years, 
and during his term he introduced in the 
postoffice many reforms which were 
adopted by the Government at Washington. 

In 1881 he was elected president of the 
State Agricultural Association and during 
his occupancy of this position new life and 
energy were imparted to agricultural pur- 
suits in Maryland, owing to his knowledge 
of the subject, coupled witli his unusual en- 
ergy. The State Fairs held afterwards were 
remarkable for their success. Under his 
management, but for the unfavorable 
weather, the Exposition of the Agricultural 
Society in 1889 would have been one of the 
most successful events of its kind ever held 
in the United States. 

During this time Mr. Brown was making 
an enviable reputation as a man of push, 
sterling integrity and faithfulness to any 
duty he was assigned to, and in 1891, when 
the question as to who should be the next 
Governor of the State arose, the people 
throughout Maryland at once centered 
upon him as the man best suited for the po- 
sition, and when the Democratic State Con- 
vention met at Ford's Opera House in this 
city, July 30, 189 1, Frank Brown was nomi- 
nated for Governor, and on the following 
3d of November he was elected, carrying 
the State by one of the largest majorities 
given for years. His Republican opponent 
for this office was Mr. William J.Vannort.of 
Chestertown, Kent county, Md. There was 
a good deal of what is called "ring politics" 



816 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



in the Democratic party of tlie State at this 
time, and the ring generally dictated the 
nominations and was not favorable to the 
nomination of Frank Brown, preferring one 
who would be more subservient to their will 
than they knew Mr. Brown would be. But 
the latter had taken such a strong hold upon 
the confidence of the people that his nomi- 
nation was demanded and the ring was com- 
pelled to yield. He was inaugurated at An- 
napolis on January 13, 1892. His term was 
for four years, when he was succeeded by 
Hon. Lloyd Lowndes, who was elected on 
the Republican ticket and is the present 
Governor of the State. 

Governor Brow'n's administration was a 
complete success and he is considered the 
best Governor the State has had for years, 
and he came out of office as popular as when 
he went in, which is a very unusual fact. 
When his name was presented in the Con- 
vention in a nominating speech by his friend 
Doctor Shaw, of Carroll county, (and at 
present United State Collector at the Port 
of Baltimore) the Doctor said, among other 
complimentary things, that Frank Brown 
would make one of the best Governors the 
State ever had, because besides other Cjuali- 
fications, he was noted as having plenty of" 
■'good old cornfield horse sense," a trait of 
character ofter exhibited by him during his 
administration when handling the many 
difficult matters that came before him, and 
when he would break off from all precedent, 
to take the bit in his mouth and decide these 
questions in his own way and according to 
the rules of "good old cornfield horse sense," 
or in everyday parlance, common sense, and 
always to the satisfaction of the people of 
the State. Among the many acts showing 
how the Governor decided matters and in 



illustration of the character of the man, was 
his action in the case of the eight negroes 
convicted and sentenced to be hanged in 
Chestertown, for the murder of Doctor Hill, 
a crime which at that time created such an 
excitement throughout the State. It was 
by the most strenuous efforts on the part of 
the authorities these negroes were not 
lynched. Among these eight negroes were 
some who were mere boys and who, it was 
demonstrated at the trial, were not the ring- 
leaders in the murder, but through drink 
and in other ways were lured by the older 
ones and actual murderers into the matter, 
and were more by-standers in it than any- 
thing else; but they were convicted and sen- 
tenced to be hanged wdth the balance. The 
matter was brought to the attention of the 
Governor by their friends, and some of the 
best people of the county, who thought it 
unjust to punish these boys in the same 
manner as the actual murderers. The Gov- 
ernor made a quiet examination into the 
matter, but w-as not satisfied; he kept his 
counsel, however, and exhibiting that "good 
old cornfield horse sense" determined to see 
these men himself, and went to Kent county 
to investigate the matter, spending a day at 
the jail in Chestertown and having all these 
negroes brought before him. After mak- 
ing this investigation he said nothing to in- 
dicate what course he would pursue, but to 
disarm suspicion of his interference, direct- 
ed the sheriff, who was also the jailer, to 
proceed with his preparations for the execu- 
tion of the eight negroes, and returned to 
Baltimore. He then had a conference with 
the police commissioners, announcing to 
them his intention to commute the sen- 
tences of four of the eight men to imprison- 
ment for life in the Penitcntiarv, and direct- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



8n 



ing them, with the utmost secrecy, to take 
Captain Cadwallader. of the Baltimore po- 
lice, with a squad of poHcemen, and pro- 
ceed on the State ice-boat "Latrobe" to 
Chestertown and bring the four men he des- 
ignated to Baltimore. The boat left here in 
the afternoon and in order to get to Ches- 
tertown had to break ice fifteen inches thick 
in the Chester river. The people in the vicin- 
ity thought she was sent to break a channel 
in the river, one of the impressions the Gov- 
ernor wished to make. If the people had- 
known his real intentions they would have 
lynched these men before the boat arrived 
at Chestertown. The boat arrived at Ches- 
tertown about 2 o'clock in the morning, 
when Captain Cadwallader and his squad 
proceeded quietly to the jail, awakened the 
sheriff, w^ere admitted, and on the order of 
the Governor he delivered to them the four 
men, whom they took to- the boat and 
brought to Baltimore. They were well on 
their return trip before the good people of 
Chestertown were aware that the Governor's 
people had been to the jail and taken away 
the four prisoners. When it became known 
what was done the people became highly 
incensed at the Governor and it was by the 
greatest efifoTts that the authorities prevented 
them from taking the other four from the 
jail and lynching them. The people quieted 
down, however, and the other four were exe- 
cuted at the appointed time. Governor 
Brown was at the time severely criticized by 
the people of Kent county, but as time 
rolled on and the excitement died away all 
saw the wisdom and justice of his act. To- 
day he has no stronger friends than those in 
Kent county. 

Another exhibition of his firmness and 
wisdom during his administration w-as when 



the coal strike took place in Allegany 
county and he was called upon to send the 
military to Frostburg to protect the lives 
and property of the county. After carefully 
considering the application for troops it did 
not take him long to decide what to do and 
when he did it was not long before he had 
the Fourth and Fifth Maryland Regiments, 
of Baltimore, in Frostburg, himself accom- 
panying them, the effect of which was at 
once to restore order, to save many lives 
and the destruction of thousands of dollars 
worth of property. About the close of the 
Governor's term he was elected president 
of the Baltimore Traction Company, one of 
the largest street railway companies in the 
city, and under his administration the busi- 
ness of the company improved very much. 
He held this position until a few years since, 
when, to give attention to his own private 
matters and manage his large estate, he re- 
signed, and although often solicited to take 
charge of many large interests here in the 
city, he has been compelled to decline. 
Since his term as Governor ended, he has 
made several trips to Europe, traveling 
all over the world with his family. He is a 
very close observer. 

On the 23d of December, 1879, Mr. 
Brown was married in Baltimore to Mrs. 
Mary Ridgely Preston, widow of Mr. Ho- 
ratio Preston, of Boston. She was the 
daughter of Mr. David Ridgely, of this city, 
who belonged to a noted Maryland family. 
Mrs. Brown died in 1895; her death was a 
severe blow to the Governor as she was 
a most estimable lady, noted for her chari- 
ties and kindness and loved by all who 
knew her. Mr. Brown has two children, 
Frank Snowden and Mary Ridgely Brown. 
He and his family attend the Protestant 



818 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAXD. 



Episcoijal Church. He is a member of sev- 
eral of our leading clubs, a director in many 
large business enterprises. He is a man of 
genial temperament, approachable by the 
most humble. 

William Fletcher Edwards, ex-Judge 
of the Orphans' Court, of Baltimore, Drug- 
gist, 1800 E. Baltimore street, Baltimore, 
was born at Jones's Neck, Kent county, 
Del., May i. 1843, and is the son of George 
Edwards and Margaret Ann (AUaband) Ed- 
wards. George Edwards was born in Kent 
county, Del., near what is now Felton, in 
18 1 7, being for many years a farmer, but at 
the time of his death, when he was thirty-six 
years of age, was proprietor of the Wash- 
ington House, Dover, Del. The mother of 
our subject was born in Kent county, Del-., 
in 1820, being of English descent and at the 
time of writing, still living. William F. Ed- 
wards was raised in Kent county, Del., and 
educated in the public schools of the county, 
District Twenty-one, farming during busy 
seasons and attending school in session. 
April 19, 1858, he entered the drug business 
at Dover, Del., with James Cowgill & Son 
as clerk, remaining in Dover until 1864, 
when he went to Philadelphia as clerk for 
Isaac H. Kay, Eleventh and Arch streets. 
While in Philadelphia he was clerk in turn 
for Samuel Chapman, Eighth and Coates 
streets, and Dr. Samuel Creadick, Fifth and 
Wharlon streets. On June 23, 1877, he 
came to Baltimore, locating at his present 
stand. In 1882 he was made commissioner 
of City Springs Square, Pratt and Eden 
streets; elected to the City Council from 
Third ward October, 1885, re-elected 1886, 
and in September, 1890, appointed one of 
the judges of the Orphans' Court to fill the 



vancancy caused by the death of Chas. 
E. Jenkins: elected to the same po- 
sition in 1892. He became a mem- 
ber of the Royal Arcanum July 16. 1879, 
charter member of Baltimore City Council, 
357; in 1882 Judge Edwards was made 
regent of his Council, then collector of said 
Council in 1889, which position he still re- 
tains. In 1883 he was representative to 
Grand Council of Maryland and in 1893 ap- 
pointed to till the vacancy caused by the 
resignation of Col. Willard Howard, as 
Grand Guide of the Grand Council of Mary- 
land. In 1894 he was elected Grand Orator; 
1895 Grand \"ice-Regent; 1896 Grand Re- 
gent of Grand Council of Maryland. As a 
Mason he is Past Master of Warren Lodge, 
A. F. and A. M., having passed through all 
minor chairs to this point. Pie is a member 
of St. John's Royal Arch Chapter and Con- 
cordia Council of Royal and Select Masters. 
He is a member also of the Finance Com- 
mittee of Supreme Camp, Fraternal Legion, 
Past Archon of Improved Order of Hepta- 
sophs; Past Chancellor Knights of Pythias, 
(passed through all chairs to this point); 
Past Master Shield of Honor; member 
Committee of Appeals of Grand Council, 
Legion of the Red Cross ; life member of the 
Most Excellent Assembly of the Artisans 
Order of Mutual Protection. Judge Ed- 
wards was married January 11, 1876, to 
Miss Mary W. Davis, daughter of Alexan- 
der D. and Mary PI. (Walton) Davis, of 
English descent. Our subject has one child, 
Susan May, born 1889. Judge Edwards 
and his wife are members of East Baltimore 
Street Methodist Church, he being trustee 
and agent of Church Cemetery on the Phil- 
adelphia road, and his wife president of the 
Ladies' Guild. Judge Edwards is also a 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



member of the East Baltimore Business 
JMen's Association and East End Improve- 
ment Association, being director and vice- 
president of the first mentioned. He was 
one of the incorporators of Economy Sav- 
ings Bank, of Baltimore. 

Columbus Clark Isaacs, Cigar Manu- 
facturer and Dealer, of Baltimore, was born 
in Baltimore, September 20, 1831, and is 
the son of William Creighton and Caroline 
Dorothy (Knight) Isaacs, the former of 
Prince George's county, and the latter of 
Frederick county, Md. Columbus Clark is 
the eldest of four children. His sister, Re- 
becca C, married Mr. Andrew J. Yeager, 
of an old and representative Maryland 
family; the other children are now deceased. 
The subject of this sketch attended the pub- 
lic schools of this city until thirteen years of 
age, at which time he took up the trade of 
cigar making, and in 1856 commenced busi- 
ness on his own account at the present ware- 
rooms, 40 and 42 South street, as cigar 
manufacturer and dealer, under the firm 
name of C. C. Isaacs. In 1882, his sons be- 
ing admitted, the firm was changed to C. C. 
Isaacs & Sons, which is among the best 
known and most highly respected of Balti- 
more's business houses. Not only is he 
most creditably identified with Baltimore's 
business interests, but also along other lines 
equally important. He was a Master Mason 
in Mystic Circle Lodge, No. 109, in 1859, 
while it was still working under dispensation, 
and was elected master in 1872, serving in 
that capacity two terms; in 1878 he was elect- 
ed its treasurer and since then has been con- 
tinuously elected to the same position. In 
1865 he was exalted in Jerusalem Chapter, 
No. 9, elected its high priest in 1879, serv- 



ing four successive terms and was re-elected 
in 1885 and 1886; in 1887 was elected grand 
high priest and in 1891 again elected high 
priest of his Chapter. He received degrees 
of Royal and Select Master under the old 
system, and after the organization of Je- 
rusalem Council, No. 2, he served as Thrice 
111. Master for a number of years and was 
deputy grand master of the Grand Council 
in 1888, and at present is deputy grand 
master of the Grand Council of Maryland, 
as well as Thrice 111. Master of Council. 
Was dubbed a Knight Templar in Mary- 
land Commandery, No. i, April 26, 1867; 
was elected its Eminent Commander in 
1877 and in 1885 was elected Grand Com- 
mander of the Grand Commandery of Mary- 
land. In 1879 he was elected one of the 
Board oi Managers of Masonic Temple, 
Baltimore, which honor he still enjoys. In 
November, 1890, he was elected Junior 
Grand Warden of Grand Lodge of Mary- 
land. He received the degree of Scottish 
Rite to the Thirty-second degree in Grand 
Consistory of Maryland, under its Southern 
Jurisdiction, and was the Grand Treasurer of 
that Body at the time of the surrender of 
charter, after which he assisted in the or- 
ganization for Maryland of the Accepted 
Scottish Rite of the United States of Amer- 
ica, their Territories and dependencies, the 
Corean bodies of his city, from which he 
withdrew in 1889. Aside from this most 
commendable Masonic record he is a mem- 
ber of the following: Ancient Order of 
United Workmen; Improved Order of Hep- 
tasophs; Royal Arcanum; American Le- 
gion of Honor; Knights of Honor; National 
Union; U. S. Benevolent Fraternity; Ma- 
sonic Aid Association and National Life 
Association. In May, i8s8, he married Miss 



820 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Annie Blythe Rogers, of Baltimore, daugh- 
ter of William Rogers, of Irish descent, by 
whom he had three sons and two daughters ; 
three children now deceased; Annie Blythe 
died November 30, 1882. In October, 1885, 
he married his second wife, Mrs. Catharine 
L. Hastings. During the late war Colum- 
bus C. Isaacs was a member of Union Relief 
Association and was a liberal contributor to 
the same. Mr. Isaacs is a member of the 
Public School Board of Baltimore City, 
Twenty-eighth ward, elected March, 1897. 

William Chapman Jenness, of Balti- 
more, was born March 10, 1850, at Abing- 
don, Harford county, Md., and is the son of 
John A. and Mary A. (Hutton) Jenness. 
John A. was a merchant of Baltimore, in the 
produce business on Hillen street. He was 
of English descent, his parents having set- 
tled in Rye, N. H., in 1665. He was bom 
in 181 5 and died March, 1888. The mother 
of the subject of this sketch was of Welsh 
descent. William C. was the youngest of 
seven children, six of whom were daughters 
and all are deceased except Mrs. Addie H. 
Abercrombie, wife of the manager of the 
Baltimore News Company; Mrs. Rudolph, 
of Baltimore, and William C. Jenness. He 
was educated in the public schools of Bal- 
timore, leaving the City College in 1867 to 
accept a clerkship in the Natioaial Fire In- 
surance Company, of Baltimore, where he 
arose to his present position as president 
of the company. Mr. Jenness is well identi- 
fied along :\lasonic. Odd Fellow and Royal 
.'\rcanum lines. 

Rev. Conrad Clever. D. D.. Pastor of 
Third Reformed Church, rialtiniorc, was 
born at Cleversburg, Cumberland countv. 



Pa., February 11, 1848. and is the son of 
George and Isabella (Kelso) Clever, both 
of Cumberland county. His father was a 
well-known merchant of his county and of 
German descent, while his mother was of 
Scotch-Irish extraction. Conrad C. was 
the second son of eight children, four of 
whom were boys; one son and three daugh- 
ters are deceased. His early youth was 
spent in the fields and on the mountains, 
which life was naturally conducive to a 
healthy constitution and has served him well 
in the performance of his clerical duties. In 
the spring of 1865 Doctor Clever entered 
the preparatory department of Gettysburg 
(Pa.) College and in the beginning of the 
scholastic year of 1866 entered the Fresh- 
man Class of the same college and com- 
pleted the Sophomore year. In 1868 he 
joined the Junior class of Franklin and 
Marshall College at Lancaster, Pa., at 
which he graduated with the class of 1870. 
He afterwards entered the Theological 
Seminary located at the same place, at which 
he took the full three years' course. On 
the 26th of June, 1873, he was ordained and 
installed as pastor of Trinity Reformed 
Church at Columbia, Pa. His pastoral re- 
lations at this church continued for nearly 
six years, during which time the church 
debt was cancelled and its membership so 
increased that what was for a long time a 
mission became almost a self-supporting 
church under his charge. In 1880 Doctor 
Clever was called to the Third Reformed 
Church of Baltimore, where, under his 
guidance and direction, the church has been 
blessed by a steady growth. The degree 
of D. D. was conferred upon our subject 
by Ursinus College, of Collegeville, Pa. 
Doctor Clever is a most pleasant writer and 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



821 



frequently contributes to the magazines and 
papers of his city as well as of other com- 
munities. It is needless to state that Doctor 
Clever is highly esteemed and respected by 
every one whose good fortune it is to make 
his acquaintance. Doctor Clever was mar- 
ried June 7, 1889, to Miss ]\Iary L. Ever- 
hart, daughter of the late David L. Ever- 
hart, of Baltimore City. 

William Morgan Jett, Salesman, of 
Baltimore, was born in Mrginia, June 3, 
1862, and is the son of Robert E. and Sarah 
A. (Covington) Jett, of Virginia, of English 
descent. William had three brothers and 
three sisters, two of the latter being de- 
ceased. Those living are Mrs. R. D. Carter, 
R. Arthur Jett, J. C. Jett and R. Storke Jett. 
Robert E. was a farmer and stock raiser, of 
Northumberland county, Va., until his de- 
cease some twenty years ago. William be- 
gan his education in the public schools of 
Mrginia and completed the same at Eaton 
and Burnett's Business College, in Balti- 
more. He took his first position in 1884 with 
Louis Israel, gentlemen's furnisher and 
clothier, Baltimore and Gay streets. Next 
with A. Mandlebaum & Co., retail clothiers, 
a prominent Baltimore firm, and from there 
to the New York Clothing House, Septem- 
ber, 1888, as salesman, which position he has 
held since, ranking among its best repre- 
sentatives and commanding a large trade. 
He was married March 7, 1888, to Miss M. 
Louise Bangs, daughter of W. H. Bangs, of 
Baltimore. His wife was of the Killings- 
worths, a prominent and wealthy Delaware 
family. Three sons and one daughter are 
the fruits of this union: Owen W., M. \'er- 
non, W. Melvin and Vera Louise. Both Mr. 
Jett and his wife are members of the Lafay- 



ette Avenue AI. P. Church, and he takes an 
active part in all the departments of his 
church and was granted a license by it in 
1896 to preach the gospel. Our subject is a 
member of the Royal Arcanum, Ancient 
Order United Workmen and Junior Order 
LTnited American Mechanics. 

Joseph St. Clair Neal, Clergyman, of 
Baltimore, was born in Winchester, Vn., 
February 17, 1849, and is the son of Joseph 
and Margaret (Sloat) Neal, of Pennsylvania 
and Virginia respectively, being of Scotch- 
Irish extraction. His father, Joseph Neal, 
was a manufacturer of tin-ware at Winches- 
ter, Va. J. St. Clair attended the Valley 
Academy of Winchester until seventeen 
years of age. He entered the Baltimore Con- 
ference of Methodist Church in 1870. His 
first charge was South Branch Circuit, 
Hampshire and Mineral counties, W. Va. 
From there he went to Hancock, Md., Cir- 
cuit: next Mt. Savage Station, Md.; Long 
Green, Baltimore county Circuit: West 
River, Anne Arundel county Circuit: First 
Church, Woodberry, Md.; Columbia Ave- 
nue Methodist Church; Grace Methodist 
Church; Broadway Methodist Church, and 
was finally made presiding elder West Bal- 
timore District, 1891; Harford Avenue 
Methodist Church, Baltimore, 1897. His 
wife was Miss Lizzie Brosius, of Maryland. 

Dr. Augustus Pennington Badger, 
Dentist, of Baltimore, was born in Charles- 
ton, S. C, March 4, 1863, and is the son of 
David E. and Adelia (Lee) Badger, of Eng- 
lish-French descent. His father was born 
in Charleston, S. C, August 8, 1834, being 
for many years a builder in Iiis native city. 
During the late war he was stationed at 



822 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Fort Sumter, serving in the engineer depart- 
ment, and occupies a conspicuous place in 
history on account of his nailing the Con- 
federate flag to its stafif in the heat of an en- 
gagement after its having been shot down 
by Union soldiers. (See Johnson's Defense 
of Charleston Harbor.) David E. died 
in 1886, leaving four children, Mrs. Fowler 
and Mrs. Graves, of Baltimore; Mrs. 
G. W. Rice, of New York, and our subject, 
(five children being deceased at the time of 
this sketch). Doctor Badger came to Bal- 
timore in 1863 ami attended the public 
and private schools of the city, graduating 
from the Maryland Institute with honorable 
mention in the architectural division of 1885. 
After this he took up the study of dentistry, 
graduating from the University of Mary- 
land March 13, 1889, entering at once upon 
his practice in Baltimore, where he still con- 
tinues with marked success, having been re- 
peatedly appointed assistant demonstrator 
at the University of Maryland. He has filled 
the various chairs in Golden Chain and Fra- 
ternal Legion of Baltimore, and is also a 
member of Baltimore City Dental Club and 
Maryland State Dental Association. Oc- 
tober 13. 1886, he married A-Iiss Matilda 
Phillips Jones, of Bahimore, daughter of 
Charles and Ozelah M. (Linthicum) Jones. 
Mrs. Badger is descended on her mother's 
side from John Linthicum, who came from 
England 133 years ago. Her great-uncle, 
Abner Linthicum, then nineteen years of 
age, fired the signal gun at Annapolis, an- 
nouncing the ap]M-oach of the British u]) the 
bay. On her father's side she is descended 
from the Lush, Jones and Dickison fami- 
lies, of Baltimore county. Mrs. Badger's 
great-grandfather, Charles Jones, came 
from Prince George's county in the latter 



half of the eighteenth century, with a large 
following of slaves and bought an immense 
tract of land in the vicinity of Woodensburg, 
which has now been divided into many 
farms, one of them still remaining in the 
possession of one of the family, Mrs. Mar- 
garet Henkle, who lives at the old home- 
stead, and is more than a hundred years of 
age. They have two children, Robert Ver- 
non and Mollie Ozelah. Doctor Badger is 
a member of Columbia Avenue Methodist 
Church and has been for the last twenty- 
four years, besides being one of the trustees. 
His wife is a member of Starr M. P. Church, 
Baltimore. 

Dr. Thomas Sollkrs Waters, of Bal- 
timore, was born in Montgomery county, 
Md., near Brookville, May 11, 1842. He is 
the son of Rev. Ignatius Waters, a farmer 
of Montgomery county, Md., being at 
the time of his death in 1870 a local minis- 
ter of the Methodist Church, South, but for 
many years a member of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church. Doctor Waters' mother 
was Miss Mary D. Sollers, a descendant of 
the family which settled Sollers' Point, Md., 
opposite Fort Carroll (Fort Carroll being 
at one time called Fort Sollers after that 
family). Doctor Waters is of Scotch and 
English descent. He is the third of five chil- 
dren. Our subject was educated at Brook- 
ville Academy and Calvert College, New 
Windsor, Carroll county, Md. After leav- 
ing college he had conferred upon him 
an honorary degree. He farmed for several 
years, coming to Baltimore in 1863 and be- 
gan to study dentistry under the late Philip 
H. Austin; attended Baltimore College of 
Dental Surgery two years, graduating 
March, 1S65, beginning practice at once in 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



823 



Baltimore. Immediately upon receipt of 
his diploma he was appointed demonstrator 
of mechanical or prosthetic dentistry, which 
position was retained for eight years con- 
secutively, and at the present time Doctor 
Waters has entire charge of the clinical 
work of the institution, being Chief of Clin- 
ics. At the beginning of his practice, in 
connection with Doctor Gorgas, Doctor 
Waters succeeded the late Dr. William 
Stinson at 43 Hanover street (1865) under 
the firm name of Gorgas & Waters. This 
partnership lasted five years and at its disso- 
lution Doctor Waters continued to practice 
at the old stand for several years, when he 
removed to Eutaw street, near Saratoga 
street, where he remained for seventeen 
years, removing to his present location, 756 
N. Eutaw street, in 1894. In 1868 he mar- 
ried Miss Amanda P. Grafiflin, of Baltimore; 
they have one child, Thomas Stephen. Doc- 
tor Waters is a member of the American 
Dental Association, Southern Dental Asso- 
ciation, honorary member New Jersey State 
Dental Society, honorary member First Dis- 
trict Dental Society of New York, honorary 
member Central Dental Association of New 
Jersey, president Maryland State Dental 
Association. He was one of the first mem- 
bers of the Board of Dental Examiners, hav- 
ing been a member for eight years ; was 
one of a committee to have the first dental 
law passed, and succeeded in the last Legis- 
lature (as chairman of committee) in having 
dental law re-enacted. Doctor Waters was 
president of the National Association of 
Dental Examiners for two years, being now 
honorary member of the same. As a Alason 
we find the following record: Past ]\Iaster 
Blue Lodge: Past High Priest Chapter; 
Past Officer Royal and Select Masters; 



member of Council High Priests ; Past Offi- 
cer Adherence Lodge, No. 88; Past High 
Priest Druid Lodge, No. 28; member of 
Grand Chapter Royal Arch Masons and 
member of Grand Lodge Masons ; Past Of- 
ficer of Knights Templar. He is also a 
member of the Royal Arcanum. Doctor 
Waters and wife are members of Grace M. 
E. Church, the Doctor being one of the 
official board and his wife a member of the 
Ladies' Aid and other church societies. 

John Pentland Brown. — Among the 
many nations that have contributed to the 
prosperity of our national life, none have 
been more potent than the hardy race of 
Scotchmen who for a few generations made 
their home in the north of Ireland before 
emigrating to America. From ancestors of 
Scotch-Irish birth the subject of this sketch 
has sprung. His father, Matthew J. Brown, 
was born in Baltimore, and is a son of James 
and Mary A. (Gault) Brown, natives of 
County Antrim, Ireland. Matthew J. 
Brown was in early life interested in oil 
properties in the firm of Brown, Hamil & 
Co., which they sold to the Standard Oil 
Company about 1870, and immediately es- 
tablished a pottery business under the firm 
name of Hamil, Brown & Co. In 1885 they 
incorporated under the name of Maryland 
Pottery Company of Baltimore, Mr. Brown 
becoming president, which office he held 
until his death October 13, 1895. Mr. 
Brown was an elder in the Presbyterian 
Church, and a Democrat in politics. He 
was married to Miss Elizabeth M. Pent- 
land, a native of Philadelphia, daugh- 
ter of John and Margaret (Findlay) Pent- 
land, natives of the north of Ireland. John 
Pentland was a designer of patterns for tex- 



824 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



tile fabrics and an expert in his profession. 

Of nine children born to his parents, John 
Pentland Brown is second. Of these four 
survive: Clara Findlay, wife of William J. 
King, Jr., of Baltimore, is third: [Matthew 
J., Jr., secretary of Pottery Company, is 
sixth, and Alice Bradbury Brown, is the 
youngest. 

John Pentland Brown was born October 
2, 1857, in Baltimore City. His education 
was secured in the schools of Baltimore, 
and his legal knowledge in the University 
of Maryland, where he graduated in the law 
department in the class of 1879, and imme- 
diately opened an office for the practice of 
his profession. Since the death of his father 
Mr. Brown has served as president of the 
Maryland Pottery Company, which claims 
the distinction of being the only company 
to first make all vitrous sanitary ware. He 
is manager and director of the Patapsco 
Title Company. He is a member of the 
Reform League and also on the executive 
committee of the Civil Service Reform 
Commission. In all national affairs he is a 
staunch Democrat, but in local. questions is 
strictly independent. He is a member of 
Asquith Street Presbyterian Church. 

Hon. D. Hopper Emory. — The Emory 
family is descended from the earliest colo- 
nials, dating back to the immigration of 
Arthur Emory (first), who left Old England 
for the wilds of America between the years 
1680 and 1690. He was followed by a son 
and grandson, named for himself, and to 
Arthur E. Emory (third) were born two 
sons. The family was of no little promi- 
nence as John, the elder of the two brothers, 
was appointed surveyor to his Majesty, 
King George. The second Thomas was the 



father of Jno. K. Emory, whose son, Judge 
D. C. H. Emory, so long occupied with 
much dignity and credit a seat on the bench 
of the courts of the State of Maryland. 

The subject of this sketch, a son of Judge 
D. C. H. Emory, was born in Queen Anne 
county, Md., in 1841, and was an infant 
when his parents moved to the city of Balti- 
more, where he attended private schools, 
Newton Academy, Rugby Institute, Mt. 
Washington private school, and the school 
of Dr. Edwin Arnold. After completing his 
literary courses, Mr. Emory began the 
study of law in his father's office, and was 
admitted to the bar in 1871 in the Superior 
Court. For fifteen years he was commis- 
sioner of Chancery in the Baltimore county 
court, and was at times candidate for Judge 
and State's Attorney. In 1896 he was elect- 
ed to the State Senate by a handsome ma- 
jority in a district usually giving fifteen hun- 
dred majority to the opposition. Mr. 
Emory held a prominent place on the com- 
mittees of the session of 1896, serving on 
those of education, engrossing bills, library, 
public buildings, Annapolis, committee on 
Article III, section 24 of the Constitution, 
and re-valuation and assessment. In the 
session of 1898 [Mr. Emory was on commit- 
tees' as follows, viz: corporations; educa- 
tion; railroads and canals; insurance, fidel- 
ity, security and loan companies; re-valua- 
tion and assessments, and was chairman of 
the committee on education. 

Mr. Emory and family are members of 
the Alethodist Episcopal Church. He is a 
member of the Alasonic Order, affiliating 
with the ]\It. I\Ioriah Lodge, No. 116, of 
Towson, and Jerusalem Chapter and Mary- 
land Commandery, No. i, of Baltimore, and 
Past Grand [Master of Towson Lodge of In- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAXD. 



825 



dependent Order of Odd Fellows. Mr. 
Emory is one of the board of directors of 
the Female House of Refuge and is secre- 
tary of that board. He is secretary of the 
board of beneficence of St. John's Independ- 
ent Methodist Protestant Cliurch. 

William Penn Lewis. — This family, as 
the Christian name indicates, is of Quaker 
origin. William Penn Lewis, Sr., was born 
in Philadelphia May 13, 1829, and was edu- 
cated there. Already interested in mercan- 
tile pursuits, he came to Baltimore in 1852 
and engaged in the wholesale dry goods 
business. In 1864 he became a member of 
the firm of Hodges Brothers. He was for 
many years one of the best known mer- 
chants in the trade, and crossed the ocean 
one hundred and twenty times as European 
buyer for his firm. He retired from busi- 
ness in 1888 and died October 8, 1897. He 
married in Philadelphia June 24, 1852, Miss 
Janie ilacferran, who died September 17, 
1895. They left surviving them, a son Wil- 
liam Penn Lewis, and a daughter, the wife 
of Dr. B. Merrill Hopkinson. 

William Penn Lewis, Jr., was born in 
Baltimore September 2, 1856; and was edu- 
cated in the private schools of the city, and 
at the Institution Sillig, Vevey, Switzerland. 
For about four years he held a position in 
the house of Hodges Brothers under his fa- 
ther, and in 1880 began the study of law in 
the offices of Hinkley & Morris. While 
reading there, he entered the law depart- 
ment of the University of Maryland, from 
which he was graduated in 1882. He prac- 
ticed law in the offices of Hinkley & Morris 
until 1894, when he removed to the Build- 
ers' E.xchange Building and opened offices 
with Mr. Frederick W. Storv. On the 2d 



of July, 1890, Mr. Lewis was married to 
Mary Claytor, daughter of J. Rogers Wool- 
len, of West River, Anne Arundel countv. 
They have one child, \Mlliam Penn Wool- 
len Lewis. 

Daniel Gans, Attorney-at-Law, 300 
Equitable Building, was born near Waynes- 
boro, Pa., in the year 1822. His father, 
Samuel Gans, who attained the age of 67 
or 68, was of German descent, though the 
family has been American for many gen- 
erations, his ancestors having been amongst 
the early colonists. The wife of Samuel 
Gans was Miss Mary Linn, of Scotch-Irish 
parentage. Of six children born to them, 
Daniel was fifth and youngest of the three 
sons. His education was secured in Mar- 
shall College, in the preparatory depart- 
ment of which he was taught the rudimen- 
tary branches. After completing the liter- 
ary course he entered the theological sem- 
inary, a department of his Alma Mater, and 
on completing his course was ordained min- 
ister of the German Reformed Church of 
America. His first charge was at Bloom- 
field, Pa., where he remained two years. 
Thence he was called to Hagerstown and 
six years later accepted the pulpit at Harris- 
burg, where he remained nine years. Mor- 
ristown, near Philadelphia, was his next 
charge, whence, after four or five years, he 
came to Baltimore, preaching some eight 
years until he experienced a change of faith, 
abandoned the pulpit, and became a com- 
municant of the Catholic Church under the 
spiritual direction of Father Clark of 
Loyola. 

Having abandoned the ministry, Mr. 
Gans began the study of law in the office of 
his distinguished son Edward H. Gans, and 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



in 1882 was admitted to the bar. Shortly 
after he was elected to the judgeship of the 
Orphans" Court, which position he filled 
with honor until 1896 when he went out with 
the overturning of the political wheel. Dur- 
ing his long term of service his administra- 
tion was such that his descendants in after 
years may look upon it with pride. 

Mr. Gans was twice married ; first to Miss 
Sarah Duncan, daughter of Judge Duncan, 
an associate on the bench of Perry county. 
Pa. Of the two children born of this mar- 
riage, the only survivor is Mary, a Sister of 
Charity in Richmond, Va. Mr. Gans was 
married the second time to Miss Schwartz, 
Hagerstown, and she is the mother of six 
children, of whom five survive. The eldest 
of these, Edgar H. Gans, for eight years the 
distinguished Deputy State's Attorney un- 
der Hon. Chas. G. Kerr, is mentioned more 
at length in this work. 

Mr. Daniel Gans has always been a 
staunch supporter of Democratic doctrines, 
placing patriotism and principle above par- 
ty. So firm a believer is he in the principles 
and traditions of his party that in the politi- 
cal revolution of 1896 he cast his ballot for 
the candidate who stood for sound money 
and a stable government, although the 
ticket bore another name. Its principles 
were those of true Democracy and he felt he 
was honoring his party by giving that ticket 
his support. Mr. Gans was never a member 
of any of the fraternal orders, not being in 
sympathy with secret societies of any kind. 
During the days of his ministry .there was 
conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of 
Divinity by the college of the city of Tif^fin. 
State of Ohio. 

.\t the Synod of the German Reformed 
Church convened at Hagerstown, Md., 



1868, Mr. Gans, then pastor at Morristown, 
Pa., was elected to the chair of Biblical His- 
tory and E.xegesis in the Theological Sem- 
inary at Lancaster, Pa., but as the endow- 
ment of this chair was not entirely com- 
jileted, tlie position was not accepted. 

For many years he was an extensive con- 
tributor to the columns of the weekly paper 
of the church, called the Reformed Church 
Messenger. 

He also furnished quite a number of heav- 
ier articles for The Merccrsbnrg Rcviezv, 
then a very lively periodical. The subjects 
here were mainly theological and contro- 
versial. 

At the Tercentenary Jubilee, held in Phil- 
adelphia, Pa., in 1863, he was chosen to fur- 
nisli one of the leading essays of the occa- 
sion. The theme given was: The Educa- 
tional System of Religion Underlying the 
Heidelberg Catechism. 

In the year 1869 he prepared two small 
volumes of cjuestions and answers on the 
Church Year, one on the gospels and the 
other on the epistles, adapted especially to 
Bible Classes and Sunday-schools. 

Throughout his ministerial career Mr. 
Gans was an active advocate of what was 
then called High-Churchism, over against 
the strong tendency to regard the church, 
with all its admitted virtues, as on a level 
practically with any other merely human 
organization. Amid all his practical care as 
pastor, Mr. G. never seemed to lose sight of 
the higher intellectual work of the Christian 
minister. 

RoiiiCRT T.WLOR. Investment and Stock 
P)roker, 15 South street, a native of Balti- 
more county, was born at Cloud Capped in 
the year 1853. His great-grandfather, Jo- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



seph Taylor, came with a brother from 
Pennsylvania, making Baltimore his home. 
His son, Robert Taylor, a leading whole- 
sale grocer of Baltimore, lived for many 
years at the corner of Charles and Mulberry 
streets, until retiring from business, when 
he purchased Cloud Capped from James 
Cox, and the estate descended to Talbert 
J. Taylor, father of our subject. Under its 
roof four generations of the Taylor family 
made their homes. i\lr. Taylor disposed of 
the estate in 1886. 

Mr. Taylor's education was secured at St. 
Timothy's School at Catonsville, in which 
he completed the course. Mr. Taylor very 
early began business life, becoming a mem- 
ber of the firm of J. S. Yeaton & Co., deal- 
ers in coal at 3 West Saratoga street. Mr. 
Taylor is at the head of the firm of Robert 
Taylor & Co., investment and stock brokers, 
at 15 South street. Mr. Taylor holds a 
membership in the Stock Exchange of Bal- 
timore. Mr. Robert Taylor, his grand- 
father, married Miss Easor Jones, daughter 
of Mr. Talbert Jones, a prominent business 
man, member of the firm of Andrew D. 
Jones & Co. Mr. Talbert J. Taylor was 
never actively engaged in business, giving 
his entire time to the management of his es- 
tates. His wife was a daughter of Mr. Al- 
exander Kirkland, of the well-known firm 
of Kirkland, Chase & Co. A more extended 
account of this family will be found else- 
where in this work. 

Mr. Taylor is a member of St. Timothy's 
Church at Catonsville. In politics he is a 
Democrat, but of the sound money type. 
He is not blindly partisan, but casts his vote 
with a view- to the merits of the men and 
measures before the public. 



Frederick Story, Attorney-at-Law, 11 
Builders E.xchange, of well-known New 
England family, was born at Boston, on 
January 5, 1852. His great-great-grand- 
father, William Story (son of Elisha), was 
Register of the Admiralty at Boston during 
the turbulent days prior to the Revolution ; 
as such he was custodian of the "stamps," 
which created so much of the popular dis- 
content, and it was from his office that the 
mob took them to burn them before his 
door. Nevertheless his eldest son (by Eliza- 
beth Marion, his first wife). Dr. Elisha Story 
was an ardent patriot from first to last. He 
was the original president of the Sons of 
Liberty and one of the three commanders 
who led them to the Boston Tea Party. He 
served at Concord, Lexington and Bunker 
Hill (where he was surgeon in charge the 
night following), and was with Washington 
at the crossing of the Delaware. Four of 
his younger brothers also won commissions 
in the Continental Army, of whom John 
died unmarried, a major in the regular army, 
after the peace. Doctor Story was very emi- 
nent in his profession, was twice married 
and had many children — Capt. John Patten 
Story, U. S. A., being a great-grandson by 
the first wife. His second wife was Meheta- 
bel Pedrick, daughter of Col. John Pedrick, 
of Marblehead, who prudently contrived 
"Leslie's Retreat" in 1774, and so put off 
the war one year. She also was an ardent 
patriot and refused the hand of the British 
Lieut. Col. McGraw, who afterwards fell 
at Bunker Hill at the head of his men. The 
eldest child of that second wife was Joseph 
Story, one of the Justices of the Supreme 
Court of the United States, and the author 
of "Story's Equity Jurisprudence." father of 



828 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



William Westmore Story, sculptor, poet 
and author, father of Julian Russell Story, 
painter: the second son by the second wife 
was Isaac Story, captain of ^larblehead 
Light Infantry when the frigate "Constitu- 
tion" sought refuge there in the War of 
1812, father of Isaac Story, one of the oldest 
living members of the Massachusetts bar 
and Justice of the Court at Somerville these 
twenty-five years last past, now in his 
eightieth year. Among the younger sons 
by the second wife are Capt. Horace Cullen 
Story. U. S. A., and Frederick Washington 
Cathan Story, U. S. X., both of whom 
served in the War of 1812, and afterward 
died unmarried. Isaac Story last above 
named married his first cousin, Elizabeth 
Bowen Woodberry, whose father served in 
the War of 1812, and her grandfather in the 
Revolution, and they had ten children, of 
whom but the third, fourth and sixth sur- 
vived childhood, viz: Wm. Edward Story, 
Harvard, 187 1, Ph. D., Leipzig, formerly 
Associate Professor in Johns Hopkins Uni- 
versity and now Professor of Mathematics 
in Clark LTniversity at Worcester, Mass; 
Frederick Story, of Baltimore, and Isaac 
Marion Story, C. E.. Massachusetts Insti- 
tute of Tecimology, now living at Somer- 
ville. 

Frederick W. Story, Harvard 1873, 
learned to read very early at his mother's 
knee, and was graduated with distinction 
from the Somerville High School in 1869. 
He read law under his father and was ad- 
mitted to the Massachusetts bar at Boston 
in July, 1875. After teaching private school 
in Ohio, he came to Baltimore December 8, 
1876, and for a time tauglit private pupils 
here. In September, 1870, he entered the 
office of Ilinklev & Morris, where he con- 



tinued the study of law, and was admitte<l 
on certificate to practice in Maryland in the 
spring of 1880, making the law of real es- 
tate a specialty. 

In August, 1894, Mr. Story left the office 
of Hinkley & Morris, in company with Wil- 
liam Penn Lewis, Jr. (who had been there 
the same time), removing to the Builders 
Exchange, where they are still located. 

In February, 1896, Mr. Story was ap- 
pointed to the office of Examiner of Titles 
for the city of Baltimore by Mayor Hooper, 
and was unanimously confirmed by the City 
Council. April 15, 1896, Governor Lowndes 
appointed him on the "Torren's Plan" com- 
mission and he was unanimously confirmed 
by the Senate. He is first vice-president of 
the Harvard Club of Maryland. He is a 
member of the Episcopal Church and of the 
Brotherhood of St. Andrew of that denomi- 
nation. He is a corresponding member of 
the New England Historic-Genealogical So- 
ciety and of the Harford County Historical 
Society, and an active member of the Mary- 
land Historical Society, a recognized au- 
thority in the heralding of genealogy. He 
is a member of the Bar Association of Bal- 
timore, and of the Maryland State Bar As- 
sociation. In politics he has always been a 
consistent Republican, in shade and in sun- 
shine. 

On June 17, 18S5, the one hundred and 
tenth anniversary of the battle of Bunker 
Hill, he married Mary Aline, daughter of 
Richard Blakistone Keys by his wife 
Rachel Jackson Mary Barker, daughter of 
Maj. James Nelson Barker, appointed 
Comptroller of the U. S. Treasury by Presi- 
dent .'Andrew Jackson, for whose wife 
(Rachel Jackson) Mrs. Keys was named. 
Major Barker, also well known as a jxjet 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



829 



and author, served in the War of 1812, as did 
his father. Gen. John Barker, of Pennsyl- 
vania, in the Revolution. Father and son 
was each in his time Mayor of Philadel- 
phia. The paternal grandfather of Richard 
B. Keys likewise served as an officer in the 
Revolution. 

Mr. and Mrs. Story have an only child, 
Frederick Washington Marion Story, now 
in his eleventh year. 

Mr. Edwin J. F.arber, Attorney-at- 
Law, 207 St. Paul street, Baltimore, is a na- 
tive of Baltimore City. His ancestors are 
of English, French and German origin, his 
paternal grandfather coming from Bavaria, 
Germany, his paternal grandmother from 
France, and in the maternal line he descend- 
ed in part from the English people and from 
Hanoverian stock, and some of his kindred 
still reside in Hanover. One branch of the 
family, the Klares, have been well known 
bankers in the city of Bremen and another 
branch, the Mayors, also of the city of Ba- 
varia. The father of our subject, Henry 
J. Farber, came from Germany and was 
during his business career a leading com- 
mission merchant and also a bank director 
in the city of Baltimore. Through his inde- 
fatigable energy he amassed a competency. 
He was one of the earliest of those families 
who built up handsome estates in the vi- 
cinity of Catonsville, where he and his 
family have resided for forty years on one 
estate. Edwin J. Farber is the oldest son, 
born December 22, 1856. He first attended 
Newton Academy, and subsequently en- 
tered Pennsylvania College as a member of 
the class of '"jy, where he took the Fresh- 
man prize for best general scholarship, lead- 
ing his class. He then went to Lafavette 



College at Easton, Pa., where he graduated 
in 1877 as the youngest member in a class 
of over one hundred; was selected class 
historian of his class for class day and was 
awarded one of the honorary orations on 
the occasion of his graduation. In 1877 on 
his graduation he received the degree of A. 
B. and in 1880 the college conferred on him 
the degree of A. M. Previous to his colle- 
giate course Mr. Farber was also a student 
of music at the Peabody Conservatory of 
Music. He is the author of a number of 
musical compositions, some of which have 
been published. On returning to Baltimore 
upon his graduation he entered the law of- 
fice of Mr. Orville Horwitz as a student and 
also the law department of the University 
of Maryland, from which he graduated in 
1879 as one of the youngest members of his 
class with the degree of LL. B. He was 
also elected class historian of his class in the 
University of Maryland. He was imme- 
diately admitted as a member of the bar of 
Baltimore City, .\fter completing his col- 
lege course Mr. Farber spent several 
months in the mercantile establishment of 
H. J. Farber & Co. to familiarize himself 
with practical business principles for use in 
later life. In 1881 he was elected to the 
lower branch of the Maryland Legislature 
and although the youngest Democrat in 
the House has the distinction of having 
more bills passed than any member of the 
House with the exception of one. He took 
a prominent part in the proceedings and 
was instrumental in pushing through much 
needed legislation. One bill that might be 
mentioned was that excusing the executors 
of wills from giving bond, saving to many 
estates thousands of dollars. During his 
term there Mr. Farber served on the Com- 



830 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



mittees on Engrossing, Library, Judiciary 
and the special committee on Edmondson 
avenue, of which he was chairman, and was 
instrumental in having that thoroughfare 
promptly and economically completed. Mr. 
Farber was admitted to practice in the 
Courts of the United States on motion of 
Hon. J. M. Dickinson, Assistant Attorney 
General under the administration of Presi- 
dent Cleveland. 

Of many business enterprises of Balti- 
more City and county Mr. Farber has been 
a principal promoter. With several col- 
leagues he was instrumental in having the 
railroad built to Catonsville, making that 
suburb what it now is. He is president of 
the Daily Record Building Company, and 
vice-president of the Daily Record Pub- 
lishing Company, president of the Mary- 
land Medical Journal, president of the Argus 
Printing Company and president of the 
Economy Novelty Manufacturing Com- 
I)any, and director in and counsel for the 
First National Bank of Catonsville, and for 
most of them is attorney and counsellor, as 
well as several corporations of which he is 
director. When time permits Mr. Farber 
is an occasional contributor to the various 
publications with which he is connected, 
but as much of the business management 
falls upon him, little time is given for the 
use of his versatile pen. One of the most 
interesting cases with which Mr. Farber has 
i)een connected in his professional e.\- 
perience was the famous will case of John 
McCaffcry, of Chicago — a case that rivals 
a novel in romantic features. During two 
\-ears of the litigation, Mr. l-'arbcr traveled 
over fifty thousand miles, securing evidence 
and adjusting the claims of his clients. 

In politics Mr. Farber has always been a 



staunch Democrat, and was a delegate of 
his constituency in the State Convention of 
1895, and has frequently represented them 
in the County Conventions. 

Socially, he is a member of the college 
fraternity Phi Kappa Psi. 'Sh. Farber has 
probably a wider acquaintance with the 
leading men in various walks of life of his 
day than any man of his age, and has many 
communications from them attesting their 
friendship and interest. 

George R. Carter, D. D. S., is a repre- 
sentative of one of the oldest Virginia 
families, dating back into earliest colonial 
times. He is descended from Mr. Robert 
Carter, the first American ancestor of the 
family, who was knowni in colonial days as 
"King Carter," one of the most influential ' 
and wealthy men of his State, whose de- 
scendants intermarried with the Lees, Pages 
and other prominent families of Virginia. 
Doctor Carter is a great-grandson of Rich- 
ard Carter, of Westmoreland county, Va., 
who married Agnes Rutledge, of South 
Carolina, a daughter of Justice Rutledge, 
of the United States Supreme Court. 

Doctor Carter is a son of Francis M. Car- 
ter, whose wife. Miss Pritchard, like him- 
self, was a native of the Old Dominion. Mr. 
Francis M. Carter was born in Loudoun 
county, where he cultivated a fine estate. 
He has served his county as magistrate and 
supervisor. He is also a director in the local 
insurance company. During the Civil War 
he did no active service in the field after the 
first battle of Manassas, owing to bad health. 
He was commissioned by the State to look 
after the Confederate soldiers families, which 
he did most faithfully, not only distributing 
the State funds, but most liberallv of his 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



831 



own. Two of his brothers, Col. George W. 
and Capt. John R. Carter, served in the 
Confederate Army. 

Doctor Carter was born in Loudoun 
county, Va., in October, 1855, attending 
private schools at an early period, and later 
was under the instruction of a private tutor 
in his father's house. When a young man 
Doctor Carter clerked in a store for a few 
years, and for a longer period followed farm- 
ing. Preferring a professional career he 
came to Baltimore and matriculated in the 
Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, 
where he graduated in the spring of i88g, 
and immediately opened an office in his 
present location, where he has built up a 
comfortable practice. 

Doctor Carter was married to Miss Kath- 
arine Gordon McCoy, February 22, 1892, 
daughter of Mr. Robert H. McCoy, of Bal- 
timore. They have one child, George 
Pritchard Carter, born September, 1894. 
The Doctor and his wife are regular at- 
tendants of the Episcopal Church, of which 
Mrs. Carter is a member. Doctor Carter is 
not connected with any of the social clubs 
or fraternal orders. In politics he is a 
staunch Democrat of the Jefifersonian type. 

George Edw.\rd Hardy, M. D., D. D. 
S., 716 Park avenue, is a native of Bruns- 
wick county, Va., and was born July 12, 
1868. His early education was secured in 
public and private schools of his native 
county. In 1886 he came to Baltimore and , 
began his studies in the Baltimore College 
of Dental Surgery, graduating in March, 
1888. Continuing his studies in the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, Doctor 
Hardy passed the final examinations and 



was licensed to practice medicine in March, 
1889. Beginning the practice of dentistry 
in the office of his preceptor, Dr. R. B. Win- 
der, Doctor Hardy continued that asso- 
ciation until the death of the former, since 
which time he has continued the practice 
where he began, having held the elder 
Doctor's patronage and added much of his 
own. In 1894 Doctor Hardy was appointed 
senior demonstrator of Mechanical Den- 
tistry of his Alma Mater, which position he 
now fills. 

Doctor Hardy is a son of Dr. George E. 
Hardy, Sr., who during his lifetime, was a 
leading physician and surgeon of Lunen- 
berg county, Va., where he died in 1894, at 
the age of seventy-two. He was a surgeon 
in the Confederate Army during the Civil 
War, serving w4th Pickett in the army of 
Virginia. He married Miss M. Ellen, 
daughter of Mr. William Irby, of Virginia. 
The father of Doctor Hardy, Sr., was 
John Covington Hardy, a native of Eng- 
land, who on coming to America about the 
; close of the Revolutionary War, settled in 
1 Lunenberg county, Va., of which he was a 
I highly respected citizen. 

Doctor Hardy, the subject of this sketch, 
I was married in the city of Baltimore to a 
j daughter of Mr. Alvin Corell, a native of 
New Jersey, who came to the city of Balti- 
more when nine years of age. Some of his 
ancestors were participators in the War of 
the Revolution. 

Doctor Hardy is a member of the Im- 
proved Order of Heptasophs, of the Mary- 
land State Dental Association, of which he 
is secretary, and of the Southern and the 
National Dental Association of .America, 
1 In politics he is a consistent Democrat. 



832 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Mr. Henry J. Bowdoin, a member of 
one of the leading legal firms in Baltimore, 
Marbury & Bowdoin, was born in that city 
in November, i860. After fitting himself 
for college in private schools, Mr. Bow- 
doin matriculated in Johns Hopkins Uni- 
versity, from which he graduated in 1881, 
and two years later graduated from the Law 
School of the University of Maryland, and 
was immediately admitted to practice. For 
three years Mr. Bowdoin practiced in the 
office of Mr. S. T. Wallis, then for a time 
alone, until forming a partnership with Mr. 
Wm. Cabell Bruce. Following the dissolu- 
tion of this firm Mr. Bowdoin was a mem- 
ber of the firm of Marshall, Marbury & 
Bowdoin, which was dissolved January i, 
1897. The present firm of Marbury & Bow- 
doin has been in existence since the latter 
date. 

Mr. Bowdoin \s father, George E. Bow- 
doin, was a native of Virginia. Moving to 
Baltimore prior to the war, he engaged in 
the grain business. The first .\merican an- 
cestor of the family was Pierre Bowdoin, 
a Huguenot, who was compelle'd to flee 
from France after the Revocation of the 
Edict of Xantes. Settling in Virginia, his 
family increased and spread out from there 
to other States. Mr. Bowdoin's grand- 
father served in the Revolutionary War. 

In politics Mr. Bowdoin is strictly inde- 
pcdent. He is a member of the University, 
the Maryland and the Merchants' Club, and 
of the jNIaryland Historical Society. He is 
serving as second vice-president in the 
Maryland Trust Company, of which he is 
one of the stockholders. Mr. Bowdoin has 
never sought nor filled any ofScial position 
in the gift of the people. While taking an 
interest in the political affairs of the State 
and Nation he is in no sense a politician. 



Dr. Chaplain H. Carson, D. D. S., is a 
native of Moorefield, Hardy county, W. 
Va., his birth occurring October 6, 1871. 
When ten years old his parents moved to 
Baltimore. Prior to that time he had at- 
tended the public and private schools of 
Virginia, in which State his parents had 
lived since his infancy. After coming to 
Baltimore Doctor Carson attended the 
grammar school for a time and then pur- 
sued a three years' course in the City Col- 
lege. After completing his college course 
our subject secured a position in a whole- 
sale house and for six years was engaged in 
mercantile pursuits. 

In 1894 he began the study of dentistry 
in the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, 
graduating and receiving his diploma 
March 19, 1897. He has since been ap- 
pointed assistant demonstrator in his 
Alma Mater. Doctor Carson has an office 
on Madison avenue with his preceptor. Dr. 
B. Holly Smith. 

Doctor Carson is independent in politics, 
casting his ballot for whom he considers 
the man best suited for the place. He is a 
member of the Psi Omega Fraternal Order, 
and of the Maryland State Dental .\ssocia- 
tion, and of the American and Southern 
Dental Association. 

The parents of Doctor Carson are Rev. 
Thomas E. Carson and Mary A., daughter 
of Mr. Richard Keene, a prominent citizen 
of Dorchester county, Md., which he has 
represented in the Legislature. Rev. 
Thomas E. Carson, a native of Baltimore, 
has for many years been a leading light in 
the clergy of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church, South, having filled many of the 
pulpits in Maryland, Virginia and West 
Virginia. His father, Daniel Carson, was a 
soldier in the War of 1812, and his earlier 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



833 



ancestors, amongst them, the Chaplains and 
Tildens, served in the War of Independence. 
The family is of English origin, the last for- 
eign-born ancestors coming to America in 
colonial times. 

Benjamin F. Clarksox, D. D., Pastor 
of the Woodberry First Methodist Church, 
No. 29 Woodberry avenue, Baltimore. 
Rev. Benjamin F. Clarkson was born Janu- 
ary 19, 1841, in Cassville, Huntingdon 
county. Pa., where his primary education 
was secured in the public schools. After 
teaching a few years Mr. Clarkson entered 
the Cassville Seminary, which his father was 
instrumental in founding, from which he 
graduated in the spring of 1861. On the 
outbreak of the Civil War and the call for 
troops, Mr. Clarkson was the first from his 
town or township to offer his services. En- 
listing August 30, 1861, he served three 
years and two months, receiving his dis- 
charge in November, 1864. Had it not been 
for a serious injury to his eyes, from which 
he has never recovered, Mr. Clarkson would 
have re-enlisted and served through the en- 
tire war or have shed his life's blood for the 
cause. The injury mentioned was caused 
by the settling of a cold in his eyes brought 
on by being out all night in the rain the day 
after his discharge from the hospital, where 
he had endured a severe spell of typhoid 
fever. Mr. Clarkson served in D Company, 
Forty-ninth Regiment, Pennsylvania Vol- 
unteers, Hancock's Corps, under General 
IMcClellan. Among the battles in which he 
fought may be mentioned Fredericksburg, 
:Mayer's Heights— a part of the battle of 
Chancellorsville, Antietam, Gettysburg, the 
second battle of Bull Run, Rapidan— 



through the battles of the Wilderness and 
Spottsylvania. 

On his return from the army Mr. Clark- 
son taught a school for one year and then 
entered the ministry on trial, in March, 1866, 
in the East Baltimore Conference. The 
successive charges over which he presided 
were as follows: Harford Circuit in Carroll 
and Baltimore counties ; Piedmont, W. Va. ; 
Great Falls, in Baltimore county; Harford 
Circuit, Harford county; West Harford, 
Severn, Baltimore Circuit. Since that 
time Mr. Clarkson has been stationed in 
Baltimore, first at Hanover Street Church, 
followed by High Street Station, Harford 
Avenue Station, Franklin Street Station, 
and in !March, 1897, was assigned his present 
charge. Mr. Clarkson has now served fif- 
teen consecutive years in the city of Balti- 
more, the longest term of any living min- 
ister of his denomination. 

Our subject is a son of David West Clark- 
son, who married Eleanor, daughter of Mr. 
Jesse Corbin, of Huntingdon county, Pa. 
David West Clarkson was a native of Ger- 
mantown. Pa., where he was for a number 
of years an undertaker. On removing to 
Cassville, he became, in addition to his for- 
mer business, a contractor and builder. He 
was a man of profound religious convictions 
and an earnest promoter of educational and 
religious enterprises. With a few equally 
devout friends, he established the Cassville 
Seminary, under the auspices of the Metho- 
dist Church, and remained secretary of the 
Board until the close of its career as an edu- 
cational institution. Prior to the war he 
held the office of justice of the peace for fif- 
teen years and was later twice elected As- 
sistant Judge of Huntingdon county, serv- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



ing in that capacity ten years. He died in 
July, 1895, in his eighty-first year, mourned 
by all who knew him. His life is a good ex- 
ample for the rising generation to follow. 

The immigrant ancestor of our subject 
was John Clarkson, a native of Old Eng- 
land, where he was possessed of large land- 
ed estates, which he sold and invested in the 
region of Philadelphia, where he became 
a man of prominence. During the Revolu- 
tion he held a colonel's commission in the 
patriot army. His wife was a sister of the 
famous American artist, Benjamin West. 
His son, Samuel Clarkson, grandfather of 
our subject, was a sergeant in the War of 
1812. He was born in Philadelphia in 1787; 
married Susan Bowman, of Montgomery 
county, and moved with his family to Hunt- 
ingdon county, where he died in 1830, his 
wife attaining the age of eighty-four. He 
was a carpenter and builder by trade, and 
many of the buildings he erected are stand- 
ing in Huntingdon county to-day. One of 
his sons, Capt. Adam Clarkson, was a sol- 
dier in the Mexican War under General 
Scott. 

The family from first to last has been a 
race of fighters and patriots, and each suc- 
ceeding generation has furnished a soldier 
to each successive war of the country since 
the Revolution. One of Mr. Clarkson's 
brothers fell with Reynold's command at 
Gettysburg. Mr. Clarkson was married to 
Miss Laura Kelly, of Manchester, Carroll 
coimty, Md., daughter of Mr. James Kelly, 
for a number of years surveyor of Carroll 
county. Mr. Clarkson is a Republican in 
politics, but not a rank partisan. He js a 
member of the Masonic fraternity, affiliat- 
ing with Adherence Lodge and Druid Hill 



Chapter of that order, and has had conferred 
upon him the fourteen degrees of the Scot- 
tish Rite. He is a comrade of Dushane 
Post, G. A. R., and the Union Veterans, 
and has served as chaplain of the Grand 
Army of the Republic, department of Mary- 
land. He is also a member of the Ministers' 
Fund Society of the Methodist Church. 

The First M. E. Church, of Woodberry, 
over which Mr. Clarkson presides, is a fine 
brown-stone structure of Gothic architec- 
ture and of remarkably fine proportions, on 
a location especially favorable for display- 
ing its symmetrical outlines. The structure 
was begun in the spring of 1867, the corner- 
stone being laid July 2d of that year. The 
lecture-room was opened for services Janu- 
ary 19, 1868, and the church dedicated by 
Bishop E. R. Ames on December 18, 1870. 
The parsonage, a block west of the church, 
is one of the best in the conference. On 
Sunday, July 4, 1897, the church celebrated 
the thirtieth anniversary of its building with 
appropriate ceremonies. Under Mr. Clark- 
son's pastorate the church is growing in 
strength and influence; the Sunday-school, 
the Epworth League and the various socie- 
ties are progressing and spreading their in- 
fluence for the good of the community. 

Dr. William Rosenau, 2114 Bolton 
street. — The Eutaw Place Temple, in which 
Doctor Rosenau presides, is one of the finest 
in the city of fine churches and temples. It 
is the place of worship of the Oheb Shalom 
(Lover of Peace) congregation, an offshoot 
from the congregation of the Madison Av- 
enue Temple, and has grown to be the 
largest Hebrew congregation in the city, in 
fact as large as any other two. The con- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



835 



gregation was organized in a hall on Gay 
street, October 30, 1853. The first regular 
place of worship was in a hall over Childs' 
Coach Factory on Gay street and the first 
president of the congregation was Julius 
Stife. The first service was held November 
12, 1853. In January, 1858, the congrega- 
tion moved to Hanover street, below Lom- 
bard. Prior to 1859 the congregation had 
been under the charge of Doctor Lansberg, 
and from that date until 1892 the congrega- 
tion was under the charge of the memorable 
Doctor Szold, Rabbi emeritus; Doctor 
Szold is a native of Hungary, received his 
rabbinical degree in Breslau, and came di- 
rect to Baltimore, where he has lived for 
nearly forty years. He is one of the most 
eminent Hebrew scholars in the world and 
is the author of many works, among them 
a commentary on the Book of Job, written 
in Hebrew. He is now preparing a trans- 
lation of the same book for the forthcoming- 
English edition of the Hebrew Bible. 

Almost as remarkable in years of service 
is the venerable Cantor Mr. Kaiser, who for 
thirty-one years has been the leader of the 
sacred music of the congregation. A na- 
tive of Hungary, he received his musical 
education in Vienna, and shortly after came 
to America, settling in Baltimore, which has 
since been his home. He is known as one 
of the foremost writers of sacred music liv- 
ing, and his compositions are sung in every 
city of importance in America as well as in 
many abroad. 

The present house of worship was begun 
in July, 1892, the cornerstone laid with im- 
posing ceremonies September ist, follow- 
ing, and formally dedicated September 8tli 
and 9th in the year 1893. 

Rev. Dr. William Rosenau was born 



in the village of Wollstein, Silesia, 
Germany, May 30, 1865. His father, Na- 
than Rosenau, a merchant of Newburg, N. 
Y., emigrated to America when William 
was eleven years of age. He had attended 
school in the Fatherland, and on coming 
to America graduated from the grammar 
schools of Philadelphia, where the family 
then resided. In 1882 Mr. Rosenau en- 
tered the Colleges of Cincinnati and gradu- 
ated from the Hebrew Union College with 
the rabbinical degree in 1889. He received 
a call to Temple Israel at Omaha, Neb., 
where he remained until his call to Balti- 
more in 1892. 

Doctor Rosenau was married in Omaha 
to Miss Mabel Hellman, daughter of Mr. 
Meyer Hellman of that place. 

Doctor Rosenau is instructor in rabbin- 
ical studies in Johns Hopkins University. 
While in Omaha he became a member of 
the Masonic fraternity, St. John's Lodge, 
No. 22; Ancient Order of United Work- 
men, and the Hebrew Order B'nai Berith. 
In politics he is a believer in republican 
principles. 

A number of Doctor Rosenau's sermons 
have been published and favorably received, 
as has been his paper on Semitic Studies in 
American Colleges. His occasional con- 
tributions to the press are likewise of a high 
order. Doctor Rosenau is a teacher of 
strong mentality and personal influence, in 
the prime of life with the best of his career 
before him. 

Robert B. Cromer, a native of Balti- 
more, was born October i, 1852. His 
training was secured in the public schools 
of the city, Lester's private school, Newton 
Academy, and in Eli Lamb's Quaker 



836 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



School. .After completing his literary edu- 
cation, Doctor Cromer began the study of 
dentistry in the of^fice of Doctor Duck, un- 
der whose tutelage he remained five years. 
He then attended the Maryland Dental Col- 
lege two sessions, and in 1873 ^^ the close 
of the second session, opened an office near 
the corner of Eutaw and Saratoga streets, 
and has been engaged in the practice of his 
profession at or near this corner for tw-enty- 
four years. He is a member of the Mary- 
land Dental Association. 

The father of Doctor Cromer, Thomas 
W. Cromer, married Miss Emily J. Whit- 
ney, a member of an old and honored Mas- 
sachusetts family. Thomas W. Cromer, for 
many years the senior member of the whole- 
sale tobacco firm, Cromer & Hofif, died in 
1887 at the age of sixty-five. He was a Re- 
publican in politics and a member of the 
Methodist Church. His father was a ser- 
geant in the War of 1812. 

Doctor Cromer is married to Miss Helen 
A. T. Miller, daughter of William D. and 
Mary H. (Edwards) Miller. The ancestors 
of Mr. Miller served in the War of the Rev- 
olution. The Doctor and Mrs. Cromer have 
one son, William D. The Doctor and his 
wife are members of the Lafayette Avenue 
Methodist Protestant Church. In politics 
he is a thorough Republican. Secret socie- 
ties have never appealed to the Doctor, he 
preferring to spend his evenings at home. 

Dr. Charlks E. Duck. Dentist, 112 
West Mulberry street, though a Baltimor- 
ean by birth is of English parentage. His 
father, Dr. James Duck, an eminent special- 
ist in insanity, was born in Bristol, England. 
He studied medicine under Sir Astley 
Cooper, and making insanity a special 



study, established an asylum at Plympton, 
known as the Plympton House. This be- 
came a well known place for the treatment 
of cerebral diseases and proved a source of 
profit to its proprietor. Doctor Duck emi- 
grated to America in 1845, being fifty years 
of age, settling first in Baltimore, where 
Charles E. was born, but removed within a 
year to Brooklyn, where he died January i, 
1859. His family was of the Quaker sect, 
but after his marriage Doctor Duck experi- 
enced a change of faith and became a com- 
municant of the Episcopal Church, to which 
his wife belonged. Doctor Duck and all his 
children were baptized the same day by a 
minister of that denomination, while the 
family was living in Brooklyn. Doctor 
Duck was married in England to Miss Eliz- 
abeth Sargent, a native of London, a de- 
scendant of Earl Godwin through her 
mother, who bore that name. The grand- 
father of our subject was John Duck, a 
leader of the Friends' Church. His life was 
spent in England, where his dust and ashes 
now repose. 

Dr. Charles E. Duck was born at Waver- 
ly, now within the limits of Baltimore, 
which his father named in honor of Waverly 
Hall in England. Shortly after his birth. 
Doctor Duck's parents moved to New York, 
where he attended the grammar schools and 
was under the instruction of a private tutor. 
He finished his education at the Stanmore 
school in Montgomery county, Md. Choos- 
ing the dental profession for his life's work, 
Doctor Duck entered the office of Dr. Wil- 
liam H. Stinson, w-here he remained a year 
and then spent the same length of time un- 
der the instruction of Dr.O..\.J.Volck. He 
practiced the two following years with Dr. 
Edwin Chandler, and then in 1867 formed a 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



partnership with Doctor Stone, at No. 67 
North Charles street. In 1868 Doctor Duck 
opened an office for himself, and has since 
been one of the leading practitioners of Bal- 
timore. 

In the days when he began the practice of 
dentistry, the student was taught to roll the 
gold of which plates were made and to man- 
ufacture the teeth, in fact almost everything 
that is now readily purchased at a dental 
supply depot. Times have changed. 

Doctor Duck was married to Miss Susan 
Sheppard, daughter of Mr. Thomas Shep- 
pard, of Baltimore. Many of her ancestors 
were patriots in the Revolutionary War and 
in the War of 1812. One of her brothers 
was a soldier in the Confederate Army in the 
late war, and the Doctor had a brother on 
either side. There is quite an interesting 
item of international history connected with 
the Sheppard family. 

In 18 1 7 when the Chilian patriots were 
endeavoring to throw off the Spanish yoke, 
Senor Jose M. Carrera, president of the 
Junta, came to Baltimore, a guest of Mr. 
Thomas Sheppard. Interesting his host 
and the firm of d'Arcy & Didier in the cause 
of the revolutionists, they fitted out a cargo 
of supplies and arms sufficient to equip 
twelve thousand men. It was principally 
through this expedition that the patriots 
made a success of the Revolution. When the 
claim for repayment was first made Daniel 
Webster prosecuted the claim and in 1840 
the debt was acknowledged and part of it 
paid. Efforts are now being made to se- 
cure the balance of amount due wdth eighty 
years' interest, which amounts to more than 
one million. Thomas Sheppard, the first 
colonial ancestor of the family, built the first 
church in Massachusetts some time during 



the early part of the seventeenth century. 
Moses Sheppard, the philanthropist, is of 
near kinship. 

Doctor Duck resides at Whitemore 
Heights, where with his wife he worships in 
the Episcopal Church. In politics he is a 
Republican. He is one of the incorpora- 
tors of the Baltimore Society of Dental Sur- 
geons, the only incorporated society of its 
kind in the State. He is also a member of 
the Maryland State Dental Society. Doctor 
Duck merits and enjoys a large practice and 
is recognized as one of the foremost practi- 
tioners of the city. 

William H. Dawson, Attorney-at-Law, 
33 S. Gay street, a native of Baltimore, was 
born December 8, 1842. His primary edu- 
cation was secured in private schools and in 
Loyola College, which he attended until af- 
ter his nineteenth year. After a course of 
reading in the office of Mr. George Haw- 
kins Williams, Mr. Dawson was admitted 
to the bar of Baltimore in July, 1866. Mr. 
Dawson devotes his time to general practice 
in all the courts of the State. Mr. Dawson's 
father, Mr. William Dawson, Jr., a native 
Baltimorean, was a civil engineer of well 
known ability. He married Harriet, 
daughter of Mr. George Fernald, natives of 
New Hampshire and descendants of Renald 
Fernald, one of the earliest settlers of Maine. 
Many members of the Fernald family took 
part in the Revolutionary War. They were 
probably of Scotch-Irish origin and were 
of the Presbyterian faith. Mr. William 
Dawson, Sr., was a ship builder, descended 
from John Dawson, an emigrant from Eng- 
land in colonial times. They were of the 
Friends Society and consequently took no 
part in the wars of the country. 



838 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Mr. Dawson was married to Miss Balder- 
ston, daughter of Hon. Isaiah Balderston, 
for many years Judgeof the Orphans' Court. 
Mr. Dawson is a staunch Democrat in po- 
litical faith and with his family is a member 
of the Presbyterian Church. 

Judge Robert Gilmor.— Of all the e.x- 
judges of the Supreme Court of the city of 
Baltimore, none is more favorably known 
nor more highly respected than Judge Rob- 
ert Gilmor. Born in Baltimore March 8, 
1833, he moved at a very early age with his 
parents to their country seat, "Glen Ellen," 
where his childhood was spent. After some 
years' study under a private tutor he became 
a pupil in the classical school of Mr. M. R. 
McNally, one of the best educators of the 
day. 

Entering as a student the office of Hon. 
John Glenn, afterwards Judge of the United 
States Circuit Court of Maryland, after a 
course of reading, Mr. Gilmor was admitted 
to the bar of Maryland and of the Federal 
Courts. 

Engaging in the practice of his profes- 
sion, Mr. Gilmor gave it his undivided at- 
tention until his elevation to the bench after 
the close of the war. When the Demo- 
cratic-Conservative party came into power, 
during the reconstruction period, they re- 
formed the judiciary system of the State, 
and Robert Gilmor was one of those nomi- 
nated on the first ticket and triumphantly 
elected to the Supreme Bench of Baltimore 
City. 

Being the youngest member of that bench 
Judge Gilmor was assigned to preside over 
the criminal branch of the Court, which re- 
quired the most labor and the closest appli- 
cation. Subsequently he presided over 



each of the courts of the system. After fif- 
teen years' service the Judge received the 
endorsement of his party and re-nomina- 
tion, but as is known the political wheel that 
year was reversed. 

Since that date, 1882, Judge Gilmor has 
devoted himself exclusively to his private 
practice, except during the time he served 
as City Counsellor by appointment of 
Mayor James Hodges. 

Later, leading citizens and members of 
the bar, regardless of party, united in press- 
ing his claim for re-appointment. One of 
the most prominent members of the bar, al- 
though of the opposing party, wrote to the 
Governor as follows: "Judge Gilmor, in my 
opinion, is not surpassed by any of his con- 
temporary judges nor their successors. It 
is hardly becoming in me to commend him, 
who served the city so long and ably, for 
his judicial qualities: but I may say that the 
bar always felt he had a strong grasp of 
every case which was ever discussed before 
him — that his learning was rated as exten- 
sive — that his industry was ever to be de- 
pended upon — that he had in a high degree 
the habit of decision which lends so much 
dignity and authority to the conduct of ju- 
dicial business — and finally, that he was al- 
most always right." This was a tribute to 
him of which he might indeed well be proud. 

Since his retirement from the bench 
Judge Gilmor has given most of his atten- 
tion to practice in the courts of equity. 

The family of which the Judge is a worthy 
representative was established in Baltimore 
some time prior to the War of Independ- 
ence. Robert Gilmor & Sons were among 
the most enterprising and successful ship- 
ping merchants and owners. They amassed 
a comfortable fortune and it was one of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYI^ND. 



839 



their ships that carried the Stars and Stripes 
for the first time into St. Petersburg and 
other ports of the world. 

Judge Gilmor is the father of a large fam- 
ily. He was twice married; his first wife 
being Miss Hodges, and his second wife 
Miss Josephine Albert, both of Baltimore. 

Robert Gilmor, the father of the Judge, 
was a native of Baltimore, graduated at Har- 
vard in 1828 in the class with Oliver Wendel 
Holmes, Robert C. Winthrop, Professor 
Pierce and George S. Hilliard. He was im- 
mediately after graduating appointed at- 
tache to Ambassador William C. Reeves of 
the Embassy to France Claims, and lived 
several years abroad. His wife was Miss 
Ellen Ward, daughter of Judge Ward, of 
Baltimore. 

William Gilmor, a brother of Judge Rob- 
ert Gilmor, has for many years held a prom- 
inent position as one of the ablest and most 
active railroad men in the State. 

Mr. Nicholas P. Bond, a" member of 
one of the leading law firms of the city of 
Baltimore, was born in that city, September 
27, 1856. His earlier education was in the 
hands of private tutors and when of suitable 
age he entered the famous old Phillips 
Academy at Exeter, N. H., and on 
completing the course there matriculated 
at Harvard, where he graduated in 1878. 
Returning home he began the study of law 
in the office of Mr. George H. Chandler and 
was admitted to the bar of Harford county, 
April 15, 1880, although not yet of age, for 
the purpose of trying several cases for Mr. 
Chandler, who was at that time ill and un- 
able to attend court. Mr. Bond was ad- 
mitted to the Court of Appeals October 6, 
1880. Shortlv after admission to the bar. 



Mr. Bond formed a co-partnership with Mr. 
Robert D. Mason, and later Mr. Howard 
Munnikhuysen was taken into the firm 
which lasted until the death of Mr. Morri- 
son. Later Mr. Edward Duffy became a 
partner of the firm of Munnikhuysen, Bond 
& Dufify, which lasted until the death of Mr. 
Munnikhuysen. Since the 1st of January, 
1897, Mr. Bond has been a member of the 
firm of Steele, Semmes, Carey & Bond. Mr. 
Bond is a son of Judge Hugh Lennox Bond, 
deceased, a sketch of whom appears in this 
work. 

The first American ancestor of the family 
was William Bond, who came in early colo- 
nial days from Cornwall, England, settling 
in the colony of Maryland. Here he estab- 
lished a fine country place, giving it the 
name of "Kalmia." He imported the bricks 
for the mansion house from England. It 
was probably the first brick building in the 
colony. 

Mr. Bond married a daughter of Dr. 
Thomas F. Murdoch, of Baltimore. (The 
family of Mrs. Murdoch are natives of Mas- 
sachusetts. Her colonial ancestors took a 
leading part in the Revolutionary War.) 
Mr. Bond is a Republican in politics, and 
while taking an active interest in all political 
questions has never accepted any ofifice in 
the gift of the people. 'He is a member of 
the Maryland, the Merchants', and the 
Country Clubs, the latter formerly known 
as the Patapsco Hunting Club. Mr. Bond 
is a man of strong executive ability, devoted 
to the active prosecution of his chosen pro- 
fession. 

Mrs. Murdoch's maiden name was Win- 
chester. Her maternal grandfather was 
Archibald Campbell, a prominent merchant 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



of Baltimore, who came to Maryland from 
Scotland shortly after the Revolution. 

Mr. John E. Semmes (Steele, Semmes, 
Carey & Bond), Attorney-at-Law, Equita- 
h\e Building-, and City Solicitor of Balti- 
more. 

Mr. John E. Semmes, a native of Cum- 
berland, Md., was born July i, 1851. His 
father, Samuel M. Semmes, a native of 
Charles county, moved to Cumberland in 
early life where he practiced law until his 
death. 

Mr. Semmes" education was first in the 
hands of private tutors. Rev. John W. 
Nott, a relative of Judge Nott, of the Court 
of Claims, occupied the position of private 
tutor in his father's family for many years. 
Later he became a pupil of Chestnut Hill 
School, conducted by Rev. Frederick Gib- 
son, who married a sister of Mr. 
Semmes, whom he met while on a visit to 
his pupil's country home near Cumberland. 
For two years Mr. Semmes conducted a 
farm near the city of his birth. Leaving the 
farm Mr. Semmes matriculated in the Uni- 
versity of Virginia, graduating as an an- 
alytical chemist, and shortly after entered 
the service of the United States Navy as 
clerk and secretary to his maternal uncle, 
Connnodore John^ Guest, and remained 
abroad with the European squadron some 
eighteen months. Returning from abroad 
to Baltimore Mr. Semmes entered the Law 
School of the University of Maryland, grad- 
uating in 1874, and shortly afterwards be- 
came associated with the late Hon. John H. 
B. Latrobe; a warm friendship sprang up 
between them, almost as strong as the love 
i)f fathcM- and son. This association lasted 
luilil the return of John H. B. Latrobe, Jr., 



from Samoa. Air. Semmes then entered 
into a partnership with Mr. George Savage, 
which lasted two years. For a few years 
Mr. Semmes had an office alone; in 1888 he 
became a member of the firm of Steele, 
Semmes & Carey, to which the name of Mr. 
Nicholas P. Bond has been added since 
January i, 1897. 

Samuel Middleton Semmes, father of our 
subject, was a native of Maryland, and only 
brother of Admiral Raphael Semmes, of the 
Confederate Navy, famous as commander of 
the celebrated "Alabama," which came near 
causing hostilities with Great Britain. Mr. 
Samuel Middleton Semmes was prominent 
as a lawyer in western Maryland. He 
married ?iliss Eleanora Guest, whose 
brother. Commodore Guest, was in the ser- 
vice of the United States, and with whom 
Mr. Semmes, of this sketch, cruised in Euro- 
pean waters. He had the distinction of hav- 
ing an uncle eminent in naval circles on 
each side during the late war. 

The family in America is descended from 
Joseph Semmes, who emigrated from 
Poundsford, England, to Maryland, about 
1688. The family spring, at an earlier date, 
from Normandy, from which place several 
of the name offered their sen'ices because 
of the name to Admiral Semmes while the 
"Alabama" was lying at Cherbourg before 
the fight with the "Kearsage," believing 
themselves kin and desiring to take part in 
the fight. Of course because of neutrality 
laws their ofTers had to be declined. Others 
of the family fought in Spain under the Iron 
Duke, where they remained after peace was 
declared and married Spanish women. 

Mr. Semmes married Miss Frances Hay- 
ward, a native of Baltimore, daughter of Ne- 
hemiah Peabody Hayward, whose birth oc- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



841 



curred in the Granite State. His wife was 
Miss Carnan, a descendant of Capt. Robert 
North Carnan, whose ancestors, together 
with the Norths, were prominent in the 
early history of Baltimore. A portion of 
the lot upon which the Equitable Building 
now stands came into the possession of 
Robert North in 1750. 

Mr. and Airs. Semmes are members of St. 
Paul's Episcopal Church. In politics Mr. 
Semmes is a Democrat, adhering to all of 
the fundamental principles of the party as 
enunciated by Jefiferson, Jackson, and a host 
of lesser lights, the oldest American political 
organization. Socially he is a member of 
the Maryland Club. 

Mr. Henry C. Kennard, a native of 
Kent county, Iild., was born April 2, 1842. 
He early attended the Harmony School, 
which at that time was of the grade of an 
academy, and later matriculated at Wash- 
ington College, near Chestertown, gradu- 
ating in August, 1861. After graduation 
Mr. Kennard spent a year on the farm, when 
he accepted a professorship in his Alma 
Mater where he remained from September, 
1862, until November of the following year, 
at which time he resigned to accept a similar 
position in the Maryland Agricultural Col- 
lege near Washington. Resigning in De- 
cember, 1864, Mr. Kennard einbarked in 
Christmas week of that year for Europe, 
where he spent a year in travel on the con- 
tinent. On his return he became a student 
in the Law School of the University of Vir- 
ginia. The following year he entered the 
office of :\fr. S. Teackle Wallis, in Baltimore 
City, and after a sufficient course of reading, 
was admitted to the bar in December, 1867. 
From the time of his admission to the bar. 



Mr. Kennard was associated with i\Ir. Wal- 
lis until the death of the latter, since which 
time Mr. Kennard has been in practice 
alone. Mr. Kennard is one of thirteen chil- 
dren born to Dr. Thomas C. Kennard and 
wife, who was Miss Jane Hanson, of Kent 
county. 

Dr. Thos. C. Kennard was for years the 
leading physician of Kent county, and 
amassed a comfortable fortune, consisting 
in" part of three fine farms aggregating near- 
ly a thousand acres. The home estate was 
known as "Elmwood." His father, Isaac 
Kennard, was one of the early dwellers in 
Harford county. 

Mr. Kennard married Miss Willie S. Wal- 
ters, daughter of Mr. Thomas Littleton 
Walters, who with his wife, Mary A. Dir- 
ickson, came from Somerset county, Md. 
In politics Mr. Kennard is an independent 
Democrat. Socially he is a member of the 
fraternity Signa Alpha Epsilon, the Mt. 
Vernon Literary Society of his Alma Mater, 
and of the Jefiferson Literary Society of the 
University of Virginia. The family of 
which Mr. Kennard is a member has be- 
come widely scattered. A brother, John 
Hanson Kennard, became a member of the 
Louisiana bar, and was elevated to the Su- 
preme bench of the State. Dr. Thomas 
Kennard became one of the leading practi- 
tioners of his profession in St. Louis, and 
was for many years president of the St. 
Louis Medical Society, the leading medical 
organization in the Mississippi Valley. 
James Alfred Kennard, a younger brother, 
fighting under Kirby Smith, was amongst 
the earliest to fall in the beginning of the 
first battle of Bull Run, and was probably 
the first man from Maryland to fall in the 
great struggle. He has three sons. Henry 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAXD. 



W. Kennard, William Hanson Kennard, 
and James Alfred Kennard, now living. 

Mr. Thomas Hughes was born at 
Wheeling, W. Va., August 25, 185 1. After 
attending private schools at his native place 
until prepared for higher education, he en- 
tered the Virginia Military Institute, which 
he attended during the war, the youngest 
by two years of any of the students of that 
famous old educational institution. The 
students formed part of the military force of 
the South during the long struggle, and 
were frequently called out in defense of 
Richmond. Being the youngest of the stu- 
dents, Mr. Hughes was left with others on 
guard at the institute, while the older ones 
went to the front just prior to the evacuation 
of Richmond. After the close of the war 
Mr. Hughes was a student at the Richmond 
College for a time, and later at the Balti- 
more City College where he graduated in 
1 87 1, first in his class, notwithstanding his 
having taken the four years' course in two. 
In 1873 he graduated at the Law School of 
the University of Virginia, having com- 
pleted the course in one year, receiving his 
degree of B. L. Immediately on his ad- 
mission to the bar Mr. Hughes opened an 
office in Baltimore and has since practiced 
his profession without the help of a partner. 
His practice is general, except that he will 
not accept retainers in criminal cases; chan- 
cery receiving probably more of his atten- 
tion than any other branch. 

Mr. Hughes is a son of Dr. Alfred 
Hughes, whose wife was Miss iMary Kirby 
Adrain, of Baltimore, a daughter of Mr. 
Washington Adrain. Doctor Hughes died 
January 25, 1880, at the age of 56. The 
Doctor's great-grandfather, Felix Hughes, 



was one of the earliest settlers in what is 
now western Pennsylvania, then a part of 
Virginia. He emigrated from Loudoun 
county, Va., together with his own large 
family and that of the Swans and Hillers, 
making a large colony. They settled about 
a hundred miles east of Fort Duquesne, 
where Mr. Hughes built and maintained a 
block house for the protection of the fami- 
lies of the settlement from Indian incursions 
during the Revolutionary War. These facts 
are mentioned more at length in Flint's 
Mirror of Border Life and History of Vir- 
ginia and Pennsylvania. When the country 
was set off to Pennsylvania, and Jefferson 
county in which they lived was organized, 
Mr. Hughes was their first commissioner. 
Later his grandson Thomas, after serving 
in the War of 1812, removed to Wheeling, 
Va., and established a line of steamers be- 
tween Pittsburgh and New Orleans, by 
which he amassed a very comfortable for- 
tune. He was a man of fine executive abil- 
ity and spotless integrity, and held a promi- 
nent place in public affairs in whatever com- 
munity his lot was cast. For thirty-two 
years he was treasurer of Wheeling — an un- 
precedented term for so responsible a posi- 
tion. He reached an advanced age and 
died mourned by the entire community. 

The original American ancestor of the 
family was Thomas Hughes, who settled in 
Loudoun county, Va., in 1739, coming from 
County Donegal, Ireland. In one of his an- 
nual tours abroad Mr. Hughes visited the 
old family seat, and by inquiry at Inver, the 
place of sailing, found, through the aid of a 
village priest, some of the kindred of the 
name whose fathers had remained on the 
"old sod." 

Mr. Hughes was married to Miss Helen 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Roberta, daughter of Capt. Robert D. Thor- 
burn, who, prior to the war, was an officer 
in the United States Navy, from which he 
resigned to cast his lot with the South after 
the firing on Fort Sumter. Another of his 
daughters married Captain Morris, second 
in command on the "Monitor" in her mem- 
orable encounter with the "Merrimac," and 
after Captain Worden's injuries, in full com- 
mand. Captain Thorburn died in 1886 at 
the advanced age of 82. 

Mrs. Hughes' grandfather, Capt. Miles 
King, was an officer in the Revolutionary 
War. He was prominent in business and 
political circles in Norfolk, which city he 
served as mayor for many years. 

Mr. Hughes with his family is a member 
of the First Presbyterian Church of Balti- 
more. In politics he is an old line Demo- 
crat, believing in gold as the standard 
money of the world. He is Past Master of 
Concordia Lodge, A. F. & A. M., of Balti- 
more; one of the original members of the 
Bar Association of Baltimore City, whose 
committee on admission he served a term 
as chairman; he is also a member of the 
American Bar Association and of the Mary- 
land Historical Society. His office is at 301 
St. Paul street. 

AIr. H. D. Loney, a well known prac- 
titioner at the bar of the city of Balti- 
more, is a native of this city. His early edu- 
cation was secured in private schools, prin- 
cipally those of Rev. William N. Pendleton, 
who during the war served on the stafT of 
General Lee, and Mr. Topping. Matricu- 
lating at Princeton, Mr. Loney graduated 
from that L'niversity in 1854. After reading 
law for a time in the offices of Mr. Hugh 
Davev Evans and Mr. S. Teackle Wallis, 



Mr. Loney was admitted to the bar of Balti- 
more in 1857. Beginning practice alone, 
Mr. Loney later associated himself with Mr. 
R. Stockett Matthews, but since 1877 he has 
practiced alone. 

Mr. Loney's father, a well known mer- 
chant of Baltimore, was also a native of the 
city. His wife was Miss Rebecca Tryer, 
of Lancaster, Pa. The grandfather, Amos 
Loney, was a native of Baltimore county. 
His great-grandfather, Thomas Bunnell, 
served with distinction as Adjutant General 
during the Revolutionary War. 

Air. Loney married Miss Anna McEvers 
Van Ness, daughter of Col. Eugene Van 
Ness of the United States Army. Mr. 
Loney is an attendant upon the Episcopal 
Church. In politics he is a Democrat of 
the sound money wing of the party, believ- 
ing in establishing our currency on the 
highest standard of the civilized countries 
of the world. He is a member of the Elk- 
ridge Club and the ^Merchants' Club of Bal- 
timore. 

Mr. John T. Mason, R., is a descendant 
of one of the oldest and most distinguished 
families of the Old Dominion. The immi- 
grant ancestor. Col. George Mason, was a 
large landed proprietor at Stratford-upon- 
Avon, England, where he was head of one 
of the leading families, and is reputed by 
some to have held a seat in Parliament. He 
took an active part in the political disturb- 
ances between King Charles and his sub- 
jects, and after the battle of Worcester in 
which he commanded he was compelled to 
flee the country. Escaping with his brother 
William he made his way to Virginia about 
1650, forfeiting all his possessions in the 
mother country. Here he was joined by 



844 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Others of his compeers who had espoused 
the losing side in that contest, and set about 
retrieving in the new world the fortune he 
had lost in the old. He acquired large tracts 
of land in the colony of Virginia, leaving his 
descendants amongst the wealthiest of the 
new colony. The most distinguished of his 
descendants was his grandson George 
Mason of Gunston Hall, one of the most 
prominent figures of Mrginia, and the west- 
ern world, during the stormy period pre- 
ceding and during the Revolutionary War. 
Born in 1726, he lived to see the new gov- 
ernment which he was so prominently in- 
strumental in organizing, firmly established 
on its foundations, passing away during 
Washington's first administration, in 1792. 
He refused a seat in the Senate of the First 
Congress. 

Thomson Mason, a younger brother of 
George Mason, was but little if any less dis- 
tinguished than the famous sage of Gunston 
Hall. He was educated for the bar at the 
Temple, London, in 1774. In 1778 he be- 
came first president of the College of Vir- 
ginia and in collaboration with his distin- 
guished brother, revised the laws of the 
State of Virginia. 

Col. Stevens Thomson Mason, son of the 
above, was an ofiicer in the Revolutionary 
\Ycir in command of Virginia troops. He 
bore a conspicuous part in the councils of 
the nation, having served in the Virginia 
Convention in 1778, and in the Senate from 
1794 until his death in 1803. He was noted 
for his eloquence. He was later succeeded 
in the Senate by his son Armistead Thom- 
son Mason. His birth occurred in 1787, in 
Loudoun county, Va. He was colonel of 
the Horse Guards during the W'ar of 1812. 
He served as brigadier general in the \'ir- 



ginia militia; represented his county in the 
State Legislature, and finally his State in the 
National Senate, and while in that body, 
through a political altercation, fought a duel 
with his cousin John Mason McCarthy and 
was killed February 5, 1819. 

Capt. Stevens Thomson Mason, son of 
Col. Armistead Mason, was a distinguished 
member of the Virginia bar, and like his 
ancestors who had been officers in every war 
of the country, answered his country's call 
when trouble began on the Mexican border. 
He was killed leading troops at the bloody 
battle of Cerro Gordo. 

The mother of our subject was a daughter 
of John Thomson Mason, and granddaugh- 
ter of Capt. Stevens Thomson Mason. On 
the death of the only son of John Thomson 
Mason, Stevens Thomson Mason second, 
and his two sons, the grandfather requested 
that the name of our subject be changed to 
Ma.son, that his race and name should not 
be obliterated, and the request was granted. 

The father of our subject was Mr. Isaac 
S. Rowland. He served as captain during 
the }ilexican War, fitting out a company at 
Iiis own expense. From exposure during 
the campaign, he died soon after the close 
of the war. His father, Riaj. Thomas Row- 
land, was a native of Uniontown, Pa., and of 
Welsh origin. For many years he served as 
postmaster at Detroit, where he was in com- 
mand of part of the force for the defense of 
the city. When Hull so ignominiously sur- 
rendered. Major Rowland was at some dis- 
tance from the city. A detachment being 
sent to apprise him of the surrender, and to 
bring his command in as prisoners of war, 
were surprised by his refusing to be handed 
over by his superior ofiicer, and having 
somewhat the larger force, he captured the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



845 



captors and marched them down to the forts 
in Ohio, and never did surrender during the 
war. 

On the death of Captain Rowland, his 
widow with her little family, returned to 
her Virginia home, where shortly after, at 
the request of her father, our subject took 
his name. 

John T. ]\Iason. R., was born in Detroit, 
March 9, 1844, and at the age of five came 
to Virginia with his mother, and here at- 
tended private schools mostly in the Episco- 
pal High School of Fairfax county, Va. 

At the outbreak of the Civil War Mr. 
Mason offered his services to the South, and 
being too young to enlist, served with his 
cousin as marker for the Seventeenth Vir- 
ginia Regiment until the proper age for the 
navy, and while in the service of the army, 
participated in the first battle of Bull Run. 
In November, 1861, he became midshipman 
in the navy, and in October, 1863, joined the 
Confederate cruiser "Shenandoali" in Euro- 
pean waters. In thirteen months he cruised 
with the vessel over fifty thousand miles, 
capturing many prizes. Cruising in the 
northern Pacific, the "Shenandoah" knew 
not that the war had closed, and captured 
forty or fifty Yankee whalers after peace was 
declared. Storing her guns in her hold and 
fastening up the port-holes, the "Shenan- 
doah" was headed for Liverpool by way of 
Cape Horn, landing in that port in Novem- 
ber. From Liverpool Mr. Mason went to 
South America, where he was a farmer for 
two years, when he came home, making 
Baltimore his residence. He attended the 
University of Virginia during the sessions 
of 1870-71, graduating in the law depart- 
ment in the spring, and was admitted to the 
bar in September of 1871. On admission to 



the bar Mr. Mason began practice in the of- 
fice of Mason & Rowland, his uncle and 
brother. After the death of his brother, Mr. 
Mason took his place in the firm until the 
death of his uncle Judge Mason in 1874, 
since which time Mr. Mason has been prac- 
ticing alone. Mr. Mason married Miss 
Helen Jackson, a native of Washington, 
daughter of Alonzo C. Jackson, of the 
United States Navy. Her mother was Miss 
Mumford, of New York. Mr. Mason is a 
Democrat of the sound money branch of the 
party. 

Of the social orders, Mr. Mason holds 
membership in the Royal Arcanum, the 
Knights of the Golden Chain and the 
Knights of Honor. He is also enrolled in 
the University Club of which he is one of 
the original members. Mr. Mason is an at- 
torney of marked ability, inheriting his legal 
acumen from a long line of ancestors versed 
in the law. His practice is one of the largest 
and most lucrative in the city. His offices 
are at 200 E. Lexington street. 

Isaac Lobe Straus is one of the most 
highly respected and best known of the 
younger members of the bar. In point of 
learning and ability he is conceded an ex- 
ceptionally high position in his profession. 
Mr. Straus has acquired this distinction by 
constant and earnest application to the 
study of the law. He is above all things a 
thorough student of his profession. He had 
the great advantage of beginning his legal 
studies after a finished course in letters, 
philosophy, economics and languages at the 
Johns Hopkins University, of which insti- 
tution he is a Bachelor of Arts and a Uni- 
versity Scholar. After graduating witli 
very high honors at. the Johns Hopkins at 



846 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



the early age of eighteen years, he pursued 
a post-graduate course there in jurispru- 
dence and economics, and in the same year 
entered the law department of the Univer- 
sity of Maryland, receiving the degree of 
Bachelor of Laws of that institution in 1892. 
In June of that year he was admitted to the 
bar, and soon acquired an extensive equity 
and civil trial practice. Mr. Straus is espec- 
ially gifted and successful in the trial of 
cases, and is considered to be a fine jury and 
nisi prills advocate. His eloquence and ef- 
fectiveness as a public speaker have ren- 
dered him one of the most popular orators 
of the Democratic party, and he has yearly 
since 1891 canvassed Maryland and the 
neighboring States in the interest of his 
chosen political principles. Mr. Straus is a 
fine linguist, and besides being read in the 
classics, speaks French and German fluent- 
ly. He has also contributed to political and 
legal journals various articles upon such 
subjects. He is unmarried, and resides at 
1706 St. Paul street, in Baltimore City. Mr. 
Straus is very charitable and contributes 
regularly to many benevolent institutions of 
this city. 

Mr. LivWis HociiHiCiMER, a well-known 
attorney of the Baltimore bar, was born in 
the city, August i, 1853. He attended the 
grammar and high schools of Baltimore 
and at the age of eighteen years began the 
study of law in the office of Maj. J. G. Fer- 
guson, at the same time attending lectures 
in the Law School of the University of 
Maryland, graduating in 1873, not yet hav- 
ing attained his majority. Mr. Hochhcimcr 
was compelled to wait a year before being 
licensed to practice his profession, the date 
of his actual admission to the bar being the 



fall of 1874. On his admission to the bar 
Mr. Hochheimer and Major Ferguson 
formed a co-partnership, which lasted about 
six years, since which time Mr. Hochheimer 
has practiced alone. 

Mr. Hochheimer is a son of Dr. Henry 
Hochheimer, a rabbi in the Hebrew denom- 
ination, a man of wide learning. A native 
of Bavaria he enjoyed the advantages of 
the best schools of his native country, and 
of the most renowned German universities. 
During the social revolution in the latter 
part of the forties. Doctor Hochheimer ac- 
tively espoused the cause of the reformers 
and together with many other men of high- 
est mental and moral attainments, was com- 
pelled to flee the country when the reform 
movement was crushed. Coming to Amer- 
ica in 1849, Doctor Hochheimer located in 
Baltimore where he has since continued to 
reside. The Doctor was married before leav- 
ing the Fatherland to Miss Rosalie England- 
er, a native of Bavaria, who encountered with 
liim all the hardships of his flight from the 
old country, and the deprivations incident 
to establishing themselves in a strange land. 

Mr. Hochheimer is in politics an inde- 
pendent with strong leanings toward prohi- 
bition. He is a member of the Masonic Or- 
<ler, having passed through the chairs of 
Center Lodge, No. 108; Concordia Chapter, 
No. I, and has occupied all but the highest 
chair of the Concordia Council, No. i. He 
is also a member of the Independent Order 
of Mechanics, in which he has occupied all 
the official chairs. Mr. Hochheimer is still 
a bachelor and a devotee of the wheel. 

Mr. Thomas S. Hodson, Attorncy-at- 
Law, 6 E. Lexington street. The "family of 
which ]\Ir. Thomas S. Hodson is a worthy 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



847 



representative is descended from one John 
Hodson, who came from near Canterbury, 
England, and settled in the colony of Mary- 
land in 1664 with his family of eleven sons, 
one of whom was named after him. He 
married a second time in Dorchester county 
and of this family a son was named John 
also, and was known as John second to dis- 
tinguish him from John, Jr., who received a 
grant of a tract of land known as "Maiden 
Forest," which became the homestead of the 
Hodson family. 

John Hodson, Sr., was prominent in pub- 
lic afifairs and a member of the Colonial As- 
sembly, which position he was filling at the 
time of his death. He was a large landed 
proprietor, accumulating upwards of four 
thousand acres of Maryland's finest land. 
During one of the Indian Wars, he, together 
with other public-spirited citizens, furnished 
tobacco from the proceeds of which the war 
was successfully carried on. Many years 
after the State repaid the debt to his heirs. 

The father of our subject, Thomas J. 
Hodson, was a man prominent in the afifairs 
of the nation. Between the years 1818 and 
'32, Mr. Hodson resided in Washington. 
Between the years '42 and '53 he resided in 
Florida, where he acquired large tracts of 
land, and during his residence there specu- 
lated in real estate on a large scale. During 
part of those years he served the Govern- 
ment as register of the Land Office. He 
married Margaret, daughter of Willis Vin- 
cent, of Dorchester county. Willis Vincent 
served at one time as sheriff when it was 
more of an honor than it is usually consid- 
ered now. He died at the early age of 
thirty-five or six. 

The great-grandfather of our subject, 
Thomas Hodson, moved to Boston in 1766 



and resided there during the Revolutionary 
War, eventually returning to his native 
State, where he died in 1803. His son, 
Levin Hodson, the grandfather of our sub- 
ject, married Lydia Sherwood, of Talbot 
county, and died in 1809, leaving four chil- 
dren. 

Mr. Hodson, of this sketch, was born in 
Dorchester county, August 21, 1837. First 
attending the public schools of his native 
county he next completed the course of 
The Sherman Institute near East New 
Market. Entering Yale in the class of '58, 
Mr. Hodson 's course there was cut short by 
a severe spell of pneumonia, which necessi- 
tated his return home as soon as able to 
travel. The succeeding fall he matriculated 
in Princeton College, graduating well up in 
the class of '57. His Alma Mater conferred 
upon him the degree of Master of Arts in 
1882. He had had conferred upon 'him 
prior to this time the degree of LL. D. by 
Dickinson College of Pennsylvania. Mr. 
Hodson's first intention was to enter the 
ministry, and he gave three or four years 
to the study of theology. In 1863 he be- 
came the editor of The Somerset Herald, a 
staunch supporter of Republican principles. 
During his editorship, Mr. Hodson read law 
and was admitted to the bar in 1872, prac- 
ticing at Crisfield, Md., until his coming to 
Baltimore in 1891. 

Mr. Hodson had always been prominent 
in public affairs of the State of Maryland, 
having espoused the cause of Republicanism 
while a very young man in the campaign of 
i860 at a time when it was anything but a 
popular or safe move for a man to make 
in the South. During the terms of '84 and 
'86, Mr. Hodson represented his county in 
tiie State Senate, and for two terms, begin- 



848 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 



ning in 75, he served as collector of the 
port of Crisfield. At the National Republi- 
can Conventions of 1884 and 1892 Mr. Hod- 
son represented the State as delegate-at- 
large. In '91 Mr. Hodson moved to Bal- 
timore, opening an office on Fa3'ette street, 
later moving to his present chambers on E. 
Lexington street. 

Mr. Hodson has been twice married. 
First to Miss Alice Mauck, of Laurel, Del. 
Her brother, Maj. Clarence Mauck, in 
command of the Fourth United States Cav- 
alry, distinguished himself in the campaign 
of Northern Texas, and was with General 
McKenzie when he crossed the Rio Grande 
for the first time, following the red-skins on 
to foreign soil. Mr. Hodson's second mar- 
riage was to Miss Clara, daughter of Mr. 
Samuel G. Miles, formerly of Somerset 
county, Md. Of Mr. Hodson's sons, the 
eldest, Clarence, is distinguishing himself as 
a financier. Admitted to the bar, he soon 
displayed his fine executive ability by or- 
ganizing a bank at Crisfield, which has been 
followed by others at Delmar, Upper Marl- 
boro and at Lonaconing. He is at the head 
of several successful building associations 
and the ist of September, 1897, The Mary- 
land Home Fire Insurance Company, of 
which he is president, opened for business in 
Baltimore. 

W. Burns Trundle. — Among the mem- 
bers of Baltimore bar who hail from the 
mountain regions of the State must be men- 
tioned Mr. W. Burns Trundle. Born at Mt. 
Auburn, his fatlier's estate in Frederick 
county, December 2. 1847, he attended the 
public schools of the county until the out- 
break of the Civil War. During tliat stormy 
period he remained at home, waiting until 
the close of the war before renewing his 



studies. Entering Calvert College at New 
Windsor in '65, at the age of seventeen, he 
graduated in two years, completing in that 
time the four years' course, and ranking at 
the head of his class. Beginning in Septem- 
ber, '67, Mr. Trundle taught in an academy 
near Charlestown, W. Va., at the same time 
reading law under the tutorage of his uncle, 
Mr. N. S. White, a well-known member of 
that bar. In September, '67, he entered the 
office of Judge John Ritchie, and the loth of 
October of that year was admitted to the 
bar of Frederick, Md., after examination by 
Judges Maulsby and Lynch. Shortly after 
his admission to the bar, Mr. Trundle came 
to Baltimore, where he opened an office and 
has been a success in his profession 
from the start. Mr. Trundle has never been 
associated with a partner, preferring to man- 
age his practice entirely alone. His prac- 
tice extends to all branches of the law ex- 
cepting criminal cases, which he dislikes. 

Our subject is a son of Mr. Otho Wilson 
Trundle, a native of Maryland, who died in 
1891, at the age of seventy-five. He was 
for many years a prominent agriculturalist 
of Frederick county, and his large estate 
"Mt. Auburn" was one of the finest in the 
western section of the State, ^h. Trundle 
is descended from William Burns, of Scot- 
land, first cousin of Robert Burns, the Scot- 
tish bard. His father, Otho Wilson Trun- 
dle, married Sarah White, daughter of Mr. 
Benjamin White, a prominent citizen of 
Montgomery county, Md. 

Mr. Trundle, subject of this sketch, has 
been a member of the Episcopal Church 
since his eighteenth year, and for twenty- 
three years past a vestryman of St. Barthol- 
omew's congregation, of Baltimore. He 
married Annie ^I. Drvden, dauHiter of Mr. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



849 



Joshua R. Dryden, a well-known retired 
merchant of Baltimore. Air. Trundle is a 
member of the Maryland Historical Society 
and of the City and State Bar Associations. 
Of the secret orders the Royal Arcanum 
is the only one which can claim his member- 
ship. In politics he is a Democrat, but not 
a partisan, claiming the right to work and 
vote against any man or measure that may 
be advanced by those in control of the party 
when the public interest, in his judgment, 
requires it. He is especially opposed to ma- 
chine politics and boss rule. If all who wield 
the franchise were of that stamp political 
impurity would soon disappear. 

Mr. Johx Hanxibal. — Among the 
prominent younger members of the Bal- 
timore bar must be mentioned Mr. 
John Hannibal, a native Baltimorean, 
whose birth occurred December 20, 
i860. His father, Plenry Hannibal, was 
a native of Germany, who, on coming to 
America, settled in Baltimore, where he es- 
tablished himself in mercantile business, 
wiiich he conducted successfully until the 
time of his death in 1883, in the prime of his 
business career, at the age of fifty-eight. 
Mr. Hannibal was educated in private 
schools of his native city, supplementing 
them with a course in Bryant and Stratton's 
Business College, fitting himself for a mer- 
cantile career. After the death of his father 
Mr. Hannibal decided to adopt the legal pro- 
fession, and matriculated in the Law School 
of the University of Maryland in 1885, being 
shortly after admitted to the bar and imme- 
diately began practice, at which he has been 
signally successful. He has never had a 
partner, preferring to practice alone. Mr. 
Hannibal is affiliated with a number of the 



leading social and benevolent organiza- 
tions. He is a member of Adherence Lodge, 
A. F. and A. M.; Madison Lodge, I. O. O. 
F.; Steuben Lodge, Knights of Pythias; 
Merchants' Council, Royal Arcanum, and 
the Shield of Honor. In politics Mr. Han- 
nibal is a staunch Democrat, taking a lively 
interest therein, and while seeking no office, 
he is always found in the field when a politi- 
cal campaign is on. In 1896 he was a dele- 
gate to the National Convention of his party 
at Chicago and was one of the electors 
named by them to represent his State in the 
Electoral College. He is also a member of 
the Supervisory Committee. 

Mr. Hannibal is recognized as one of the 
leading attorneys at the Baltimore bar. and 
is withal a genial, courteous gentleman with 
a host of warm friends. His offices are in 
the Law Building, 

Mr. Louis B. Bernei. — Among the 
well-known- members of the Baltimore bar, 
who are a credit to the profession, may be 
mentioned Mr. Louis B. Bernei. Born in 
Baltimore, April 10, 1859, Mr. Bernei se- 
cured his education in the public schools of 
the city and the City College, from which he 
graduated with first honors in 1876. Enter- 
ing the University of Virginia, he graduated 
from that famous old institution well up in 
his class in 1880, receiving his degree of 
Master of Arts. Deciding on the legal pro- 
fession for his career in life, Mr. Bernei be- 
gan the study of law in the office of Mr. 
Luther M. Reynolds, and graduated from 
the Law School of the University of Mary- 
land in 1882. For two years he practiced 
with his old preceptor, since which time he 
has been in partnership with no one. Mr. 
Bernei's practice is probably most extensive 



850 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



in mercantile and patent law, altliough his 
practice is general excepting criminal cases. 
Mr. Bernei in prominent in fraternal circles. 
He is Past Master of Warren Lodge, A. F. 
and A. M. ; a member of St. John's Chapter 
and the Albert Pike Lodge of Scottish Rite 
Masons, having attained the Thirty-second 
degree. He is a member of the Royal Ar- 
canum, Merchants' Council and of the Or- 
der B'nai B'rith, District No. 5, being a 
Judge in its Court of Appeals and a mem- 
ber of the Board of Control of its Orphans' 
Home at Atlanta. 

He is a leading member of the Hebrew 
Benevolent Association, that at their annual 
banquet raise many thousands of dollars for 
benevolent purposes for the needy of their 
race. The Clover Club, a social organiza- 
tion, has him on its membership roll. In 
politics Mr. Bernei is an Independent 
Democrat, reservingthe right to cast his bal- 
lot against any man or measure advanced 
by his party which his conscience cannot ap- 
[)rove. 

Mr. Edwin J. Griffin, surviving mem- 
ber of the old and well known firm of Thos. 
W. Griffin & Son, was born in Baltimore, 
January 28, 1852. Attending private and 
public schools, until the age of sixteen, Mr. 
Griffin began the study of law in his father's 
office, followed by a course in the Law 
School of the Universit\- of jNIaryland, from 
which he graduated in 1874. and a few- 
months later was admitted to the bar and 
began the practice of law in partnership 
with his father, which continued until the 
death of the latter in 1886. Mr. Griffin, how- 
ever, continues business under the old 
firm's name. He engages in the general 
practice of law except criminal cases, which 



are not to his taste. Conveyancing and 
equity and Orphans' Court business make 
up the greater part of his practice. Thomas 
W. Griffin was born in Washington in 1825, 
coming to Baltimore in early childhood; 
when a young man he read law in the office 
of one of the leading attorneys of the day, 
and when admitted to the bar began the 
practice of his profession, which grew to be 
large and lucrative. He was a Republican 
from the organization of the party, having 
been an old time Whig. During the war 
he served as police magistrate and had 
served as magistrate many years prior to 
that time. He married Miss Mary S., daugh- 
ter of Mr. Simon West, of Baltimore. The 
immigrant ancestor of Mr. Griffin came from 
the border between Scotland and England 
and settled in Charles county in colonial 
days. Richard West, great-grandfather of 
our subject, was a soldier in the War of 
1812. 

Mr. Griffin is a member of the Masonic 
fraternity. Past Alaster of Warren Lodge, 
Past High Priest of St. John's Chapter, 
Deputy Illustrious Master of Concordia 
Council, member of the Baltimore Com- 
mander}-, and is Senior Warden of Albert 
Pike Lodge, Scottish Rite Masons of 
the Thirty-second degree. The only office 
Mr. Griffin has ever accepted at the hands 
of the people is that of school commissioner 
of the First ward. In politics he is a life 
long Republican, taking a deep interest in 
the party's welfare, but asking no political 
preferment. He is interested in the upbuild- 
ing of the city, helping it as secretary for 
many years of East Baltimore Business 
Men's Association, being connected with 
many building associations, and serving as 
their attorney. Mr. Griffin is married to 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



851 



Alice A., daughter of Mr. Samuel Ring 
Rose, of Baltimore, and both are earnest 
members of the Methodist Protestant 
Church. 

The first American ancestor of Messrs. 
Charles C. and Francis T. Homer was 
Charles C. Homer, First, who came from 
Hanover, Germany, to America in 1828. He 
was a farmer most of his life, and was en- 
gaged in the meat packing business for 
many years, accumulating a comfortable 
fortune. His son, Charles C. Homer, Sr., 
a native of Baltimore, was for many years 
associated with his father in his various 
business enterprises. He is now president 
of the Second National Bank of Baltimore. 
His wife was Miss Fannie M. Holthaus. 

Charles C, Jr., and Francis T. Homer 
were born in Baltimore; the former Octo- 
ber 15, 1870, and the latter January 6, 1872. 
After attending private schools in the city, 
they became pupils of Loyola College, grad- 
uating from that institution in 1892, with the 
degree of A. B. Taking up the study of 
law in the Maryland University Law School, 
they graduated in 1894, and immediately 
began practice in the city. Mr. Charles C. 
Homer, Jr., after a time discontinued the 
practice of law to accept the vice-presidency 
of the Second National Bank of Baltimore. 
]\Ir. Francis T. is now associated in practice 
with Mr. Willis. Both are members of Ger- 
mania Lodge, A. F. and A. M., and of the 
Reformed Lutheran Church. In political 
beliefs they adhere to the principles of the 
old Democratic party that is unswervingly 
in favor of sound money for our currency 
and for fair trade. 



Hon. Francis Putnam Stevens for over 
fifty-two years has been a resident of Bal- 
timore. His birthplace was Ashburnham, 
Mass., born on the 4th day of October, 
1842. During the past thirty-three years he 
has been well known as a prominent citizen 
and lawyer. 

Educated in the schools and academies of 
Baltimore, he entered in January, 1859, 
upon the study of law in the ofifices of Mil- 
ton Whitney and Hon. John L. Thomas, Jr., 
both of whom were eminent members of the 
bar. In September, i860, he entered the law 
school of Harvard University, and gradu- 
ated with the degree of Bachelor of Laws 
in 1862. Returning from Cambridge, Mass., 
he entered the law office of Mr. Reverdy 
Johnson, Jr., continuing his studies until he 
was of age, being admitted to the Baltimore 
bar November 2, 1863, on motion of Mr. 
Johnson. 

His first step in political life was as a can- 
didate for the House of Delegates in the 
fall of 1866, to the Legislature of 1867, to 
which he was elected on the Democratic 
Conservative ticket. This Legislature 
passed the Convention bill, providing for a 
new Constitution for the State and effected 
the overthrow of the Republican party in 
the State by the Constitution of 1867. Mr. 
Stevens was an ardent supporter of this 
measure. During this session he served on 
the Judiciary, Claims and other important 
committees, introduced the bill to permit 
the City Passenger Railway to run cars on 
Sunday, for a fire-boat for the harbor of 
Baltimore, and many amendments to the 
laws of the State. He was elected to the 
State Senate on November 4, 1873, l^v a ma- 
jority of 3,402 in the district over John Car- 



852 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



son, the Republican candidate. During the 
session of 1874 he served on the Judiciary 
Committee and the Committee on Educa- 
tion, Corporations and Elections, and was 
chairman of the Committee on Labor and 
Immigration, and of the Committee on the 
Extension of the Limits of Baltimore City. 

He was prominently mentioned in the 
Senate of 1876 for president of that body, 
but declined to be a candidate. During 
this session he was chairman of the Judi- 
ciary Committee and of the Joint Commit- 
tee of the House and Senate upon the Cen- 
tennial of the LTnited States, serving on the 
Committee on Federal Relations, Printing 
and on other special committees. 

He introduced the bill making an appro- 
priation for the erection of the Maryland 
building commemorating the one hun- 
dredth anniversary of American Independ- 
ence at Philadelphia. 

He was a member of the Congress of Au- 
thors which met in Independence Hall, 
Philadelphia, July i, 1876, and contributed 
a sketch for deposit there of Hon. John 
Henry, Jr., Governor of Maryland, mem- 
ber of the Continental Congress, and first 
United States Senator from the Eastern 
Shore. 

Mr. Stevens' next political service was as 
a member of the Second Branch of the Bal- 
timore City Council for two years — 1878-79 
— representing the Eleventh and Twelfth 
wards. He was chairman of the new Post- 
ofifice Committee, and through his and 
others efforts the new postoffice site was 
selected. On the occasion of its dedication 
September 12, 1889, Mr. Stevens made an 
address in the building. Mr. Stevens is the 
son of Samuel Small and Martha Osgood 
Stevens: his parents came to this city in 



1844: his father, Samuel S., was the largest 
manufacturer of cabinet furniture in the 
South for many years, well known and most 
highly esteemed in this community. He 
died December i, 1874. His mother is still 
living in good health at the age of eighty- 
eight. She is a descendant of John Osgood, 
among whose descendants was Samuel Os- 
good, aide to Gen.ArtemusWard.a member 
of Provincial Congress, one of the Board of 
War, one of the commissioners to manage 
the Treasury of the United States, a mem- 
ber of President Washington's cabinet as 
first Postmaster General, and after\vards 
Collector of Customs at New York. Other 
prominent men related to the family were 
Samuel Stevens, John Putnam, John Os- 
good and Robert Fletcher, all of whom bore 
a conspicuous part in the early history and 
struggle for independence of the colonies, 
Samuel Stevens being a lieutenant and John 
Putnam a captain in the Continental Army, 
"embattled farmers," who rallied to the 
"first alarm at Lexington" on April 19, 
1775, when "the shot was fired which was 
heard round the world." Among others 
whose history is interwoven with the estab- 
lishment of the independence of the colonies, 
to whom Mr. Stevens is related, were Gen. 
Israel Putnam, the senior major general of 
the army of General Washington, Gen. Ru- 
fus Putnam and Gen. Ebenezer Stevens. All 
his ancestors were English. 

Mr. Stevens married, September 27, 1864, 
Alexina. youngest daughter of Alexander 
J. and .\rianna Bouldin. Her father, grand- 
father and great-grandfather were eminent 
surveyors, and her brother Augustus was 
for fourteen years surveyor of Baltimore. 
She is a great-grandmother of Thomas Sel- 
lers, the first naval officer of the port of Bal- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



853 



timore, and great-granddaughter of Thom- 
as Owings, of Owings Mills, Baltimore 
county. 

The sons are Francis Alexander and Mor- 
ris Putnam — are both lawyers, the latter be- 
ing a law partner of his father. Mr. Stevens 
has occupied many positions of honor and 
trust, among them as manager on the part 
of the city, appointed by the Mayor, of the 
Industrial Home for Colored Girls for four- 
teen years. He is now secretary of the 
Board of Managers and chairman of the 
Executive Committee. For the years 
1S76-77 he was manager of the House of 
Refuge, and is a life director of the Boys' 
Home, etc. In 1880 he was appointed by 
Mayor Latrobe chairman of the Sesqui- 
centennial committee to celebrate the one 
hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the 
founding of the city of Baltimore. 

He has been a member of Madison Av- 
enue Methodist Episcopal Church since 
i860, is a member of Fidelity Lodge, No. 
136. A. F. and A. M., and of Beauseant 
Commandery, Masonic Knights Templar, 
is one of the vice-presidents of the Maryland 
Prisoners' Aid Society and secretary of the 
JMaryland Sunday-school Union. 

Mr. Stevens and his father, the latter Sam- 
uel S. Stevens, together with Mr. G. S. 
Griffith and others, were among the organ- 
izers of "The Baltimore Christian Associa- 
tion" in 1862, which afterwards became 
"The United States Christian Commission," 
the operations of which extended through- 
out the United States for the relief of sick 
and wounded soldiers. 

Air. Stevens was also one of the organi- 
zers of the Young Men's Christian Associa- 
tion of North Baltimore, which was formed 



April 19, 1859, and was corresponding sec- 
retary thereof. 

In addition to the above Mr. Stevens is a 
member of the Maryland Society Sons of 
the American Revolution, was one of the in- 
corporators, drew its charter, served as its 
treasurer for several years and as one of its 
Board of Managers, and is now one of the 
most active members. He is a member of 
the City and State Bar Association and of 
many other societies. 

Mr. J. Charles Linthicum. the subject 
of this sketch and one of the well known at- 
torneys of Baltimore City, was born in Anne 
Arundel county, Md., about six miles south 
of that city. November 26, 1867. Mr. Lin- 
thicum is one of Maryland's oldest and best 
known families, his father being Sweetser 
Linthicum, a native of Anne Arundel coun- 
ty, and one of Maryland's largest landed 
proprietors, whose father was William Lin- 
thicum and his mother Betsy Sweetser, a 
daughter of Seth Sweetser. 

Sweetser Linthicum married ]\Iiss Laura 
E. Smith, also of Anne Arundel county, in 
the year 1847, from which union of over 
fift)--one years there have been born unto 
them eleven children, nine of whom are 
now living. 

I\Ir. J. Charles Linthicum was educated 
in the public schools of his native county 
and those of Baltimore City, also in the 
Knapp Institute and the Maryland State 
Normal School, from which latter institu- 
tion he was graduated in 1886; after his 
graduation he was elected principal of Brad- 
dock School, Frederick county, and though 
not yet nineteen years of age, he success- 
fully conducted the school during the follow- 
ing year, after which he took a special 



854 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



course in history, political economy and in- 
ternational law, at the Johns Hopkins Uni- 
versity. 

Choosing the profession of law, Mr. Lin- 
thicum entered the Law School of the Uni- 
versity of Maryland, from which he was 
graduated and received the degree of LL. 
B. in 1890. One year prior to this event, 
however, he had taken an examination be- 
fore the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City 
and was admitted to practice in the Courts. 
He enjoys a large practice which keeps him 
constantly busy. During the present year 
he has associated with him his brother, Seth 
Hance Linthicum, a member of the bar and 
a graduate of St. John's College with the 
degree of B. A., under the firm name of J. 
Chas. Linthicum & Bro., which firm enjoys 
the confidence and respect of the public and 
is well known in legal circles. 

Socially, Mr. Linthicum is a regular at- 
tendant of church, but does not belong to 
any clubs, nor does he take any special in- 
terest in politics, attending solely to his 
practice and private business interests. He 
has been twice married, his first wife being 
a Miss Eugenia May Bidcn, a talented and 
finely educated young lady, of Baltimore; 
she died several years ago. His second 
wife, with whom he now resides at their 
commodious residence in Baltimore, was 
Mrs. Helen A. Clark, nee Perry, whose 
first husband was the late Gabriel D. Clark, 
of Baltimore. She was born in Saratoga 
Springs, N. Y. Mrs. Linthicum's father. 
Dr. John L. Perry, was a noted physician 
of his native town, and her mother, Harriet 
Perry, nee Sadler, was one of the best 
known Christian women of that section. 

Mrs. Linthicum has three sisters and one 
brother now living, her brother being Dr. 



John L. Perry (named after his father), of 
Saratoga Springs. She is of English de- 
scent, one of her ancestors being Commo- 
dore Perry, of historical fame. She is a lady 
of high intellect, a fine education and is con- 
stantly sought after in both the business 
and social world. 

Mr. a. Robinson White. Attorney-at- 
Law, Central Savings Bank Building, is a 
native of Howard county and was born at 
the family country seat. February 16, 1857. 
His father, Charles Ridgeley White, was a 
native of Baltimore, where he lived until 
after his marriage, moving thence to How- 
ard county, which has since been his home. 
He married Mary Louisa, daughter of Mr. 
Bernard Waters, whose father, Charles Wa- 
ters, was a native of England. Steven- 
son White, the grandfather of our subject, 
was for many years a member of the well 
known firm of Henry White & Brothers. 
who for many years conducted an extensive 
business in Baltimore. The first American 
ancestor was Dr. John Campbell White, a 
native of the north of Ireland, who with his 
thirteen sons was compelled to emigrate at 
the close of the Irish rebellion in 1798, hav- 
ing espoused the losing side in that disturb- 
ance. He was one of the very prominent 
physicians of his day and became a resident 
of Baltimore shortly after coming to Amer- 
ica. 

Mr. A. Robinson White attended private 
schools, St. Clement's Academy at Elli- 
cott City and vSt. John's College at Annapo- 
lis. After reading law for a suitable time 
in the office of Mr. Frederick J. Brown, Mr. 
White was called to the bar of Baltimore 
City in March, 1878, since which date he 
has g-iven his time exclusively to his practice. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



855 



which extends to all branches of law except 
criminal cases. Mr. White's only appear- 
ance in the Criminal Courts was by ap- 
pointment of the Court in a case very dis- 
tasteful to him, and he has accepted no cases 
in that brancli of the law since. His prefer- 
ence and principal practice is in cases in- 
volving the law of real estate. 

Mr. White is a Democrat in politics, and 
while not an active politician, frequently is 
heard in the hustings for some candidate 
whose qualifications for office he especially 
commends. 

Mr. White married Miss Mary Louisa 
Carter, daughter of Mr. Bernard Carter, 
mention of whom is made elsewhere in this 
work. 

Mr. Joseph C. pRANCEwas born in York, 
Pa., October ii, 1862, during the temporary 
residence of his parents in that city. 

He attended the Baltimore City College, 
graduating from that institution in 1879 
with first honors. After taking a special 
course at Johns Hopkins University, 
Mr. France entered the law depart- 
ment of the University of Maryland and was 
graduated in 1883, taking the first scholar- 
ship prize. He was admitted to the Balti- 
more bar on reaching the age of twenty-one 
and has practiced his profession ever since. 

Is a son of the late Rev. Joseph France, 
of the Baltimore Conference of the Metho- 
dist Episcopal Church, whose grandfather, 
Joseph France, came to this country in the 
last century and died in Philadelphia at the 
close of the Revolution. Married, 1892, 
Roberta Lee, daughter of Adolph Simon, 
of Baltimore, and has two children, Joseph 
and Robert. 



Mr. William H. Bayless, Daily Rec- 
ord Building. — Mr. Bayless is a scion of an 
old Scottish family that has upwards of two 
centuries been well known and leading citi- 
zens on American soil. The emigrant an- 
cestor settled first in New Jersey, but a cen- 
tury and a half ago the family seat was 
changed to Harford county, Md. The es- 
tate owned by the forefather at that time has 
never been out of the family, having de- 
scended from father to son during all those 
years, and has never been the subject of a 
deed or mortgage. 

William F. Bayless, father of our subject, 
a native of Harford county, was born in the 
year 181 5, and died in '73, at the compara- 
tively early age of fifty-eight. He was a 
very prominent citizen of Harford county. 
He was for many years president of the 
Board of County School Commissioners, 
and upon him devolved the responsibility of 
examining teachers and granting certifi- 
cates. He was a man of broad and liberal 
education, whose death caused a vacancy 
in the community hard to fill. He repre- 
sented his county in both branches of the 
Legislature and served on prominent com- 
mittees while a member of those bodies. He 
married Miss Sarah E. Hanna, daughter of 
the late Col. William Hanna. 

Mr. Bayless, subject of this sketch, was 
born in Harford county, Md., April 26, 
1854. After a suitable time in the public 
schools of his native county, Mr. Bayless 
was a pupil for several years in Washington 
Institute at Columbia, Pa., later attending 
Lafayette College at Easton, Pa., where 
he graduated in 1874, after a four years' 
course, at the age of twenty. Beginning 
the study of law in the office of the Hon. 
Henry D. Farnandis, he pursued his studies 



856 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



one year in the Law School of the Univer- 
sity of Maryland. Seeing a favorable open- 
ing in the West, Mr. Bayless entered the 
Law School of the State University at Iowa 
City, la., graduating in the spring of 1877, 
and was shortly after admitted to the bar, 
after e.xamination before the Supreme 
Court of the State. Fearing the severity of 
the climate of the West, Mr. Bayless re- 
turned to Baltimore, was admitted on cer- 
tificate to practice in the Courts of Balti- 
more and the State of Maryland, and short- 
ly after associated himself with Mr. Orlan- 
do F. Bump, the association lasting until the 
death of that gentleman. Since 1881 Mr. 
Bayless has been in practice entirely alone. 
His practice extends over all branches of 
the law excepting criminal cases, in which 
he will not accept retainers, but prefers 
equity cases and practice in the Orphans' 
Court. 

Mr. Bayless is a stockholder and director 
in the National Howard Bank, of Baltimore. 
He is trustee in the Boundary Avenue Pres- 
byterian Church, of which his family are 
members. In politics he is a Democrat, and 
while taking a lively interest in the cam- 
paigns, is not an active politician and de- 
cidedly not an office holder. 

Mr. Bayless married Miss Annie P. Sil- 
ver, daughter of Mr. James Silver, deceased, 
a member of one of the old and prominent 
families of Harford county. 

Mr. Peter E. Tome, 33 S. Gay street, a 
native of York county. Pa., was born Octo- 
ber 28, 1848. His father, Peter E. Tome, 
Sr., was also a native of York county, where 
he is a pros]x;rous farmer. He is of old co- 
lonial stock, the emigrant ancestor having 
come to the countrv about the time of Wil- 



liam Penn. The original spelling of the 
name was Toombe of English origin, but 
for the last century and a half the orthog- 
raphy has been as written now — Tome. Mr. 
Tome's mother was a daughter of Mr. 
George Woodson, of York county. 

Our subject attended the public schools 
of his native place and a school at West Not- 
tingham near Port Deposit, Md., graduat- 
ing from the latter in 1879. He finished his 
literary course at Lafayette College at 
Easton, Pa., in '83. Beginning the study of 
law in the office of the Hon. George Haw- 
kins, Mr. Tome completed his professional 
course at the L'niversity of Maryland Law 
School, graduating in May, 1885, being ad- 
mitted to the bar on the last day of that 
month. Mr. Tome has never been a mem- 
ber of a partnership, preferring to practice 
his profession alone. His practice, which is 
general, excepting that he will take no crim- 
inal cases, has grown in the twelve years of 
his professional career to comfortable pro- 
portions. ;\Ir. Tome is a prominent mem- 
ber of the Masonic fraternity, holding mem- 
bership in the Patapsco Lodge, No. 183, of 
Sparrow's Point; Adoniram Chapter of 
Royal x-\rch IMasons; Maryland Command- 
ery. No. i, Knight^Templar, and in the Al- 
bert Pike Consistory, Scottish Rite Masons, 
in which he has attained the Thirty-third 
degree, an unusual honor, there being only 
about fourteen of the degree in the entire 
State. 

He is a member of \\'arren Lodge, No. 
71, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and 
also of the Royal Arcanum. Of the clubs of 
the city he is on the membership rolls of 
the Merchants' Club. In politics he is a 
member of the Madison Avenue Methodist 
Episcopal Church. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



85; 



Mr. J. Markham Marshall, Glenn 
Building. Among the younger attorneys of 
the Baltimore bar who are winning their 
way to distinction is the subject of this 
sketch. Mr. J. Markham Marshall was born 
in Baltimore August i, 1871. After attend- 
ing private and the high schools in Balti- 
more and Virginia, Mr. Marshall matricu- 
lated in the University of Virginia, where he 
received his M. A. degree in June, 1893, and 
the degree of B. L. the following year. Go- 
ing abroad immediately, he travelled during 
the summer through Europe, returning in 
the autumn, when he was examined and ad- 
mitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of 
Baltimore in October. 1894. Mr. Marshall 
began the practice of his profession without 
the aid of a partner, continuing that way 
until January I. 1897, when he became jun- 
ior partner in the firm of which his father 
is the head. i\Ir. Charles Marshall, senior 
member, father of our subject, is a native 
of Fauquier county, Va.,his birth occurring 
in 1832. He was admitted to the bar in 
1852, since which time he has been a leading 
member of the Baltimore bar. During the 
Civil War he was on the staff of Gen. Robert 
E. Lee, ranking as colonel. He married 
Miss Rebecca, daughter of Richard Snow- 
den, of Maryland. 

Mr. J. Markham Marshall is a member 
of the Baltimore Club, the Catonsville 
Country Club and the Chi Phi college fra- 
ternity. In politics he is a Democrat. 

Mr. S. Taggart Steele, a member of 
the leading legal firm of Steele, Semmes, 
Carey & Bond, has been a practitioner at 
the bar of Baltimore since his graduation 
from the University of Maryland Law 
School in the spring of 1887. His birth 



occurred in Baltimore, November 21, 1863. 
After preparatory courses in private schools 
Mr. Steele attended the University of Vir- 
ginia for two years prior to his law studies 
mentioned above. After his admission to 
the bar, Mr. Steele practiced in association 
with his father, Mr. L Nevitt Steele, until 
the death of the latter in 1892. From that 
date until January I, 1897, Mr. Steele was 
associated with the firm of Steele, Semmes 
& Carey, of which his brother, Mr. John N. 
Steele, is senior member. On the date last 
mentioned William S. Taggart Steele, Wil- 
liam H. Buckley and Mr. N. P. Bond came 
into the firm which is known as Steele, Sem- 
mes. Carey & Bond. Mr. Steele's practice 
is a general one, excepting criminal cases. 
The law of real estate, however, receives 
more of his attention than any other one 
branch of the law. Mr. Steele is one of the 
governors of the Maryland Club. His in- 
terest in outdoor sports is indicated by his 
membership in the Baltimore Cricket, Golf, 
Bicycle and Athletic Clubs, as well as the 
Roland Park Club and the Bachelors' Co- 
tilHon Club. In politics Mr. Steele is a 
Democrat. Religiously he is a member of 
Grace Episcopal Church, of which his wife 
is also a member. Mrs. Steele (7iec Thomp- 
son) was a native of Springfield, Mass., the 
daughter'of the late James Madison Tliomp- 



Mr. Hyland p. Stewart.— Chester- 
town, Kent county, Md., is the birthplace of 
Mr. Hyland P. Stewart, and the date of that 
event was August 15, 1863. His father, 
William H. Stewart, one of the most es- 
teemed citizens of Kent county, is descended 
from the immigrant ancestor, David B. 
Stewart, through his son David, who was a 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



mere boy when the family moved from Soot- 
land to America in colonial times. Mr. Wil- 
liam H. Stewart married Miss Sarah E. ' 
Murphy, of Kent county. Her grandfather 
Murphy was a soldier in the War of 1812. I 

The childhood and youth of Mr. Stewart 
were spent on the farm, where he attended \ 
to the usual duties incident to rural life, go- 
ing to the public school through the winter 
seasons. Entering Washington College in j 
1880, he won the gold medal for industry 
and progress in the year 1882, and the year 
following graduated with first honors, hav- 
ing won the distinction of reading the Latin 
salutatory. On completing his literary ; 
course 'Mr. Stewart came to Baltimore to 
study law in the University of Maryland 
from which he was graduated in May, 1885, 
ranking very near the first in a large class, 
notwithstanding having completed a three 
years' course in two. In the fall of his grad- 
uating year Mr. Stewart began the practice 
of his profession without the assistance of a 
partner, and he has continued to practice 
alone as advocate and counsellor in all 
classes of cases except in the criminal court. 
He has by his own merit built up a lucrative 
practice in the courts of Baltimore City. 

In politics Mr. Stewart is a thorough 
Democrat, and although he has no desire 
for office, takes a lively interest in the State 
and national campaigns, appearing upon the 
hustings for the measures and candidates 
of his party organization. At the time of 
the rising of the business men of the State 
to throw ofT ring rule in 1890, Mr. Stewart 
was a member of the convention, serving as 
its secretary, and was appointed one of the 
delegates to the State Convention, which 
met later, and successfully accomplished the 
mission of the movement. 



^Ir. Stewart married Miss Mamie Adams, 
daughter of Mr. William H. Adams, a re- 
tired merchant of Baltimore. Mr. Stewart 
was the organizer of the Gramercy Demo- 
cratic Club of the Twenty-second ward, and 
when its mission was finished, wound up its 
affairs and disbanded it. The Golden Chain 
is the only one of the secret orders to which 
Mr. Stewart belongs; and he is also a mem- 
ber of the Bar Association of Baltimore. 

Mr. and Mrs. Stewart are members of the 
Boundary Avenue Presbyterian Church. 
His offices are at 710 and 712 Equitable 
Building. 

Mr. Thomas Foley Hisky, Attorney- 
at-Law, 215 N. Charles street. 

The first American ancestor on the pater- 
nal side, Joseph Hisky, came from Vienna 
early in the present century and resided in 
Baltimore until his death in 1848. 

Mr. Joseph Hisky was a piano manufac- 
turer and established the first factory for the 
queen of musical instruments ever operated 
in Baltimore City. 

Mr. John F. Hisky, father of our subject, 
married Miss Matilda L. Shipley, daughter 
of Mr. William Bennett Shipley, of Wil- 
mington, Del., who was a grandson of Wil- 
liam Shipley, a native of Leicestershire, 
England, who settled in Delaware with the 
Swedes and Finns in the early colonial days. 
Air. William Bennett Shipley, grandfather 
of our subject, was a soldier in the War of 
1812, while his great-grandfather, Samuel 
Shipley, was a soldier in the Revolutionary 
War. 

Mr. Thomas F. Hisky, a native of Balti- 
more, was born July 22, 1865. After finish- 
ing the courses of the public schools of the 
city and the Baltimore City College, from 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



which he graduated in 1883, fourth in a class 
of twenty-one, Mr. Hisky began the study 
of law in the office of Hinkley & Morris, the 
oldest in the city, having been established 
in 1819 by the late Edward Hinkley, one of 
the lights of the Baltimore bar. After pass- 
ing a rigid examination by those appointed 
for that purpose, Mr. Hisky was admitted 
to the bar of Baltimore, November 11, 1886. 
He retained an office with the firm of Hink- 
ley & Morris several years, until 1888, since 
which time he has been an associated mem- 
ber of the firm. 

Mr. Hisky attends St. Alartin's Catholic 
Church, is a member of the Catholic 
Club of Baltimore, and is Past Chancellor 
of the Catholic Benevolent Legion in Mary- 
land. Mr. Hisky is connected with the 
management of several charitable institu- 
tions and societies, and is one of the man- 
agers and a member of the executive com- 
mittee of the Association for the Improve- 
ment of the Condition of the Poor. He is 
also a member of the Maryland Historical 
Society, and of the Bar Associations of Bal- 
timore and Maryland. In politics he is a 
Dem.ocrat, but has never sought or held po- 
litical office. By appointment of Mayor 
Hooper he lately served on the Commission 
on City Charities which recently made its 
report to Mayor Malster. 

^Ir. Hisky married ]\Iiss Hannah AIc- 
Clelland. daughter of the late ^Ir. George 
McClelland, of Baltimore, a native of Edin- 
boro, Scotland. 

Mr. Isador Schoexberg. a well and 
favorably known attorney of the Baltimore 
bar, was born in that city November 26, 
1864. His earliest education was secured in 
private schools and from private tutors, af- 



ter which he took a course in Sadler's Busi- 
ness College. After completing his busi- 
ness course Mr. Schoenberg entered the of- 
fice of his father, Emanuel Schoenberg, in 
the oyster and fruit packing business. See- 
ing an opening for a wider field of labor in 
the east, he became a resident of Boston, 
where he became the promoter of various 
business enterprises, an occupation for 
which he possessed the requisite business 
tact and talent. Deciding upon a legal ca- 
reer for his life work, Mr. Schoenberg re- 
turned to his native city and matriculated in 
the Law School of the Maryland University 
in 1887; he graduated in July, 1889, and im- 
mediately opened an office in the city. He 
began practice without the aid of a partner, 
and has by his own unaided efforts built up 
a large and lucrative practice, principally in 
cases of a commercial nature and in equity. 
Mr. Schoenberg is a member of the Phoe- 
nix Club, the Benevolent Order of Elks, and 
of the Young Men's Republican Club. He 
was married, in Baltimore, to Miss Gertrude 
Meyer, daughter of the late Mr. Elias 
Clever, well known in the business circles of 
Baltimore. 

Mr. Noah E. Offutt.— In noticing the 
prominent younger members of the Balti- 
more bar we take pleasure in making men- 
tion of :Mr. Noah E. Ofifutt, of Towson. His 
father. Dr. Thomas Offutt, a well-known 
physician of the second district of Baltimore 
county, was born in Montgomery county, 
]\Id. He has practiced his profession for 
many years in Baltimore county, where he is 
known for his sterling worth as a citizen 
and loved for his watchful care as a physi- 
cian by a wide circle of friends to whose 
bodilv ills he has tenderly ministered for so 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



many years. Doctor Offutt served through 
the war as surgeon in the Fourth Texas 
Regiment, and at the close of the great con- 
flict returned to his native State and re- 
sumed the practice which he laid aside to be 
of service to the suffering boys in grey. 

Doctor Offutt married Miss Mariah E. 
Offutt, also of Montgomery county. 

The family in America originated from 
William Offutt, one of three brothers who 
emigrated from Wales in 1632, settling in 
Maryland. Many members of the family 
were participants in the colonial wars as well 
as in the War of the Revolution and the 
War of 1 81 2. 

Mr. Noah E. Offutt was born in the sec- 
ond district of Baltimore county, July 27, 
1873. His early education was secured in 
the public schools of the county, supple- 
mented by courses in the City College of 
Baltimore and St. John's College of Ann- 
apolis, where he was graduated fourth in his 
class in June, 1892, while still in his i8th 
year. After graduating Mr. Offutt joined 
his brother in Chattanooga, Tenn., and was 
engaged there for a year in mercantile pur- 
suits. In 1893 l""^ returned to Baltimore 
county and began the study of law in the 
office of his brother Milton W. Offutt, at 
Towson, and was called to the bar April 13, 
1895, since which time he has been success- 
fully practicing his profession in the courts 
of Maryland. 

Mr. Offutt was married in August, 1897, 
to Mrs. Comfort M. W. Saddler, daughter 
of Mr. Joshua F. Cockey, of Baltimore 
county, a representative of one of the oldest 
and most highly respected families of Mary- 
land. Mr. Offutt is a Democrat in politics 
and takes an active interest in political af- 
fairs. He has taken but litde iiUcrest in 



fraternal organizations, his membership be- 
ing limited to the Philomethean Society, in 
which, durin'g his college days, he took a 
very active part. 

Mr. I. GoRHAM MoALE. — One of the 
best known attorneys of the city of Balti- 
more is Mr. I. Gorham Moale, whose ofifices 
are located in the building of the Mer- 
chants' National Bank. 

The family is one of the oldest in Mary- 
land and has taken a prominent part in the 
wars of the nation, as well as in the civil 
affairs of the State. The great-grandfather, 
John Moale, who came to Maryland in 1719, 
was owner of Moale's Point, and refused in 
very early colonial days to sell his holdings 
w^hen it was desired to lay out a city there, 
necessitating the building of the city on the 
north side of the river, which was no doubt 
a much more suitable place. The city is 
growing in that direction, however, and will 
some day spread out over land that at one 
time was denied it. Handle H. Moale, fa- 
ther of the subject of this sketch, was born 
in Baltimore in 1782, shortly after the close 
of the Revolutionary War. He lived until 
nearly the close of the Civil War, passing 
over to the great majority in 1864. His fa- 
ther, John Moale, was one of the first judges 
of the county court after the organization 
of that branch of the judiciary, and a mem- 
ber of the Association of the Freemen of 
Maryland: was a lieutenant colonel in the 
Maryland militia <luring the Revolutionary 
War, and a member of the Convention of 
1774- 

Randle H. Moale read law when a young 
man, and for many years was a well known 
solicitor in chancery of tJaltimore. During 
the War of 1812 he was a mend)er of Col. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



861 



Samuel IMoale's Columbian Artillery Com- 
pany, and served creditably through the 
war. His wife was a Aliss Peck, of Rhode 
Island. 

Mr. I. Gorham Moale is a native of Balti- 
more, where he received his education in the 
private schools and from private tutors. 

He studied law in the offices of Messrs. 
Wallis & Thomas, and was admitted to the 
bar in 1863, since which time he has given 
his attention to the general practice of his 
profession. 

Mr. Moale is a staunch Democrat in poli- 
tics and was one of the Maryland members 
of the Electoral College in the presidential 
campaign of 1888. He served for a time as 
a city councilman, but beyond that has held 
no political office. For over thirty years 
Mr. Moale has been a member of Concordia 
Lodge, A. F. & A. M., a longer term of 
membership than usually falls to members 
of any fraternity. He is also a member of 
the Royal Arcanum and of the Golden 
Chain. 

Mr. Wilton Snowden. — The family of 
which Mr. Wilton Snowden is a representa- 
tive is of Welsh origin. His first American 
ancestor, Richard Snowden, held a major's 
commission under Oliver Cromwell, and 
came to Maryland in the year 1665, subse- 
quently owning large tracts of land in the 
State. His son erected Birmingham Manor 
House in 1690 (destroyed by fire in 1891) 
and added largely to the lands left by his 
father, which included at his death ten plan- 
■ tations. 

Mr. Wilton Snowden is a son of J. 
Thomas Snowden, who, together with his 
wife {ncc Maria Louise Schwrar). was a na- 
tive of Maryland. Many of his ancestors 



were prominent and active during the colo- 
nial and revolutionary periods. 

The subject of this review was born in 
Annapolis, June 5, 1852. After attending 
for some years the private schools of his na- 
tive city, Mr. Snowden came to Baltimore, 
where, entering the public schools, he sub- 
sequently took the full course in the City 
College, from which he graduated in 1869. 

Shortly after graduation, Mr. Snowden 
became interested in the real estate busi- 
ness, to which he gave his entire attention 
for a period of ten years. In 1879, he began 
the study of law in the University of Mary- 
land Law School, graduating and receiving 
his license in June, 1881. Air. Snowden's 
practice is principally office and trust busi- 
ness. His interest in several of the corpora- 
tions in the city and conduct of estates, for 
which he is attorney, demand all of his time, 
leaving little for court practice. He is a di- 
rector in the Central Savings Bank and the 
Mercantile Trust Company, and is director 
and treasurer of the Baltimore Equitable 
Society, the latter the oldest corporation in 
Maryland, having been incorporated in 
1794. 

Mr. Snowden has had quite a number of 
trust estates placed in his hands, being rec- 
ognized as a safe and conservative business 
man, and one in whom such trust can safely 
be reposed. 

In politics, our subject is an independent 
Democrat, and a staunch supporter of the 
sound money wing of the party. 

Mr. Snowden was married, in 1879, to 
Miss Adela B., daughter of Mr. Horatio N. 
Vail, of Baltimore. Mr. and Mrs. Snowden 
are members of the Memorial Episcopal 
Church. Mr. Snowden's office is in the 
I Central Savings Bank Building. 



862 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Nathan Winslow Williams & Henry 
WiNSLOVv Williams, partners in practice 
of law, are the sons of John Butler and Kate 
(Winslow) Williams, the latter a native of 
Cleveland, O., daughter of Nathan C. Wins- 
low, a descendant of Kenelon and Job Wins- 
low, who served in the colonial wars. 

John Butler Williams, a native Baltimor- 
ean, as was his father, was for many years 
a member of the firm of John Williams & 
Son, for many years a prominent firm in the 
grain commission business. 

Nathan Winslow Williams was born in 
Cleveland, O., August 26, i860, and in his 
early childhood lived in that city and Buf- 
falo. In 1866 his parents returned to Bal- 
timore and shortly after our subject became 
a pupil of the best private schools of the 
place, principally in that of Dr. Robert At- 
kinson. After a three years' course in the 
City College, he matriculated in the Johns 
Hoiikins University, taking a special course 
in history and political economy. Deciding 
on the law for a profession, Mr. Williams 
attended lectures in the law department of 
Columbia College, New York, from which 
he was graduated in the spring of 1893, and 
in June of that year was admitted to practice 
in the courts of Maryland. Shortly after- 
wards he became assistant deputy attorney 
in the office of Hon. Charles G. Kerr during 
his incumbency as State's Attorney, which 
jxjsition he held until 1889. On severing 
his connection with the State's Attorney's 
ofifice, Mr. Williams formed a partnership 
with his brother, Henry Winslow Williams, 
and they now occupy comfortable ofifices in 
the Fidelity Building. Their practice is of 
a general nature, though corporation law 
forms the greater part of it. 

Mr. Williams is a member o{ St. I'aul's 



Episcopal Church of Baltimore, the Mary- 
land Historical Society, and the Society of 
the Colonial Wars. He holds membership 
in the Maryland Club, the Elkridge Coun- 
try Club, and the Civil Service Reform As- 
sociation. In political faith he is a Demo- 
crat. Mr. Williams was married, in 1890, 
at Hartford, Conn., to Miss Anne Tyler 
Foster, daughter of Mr. Frederick Rose 
Foster, of Hartford. 

Henry Winslow Williams, a native of 
Buffalo, N. Y., was born in that city Octo- 
ber 6, 1864, during the temporary residence 
there of his parents, and was but two years 
of age at the time of their return to Balti- 
more. 

Here he attended the public schools and 
City College, after which he became a pupil 
of Mr. W. S. Marston, preparatory to enter- 
ing Johns Hopkins University, from which 
he graduated in 1883, having completed the 
course in two years. 

An opening in the engineering corps of 
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company 
presenting, Mr. Williams accepted, and for 
twelve months was employed with that cor- 
poration. Entering the Law School of the 
University of Maryland in 1884, he gradu- 
ated in one year, and on attaining his ma- 
jority in October, 1885, was admitted to the 
bar of Baltimore and the State of Maryland. 
On coming to the bar, Mr. Williams entered 
the ofifice of the firm of Barton & Wilmer, 
and for two years practiced his profession 
in connection with them. In the fall he sev- 
ered his connections here and opened an of- 
fice in St. Paul, Minn., remaining for the 
space of nearly two years, when he returned 
and formed a partnership with his brother 
as before stated, in the fall of i88g. They 
together are the legal advisers of the Fidel- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



863 



ity and Deposit Company, the National 
Building Association, and of several trac- 
tion and transportation companies. Mr. 
Williams is a member of the University and 
Elkridge Clubs and is a member of the Ex- 
ecutive Committee of the Civil Service Re- 
form Association and the Baltimore Reform 
League. For four years he was chairman 
of the Legislative Committee of the Mary- 
land Road League, and during that time 
most of the work of the League fell upon 
him. Mr. Williams is the author of many 
articles on various subjects that have ap- 
peared from time to time in the magazines 
and journals of Baltimore and elsewhere. 

In politics, Mr. Williams is an independ- 
ent Democrat, having taken a prominent 
part in the independent campaign of 1895. 

J. Wilson Leakin. — The family of which 
Mr. J. Wilson Leakin is a worthy represen- 
tative is one of the oldest in America. The 
prime ancestor was John Leakin, who emi- 
grated from Northumberland in Old Eng- 
land some time in 1684, about the time that 
William Penn brought his first colony to 
Pennsylvania. He acquired an estate on the 
point between the Patapsco and Chesapeake 
Bay, and in this vicinity the family has re- 
sided ever since. 

The grandfather of our subject, Gen. 
Shepard C. Leakin, was born in Baltimore 
county, but later removed to the city which 
he served as mayor from 1838 to 1840. He 
was a colonel in the War of 1812, partici- 
pating in the battle of Fort McHenry, and 
for meritorious conduct was brevetted gen- 
eral, by which title he was always known. 

During his mayoralty he was conspicuous 
for prompt and brave defense of the Carmel- 
ite Convent on Aisquith street, from the fury 



of the mob. He had also been prominent 
in quelling the mob in the bank riots of 
1835, and in defending the houses of his 
friends, Reverdy Johnson and John Glenn. 

His wife. Miss Margaret Dobbin, was a 
cousin of John Dobbin, well known during 
the middle decades of the present century. 

Of the children of General Leakin, Shep- 
ard A. read law and became one of the lead- 
ing members of the Baltimore bar. He 
passed away in 1864 at the early age of 39. 
in the prime of life, with prospects bright 
before him. He married Miss Isabella K. 
Wilson, daughter of James Wilson, of Bal- 
timore. Mrs. Leakin was a descendant of 
Rev. Samuel Knox, a descendant of John 
Knox who was a thorn in the side of royalty 
in Britain three centuries ago. Samuel 
Knox was educated in the University of 
Dublin and began his ministry in Ireland. 
Espousing the cause of the oppressed in the 
Irish rebellion in 1798, he found it expedient 
on the collapse of that movement to emi- 
grate, which he did, coming to America and 
settling in Maryland. Through his writings 
he attracted the attention of Mr. Jefiferson, 
who adopted his scheme for the organiza- 
tion of the University of Virginia, and Doc- 
tor Knox was ofTered the first professorship, 
which he felt constrained to decline. Al- 
though he was intensely religious, as all old 
Scotch Presbyterian divines were in those 
days, and Jefferson was an atheist, the two 
were intimate and life-long friends. Mr. 
Knox died at Frederick in 1833, at the ad- 
vanced age of eighty years. 

J. Wilson Leakin, son of Shepard A., was 
born in Baltimore September 24, 1857. Af- 
ter attending the private schools of Doctor 
Atkinson and Rev.Mr.Griswold. he entered 
the L^niversity of Virginia, from which he 



864 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



graduated in 1875. This was followed by a 
course in law which he completed the fol- 
lowing year. Being too young to apply for 
admission to the bar, Mr. Leakin returned 
to Baltimore and entered the office of Mr. 
William A. Stewart (who was subsequently 
judge), where he remained until he was li- 
censed to practice in 1878. While his prac- 
tice is general in all the courts of the city 
and State, Mr. Leakin gives more attention 
to cases in admiralty and probate. He is a 
member of the Franklin Street Presbyterian 
Church, and of the University Club. In 
politics he is a Democrat. His office is at 
the Fidelity Building, room 705. 

Mr. Charles W. Field. — The family is 
one of the oldest in the South, dating back 
into the earliest colonial days. The first of 
the ancestors of our subject of whom any 
authentic information is available is Col. 
John Field, who was prominent in colonial 
affairs during the middle of the last century. 
He held a commission in the British colo- 
nial service and gave efficient aid in several 
of the campaigns. He was in the memora- 
ble engagement at Fort Duquesne when 
Braddock sustained his crushing defeat, 
and no doubt was, with Washington, instru- 
mental in saving the day, being familiar 
from childhood with the methods of border 
warfare. In times of peace he was a well 
known planter and farmer of the Old Do- 
minion. 

Charles W. Field, Sr.. was a native of 
Kentucky from whicli State he received the 
appointment to West Point from which he 
graduated in 1849, serving at various posts 
of the army service until the outbreak of the 
Civil War. He had for faithful services been 
repeatedly promoted and at the commence- 



ment of the memorable struggle risen to the 
rank of captain of cavalry. 

Believing the cause of the South to be 
just, he resigned his commission in the Uni- 
ted States Army and offered his services to 
the Confederacy, which were accepted and 
the rank of major general was conferred 
upon him. He fought valiantly through the 
entire war, serving under Longstreet in the 
Army of Northern Virginia. He was with 
Lee at Appomattox in charge of one of the 
largest divisions that laid down its arms on 
that fateful day. After the close of the war, 
General Field became a resident of Wash- 
ington, giving his attention to engineering. 
Among the many works with which he was 
connected were the improvements in the 
harbors of Brunswick, Savannah and 
Charleston. He was also in charge of the 
improvements on the government reserva- 
tion of Hot Springs, Ark. 

General Field married Miss Monimia 
Mason, daughter of Mr. W. Roy Mason, of 
Virginia, and descended from the same an- 
cestors as George Mason, of Gunston, so 
prominent in the turbulent times during the 
l)irth of the republic. 

Charles W. Field, of this sketch, was born 
in King George county, Va., November 18, 
1S57. Until the age of fourteen he received 
his education from his mother, and after that 
age was a pupil in the Bethel Military Col- 
lege in Virginia. Deciding on the law as a 
profession, Mr. Field read in the office of his 
uncle, J. J. Mason, and later attended the 
law course of the University of Virginia, 
from which he graduated in 1879. and was 
admitted to the bar. In 1881 he became a 
resident of Baltimore, practicing in the city. 
In May. 1897, he formed a partnership with 
Mr. Robert Clinton Cole, with whom he is 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



865 



now associated in the general practice of 
law. In 1892 Mr. Field was elected to the 
lower house of the Alaryland Legislature, 
and was re-elected for the term of 1894-95, 
serving on the judiciary and election com- 
mittee, and was chairman of the committee 
of re-assessment measure, one of the most 
important committees of the session. In 
politics Mr. Field is, of course, a Democrat. 
In religious belief he is of the Catholic faith, 
to which church his mother held allegiance. 
Socially he is a member of the Baltimore 
Club and the Baltimore Athletic Club, the 
iNIaryland Bicycle Club and the Maryland 
Club. Mr. Field was married in Baltimore, 
in 1897, to Miss Alberta von Lingen, daugh- 
ter of Mr. George A. von Lingen, of Balti- 
more. 

Air. Field's office is in the Law Building, 
521. 

Mr. Robert Clinton Cole, Attorney- 
at-Law. 521-522 Law Building. 

Mr. Robert Clinton Cole, though at pres- 
ent a practicing attorney at the Baltimore 
bar, has been familiarly known in the city 
as an educator. Born in Baltimore Novem- 
ber 16, 1857, he has since been a resident of 
the city, and is intimately associated with 
its interests. Private tutors had charge 
of the early education of Mr. Cole, pre- 
paring him for Dickinson College, from 
which he graduated in 1879 after a four 
years' course. On completing his educa- 
tion Mr. Cole became an educator, having 
had charge of Grammar School No. 12 dur- 
ing the ten years preceding 1890, at which 
time he w-as made professor of history and 
political economy in the City College, in 
\\hich he continued until 1896. During the 
years of his connection with the grammar 
51 



school, Mr. Cole took the law course in the 
University of Maryland, which he com- 
pleted and was admitted to the bar in 1889. 
In May, 1897, Mr. Cole formed a partner- 
ship with Mr. Charles W. Field as men- 
tioned elsewhere in this work in the review 
of that gentleman's career. Mr. Cole was 
married to Miss Elizabeth Rice, also a na- 
tive of the Monumental City, daughter of 
Mr. Frederick Rice, well known in the city. 

Mr. and Mrs. Cole are members of St. 
Peter's Protestant Episcopal Church. Of 
the social orders, Mr. Cole has membership 
in several. He is Past Master of Maryland 
Lodge, No. 120. A. F. & A. M.: member of 
the Baltimore City Lodge, I. O. O. F.; the 
Baltimore Club: the Park Bicycle Club; the 
Baltimore Athletic Club, of which he is 
president, and member of the college frater- 
nity Beta Theta Psi. He is State Director 
of the Sons of the Revolution, and member 
of the Society of the War of 1812. In his 
connection with corporate bodies, Mr. Cole 
is president of the Law Building, director of 
the Maryland Real Estate Company, and a 
trustee of Dickinson College. In politics 
he is an unswerving Democrat. His occu- 
pation and tastes have been contrary to 
office holding, so he has never served the 
people in an official capacity. 

Mr. Cole is a son of Mr. Robert C. and 
Ellen A. (Wise) Cole, the latter a daughter 
of Mr. John Wise, a well known Virginia 
gentleman, whose wife, Miss Verlinda A. 
Selby, was a daughter of Mr. Henry Selby, 
Jr., who served with honor through the War 
of 1812. His father, Henry Selby, Sr.. was 
an officer in the War of the Revolution. 

Robert C. Cole was a son of William Cole, 
a prominent planter on the Eastern Shore, 
who served in the Maryland troops during 



866 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 



the War of 1812. The first American ances- 
tor of the male Ihie of whom any authentic 
data at hand was James Cole, although 
it is well known that the family had been liv- 
ing on the Eastern Shore of Maryland sev- 
eral generations prior to him. He, too, was 
a soldier of the Revolution. 

Mr. Cole is descended through both pa- 
ternal and maternal lines from James Small- 
wood, the ancestor of Maj. Gen. William 
Smallwood, of the Maryland Line, who in 
early colonial times was a major in the 
Maryland troops in the early wars with the 
Indians. He was a well known character 
in the colonial period of Maryland. 

Mr. George M. Upshur, Jr., was born 
at Snow Hill, Worcester county, Md., De- 
cember 14, 1847. After completing the 
course of Union Academy at Snow Hill, he 
attended Yale College from 1864 to 1867. 
Returning to Snow Hill he began the study 
of law in the offices of Senator E. K. Wilson 
and M.r. John H. Handy, and in October, 
1869, was called to the bar of Maryland. 
His practice is general, not confining him- 
self to any one branch of the law. 

Mr. Upshur is the son of Dr. George N. 
Upshur, Sr., who was a native of Northamp- 
ton county, Va. After completing his liter- 
ary education, Doctor Upshur entered the 
Jefiferson Medical College of Philadelphia, 
from which he graduated. In his many 
years' i)ractice in Snow Hill he endeared 
himself to a wide circle of patrons and 
friends, and like many of the old school doc- 
tors, much of his services was given freely 
to the poor, receiving in payment only the 
consciousness that he was doing good. He 
died in 1S77, at the age of sixty years. His 
wife was Miss Priscilla .'\., daughter of 
Levin Townsend, of Snow Hill. 



The first ancestor of the direct male line 
to come to.-\mericawas Mr. Arthur Upshur, 
who emigrated in 1638 from Essex county, 
England, settling in Northampton county, 
Va., which has since been the family seat of 
his many descendants. He became one of 
the leading planters of his day, leaving an 
honored name. Among his descendants 
was Mr. Abel P. Upshur, a near kinsman of 
our subject, who served as Secretary of 
State under President Tyler, after having 
first held the portfolio of the Navy under the 
same administration. 

George M. L^pshur married Miss Emma 
Franklin, daughter of Mr. John A. Frank- 
lin, of Snow Hill. He was one of the Mary- 
land National Commissioners to the 
World's Fair in 1893. He was a delegate- 
at-large from the State of Maryland to the 
Democratic National Convention which 
nominated Mr. Cleveland for President in 
1892. He is a director in the Fidelity and 
Deposit Company of Maryland. In political 
faith he is a Democrat, having been honored 
by that party with election to the House of 
Delegates over which he presided as Speak- 
er in 1888. 

Mr. and Mrs. Upshur have three children, 
Priscilla Franklin and Emily Franklin. 
Franklin Upshur is a student in the law 
department of Maryland University. The 
family reside at 1813 N. Charles street. 

He is a member of the Episcopal Church, 
and socially holds membership in the 
Athenaeum, Maryland and Merchants' 
Clubs. His offices are in the Equitable 
Building. 

Henry D. Haki.an, Chief Judge of the 
Supreme l^ench of I)altimore, was born in 
Harford ct.unly. Md., on October 23, 1858. 
His father, David Harlan, was a large land- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



owner at Harford, near Churchill, and 
a medical director of the United States 
Navy. His mother's maiden name was 
Margaret Rebecca Herbert. Her grand- 
father on her mother's side was Jeremiah 
Baker, who was a captain in the Revolu- 
tionary War. The Harlan family is an old 
one. Two brothers of that name, George 
and Michael, settled in Pennsylvania about 
two hundred years ago. Their descendants 
in this country now number over three 
thousand. Michael is the remote progen- 
itor of Judge Harlan, and George is one of 
the ancestors of Justice John M. Harlan, of 
the United States Supreme Court. His 
grandmother on his father's side was Esther 
Stump. Through her, Judge Harlan is re- 
lated to Judge Frederick Stump, of Cecil 
county, and to Herman Stump, formerly 
representative in Congress from the Second 
District. Mr. Harlan graduated at St. 
John's College, Annapolis, in 1878, taking 
second honor. He read law in the office of 
Henry D. Farnandis, at Belair for a year. 
He came to Baltimore in 1879 and entered 
the Law School of Maryland University 
from which he graduated in 1881, with both 
honors, having secured the prize as first- 
grade student and for the best thesis. The 
subject of his thesis was "Contributory 
Negligence." Judge George W. Brown 
and A. W. Machen were members of the 
committee that awarded the thesis prize. 
While he was a student in the university he 
also read law in the office of John P. Poe. 
He was admitted to the bar in May, 1881. 
In 1883 he was chosen associate professor 
in the Law School of the University of 
Maryland to lecture on elementary common 
law and domestic relations. At the same 
time he was elected secretary and treasurer 



of the law faculty with executive control of 
the school. He was subsequently made full 
professor and his connection with the Law 
School still continues, which has grown in 
the number of its students from sixty to 
nearly two hundred. Mr. Harlan practiced 
in all the courts. In October, 1888, Gover- 
nor Jackson asked him to fill the vacancy 
caused by the resignation of Chief Judge 
Brown, on account of his having arrived at 
the constitutional age limit, and the selec- 
tion met with general approval. It was of- 
ficially endorsed the following year by his 
forma! election to the position by the people 
of the city for the full term of fifteen years. 
In 1889 he married Helen, daughter of 
Henry and Hannah Eyre Altemus, of Phil- 
adelphia. Judge Harlan was for some years 
one of the Board of Visitors and Governors 
of St. John's College. He is one of the 
trustees of the Johns Hopkins Hospital and 
a member of the Executive Committee of 
the Board. He is one of the Building Com- 
mittee of the new Court House, and has 
taken a prominent part in its work. He is 
a member of the Baltimore Club, University 
Club, Elkridge Fox Hunting Club and the 
Baltimore Country Club. He is a Demo- 
crat in politics and a Protestant Episco- 
palian in religion. 

Richard T. Martin is a native of Talbot 
county, Md., where he was reared and edu- 
cated. At the age of eighteen he went to St. 
Louis, where he remained a short time, but 
finally located in southern Missouri, where 
he became connected with the lead mines of 
that country. In 1861, on account of sym- 
pathy with the Southern cause he was 
obliged to return to his native place. 

After his marriage, which took place at 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Talbot, he removed to Belair, Harford 
county, :Md., where he opened a drug store. 
Mr. Martin, being a man of integrity and 
decided intellectual ability, was elected 
deputy clerk of the county of Harford. In 
1884 he returned to Talbot, where the same 
honor was conferred upon him by his fel- 
low citizens. 

In 1895 he removed to Baltimore, where 
he now resides. Mr. Martin is a descendant 
of one of the oldest families of Maryland, 
his father being one of the "Old Defenders" 
of 1S12. The :\Iartins held a large tract of 
land under a patent from Lord Baltimore. 

Mrs. Richard T. Martin is the accom- 
plished daughter of John B. and Jane Pairo. 
natives of Washington, and who belong to 
the first and oldest settlers of the District of 
Columbia. The Pairos removed to Balti- 
more about 1840 and became largely en- 
gaged in the dry goods trade, but subse- 
quently embarked in the vinegar business 
in partnership with Mr. Frisby. To Mr. and 
Mrs. Martin were born four children. One 
son, Richard H., is a graduate of the Law 
School of Maryland University. 

Dr. Charles Carroll Bombaugii was 
born in Harrisburg, Pa., February 10, 1828. 
He is a son of Aaron and Mira (Lloyd) 
Bombaugh. His paternal ancestry was 
German, the old robber barons Von Baum- 
bach dating back to the fourteenth century. 
George Bombaugh, founder of the Ameri- 
can branch of the family, came from the 
Palatinate to settle in Pennsylvania in 1740. 
On the maternal side he is of English de- 
scent, the Lloyds having been prominently 
identified with the early settlement of Penn- 
sylvania and Delaware. Fitted for college 
at the Militarv Academy of Capt. Alden 



Partridge, at Harrisburg, he was graduated 
at Harvard L^niversity in 1850, and Jeffer- 
son Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1853. 

On the outbreak of the war he was ac- 
tively engaged in practice at Chestnut Hill, 
Philadelphia, but upon the organization of 
the Philadelphia Brigade he yielded to the 
urgent invitation of Col. E. D. Baker (after- 
wards killed at Ball's Bluff) and became sur- 
geon of the Second Regiment, August, 
1861. He served as a medical officer in Gen- 
eral Stone's division on the Potomac river, 
and afterwards in General Sedgwick's divi- 
sion in the Peninsular Campaign. At 
Berkeley (Harrison's Landing) he was 
brought to the point of death with 
typho-malarial fever, the result of over- 
work and exposure during McClellan's 
retreat to the James river, from the 
effects of which he never fully recovered. 
In September, 1862, he was transferred to 
hospital duty in Philadelphia, whence, in 
April, 1864, he was ordered at his own re- 
quest to Baltimore on special lines of duty, 
to which he gave his best endeavors until 
the close of the contest in May, 1865. 

Obliged to abandon general practice on 
account of impaired health and deficient 
energy he engaged in journalism and gen- 
eral literary pursuits and also became med- 
ical examiner for several life insurance com- 
panies. For awhile he was editor of the 
Baltimore American. In 1865 he assumed 
charge of and has since successfully con- 
ducted the Baltimore Undcrzvriter, which in 
point of editorial ability, vigor and independ- 
ence has always maintained a leading posi- 
tion among class journals. Aside from fre- 
quent contributions to medical and other 
journals, and papers and essays on various 
public occasions, he has published several 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



books, some under Iiis own name and others 
anonymously. Among the former are 
"Gleanings for the Curious," "The Book of 
Blunders," "The Literature of Kissing," 
"First Things," and "Stratagems and Con- 
spiracies to Defraud Life Insurance Com- 
panies." 

Prof. Otto Fuchs, Principal of the 
Maryland Institute, was born in Saltzwedel, 
in the Province of Saxony, Prussia, in Octo- 
ber. 1839. He received his early education 
in Germany, and came to the United States 
in 185 1, landing in New York City. He ac- 
quired his professional education in New 
York City, in the branches of civil and me- 
chanical engineering, his tutors being pri- 
vate instructors. His purely technical edu- 
cation was thus under the auspices and su- 
pervision of men eminently qualified for 
their duties. In mathematics, for example, 
Professor Fuchs had, as private tutor, Pro- 
fessor Boeck, who was private secretary to 
that patriot, Louis Kossuth, during the lat- 
ter's residence in this country. During the 
Civil War in America, Professor Fuchs was 
constructor in the General Inspector's Of- 
fice of iron-clad steamships, which were 
the beginnings of our first monitors. He 
also taught, as professor of drawing in the 
Cooper Institute, of New York City. In 
1865 he accepted the appointment as 
professor of drawing at the Naval 
Academy in Annapolis, his specialty being 
mechanical drawing. He was in Annapo- 
lis for two years, when he resigned his posi- 
tion and went to Boston to enter the service 
of Harrison Loring, one of the largest ship 
and engine builders in Boston. Professor 
Fuchs was a specialist there in the engineer- 
ing department. He also took up teacjiing 



and drawing in the evening schools in Bos- 
ton, as principal, and also in Massachusetts 
in the Massachusetts State Normal Art 
School. In this latter trust he had charge 
of the technical department, and subse- 
quently became the principal of that institu- 
tion, an office which he held for two years. 
He then accepted a directorship, as princi- 
pal of the ^Maryland Institute Schools of 
Art and Design. That was in 1883. These 
schools he reorganized and brought to their 
present state of proficiency. The number 
of students in these schools, when Professor 
Fuchs assumed charge, did not exceed 500. 
Two years ago the roster showed the 1,000 
mark. When he started the Institute 
Schools the Faculty consisted of eleven 
teachers, whereas they now number twenty- 
six. The pupils at these schools embrace 
residents of many Southern and Western 
States. 

Professor Fuchs is a factor in other 
spheres of usefulness than those above 
noted. He is a member of the Board of 
Managers of Germania Society of Mary- 
land. He is also a member of the General 
Orphan Society of Baltimore, and is presi- 
dent of the German Technical Society of 
Baltimore. He is, as well, a member of the 
Executive Committee of the Society for the 
History of the Germans of jNIaryland. 

Professor Fuchs is Past Master of Fidelity 
Lodge of Masons. He married, while in 
Annapolis, Miss Tuck, a cousin of the late 
Judge Wm. H: Tuck. In club circles. Pro- 
fessor Fuchs holds membership in the Ger- 
mania, and in the Harmonic Musical So- 
ciety. 

Through such men, truly, it may be af- 
firmed, are our great municipalities devel- 
oped and expanded. 



870 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Enoch Pratt.— The late Enoch Pratt. 
with whose life work this article will be con- 
cerned, was unquestionably one of the 
most conspicuous individuals of this or 
any other American municipality. His 
achievements were notable in number, 
and their fruitage redounded to the com- 
mon good. Mr. Pratt was born in North 
Middleborough, Plymouth county, Mass., 
September lo, 1808, and was the son 
of Isaac Pratt and Naomi Keith. His 
ancestor, Phineas Pratt, who arrived at 
Plymouth, Mass., in the ship "Ann," in 
1623, and died at Charleston April 9, 
1680, at the age of eighty-seven years, 
was cotemporary with the Pilgrim fathers, 
and was one of those who fled from persecu- 
tion in the old world to enjoy political and 
religious liberty in the new land. 

On the maternal side he was descended 
from Rev. James Keith, who came to Mas- 
sachusetts from Scotland in 1662, and set- 
tled at Bridgewater. Enoch Pratt left 
school at the age of fifteen and served an 
apprenticeship of six years as clerk in a 
Boston store, where his lousiness faculties 
were early developed, and he exhibited 
those qualities of clear judgment and tireless 
application that ever afterwards, to the date 
of his death, made him the leading financier 
and capitalist of this, the city of his adop- 
tion. Mr. Pratt removed to Baltimore in 
'31, and engaged in business here as a com- 
mission merchant. He founded the very 
successful wholesale iron house of E. Pratt 
& Bro. ]\lr. Pratt was for many years prior 
to his death the president of the National 
Farmers' and Planters' Bank, of this city. 
He was also vice-president of the Philadel- 
phia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad 
Company, and a director of the Savings 



Bank of Baltimore, one of the most impress- 
ive and opulent financial institutions south 
of Philadelphia. Mr. Pratt filled very many 
offices in connection with reformatory and 
charitable institutions, a bare summarized 
list of which would swell these pages be- 
yond all measure. He was, in short, such a 
conspicuous and potential factor in this 
community that the perpetuation of his 
name and deeds is a pleasant task to com- 
pilers of a history. His active and intimate 
identification with individuals, corporations 
and charitable institutions shed a lustre 
upon his name which centuries cannot 
efface. His benefactions and bequests 
are emphasized in enduring and be- 
neficent works, which survive him. Had 
he achieved nothing beyond the splen- 
did Pratt Free Libraries of this city, his 
memory must have been perpetually held in 
love by the citizens who are thus given free 
access to books. His will, when opened for 
probate, however, gave yet another evidence 
of the far-reaching philanthropy of the tes- 
tator. The ratification of the will, by the 
State General Assembly in 1898, marks the 
culmination of the life work of Mr. Pratt. 
By the terms of that will a vast sum was set 
aside for the scientific treatment of the in- 
sane and the enabling clause, or title, to the 
Shepard Asylum was thus conjoined to Mr. 
Pratt's name. Did space permit the public 
acts of our subject could be almost indefi- 
nitely enumerated, and all of them designed 
for the amelioration of others. Full of years 
and honors and beloved after his demise, as 
he had been for decades previously, Mr. 
Pratt rounded out a well-spent life, and 
"sleeps with his fathers," the sleep of those 
who made the world better for having lived 
in it. His widow, who was Maria Louisa 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Hydz prior to her marriage to Mr. Pratt 
in 1839, still survives him. Mrs. Pratt's pa- 
ternal ancestors were among the earliest set- 
tlers of Massachusetts, while on the 
mother's side she is descended from a Ger- 
man family who located in Baltimore more 
than 150 years ago. Mr. and Mrs. Pratt 
were childless. 

Mr. Joseph M. Gushing, the subject of 
this sketch, needs but a slight introduction 
to the present generation of Baltimoreans. 

His father, Joseph AI. Gushing, was born 
in New Hampshire, but came to Baltimore 
in 1808, with his parents, being then but six 
years old. The paternal grandfather of our 
subject was named Joseph and came of stur- 
dy Scotch ancestry. 

Mr. Joseph M. Gushing was born in Bal- 
timore, December 15, 1835, and was edu- 
cated at Harvard, from which he graduated 
in 1855. His father was. a graduate of Yale, 
in the class of 1829. The business of which 
Mr. Joseph M. Gushing is the present head 
and owner was founded here by his pater- 
nal grandfather in 1810, and his son, the 
father of our subject, entered the business 
as a partner at once after his graduation. 
On the maternal side, Mr. Gushing's mother 
was a Miss Ann Mackenzie, a daughter of 
the celebrated Dr. Golin Mackenzie, of Bal- 
timore. Upon the completion of his colle- 
giate course at Harvard, Mr. Gushing at 
once embarked upon his active life-work, 
becoming a partner in his father's business 
in 1857, to the control of which he succeed- 
ed, as before noted. He is a recognized and 
potential factor in various spheres here, all 
tending to identify him with the material 
growth and advancement of this great me- 
tropolis. Some of his connections are es- 



pecially worthy of note in this article. He 
is vice-president, for example, of the 
"Charity Organization Society," the scope 
and usefulness of which is far-reaching and 
helpful. This society is undenominational. 
He is also the president of the Maryland 
Institute, one of the landmarks of progress- 
ive ideas and methods, in many lines, in his 
city. He is a member, as well, of the State 
Board of Education, and its acting presi- 
dent pro tern, in the absence of the Gov- 
ernor. He is chairman, too, of the "Board 
of Trustees of the Baltimore Normal School 
for the Education of Golored Teachers." 
Mr. Gushing enjoys a large acquaintance- 
ship in other spheres than those above 
enumerated. In club circles he is a member 
of the Maryland Glub, the Athenaeum, 
the University, the Germania, the Mer- 
chants', the Harvard, and an honorary 
member, as well, of the Phi Beta Kappa of 
the Johns Hopkins University. He is also 
a member of the Historical Society. Mr. 
Gushing is a recognzed factor in financial 
circles, probably due, in part, to an inherit- 
ed trait of his father in that direction. His 
father was one of the founders, in 1818, of 
the Baltimore Savings Bank, and became 
its president in 1825, and so remained until 
his death. His son, our subject, is a direc- 
tor in the same institution, regarded as the 
largest financial institution south of Phila- 
delphia. Mr. Gushing, busy man as he is, 
and ever has been, has nevertheless always 
been appreciated as a safe counsellor and 
zealous worker in political aflairs as well. 
As a member of the Gonstitutional Gonven- 
tion of 1864 he was assigned to the position 
of chairman of the Gommittee on Educa- 
tion of that body. As chairman of the Ex- 
ecutive Committee of the Republican party 



872 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



at the second election of President Lincoln, 
hehadas co-laborerson that committee such 
men as Henr\- Winter Davis and Archibald 
Stirling, Jr., whilst Hon. J. Morrison Har- 
ris was also an advisor, being then in Con- 
gress. 

From the foregoing data, brief as it neces- 
sarily is, it will be seen that Air. Cashing 
has richly earned the perpetuation his 
achievements merit in finding mention in a 
history like this. 

Lal'rexce S.\ngster Gwynn was born 
in Freeport, Gloucester county, Va., Octo- 
ber 25, 1863. He is a son of John T. and 
Mary (Thurston) Gwynn; his father is de- 
scended from an old Welsh line, while his 
mother is of English ancestry. His father 
came from Virginia, where he had never 
been engaged in business, just after the war, 
in consequence of loss of property, etc. He 
was lieutenant in the Twenty-second Vir- 
ginia Regiment, Captain Fitzhugh's com- 
pany, C. S. A., and acting captain when 
Captain Fitzhugh was killed; he was at Bull 
Run, Malvern Hills and Seven Pines, being 
wounded at both last named battles; he w^as 
taken prisoner and paroled. 

He was educated in the public schools of 
Baltimore, after which he engaged in book- 
keeping; about fifteen years ago he entered 
the service of the B. & O. R. R. Co., where 
he is now. He was for some time clerk in 
a broker's office and then went with Geo 
C. Frick & Co., dry-goods, for three years; 
then with Tabb Bros. & Dimmock one year. 
.A^fter this he made a voyage around the 
world, and when he returned went into the 
shoe business for five or six years. He was 
a member of the Fifth Regiment, Company 
H, Captain Albers, for five years, and is 



now' of the Fifth ^Maryland Veteran Corps, 
also a member of the Jr. O. U. A. M. and 
Forresters. He married, June 15, 1891, Miss 
Sue Sedgwick, daughter of Benjamin J. 
Sedgwick, of Calvert county, Md. They 
have one child, Laurence S., Jr., born July 
31, 1896. Mr. and Mrs. Gwynn are mem- 
bers of Holy Trinity P. E. Church. Mr. 
Gwynn has three sistei's: Grace, Mrs. Dr. 
J. H. Branham; Lucy, Mrs. Dr. John W. 
Branham; Fannie, JNIrs. Dr. J. H. Hannor, 
of Middle River, Md. ; also four brothers. 
Dr. j\Iatthew Kemp, Charles, Hugh and 
John. 

George Graham Billmire was born 
October 24, 1870. He is a son of William 
H. O. and Eliza (West) Billmire, of Ger- 
man and English descent respectively. His 
father was born in Virginia, but left that 
State when quite young to go into business 
at Cumberland, Md., with his father, 
George's grandfather, who conducted large 
mills at that place. Their property, how- 
ever, having been confiscated during the 
war by the Confederates, Mr. Billmire came 
to Baltimore, where George was born. 
George went through the public schools of 
Baltimore and finished his education with a 
business course at Bryant and Stratton's 
Business College; afterwards he engaged 
in the manufacture of cigars. In 1887 he 
enlisted in Company F, Fifth Regiment, M. 
N. G., as a private under Capt. Frank Sup- 
plee; he afterwards became senior corporal 
of his company. Resigning after six years' 
service he again enlisted for one year, in 
1894, to accompany the regiment to Frost- 
burg. Md., where it took so prominent a 
jjart in the quelling of the labor riots. On 
July 11. 1893, JNIr. Billmire was married to 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



873 



Miss Charlotte R. Maris, youngest daugh- 
ter of Lewis R. and Frances (De La Chelle) 
Maris; as a result of this union they have 
one son, William Ernest, born November 
25, 1895. Mrs. Billmire, on her mother's 
side, comes from an ancient French family; 
her grandfather, Archelle de la Chelle, 
was a soldier of Waterloo and one of the 
earliest linguists, writers and educators of 
the present century in Baltimore. He was 
the first teacher of the French language in 
the Baltimore City College. Mr. Billmire 
is a member of the Improved Order of Hep- 
tasophs, Zeta Conclave, and of the Jr. O. 
U.A.M. He is a member of the Fulton Av- 
enue M. E. Church, his wife a member of 
St. Mark's P. E. Church. Mr. Billmire is 
a man of sterling business qualifications and 
undoubtedly will attain the success in life 
he is entitled to. In politics he is a Repub- 
lican. 

Mr. Henry A. Parr, an account of 
whose career, ancestry and life work will be 
found below, is a Baltimorean by nativity. 
He was carefully educated at St. James' 
College, Hagerstown, Md. His father, I. 
M. Parr, enjoyed such a merited measure of 
public confidence and esteem from his fel- 
low citizens that a glance at our subject's 
paternal line is a fit setting to this article. 
The oldest established house, identified with 
the grain trade in Baltimore is that of I. M. 
Parr. The business was originally estab- 
lished by William McDonald & Son, about 
1790. For one year afterwards it was 
known as George W. Richardson & Co. 
up to the death of Mr. Richardson, and 
then became McConkey & Parr. These 
two partners had been clerks in the old firm 
of William McDonald & Son. Thev were 



thus its legitimate successors. The firm 
name was changed in 1871 to its present 
style and has continued so ever since. Their 
business of handling grain on commission, 
as receivers, as extensive exporters, cannot 
properly belong in this mention save as a 
reference and indication of events which will 
be noted as a sequence. One branch of the 
great interests centered in and forming an 
integral factor in the whole, and adding as 
it does so materially to the general welfare 
deserves, however, a passing notice. The 
Baltimore Elevator Company, of which Mr. 
I. M. Parr is the president, has since 1876 
leased the elevators of the Northern Cen- 
tral Railway at Canton, who have handled 
all the grain received at that point by the P. 
R. R. Co. Mr. I. M. Parr, the founder of 
this firm, and father of our subject, of course, 
was a native Baltimorean, having been born 
here on September 27, 1822. He was edu- 
cated at the Baltimore College, graduating 
in 1837 and began business as we have 
seen in 1838, and succeeded to the manage- 
ment as noted in 1846. He filled many po- 
sitions of trust and great responsibility, 
among them being the presidency of the 
Corn and Flour Exchange and also of the 
Board of Trade. 

Mr. Henry A. Parr, the present executive 
head of the firm, traveled extensively 
abroad after having completed his collegi- 
ate course. Upon his return he at once en- 
tered into active business life as a partner 
with his father. This was in 1871. Busy 
man as he is and ever has been, Mr. Parr's 
counsels have been in demand in other 
spheres than those purely commercial. He 
is interested in numerous prominent finan- 
cial and manufacturing enterprises in this 
and other cities and countries. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



He is a director in the Farmers' and Mer- 
chants' National Bank of Baltimore and is 
president of the Oakland }ilanufacturing 
Company. He is likewise president of the 
Liibroleine Oil Company, and president of 
the Pikesville, Reisterstown and Emory 
Grove Electric Railroad. His identification 
with and control of the electric city lines 
of passenger railways in Richmond, Va., is 
also another significant "straw," so to ex- 
press the matter, emphasizing the status of 
the man in his varied fields of activity. In 
association with Mr. John K. Cowen, presi- 
dent of the B. & O. R. R. Co., and other 
Baltimoreans, Mr. Parr has large interests 
' in the extensive and newly developed man- 
ganese mines on the Isthmus of Panama. 

Perhaps no other sphere of his activity 
so well accentuates Mr. Parr's resourceful- 
ness as the political arena. Again and 
again he has thrown his energy, integrity 
and personal resources and time into this 
field. The space at command permits refer- 
ence to but one incident in this connection. 
In the campaign of 1897 Mr. Parr rounded 
out and completed his fight for himself, his 
party and his country on the Sound Money 
platform. This stand, against many life- 
long friends who favored the "Silver 
Heresy" caused not a few ruptures. One 
of these was the severance of life-long affili- 
ations politically with the senior United 
States Senator from Maryland. Like his 
father, Mr. Parr cannot be severed from 
any course he believes to be right. Of a 
modest, retiring disposition, the subject of 
this article enjoys the esteem and confidence 
of hosts of friends in the various fields of his 
activity and social environments. 

By such men, therefore, as the above are 
our great metropolitan CLiitrcs developed. 



The perpetuation of such careers is one of 
the agreeable features attendant upon the 
compilation of a work of this character. 

Mr. Parr is a member of all leading social 
clubs of this city, many of Philadelphia and 
New York as well. Five children, all boys, 
are the result of his marriage. 

Eaianull Hecht, Importer of Mattings, 
310 W. Lexington street, Baltimore, is a 
son of Samuel, Jr., and Bettie (Wolfsheimer) 
Hecht, and was born in Baltimore, Octo- 
ber 24, 1856. His parents are Germans, his 
father having settled in Baltimore in 1843, 
his mother in 1850; they were married in 
Baltimore, where they still live, his father 
being a merchant. They have had nine chil- 
dren, seven of whom are living: Meyer C, 
Hannah, Tillie, Albert S., Alexander, Moses 
and Emanuel Hecht, the subject of this 
sketch. All reside in Baltimore. Mr. Hecht 
was educated in the public schools of Bal- 
timore and is a graduate of the Bryant and 
Stratton Business College. He began the 
world as a clerk in a store when thirteen 
years of age, after which he went into his 
father's store first as clerk and salesman 
and subsequently as partner, doing busi- 
ness under the firm name of Samuel Hecht, 
Jr., matting importers, in which business he 
is at present. He is likewise largely inter- 
ested in other branches of trade with his 
brothers and other parties. He stands well 
in business circles. He was married in Rich- 
mond, Va., November 26, 1885, to Miss 
Mamie Sycle, of that city, and a daughter 
of Isaac Sycle; both her parents are Ger- 
mans; her mother is deceased, but her father 
still resides in Richmond. Mr. and Mrs. 
Hecht have six children, Edna, Martin, 
Sadie, Howard, Hortense and Julian. In 
politics he is a Rejiublican. He and his 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



875- 



family are of the Hebrew faith and reside 
at 1617 Eutaw Place. 

Nicholas M. Rittenhouse, proprietor 
of the Baltimore Terra Cotta Works, foot 
of Cross street, comes from old and distin- 
guished Pennsylvania stock, whose ances- 
tors came from Germany and settled in that 
State in 1674, his father being a miller. Both 
his parents are deceased. They had eight 
children. Mr. Rittenhouse being the only 
one living; he is iifty-three years old, hav- 
ing been born in Philadelphia county. Pa., 
April 4, 1844. He was educated in the pub- 
lic schools of Philadelphia county and Phil- 
adelphia. He was seventeen years of age 
when the Civil War commenced. He 
enlisted in the Second Pennsylvania Cav- 
alry, Colonel Brinton commanding, and 
served in the United States Army until the 
close of the war, having been in some of the 
most noted battles and wounded three times. 
After being mustered out of the service he 
returned to Philadelphia and learned teleg- 
raphy; was a telegraph operator in that 
city until 1874, when he came to Baltimore 
to reside, succeeding his uncle in the terra 
cotta business, in which he is now engaged. 
Mr. Rittenhouse was married in Philadel- 
phia in 1869 to Miss Emma G., daughter of 
John Omensetter and Mary Simpson ; both 
her parents were born in Pennsylvania, of 
German parentage. Mr. and Mrs. Ritten- 
house have had eight children, four of whom 
are living: David Martin, John Edgar, Anna 
Margaret and Carrie E. Rittenhouse, all of 
whom reside in Baltimore with their father 
except David M., who is married and lives 
with his family in Baltimore county. The 
family are Baptists. Mr. Rittenhouse is a 
Mason; in politics a Republican and was 
elected by that party to the Second Branch 



of the Baltimore City Council in 1895 to rep- 
resent the Twenty-first and Twenty-second 
wards. His term expired in 1897. When 
residing in Philadelphia in 1868 he was sent 
as a delegate from Judge Kelly's District in 
that city to the Soldiers' Convention, which 
met in Chicago just previous to the Nation- 
al Republican Convention, which also met 
in Chicago, nominating General Grant for 
his first term as President. The first paper 
ever made in North America was manufac- 
tured by an ancestor of Mr. Ritten- 
house. viz: Mr. Claus Rittenhouse at his 
paper mill on Paper Mill Run in the town- 
ship of Roxborough, (now incorporated in 
Philadelphia) in i6go. Another of his an- 
cestors, David Rittenhouse, was the manu- 
facturer of the compass and surveying in- 
struments used by George Washington and 
Thomas Jefiferson in Virginia. When Ma- 
son and Dixon were trying to run their fa- 
motis line for Lord Baltimore and William 
Penn they were unable to run the arc of a 
circle twelve miles from New Castle, Del., 
on acount of the magnetic attraction of the 
instruments caused by the soil being im- 
pregnated with minerals; they called up 
David Rittenhouse to help them out of their 
trouble, who thereupon made an instrument 
to answer the purpose and succeeded in 
running "Mason's and Dixon's Line." This 
David Rittenhouse was the first director of 
the United States Mint at Philadelphia; also 
chairman of the Committee of Safety of 
Pennsylvania during the Revolution, and 
Treasurer of the State both during the Rev- 
olution and afterwards. Mr. Nicholas M. 
Rittenhouse is an active and pushing busi- 
ness man and stands well with our people. 
He resides w-ith his famly at 141 Winder- 
mere avenue, Waverly. 



876 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



WiLLLAM Alexander Coale, Rector of 
St. Luke's P. E. Church, Baltimore, was 
born in Harford county, Md., October 29, 
1843. He was a son of Nathan and Martha 
Ann (Draper) Coale, who were Quakers 
and both of English descent. His father's 
family came with Lord Baltimore to Mary- 
land, and his father was a native of Harford 
county, Md., and was an architect. In 1844 
he came to Baltimore to live. William was 
educated in private schools in Baltimore and 
at a boarding school at Milford, York Road, 
and from there went to Trinity Hall at Ca- 
tonsville for four years; at the age of nine- 
teen he entered St. James College at Ha- 
gerstown and remained there until the col- 
lege was suspended on account of the break- 
ing out of the war. He commenced his the- 
ological studies witii Bishop Whittingham 
and Rev. Dr. Charles W. Rankin and Dr. 
S. A. Dalyrimple, finishing in about four 
years. He was ordained to the diaconate of 
Mt. Calvary Church September, 1867; to 
the priesthood of St. Paul's Church April, 
i86g. Lnmediately upon ordination to the 
diaconate he became assistant to St. Luke's 
Church, where he was baptized; upon ordi- 
nation to the priesthood became first assist- 
ant priest on the staft of four priests and dea- 
cons. Li connection with work instituted a 
congregation for colored people, which was 
crowned with great success, and started 
mission work at Franklintown, which re- 
sulted in the organization of the congrega- 
tion of the Church of St. Mary the Virgin. 
In June, 1875. after a service of eight years, 
was called to the rectorship of St. Michael's 
Parish, Genesee, Livingston county, N. Y., 
in the Diocese of BufTalo, which he retained 
fifteen years. During his rectorate here he 
was elected to the position of Dean of Dio- 



cese six times consecutively without one op- 
posing vote, clerical or lay, and during his 
period of service was never opposed. In 
1888 in Diocesan Council in Geneva, N. Y., 
was elected delegate of the Diocese of Buf- 
falo to the General Council of the Ameri- 
can Church. He held both the position of 
dean and delegate until October, 1889, when 
he was called to the rectorship of St. Luke's 
Church — his old church, but owing to the 
strong opposition on the part of the people 
of St. Michael's Parish to his leaving, he did 
not determine to accept the charge until 
February, 1890, but finally did so, and en- 
tered upon the duties of the office on the 9th 
of March in the same year. He was married 
June 28, 1866, to Elizabeth J., youngest 
daughter of Col. Wm. H. Frien, who owned 
a place of 300 acres at Arlington, Baltimore 
county, Md. They have four children: 
William Frien, Howard Dorsey, Alexander 
Draper and Walter Lauderdale. Mr. Coale 
has one brother, Edward T. His parents 
died when lie was twelve years old. 

William T. i\L\LSTER, Mayor of Balti- 
more. — In the pages of a historical work 
such as this, biographical "selections," as 
against "collections," form a distinctive feat- 
ure. The selection in this instance is a con- 
spicuous indication of a fruitful field, inas- 
much as this municipality grows, and ever 
has grown timber of executive and admin- 
istrative character. 

Mr. Wm. T. ]\Ialster, then, is the subject 
of this I:)rief article. He is in the full vigor of 
matured manhood, having first seen the 
light in Cecil county, Md., in '43. In the 
search for a life employment, suited to his 
tastes and attainments, Mr. Malster's ca- 
reer marks the gradations attendant upon 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



877 



successful self-made men of our country. 
Successive advancements, never retrograd- 
ing, are the mile posts along his route. The 
culmination (not to summarize each step) 
was, and is engineering, which, in theory 
and practice, he long since mastered. This 
affirmation is emphasized to a demonstra- 
tion by the fruitage born of his skill. Com- 
mercial men and corporations alike have the 
products of the man's achievements in the 
many ice boats, merchant ships, transports, 
etc., over all the seas. The capstone, how- 
ever, is the output of Mr. Malster's estab- 
lishment — The Columbian Iron Works and 
Dry Dock Company. The battleships, 
cruisers, torpedo boats, etc., turned over, 
complete, to the United States Government 
from that institution, are matters of national 
and international knowledge. Such an in- 
stitution as these works is valuable to Balti- 
more, not only as a matter of reputation 
and civic pride, but as a valuable movement 
and factor in the development in the city's 
population, her trade, and her business. 

Mr. Malster is recognizedin other spheres 
than the one above mentioned, however. 
His resourcefulness, state-craft and envia- 
ble status with his fellow-citizens, is accen- 
tuated by his culminated career, or present 
laurels, in the fields other than merely in- 
dustrial and commercial. By a most flat- 
tering vote against "machine" politicians 
he was elected in '97 to the mayoralty of Bal- 
timore, a trust at once commanding and im- 
pressive. Fortunate may be called the mu- 
nicipality that has such a leader and execu- 
tive: but more fortunate still the acquies- 
cence and service of the "right man in the 
right place," as is seen in this instance. 
'Slere fulsome, effusive tribute is ever gross 
and regarded with just suspicion wherever 



found. In these columns, as will be noted, 
the "selections" accorded mention have 
been those materially identified with the 
city's growth and development. Any seem- 
ing exception to this rule must be seen to 
be in striking contrast to the whole. As has 
been said, this is an historical, not biograph- 
ical work. Histories of men or corporations 
have been gathered in the space at com- 
mand from among those deserving perpetu- 
ation. The article here given, therefore, 
will be seen to merit the notice devoted to it. 

Dr. Ferdinand J. S. Gorgas, 845 N. 
Eutaw street.— Of the oldest continuous 
dental professors in the United States, if not 
in the world, Dr. F. J. S. Gorgas is second. 
There are one or two other living professors 
who may have begun teaching earlier, but 
no others have been continuously in the pro- 
fessor's chair as have Dr. Jonathan Taft, of 
the University of Michigan, and the subject 
of this brief review. 

A native of Winchester, in the famous 
Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, Doctor Gor- 
gas' birth occurred July 27, 1839. As a boy 
at school he was precocious and early out- 
stripped others of his age. After attending 
private and a few public schools of his na- 
tive city. Doctor Gorgas matriculated in 
Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., from which 
he was graduated at the age of seventeen. 
Having studied dentistry under practi- 
tioners, he was prepared to enter the Bal- 
timore College of Dental Surgery in ad- 
vanced classes, and graduated from that in- 
stitution in one year, in the spring of 1857. 
His proficiency being recognized by the 
Faculty, he was forthwith offered a position 
as teacher in the institution, beginning his 
duties the following autumn, and has since 



878 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



occui>ied continuously a professor's chair, 
a period of forty-one years. Recognizing 
early the necessity of a wider range of 
knowledge to elevate the profession of den- 
tistry above the plane of a trade, as it was at 
first considered. Doctor Gorgas entered upon 
a course of medicine and surgery as well, 
and graduated with the title of M. D. from 
the Medical School of the University of 
Maryland. It is this love for a broader plane 
of knowledge that has elevated Doctor Gor- 
gas to the high position he now holds in the 
profession in America. 

The Doctor is an author of recognized 
ability by his professional colleagues. His 
"Medical and Dental Dictionary" has passed 
through the sixth edition, as has his work 
"The Dental Medicine." He has eleven 
times revised and brought down to date 
"Harris's Principles and Practice of Den- 
tistry" and the "Questions and Answers 
for Medical and Dental Students" has had 
a wide circulation amongst practitioners, as 
well as among those for whom it was es- 
pecially written. The Doctor is the editor- 
in-chief of The .lincrkan Joiintal of Denial 
Science, the oUlest dental journal in tiie 
world, founded by Dr. Chapin A. Harris, 
the founder of the Baltimore College of 
Dental Surgery as well. 

Doctor Gorgas is prominent in Masonic 
circles. He is thrice Past Master of Oriental 
Lodge, Ko. 158, and Past Senior Grand 
Warden of the Grand Dodge of Maryland. 
He has also been High Priest of Jeru.sa!em 
Chapter, No. 9, Royal Arch Masons, and 
Grand High Priest of the Grand Chapter of 
the State; in Jerusalem Council of Royal 
and Select Masters, and three times served 
the order as Illustrious Grand Master of the 
State. In Knight Templarism he has 



served as Eminent Commander of two com- 
manderies, Maryland Commandery, No. i, 
and Beauseant Commandery, No. 8; for 
twenty-one years has been chairman of the 
Corresponding Committee of the Grand 
Commandery of Maryland and was for 
seven years chairman of the Committee of 
Correspondence of the Grand Lodge of 
Maryland. 

Doctor Gorgas is one of the few who has 
attained the highest degree in Masonry, the 
33rd of the Scottish Rite. That high honor 
was conferred upon him by those eminent 
members of the Order, Albert Pike and 
Judge Josiah Drummond, of Portland, Me. 

The Doctor also holds membership in the 
Knights of Honor, the Improved Order of 
Heptasophs, and the United Order of 
American ^Mechanics, for all of W'hich he 
has the highest regard. C)f the profes- 
sional societies he holds membership in 
many; the principal ones being the Ameri- 
can Medical Association, the American 
Dental Association, the Southern Dental 
.Association and the National Association 
of Dental Faculties; and is one of the com- 
mittee of three known as the ' ad interim 
committee, in whose hands is placed the en- 
tire management of afifairs between sittings 
of the Association, and many are the dis- 
putes arising between the different dental 
colleges of the country that require tact and 
judgment of a high order to settle them to 
the satisfaction of all concerned. 

The ancestry of Doctor Gorgas dates far 
back into the early colonial period of the 
continent, the immigrant ancestor, Samuel 
Gorgas, coming from England at a remote 
date unknown. The great-grandfather, 
Sanuiel Gorgas, was a soldier of the Revo- 
lution. He marred a Miss De Lancey, of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



879 



the old New York family of that name. His 
son, Samuel De Lancey Gorgas fought in 
the War of 1812 and attained a ripe old age. 

The father of our subject, John De Lan- 
cey Gorgas, was for many years a success- 
ful merchant of Winchester and Martins- 
burg, Va. ; he died in 1841 at the age of sev- 
enty-seven. His wife, Mary A., was a 
daughter of Mr. James R. Smith, a planter 
of the Old Dominion and of one of the old 
families of the State. 

Doctor Gorgas was married to Miss 
Anna, daughter of Mr. Leroy Swormstead, 
of Madison, Ind., whose brother. Rev. 
Swormstead, was for many years editor of 
the Western Christian Advocate, published 
at Cincinnati. 

Of the four children, three sons and a 
daughter, born to the Doctor and his wife, 
two survive : Lawrence De Lancey Gorgas, 
a leading physician, of Chicago, and Her- 
bert Ferdinand Gorgas. who practices den- 
tistry with his father. 

The Doctor and his family attend Mt. 
Vernon Methodist Church. 

HosEA Woodman Kapp, Superintendent 
of the Baltimore Division of the Northern 
Central Railway, which is composed of that 
part of the Northern Central Railway from 
Baltimore to Marysville, the Green Spring 
Branch from Hollins to Green Spring Junc- 
tion, the Canton Branch sidings in Balti- 
more, and the Union Railroad from the cen- 
ter of North street, Baltimore, to Bayview 
Junction and Canton and Colgate Creek, 
Md., was born at Marietta, Pa., on the 23rd 
day of July, 1844. He attended school un- 
til sixteen years of age at Northumberland, 
Pa., to which place his parents had removed. 
He entered the army as musician in the 



Fifth Pennsylvania Reserves, in the fall of 
1861, and served eleven months, in the 
Army of the Potomac, Peninsula campaign. 
In the fall of 1862 he entered the service of 
the Lackawanna and Bloomsburg Railroad 
as laborer on construction work, and later 
served as laborer on work train. He con- 
tinued with that road as a laborer and brake- 
man until the spring of 1863, when he en- 
tered the service of the Philadelphia and 
Erie Railroad as brakeman. He continued 
in the service of the latter company through 
the various positions of brakeman, flagman, 
freight conductor, yard master, passenger 
conductor and train master until the sum- 
mer of 1866, when he was promoted to be 
train master of the Middle Division of that 
road, with headquarters at Renovo, Pa. In 
the spring of 1870 he was transferred to the 
Pennsylvania Railroad, and made assistant 
train master of the Pittsburg Division, with 
headquarters at Pittsburgh, in which posi- 
tion he served until the spring of 1874, when 
he was promoted to be train master at Bal- 
timore of the Baltimore Division of the 
Northern Centra! Railway. On January 
IS- 1875. h^ received the additional appoint- 
ment of train master of the Baltimore and 
Potomac and Alexandria and Fredericks- 
burg Railroads. On January i, 1883, when 
the Baltimore Division of the Northern Cen- 
tral Railway was placed under the general 
superintendent of the other divisions of that 
road whose headquarters were at Williams- 
port, Pa., and the Baltimore and Potomac 
and Alexandria and Fredericksburg Rail- 
roads were placed under the general super- 
intendent of the Philadelphia, Wilmington 
and Baltimore Railroad, w^hose headquar- 
ters were in Philadelphia, Mr. Kapp was 
promoted to his present position, the super- 



880 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



intendency of the Baltimore Division, with 
headquarters at Baltimore. Mr. Kapp was 
married December 8, 1868, to Ceecie C, 
daughter of the late Mrs. Mary Homer, of 
Jersey Shore, Pa. Mr. and Mrs. Kapp have 
eight children: William P., assistant round 
house foreman, Pennsylvania Railroad, at 
Altoona; Stacy W., assistant supervisor, P. 
W. & B., at Baltimore; Percy C, with Penn- 
sylvania Railroad, at West Philadelphia 
shops; J. Bailey, Co. A, Fifth Maryland; 
Edward R., student, Baltimore City Col- 
lege; Miss May Rosabelle, and Martha 
C, and Edith A., students at Woman's Col- 
lege, Baltimore. The family reside at Pax- 
ton, and attend St. John's P. E. Church. 
Mr. Kapp is a member of Maryland Com- 
mandery. Knights Templar. 

William Henry Matthai, of the firm 
of Matthai, Ingram & Co., was born in Bal- 
timore July 26, 1856. He is a son of I\Ir. 
John Christopher Matthai, whose personal 
history is contained in this volume. Wil- 
liam H. Matthai received his early train- 
ing in the public schools of Baltimore, with 
a supplementary academic course at New- 
ton Academy. At the age of sixteen he en- 
tered the employ in office service of Matthai 
& Ingram, in which he was successively 
promoted until his accession, in 1880, to the 
firm, then known as Matthai, Ingram & Co. 
Mr. Matthai is one of the board of directors 
of the United States Fidelity and Trust 
Company, of Baltimore. He was married 
November 15, 1882, to Alice Bancroft, sec- 
ond daughter of William H. Jones, of the 
mercantile house of Clark & Jones, Balti- 
more. Mr. and Mrs. :Matthai have six chil- 
dren: William Howard, John Clark, Al- 



bert Dilwarth, Joseph Fleming, Alice Ban- 
croft and Margaret Matthai. 

The family reside in the historic home- 
stead, Lexington, on the Reisterstown road 
near Pikesville, purchased by Mr. Matthai 
from the Hamilton Caughey estate. This 
mansion was built in 1775 and received its 
name from the then recently fought battle 
of Lexington. For some years immediately 
following the Revolutionary War this fine 
old mansion was a favorite rendezvous for 
officers of the patriot army. Mr. Matthai is 
a member and one of the trustees of Arling- 
ton M. E. Church (South), and Mrs. Mat- 
thai is a member of the First English Luth- 
eran Church. 

Isaac Holmes Shirk was born in Balti- 
more, February 21, 1858. He is a son of 
Henry and Catharine I. (Orrick) Shirk, na- 
tives of Maryland, the former of German, 
the latter of English descent. The first 
comer to America of the Shirk (then 
Scherch) family emigrated from Germany 
about 1700, locating in Lancaster county, 
Pa. The grandfather of the immediate sub- 
ject of this sketch removed in 1847 from 
Hagerstown to Baltimore, Md., where he 
purchased twenty-five (25) acres of ground 
in the northern section of the city, and was 
for years an active agent in the improve- 
ment and development of that part of Balti- 
more. He gave a parcel of ground 255 by 
184 feet on the west side of St. Paul street, 
between Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth 
streets, and other bequests aggregating a 
value approximately of $200,000, to the 
Woman's College, of Baltimore. Isaac 
Shirk was educated in the public schools 
and City College of Baltimore, spent the 
following fifteen years in mercantile pur- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



881 



suits, and has since 1887 been engaged in 
real estate and financial brokerage business 
with present offices in the Latrobe Build- 
ing. He is a member of the National Real 
Estate Association which he represented in 
World's Congress Auxiliary at the World's 
Fair, Chicago. He resides at 2133 Mary- 
land avenue. 

Charles E. Ford, Owner and Manager 
of Ford's Grand Opera Houses, Baltimore 
and Washington, was born in Baltimore in 
1856, and is a son of the late John T. Ford, 
who was not only closely identified with the 
history of the theater in the United States, 
but was also one of Baltimore's most prom- 
inent citizens, interested in the principal 
public improvements of that city. His life 
was almost a history of the local stage, for 
though not himself old in years at the time 
of his demise, he was in point of service the 
senior theatrical manager in the United 
States, and personally knew the majority of 
the dramatic, literary and political celebri- 
ties of his day. His wide knowledge of the 
drama, his practical experience and theatri- 
cal management and his intellectual tastes 
made him a target for all collectors of rem- 
iniscences of the State, and he was always 
called upon by every contemporary writer 
of dramatic history as a private source of 
information. He was identified with one of 
the most tragic events in this nation's his- 
tory, for it was in his theater at Washington, 
D. C, that President Lincoln was assassin- 
ated by John Wilkes Booth, that actor hav- 
ing been employed in Mr. Ford's Stock 
Company. At one time and another Mr. 
Ford had under his management all the 
prominent stars of the day, and it was 
through his efforts that the first successes 
52 



of Edwin Booth and Mary Anderson were 
made. He also introduced Gilbert and 
Sullivan to the American public. His gen- 
erosity was as marked a characteristic of his 
nature as was his energy. Through agen- 
cies of the theater which he managed, he 
contributed fully $100,000 to various chari- 
ties. His famous grand opera house in Bal- 
timore was erected in 1872, at a cost of 
$175,000, including the lot on which it was 
built. The architect was James T. GifTord. 
In it, during the year it was opened to the 
public, Horace Greeley was nominated for 
the Presidency by the Democratic National 
Convention, and in 1876, Dom Pedro, Em- 
peror of Brazil, and the Empress were en- 
tertained during their tour of the United 
States, on which occasion Mary Anderson 
was the star. In 1886 a benefit was held for 
the sufferers by the Charleston earthquake, 
and the sum of $5,000 was realized. In 1889 
a reception was given there to Captain Mur- 
rell and officers of the steamship "Mis- 
souri," in recognition of their gallantry in 
the famous rescue of the Danish vessel 
"Denmark" in mid ocean. The house was 
remodeled in 1893, and now ranks as one of 
the finest opera houses in the United States. 
Politically Mr. Ford was a prominent and 
life-long Democrat. He served several 
terms in the State Legislature and was City 
Commissioner and Acting Mayor of Balti- 
more. He was a director of the B. & O. 
and Western Maryland Railroads. During 
the latter part of his life he was assisted in 
management by his son, Charles E. Ford. 
Mr. Ford, Sr., married Miss Edith B. An- 
drews, of Hanover county, Va. Ten children 
were born of this union, of whom Charles E. 
Ford is the eldest. The early education of 
the latter was acciuired under the tuition of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 



Rev. John H. Dashiell, one of the most 
noted scholars of his day. He completed 
his studies in the University of Virginia. 
From 1872 until his father's death he as- 
sisted in the management of the opera 
houses, and then assumed full control, and 
is now the owner of both houses. In 1876 
he married Annie, daughter of Addison 
Hardcastle, of the Eastern Shore. They 
have three children: Mabel, wife of P. P. 
Dunan, of Baltimore; Charles E., Jr., now 
in the Johns Hopkins University, and Edith 
Octavia Ford. Although not politically in- 
clined, Mr. Ford takes a deep interest in the 
welfare of his city and county, being strong- 
ly allied to the Democratic party and its 
principles. He has refused all overtures for 
office, being content with the busy life ne- 
cessitated by his theatrical ventures. He 
has a beautiful home near Pikesville, which 
he purchased riine years ago, and his spa- 
cious greenhouses are a source of much 
pleasure to him. He is noted for hospitality 
and generosity; agreeable and courteous in 
his manners, few men are more highly re- 
spected in the city of his birth. Fraternally 
he is a member of the Order of Elks. 

Dr. Cii.\kli:s Raymond SiioiiMAKEK 
was born in Shenandoah in 1870. He is the 
son of Martin and Margaret (Titman) Shoe- 
maker, natives of Pennsylvania, and resi- 
dents of Shenandoah where Mr. Shoemaker 
is engaged in business as a coal merchant. 
Charles R. Shoemaker received his general 
education in the public schools of his native 
county, and came to P)altimore to enter the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons, from 
which institution lie was graduated witli the 
class of '91. Following his graduation he 
was for one year assistant resident physician 



at Bay View Asylum, since which time he 
has been engaged in general practice, with 
present office and residence at 1735 Ais- 
quith street. He has been on the staff of 
the Presbyterian Eye, Ear and Throat Hos- 
pital since 1894, is a member of the Medical 
and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland, and 
is examining physician for the Home 
Friendly Society. 

He was married June 14, 1892, to Miss 
Hallie, daughter of the late Henry and 
Mary (Phillips) Stevenson, of Baltimore. 

Dr. and Mrs. Shoemaker have one child, 
Martin. 

Doctor Shoemaker is a Methodist, and 
Mrs. Shoemaker a communicant of the 
P. E. Church of the Messiah. 

Rivv. Alphonse MagniEn, President of 
St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, was born 
in Lozere, France, June, 1837. He took his 
classical course in the diocese of Mende, 
France, and completed his ecclesiastical 
education at Orleans, France, where he was 
ordained for the priesthood. He was a 
teacher for several years at La Chapelle, 
diocese of Orleans, a preparatory seminary 
made famous by Bishop Dupanloup. He 
then entered the Society of Saint Sulpice, 
and occupied the chair of philosophy at 
Nantes and Rodez successively, one year at 
the former and two at the latter place. In 
1869 he came to America to become one of 
the faculty of St. Mary's Seminary, Balti- 
more, with which institution he has ever 
since beeil connected, teaching at different 
periods philosophy, scripture, church liis- 
torv and theology, and has been the j)resi- 
dent since 1878. 

Under his superiorship there was so great 
an influ.x of candidates that a separate de- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



partment of philosophy under a special su- 
perior and later on a double course of divin- 
ity were added. The building was materi- 
ally increased by the addition of a large 
wing. Three hundred pupils has been the 
average attendance during the past several 
sessions. 

James Edmondson Ingram, second 
member of the firm of Matthai, Ingram & 
Co., was born in Baltimore, April 22, 1847. 
He is a son of the late Charles and Eliza 
(Edmondson) Ingram, natives of Maryland, 
and descendants of early English settlers of 
the colony. The ancestry of the Ingrams is 
traceable to Timothy and Sarah (Cowell) 
Ingram, who owned in the sixteenth cen- 
tury a large portion of the present site of 
Leeds, England. Joshua Edmondson, ma- 
ternal great-grandfather of the immediate 
subject of this sketch, was one of two bro- 
thers who located in Cecil county, Md., 
prior to the" Revolutionary War. His son, 
James Edmondson, was one of the Old De- 
fenders. Charles Ingram, Mr. James E. In- 
gram's paternal grandfather, settled in Dor- 
chester county, where he was an agricultur- 
alist, and whence his son Charles came to 
Baltimore about 1817, and was a manufac- 
turer of cigars and tobacco up to within a 
few years of his decease (1848). He was for 
many years a member and official of the 
Caroline Street M. E. Church, and was the 
founder of what is now known as JefTerson 
M. E. Church. He was a generous sup- 
porter of Methodism generally, and the 
congregations above named particularly. 

James E. Ingram attended the public 
.-schools including the City College, of Balti- 
more. At the age of thirteen he entered the 
employ of Thomas Austin, provision dealer. 



After brief periods of other employment he 
was apprenticed January 4, 1865, to John 
Evans, manufacturer of tinware. After 
learning his trade he continued for some 
time in the employ of Mr. Evans, and later 
with the firm of Conklin & Willis. On 
February i, 1870, he formed a partnership 
association with John Christopher Matthai, 
under the firm name of Matthai & Ingram, 
dealers in and manufacturers of tin ware and 
house furnishings. (For subsequent history 
of firm see sketch of John Christopher Mat- 
thai, this volume.) Mr. Ingram has been 
since early manhood a member of the Meth- 
odist Episcopal Church, and has occupied 
all of the official positions, honors and trusts 
in connection therewith that fall to the lot 
of the layman. He has been trustee, stew- 
ard, local preacher, class leader, Sunday- 
school superintendent, was president for 
several years of the Local Preachers' Asso- 
ciation of Baltimore, and is now president 
of the City Missionary and Church Exten- 
sion Society, and superintendent of the Sun- 
day-school at Arlington. He was delegate 
to the General Conference at Omaha in 
1892, and was largely instrumental in the 
building of the Arlington M. E. Church. 
He has been a liberal contributor to educa- 
tional and other benevolent church institu- 
tions and originated and was president of 
the board of the Methodist Bazar of 1897, 
which in ten days raised $8,000 for the City 
Missionary and Church Extension Fund. 
He is a director of the Citizens' National 
and Hopkins Place Savings Banks, and 
vice-president of Baltimore Methodist Pub- 
lishing Company. 

He was married January 26, 1871, to 
Mary A., eldest daughter of John Christo- 
pher Matthai. Mr. and ]\Irs. Ingram have 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



five children, viz: John M. Ingram, Balti- 
more representative of Falcon Tin Plate 
Company and Hyde Park Steel Sheet Com- 
pany; James E. Ingram, Jr., of the firm of 
Gould, Ingram & Hubner, attorneys of 
Baltimore; Charles Ingram, with the firm of 
Matthai, Ingram & Co., and the Misses 
Florence T. and May D. Ingram, pupils at 
Womans' College of Baltimore. The family 
residence is on Park Heights avenue, near 
Pikesville. 

Robert Grain, Attorney, Baltimore, 
Md. This gentleman is a member of the 
firm of Grain & Hershey, well known cor- 
poration lawyers of Baltimore, rooms 606- 
7-8 Fidelity Building. Mr. Grain was born 
in Charles county, Md., November 12, 1866. 
His father was Dr. Robert Grain. His moth- 
er's maiden name was Nellie Morgan, 
daughter of James Henry Morgan, an ex- 
tensive planter in southern Maryland. Doc- 
tor Grain was a prominent physician and 
enjoyed an extensive practice in southern 
Maryland. Mr. Grain's great-grandfather 
was Dr. Gerald Wood, who was surgeon to 
Gen. George Washington during the Revo- 
lutionary War. 

Peter Wood Grain, great-uncle of Robert 
Grain, was an attorney and judge, and 
served twenty-seven years as judge of the 
seventh judicial circuit of Marvland. It 
may be seen that Mr. Grain's ancestors took 
a prominent part in the affairs of the coun- 
try. 

The gentleman whose name heads this 
sketch was reared and educated in Mary- 
land, receiving his preparatory education at 
Charlotte Hall, St. Mary's cinuity, and St. 
John's College, Annapolis. Md. He subse- 
quently graduated from the Law School of 



Maryland University in 1886; he then com- 
menced the practice of his chosen profes- 
sion and was admitted to the bar of Balti- 
more, and in 1892 the present firm was 
formed. He soon acquired an extensive cli- 
entage and a lucrative practice. He has 
been identified with numerous notable 
criminal trials in this State. Mr. Grain be- 
gan to take an active interest in politics be- 
fore he reached his majority, and when a 
mere boy he made several political speeches. 
He is an out and out Democrat and has oc- 
cupied a prominent position in the councils 
of the Democratic party. He was elected a 
delegate to the National Democratic Con- 
vention in 1888 and although the youngest 
delegate in that body, he took a prominent 
part. The same year he organized in St. 
Louis the National League of Democratic 
Clubs. In 1892 he received the appoint- 
ment of Liquor License Commissioner, and 
served on that Board during the administra- 
tion of Governor Brown. April 25, 1896, 
Mr. Grain was appointed the Democratic 
Member of the Board of Supervisors of 
Elections, by Governor Lowndes. In 1898 
he resigned and since then has devoted his 
entire time to the practice of his profession. 
Mr. Grain was married April 20, 1898, to 
Miss Margaret, daughter of Judge William 
George Bennett, of Weston, W. Va. 

Mr. Talbot J. Albert was born in the 
city of Baltimore, Februtry 16, 1847. On 
the paternal side he is of German descent. 
His great-great-grandfather, Laurens Al- 
bert, was a native of Germany and settled in 
York county. Pa., in 1752, where he pur- 
chased a farm. 

His son, ,\ndrew Albert, was the father of 
Tacob Albert, who came to Baltimore in 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAXD. 



885 



1805 engaging in the wholesale hardware 
business. The firm of Jacob Albert & Co. 
was widely known throughout the South 
and West and was reputed to have the larg- 
est trade in its line of goods of any firm 
south of New York. 

For a number of years Jacob Albert was 
the only representative of his name in the 
Baltimore Directory. At the time of his 
death in 1854, and for a number of years pre- 
vious, he was president of the Commercial 
and Farmers' National Bank. His resi- 
dence, surrounded by its spacious gardens, 
occupied the site where the Young Men's 
Christian Association Building now stands. 

Jacob Albert associated with him in busi- 
ness his two sons, Augustus James and Wil- 
liam Julian. With great good judgment 
and sagacity, foreseeing a conflict between 
the Northern and Southern States, they 
closed the business of the firm a short time 
before the outbreak of hostilities. The only 
surviving child of Jacob Albert is a. daugh- 
ter by a second marriage, Mary Schroeder 
McKini, wife of Dr. Robert V. McKim, of 
New York City. 

Mr. Talbot J. Albert, son of William Ju- 
lian Albert, was a pupil at the school of the 
late Rev. Benjamin B. Griswold, and subse- 
quently entered Harvard University, where 
he was graduated from the academic depart- 
ment in 1868. Having a taste for the legal 
profession he entered the Law School of the 
same university from which he w^as gradu- 
ated and admitted to the Suffolk bar of Bos- 
ton in 1870. At different times he has re- 
ceived from his Alma IN'Iater the degrees of 
A. B., A. M. and LL. B. On his admission 
to the bar of Boston, Mr. Albert was ten- 
dered a position in the office of the late 
Mayor Goston, a prominent attorney of that 



city and afterwards Governor of the State 
of Massachusetts, but preferring to practice 
in his native city he removed to Baltimore 
in the same year, when he becaine associa- 
ted with the late Archibald Stirling, of the 
United States District Attorney's Office. 
As a lawyer, he subsequently became asso- 
ciated with the Hon. William M. Marine, 
ex-Collector of the Port. 

Ainong the important cases with which 
Mr. Albert has been connected as counsel, 
was the famous case of Denison vs. Deni- 
son, reported in \'ol. 35, p. 361, of the De- 
cisions of the Court of Appeals of Mary- 
land. This case established the marriage 
law of Maryland. He argued it for tw^o days 
in the Orphans' Court of Baltimore City; 
and the judgment of that Court being 
against his client, he took an appeal. Al- 
though Mr. Albert did not argue the case in 
the Court of Appeals, he prepared a brief 
which was closely followed by Judge Al- 
vey, who delivered the opinion of the Court, 
unanimously reversing the judges of the 
lower Court. The decision in this case once 
for all put the contract of marriage in Mary- 
land on a sounder basis than in any other 
State, by requiring it to be solemnized by 
a religious ceremony, and our tribunals are 
not disgraced by the fraudulent claims of al- 
leged widows contending for the wealth of 
dead men. 

While devoting himself to the practice of 
his profession, ]\Ir. Albert has always taken 
an active interest in politics. In the Re- 
publican party he has always been known 
as a staunch party man, never favoring fu- 
sion or coalition movements. As a resident 
of Baltimore county he has frequently been 
a delegate to the County Conventions, and 
a member of the Republican State Central 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Committee. He sustained his party in the 
dark days of prejudice when it cost a man 
something to be known as a RepubHcan 
in Maryland. In 1884 he helped to re-or- 
ganize the Young Men's Republican Club, 
of Baltimore City, after the demoralizing de- 
feat of Mr. Blaine, and after an able and 
scholarly address on the political situation 
at that time, he was elected president of the 
Club, which position he held for one year, 
declining a re-election. Shortly preceding 
the Harrison Campaign of 1888 he was one 
of the founders and first presidents of the 
North Baltimore Republican Club, which 
is now known as the Commonwealth (a so- 
cial) Club. In the campaign of 1896 Mr. 
Albert was president of the Columbian 
Club, one of the most influential political 
organizations of the State. On his appoint- 
ment that year to the Board of Supervisors 
of Elections of Baltimore county, he was 
made president of the Board by his col- 
leagues. This was up to that time the only 
public ofifice he had ever held and his ap- 
pointment by Governor Lowndes was with- 
out his knowledge or solicitation. This po- 
sition he relinquished to become Presiden- 
tial elector, and on January 11, 1897, at the 
meeting of the Electoral College at Annap- 
olis, he had the honor of casting his vote 
for William McKinley for President and 
Garrett A. Hobart for Vice-President of the 
United States. 

It is a strange coincidence that thirty-two 
years before, his father, William J. Albert, 
was president of the only Republican Elect- 
oral College of the State which had ever 
cast its vote, casting it that year for Abra- 
ham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. Mr. 
yVlliert's [iolitical tastes and party predilec- 



tions it will be seen were inherited. Both of 
his parents took a most active interest in be- 
half of their country in the war for the 
Union, and were as sincere and earnest pa- 
triots as any throughout the North. 

William J. Albert, father of the subject 
of this review, was the political associate of 
the late Henry Winter Davis and Judge 
Hugh L. Bond. It was at the residence of 
Mr. Albert that Mr. Lincoln was a guest 
the only time he was known to accept pri- 
vate hospitality, the occasion being his at- 
tendance in 1864 at the Fair of the Sanitary 
Commission of the city of Baltimore. Gen- 
eral Grant, Chief Justice Chase and other 
distinguished men were frequent guests at 
the same hospitable mansion, which was al- 
ways open to the friends of the Union cause. 
Mr. W. J. Albert took a deep interest in 
the welfare of the newly enfranchised race 
and was president of the Society for the 
Moral and Educational Improvement of the 
Colored Race, which furnished school facili- 
ties for the late slaves of the State before the 
public school system was extended to them. 
Judge Bond facetiously shortened the name 
of the Society to "Timbuctoo." Mr. Al- 
bert's services were so highly appreciated 
by his fellow-citizens that he was elected to 
represent them in the Forty-third Congress 
of 1872. 

In a sketch of his life contained in the 
Biographical Encyclopedia of Maryland 
and District of Columbia, p. 48, we find this 
reference: "Mr. Albert still looks back 
with pride to the days when he was a fire- 
man under the old volunteer system, twenty- 
j five or thirty years ago, and to the efforts 
I he put forth to have that system replaced 
I by a paid (le])artnKnt. He was one of the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



first and most influential in proposing and 
securing that change. So enthusiastic was 
he on the subject that he had Latta's Steam 
Fire Engine brought from Cincinnati to 
Bahimore for trial, almost entirely at his 
own expense. 

While of German descent on his father's 
side, our subject's maternal ancestors were 
of Irish extraction. His grandfather, Tal- 
bot Jones, after whom he is named, was one 
of the Irish patriots, and his articles against 
British Rule in Ireland, published during 
the Rebellion in which Robert Emmet lost 
his life so incensed the Government that a 
price was set upon his head. When about 
to be apprehended, he took passage on an 
American vessel bound for the States, and 
his parting words to his only sister were: 
"Where liberty dwells shall be my home." 

During the War of 1812 he took an active 
part and was captured at the battle of North 
Point. His identity was known and he 
would have been tried and executed under 
charges for his action on the "Old Sod" fif- 
teen years before, had it not been for his 
finding in the captain, his captor, a brother 
^lason through whose influence he was ex- 
changed. 

He was one of Baltimore's most promi- 
nent merchants in his day and a projector 
of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, serving 
on its first Board of Directors. 

The mother of our subject, Emily Albert, 
like her father, was conspicuous for her pa- 
triotism as well as her charity. She was 
educated at the Willard Academy, of Troy, 
N. Y., where she was graduated with hon- 
ors. Her sentiments were always bitterly 
opposed to slavery. Early in the war the 
condition of the Federal soldiers excited her 
greatest sympathy, and with the assistance 



of other philanthropic persons she estab- 
lished the Home for Sick and Disabled Sol- 
diers of the Union Army, of which she was 
sole president for a number of years until 
the establishment of the Asylums by the Na- 
tional Government. She was also one of 
the founders of the Union Orphan Asylum, 
of Baltimore City, of which she was treas- 
urer, and her devoted friend. Miss Margaret 
Purviance, was president. When, by the 
lapse of time, the last of the soldiers'orphans 
had attained maturity and had been pro- 
vided for, the question arose as to what 
should be done with the valuable property 
at the northeast corner or Franklin and 
Schroeder streets. At the suggestion of 
these ladies the Board of Trustees trans- 
ferred it to the Nursery and Child's Hos- 
pital of Baltimore, and this action of the 
trustees was sanctioned by the Circuit Court 
of Baltimore City, obtained by Mr. Albert, 
who acted as counsel for the ladies. A bal- 
ance in cash remaining in the treasury was 
appropriated to build the Soldiers' Monu- 
ment at Loudon Park Cemetery, which was 
designed under Mrs. Albert's direction with 
the determination that the brave men who 
died for their country should have some 
memorial. At the dedication of this monu- 
ment Mr. Albert delivered an eloquent and 
touching address. 

Mrs. Albert was a devout Christian and 
took a deep interest in foreign and domestic 
missions. She was the first president of 
the Maryland Branch of the Woman's Aux- 
iliary to the Board of Foreign Missions, 
which she helped to organize. She was also 
a member of the Board of Directors on the 
Union Protestant Infirmary and was con- 
nected with other charitable institutions. 
Her sudden death, which occurred Decem- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



ber 28, 1889, ten years after the death of her 
husband on March 29, 1879, was lamented 
by a large circle of acquaintances in the 
humblest and highest walks of life. 

During the campaign of 1896, under the 
auspices of the Columbian Club, Mr. Talbot 
T. Albert aided in organizing the JMaryland 
Wage-earners' Excursion to Canton, O. It 
consisted of twenty-five hundred men and 
repre.'^ented the varied industries of Balti- 
more City. It was probably the largest 
delegation that ever went so great a dis- 
tance to congratulate a candidate for the 
presidency of the United States. The ad- 
dress of Mr. Albert as chairman of the dele- 
gation, ]\Iajor McKinley highly com- 
mended. 

Mr. Albert has on several occasions been 
tendered the nomination for Congress by 
the Republicans of the Fifth District, but 
owing to untoward circumstances, was un- 
able to accept. It was therefore the great- 
est satisfaction to the many friends of Mr. 
Albert when it became known in the au- 
tumn of 1897 that he had been tendered the 
American Consulship to the City and 
Duchy of Brunswick, Germany, and had 
signified his acceptance. Taking the oath 
of office on October 25th, :\Ir. Albert made 
immediate preparation for his four years' 
sojourn abroad, and sailed about the 1st of 
December of that year. On October 28, 
1884, Mr. Albert was married to Miss 
Olivia Patricia Macgill, daughter of Mr. 
Oliver Patrick Macgill, former Register of 
Wills of Baltimore county. Mr. Macgill's 
great-grandfather. Rev. James Macgill, in 
1742 was first rector of Queen Caroline 
Parish at Elkridge Landing. Mrs. Albert's 
mother was Miss Mary Clare Carroll 
Spcnce, a lineal descendant of Barrister Car- 



roll, of Revolutionary fame, and through 
her she is connected with the Lowell and 
Putnam families, of Massachusetts, being 
first cousin to James Russell Lowell, late 
]\Iinister to England. 

]Mr. Albert has been more than twenty 
years a member of the Maryland Historical 
Society. He holds membership in the 
Athenaeum Club, Catonsville Country 
Club, Bachelors' Cotillion Club and the 
Harvard Club of ilaryland, of which he is 
second vice-president. 

He is a gentleman of refined and literary 
tastes and is a great reader, taking a deep 
interest, not only in the literature of the 
past, but also in the current literature of the 
day. 

Mr. Robert G. Keexe. — One of the 
well known practitioners of the Baltimore 
bar, whose face has been familiar in the va- 
rious courts of the city for the past thirty 
years, is Mr. Robert Goldsborough Keene. 

He is a native of Baltimore and received 
his earlier education in private schools and 
academies. Deciding upon the law as a pro- 
fession, Mr. Keene entered the office of Mr. 
George M. Gill, a most eminent counsellor, 
where he was pursuing his studies at the 
time of the outbreak of the Civil War. 

On the first call for men, Mr. Keene en- 
listed in the First Virginia Cavalry of the 
Confederate Army, and later, in Company 
A, First Maryland Cavalry, serving through 
the whole course of the war. One of 
tlie most exciting engagements in which 
he participated was a hand to hand encoun- 
ter with the Michigan Cavalry in the second 
battle of Bull Run. He was in the battle of 
Gettysburg, also at Antietam, through the 
W'est \^irginia Camp?ign. also in the famous 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



charge in Greenland Gap, with Jackson 
in the valley of Mrginia. with the Army 
of Northern \'irginia in all its great cam- 
paigns. At Luray, after the burning of 
Chambersburg, Mr. Keene was taken pris- 
oner and idled away some eight months 
amid the scenes of Camp Chase, O., when 
he was exchanged and served until the close 
of hostilities, which occurred shortly after- 
wards. 

At the end of the war Air. Keene renewed 
his studies and was called to the bar in 1867, 
since which time he has been engaged in the 
practice of law in Baltimore. 

His father, Mr. John H. Keene, a son of 
Dr. Samuel Young Keene, who took part 
in the struggle for independence, serving 
as a surgeon through the entre contest, was 
a native of Talbot county, Md., as was like- 
wise his wife, who was a Miss Sallie Law- 
rence, of the Dorsey family, of that State 
Doctor Keene married a Miss Sarah Golds- 
borough, for whose father the subject of this 
sketch was named. 

The Keene family is of English origin 
and one of distinction in the mother country. 
Edmund Keene, Lord Bishop of Ely, was 
an ancestor of the family, as also was Sir 
Benjamin Keene, English Ambassador to 
Spain in 1757. Mr. Keene was married in 
October, 1895, to Mrs. Abbie P. Bresee, 
daughter of George W. Patterson, of Vir- 
ginia. 

In his political views Mr. Keene is, and 
always has been, an unsw'erving Democrat, 
and while never consenting to accept office, 
has generally taken an active part in every 
campaign. 

Mr. Keene holds a pew in Christ Church 
(Episcopal), which he attends. He is a mem- 
ber of the Maryland Club and Elkridge 



Fox Hunting Club. Of the secret organi- 
zations he affiliated with the Masonic fra- 
ternity, holding membership in Central 
Lodge, Xo. 108. Mr. Keene has interested 
himself considerably in real estate opera- 
tions, and was the chief founder of Ocean 
City on the Atlantic coast. Purchasing a 
large tract of land from the Tabor heirs, he 
organized a company, laid out a town 
near the beach and thus became instru- 
mental in building up a beautiful summer 
city by the sea. 

John Prentis Poe. — No attorney is bet- 
ter or more favorably known than the genial 
author of the code of Maryland laws. Mr. 
John P. Poe is thoroughly identified with 
all the varied interests of the city of Balti- 
more, having made it his home since his 
birth, which occurred August 22, 1836. His 
parents. Nelson and Josephine Emily Poe, 
were also natives of Maryland, the former 
during his lifetime a well known member of 
the bar. John P. Poe was educated at the 
public schools of Baltimore and at the 
French and English Academy of Professor 
Boursand. Later he attended St. Mary's 
College, and subsequently Princeton Col- 
lege, from which he graduated in June, 1854, 
being at that time in his eighteenth year. 
On his return from college, Mr. Poe se- 
cured a clerkship in a bank and during this 
time read law under the supervision of his 
father. He was appointed librarian of the 
Law Library, which gave him an excellent 
opportunity of pursuing his studies. Ap- 
plying for admission to the bar, his petition 
was granted in the Superior Court of Bal- 
timore, August 22, 1857, in the Court of 
Appeals of Maryland in December of that 
year, and in the Supreme Court of the 



890 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



United States in January, 1858, since which 
time he has been in active practice in the 
various State and Federal Courts. From 
the first, Mr. Poe has taken an active part 
in all political movements of the State and 
nation, advocating the principles of true 
Democracy. In 1871 Mr. Poe was appoint- 
ed School Commissioner for the Eleventh 
ward, serving upwards of seventeen years. 
In 1885 he was appointed president of the 
Baltimore City Tax Commission, and of the 
State Tax Commission the following year. 
Under the administration as Mayor of Hon. 
William Pinkney White, Mr. Poe served as 
City Counsellor from 1882 to '84, and later 
on was elected Attorney General of the 
State in 1891. 

Mr. Poe is well known as an author of 
recognized authority on legal subjects, his 
"Pleading and Practice in Courts of Com- 
mon Law," first published in 1880, having 
passed through three editions, the last one 
being issued in 1897, the first one in 1882 to 
"84. Because of his eminent fitness for the 
work, Mr. Poe was appointed by the Gen- 
eral Assembly in 1886 to prepare the Mary- 
land Code of Public. General and Local 
Laws, and his codification was adopted in 
the act of 1888 and re-adopted in 1890. As 
a whole it is as complete and perfect a code 
of laws as can be found in any State of the 
Union. He prepared also the Baltimore 
City Code of 1885 and also that of 1893. 

As early as 1869 Mr. Poe was elected a 
Regent of the University of Maryland and 
ion the establishment of the School of Law 
of the University he was appointed pro- 
fessor, and later became Dean of the Fac- 
ulty. As a practitioner at the Baltimore 
bar, Mr. Poe has had a long and successful 
career, his success dating back to his ad- 



mission to practice. As an author his 
reputation is firmly established and will re- 
main bright and untarnished long after his 
being called to the bar above. In political 
views Mr. Poe has always given his un- 
swerving support to the standard bearers of 
Democracy. On the hustings or in the 
party councils he has been a pillar of the or- 
ganization, and one whose counsel has been 
eagerly sought and highly esteemed. 

i\lR. S. Johnson Poe, a native of Balti- 
more, was born March 27, 1864. After se- 
curing his preliminary education in the well 
known school of Mr. George G. Carey, Mr. 
Poe matriculated in Princeton University 
in 1880, graduating in the class of '84. Hav- 
ing a predilection for the law, Mr. Poe be- 
gan the study of his profession in the office 
of his father, Mr. John P. Poe, and after 
graduating from the Law School of the Uni- 
versity of Maryland in May, 1887, was ad- 
mitted to the bar the following month. 
Shortly after he opened an office in the city. 
He continued the practice of his profession 
alone until the ist of January, 1895, at 
which time he and his brother became part- 
ners of their father under the firm name of 
John Poe & Sons. Mr. Poe holds com- 
munion with St. Paul's Episcopal Church. 
He is a member of Lord Baltimore 
Lodge, No. 275, Knights of Honor, 
and the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity. Of the 
social clubs he holds membership in the fol- 
lowing: The Baltimore Club, the Elkridge 
Fox Hunting Club, the Catonsville Country 
Club, and the Bachelors" and Junior Cotil- 
lion Clubs of Baltimore. 

In politics he is an unswerving Democrat. 
By appointment of the Supreme Court, Mr. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Poe served in 1896 on the Committee of 
Examination for admission to the bar. 

Mr. Edgar Allan Poe, youngest mem- 
ber of the firm of John P. Poe & Sons, was 
born in Bahimore, September 15, 1871. As 
a pupil of Mr. George G. Carey's private 
school, he acquitted himself with credit, and 
in 1887 entered Princeton University, com- 
pleting his course and graduating in 1891. 
Reading law under the tutelage of his father, 
Mr. Poe attended lectures of the Law 
School of the University of Maryland, grad- 
uating in 1893, at which time he was ad- 
mitted to the bar. 

Before settling down to the practice of 
his profession, Mr. Poe spent upwards of 
a year in foreign travel, returning in the au- 
tumn of 1894. The beginning of the follow- 
ing year, he, with his brother, formed a part- 
nership with their father under the firm 
name of John P. Poe & Sons, enjoying an 
extensive practice in the State and Federal 
Courts. Mr. Poe is a member of St. Paul's 
Episcopal Church and is a supporter of the 
Bachelors' and Junior Cotillion Clubs. In 
politics he agrees with all the members of 
his family, being a staunch supporter of 
Democracy. 

Mr. Joseph B. Seth, Attorney, 100 E. 
Lexington street, is a worthy representa- 
tive of one of the old colonial families. His 
first .American ancestor of the direct male 
line was Jacobus Seth, who came to the 
Colony of Maryland in 1684, when he was 
admitted to citizenship by the Act of the 
Provincial Assembly. Whence he came is 
not definitely known. He lived in Calvert 
county, where he married Barbara Beck- 
with, daughter of Capt. George Beckwith, 



whose wife Frances was a daughter of 
Nicholas Harvey, who settled at Point Pa- 
tience in Calvert county on the Patuxent 
river, where he had a large landed estate. 
He sat in the first Colonial Assembly of 
Maryland, which was convened at St. 
Mary's City, January 25, 1637. On Decem- 
ber 2, 1642, a patent was granted him for a 
tract of land called St. Joseph's Manor, ly- 
ing on the south side of Patuxent river op- 
posite Point Patience and containing 1,000 
acres. 

On January 3, 1639, a commission was is- 
sued to said Nicholas Harvey by Leonard 
Calvert to raise a company of men and in- 
vade the Mancantequut Indians and inflict 
punishment by law of war for sundry in- 
solences and rapines committed upon the 
English inhabitants. 

Jacobus Seth in 1685 moved to Talbot 
county and purchased Mount's Mill, now 
known as the Wye Mill. In religious belief 
he was a Catholic, and his will, made in 
1694, bequeathed an amount of tobacco to 
the five fathers to say masses for the repose 
of his soul. He asked that if a priest could 
be secured to officiate at his burial that it 
should be done. Whether his wish was car- 
ried out we know not. 

Mr. Seth's great-grandfather's brother, 
Jacob Seth, served as sergeant in the Fifth 
Maryland Regiment during three years of 
the Revolutionary War, enlisting August 
15, 1777, his discharge bearing date of Au- 
gust 20, 1780. 

Mr. Seth's father, Alexander Hamilton 
Seth, was for many years a well known and 
prominent farmer of Talbot county. His 
death occurred in 1882, at the age of sev- 
enty; his good wife survived him just three 
years, attaining the same age. By a strange 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



coincidence each died on Good Friday and 
was interred on Easter Sunday. Mr. Jo- 
seph B. Seth was born on the family estates 
in Talbot county, November 25, 1845. Un- 
til the age of thirteen he attended public 
schools and then was under the instruction 
of a private tutor until of age for college. 
He had a scholarship in Dickinson College, 
but owing to the outbreak of the Civil War, 
did not attend, but later studied advanced 
branches under Mr. Daniel Hahn. In No- 
vember, 1865, he began the study of law 
with Mr. John W. Frazier, of Baltimore, 
and two years later, in November, 1867, 
was admitted to the bar of Baltimore. He 
immediately began the practice of his pro- 
fession in partnership with his younger 
brother, T. Alexander Seth, and Mr. Harry 
E. Mann, until 1871, when he severed his 
connection with the firm and returned to 
Talbot county, where he continued to reside 
until the death of his brother in 1893, when 
he returned to Baltimore, where he has since 
had his office. Mr. Seth's practice is of a 
general nature, but cases in maritime law 
predominate. 

Mr. Seth sat in the Legislature as a dele- 
gate from Talbot county in the session of 
1874. and again in '84 and '86, when he was 
speaker of the House of Delegates. By 
appointment of Gov. Robert M. McLane 
in 1S84. Mr. Seth served as judge advocate 
general with the rank of brigadier, and was 
re-appointed by Governor Lloyd and again 
by Governor Jackson. In October, 1890, he 
was appointed commander of the State Fish- 
eries forces and while commanding the 
State Navy raised the service to a high de- 
gree of efficiency. In politics he has always 
l)een a Democrat of pronounced views. He 
is a member of Emanuel Episcopal Church. 



and of the Masonic fraternity, affiliating 
with Coates's Lodge, of Easton. He is also 
a member of the Maryland Historical So- 
ciety. 

Mr. Seth held at one time an appointment 
to the Senate which he never presented to 
that body, as the contingency for which it 
was issued never arose. The circumstances 
were these: On the death of Judge Eph- 
raim K. Wilson in February, 1891, there oc- 
curred a vacancy until the 3d of March, 
when he would have succeeded himself. 
The notorious force bill had been defeated 
by the efforts of Senator Gorman, but it 
was bruited about that the bill would be 
called up again, and possibly carried 
through, the majority being so small that 
one vote might change the result. To pre- 
vent the possibility of such a proceeding, 
Governor Jackson issued a commission ap- 
pointing Mr. Seth, Senator for the ten or 
twelve remaining days of the session, which 
would have been presented, and Mr. Seth's 
vote cast against the hated measure should 
it have been resurrected. 

Air. Seth was first married in 1879, ^^ 
Aliss Sallie Goldsborough Barnett, daugh- 
ter of Mr. Alexander H. Barnett, of Talbot 
county, and granddaughter of Dr. John 
Barnett, so well and favorably known in the 
earlier decades of the present century. Her 
death occurred August, 1881, folowed by 
that of her only child, a son, in September, 
1881. 

Mr. Seth was a second time married, in 
June, 1892, to Miss Mary S. Walker, daugh- 
ter of Rev. Albert Rhett Walker, of South 
Carolina, and granddaughter of Bishop Wil- 
liam Boone, first missionary Bishop to 
China, whither he went in 1840 as a minister 
of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Mrs. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



893 



Seth's ancestors, the Rhetts, fought in the 
early wars of the country, and her father in 
the Civil War. 

Dr. J. Edgar Orrison, 805 N. Eutaw 
street. — A native of Virginia, Dr. J. Edgar 
Orrison was born near Leesburg in Lou- 
doun county, July 22, 1862, at a time when 
the dogs of war were let loose in the beauti- 
ful valleys of the Old Dominion, and hostile 
armies were advancing and retreating in 
quick succession as the tide of war rose or 
fell for them. Happily the close of hostili- 
ties came before Doctor Orrison attained 
the age of a school boy, so that his educa- 
tion suffered none of the interferences of 
many sons of the South. His earliest edu- 
cation was secured in the schools of Lees- 
burg, and later he attended the High School 
of Waterford, from which he graduated in 
1880. Determining on dentistry as his pro- 
fession in life. Doctor Orrison preparatory 
to attending dental school, placed himself 
for a time under the tutelage of Doctor 
Trussell. Coming to Baltimore in 1884, 
Doctor Orrison entered the Baltimore Col- 
lege of Dental Surgery, from which he grad- 
uated in 1886. The two following years 
were spent in the office of Dr. T. S. Waters, 
who had been his preceptor during his stu- 
dent life, and in 1888 he opened an office for 
himself, since which time he has been in 
continuous practice. The same year he was 
selected to fill the post of assistant demon- 
strator in his Alma Mater, which he served 
in that capacity until 1895, when he was in- 
strumental in organizing the dental depart- 
ment of the Baltimore Medical College, and 
became Professor of Operative Dentistry, 
Dental Science and Dental Technique. 



Doctor Orrison is a member of the Eutaw 
Place Baptist Church. He affiliates with 
the XI Psi Phi college fraternity and is 
enrolled on the records of the Maryland 
State Dental Society and the National Den- 
tal Association. 

Doctor Orrison married Miss Grace A. 
Callow, daughter of Mr. William Callow, of 
Baltimore. The Doctor is a great lover of 
books and has a fine collection of volumes, 
many of them of rare editions and first is- 
sues, of which he is a connoisseur and very 
fond. His library contains many of the 
choicest specimens of the book-maker's art. 

His parents, John W. and Rebecca 
(Smith) Orrison, are representative old Vir- 
ginia families, who have been identified with 
the country since early colonial days, and 
many of them participated in the colonial 
wars and the war of independence. 

The professional career of Dr. George V. 
Milholland has been less of a stormy one 
than often befalls a younger practitioner. 
The son of a physician, he was reared in a 
professional atmosphere and naturally ac- 
quired a proficiency in the sister profession 
— dentistry. Born in Baltimore, August 7, 
1871, he has always made the city his home. 
After attending a number of years the best 
private schools of the city he became a stu- 
dent of Loyola College, in which he re- 
mained some six or seven years. Decid- 
ing upon dentistry as a profession, our sub- 
ject placed himself under the tutelage of 
Dr. Thomas S. Waters, and matriculated in 
the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, 
from which he graduated in 1891, receiving 
his diploma and license to practice. Open- 
ing an -office with his preceptor, Doctor 
Milholland has attained to a comfortable 



894 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



practice which his skill as a professional 
man well merits. 

The Doctor has been elected by his Alma 
Mater as one of the assistant demonstrators, 
which official position he now holds. He is 
a member of the Maryland State Dental As- 
sociation and is secretary of the Alumni As- 
sociation of his Alma Mater. In religious 
belief the Doctor is a sincere Catholic and 
holds membership in the Catholic Club, of 
Baltimore. Socially he affiliates with the 
Knights of Columbus, a social and benevo- 
lent Order that is growing in strength. 

Dr. Edward F. MilhoUand, father of our 
subject, was born in the city of Baltimore, 
September 30, 1837, and here attended va- 
rious schools. He studied for his profession 
in the Medical School of the University of 
Maryland, graduating in 1858. His wife, 
iicc Mary C. Saunders, a native of Balti- 
more, is of Scottish descent. The Doctor 
and his wife are members of the Catholic 
Church. 

The grandfather, .\rthur MilhoUand, came 
from Ireland to x\mcrica early in the cen- 
tury. He died in Baltimore in 1887, at 
the age of eighty-one. His wife survived 
him fifteen vears, dying at the age of eightv- 



Undoubtedly tiie Nestor of the dental 
profession of Baltimore is Dr. Orlando A. 
Burton, who has practiced in the city since 
April, i84<j, excepting the few months he 
was conii)kiing lii> medical studies in the 
Jefferson Medical College in Philadelphia 
the winter following. 

Born in I'hiladelphia December i, 1829, 
he attended the private and public high 
schools of his native city until the age of 
fourteen, at which time he accepted a clerk- 



ship in the mercantile establishment of an 
uncle where he remained two years. At 
the age of sixteen he entered the office and 
laboratory of his uncle, W. A. J. Birking, 
then a prominent dentist of the Quaker 
City, and remained under his uncle's tute- 
lage until attaining his majority. At that 
time a practitioner must know how to man- 
ufacture everything in his use from the raw 
materials. The teeth were moulded, and 
after mixing the dififerent constituents on 
the metallic plate, and when sufficiently 
dried, were carved into the proper form and 
then burned. The component parts of 
amalgam filling was a secret scarcely to be 
spoken of above a whisper; in fact, all that 
is now published to the world were "secrets" 
of a trade that was full of mysteries. The 
Doctor is the first and possibly the only den- 
tist to receive from the Maryland Institute 
a medal for the excellence of his work. This 
occurred in 1851. 

After completing his medical studies and 
returning to Baltimore, Doctor Burton 
opened an office at the corner of Park and 
Fayette streets which he occupied about a 
year and then formed a co-partnership with 
Doctor Brown, becoming the junior mem- 
ber of the firm. The firm dissolved in two 
years, when Doctor Burton married and set 
uj) an office for himself, and has since i>rac- 
ticcd alone. 

Doctor I'jurton was married in 1832 to 
Miss Emeline Curley, daughter of Mr. 
James W. Curley, of Baltimore. 

The Doctor is a member of the Independ- 
ent Order of Odd Fellows, Iris Lodge, No. 
48, in which he has filled all of the official 
cliairs, and is a member of the Grand Lodge. 
He affiliates also with Excelsior Lodge, No. 
7. Knights of Pythias. In politics he is a 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



895 



Republican. The father of our subject, 
John Burton, was for many years a promi- 
nent dealer in books and stationery in Balti- 
more, having been engaged in that business 
in Philadelphia. His death occurred in 
1872 at the age of 64. His wife w^as in maid- 
enhood Miss Ann Maria Smith. The grand- 
father, Capt. William Burton, was one of a 
number of brothers, sea-faring men, who on 
retiring from the hardships of life on the 
ocean settled in the lower counties of Dela- 
ware, and many of their descendants have 
become prominent in the affairs of the State. 
As one of the earliest living practitioners 
in the city. Doctor Burton is most interest- 
ing. His memory of former methods and 
operations and his knowledge of those of 
the present day, make an interesting con- 
trast. He is a link connecting the fathers 
of the dental profession with the younger 
generation that are turned out annually 
from Baltimore's excellent dental schools. 

Edward Hoffmeister. D. D. S. — The 
rapid rise of the subject of this sketch in 
his professional career is a matter of pleas- 
urable gratulation to his friends, and al- 
most if not quite unprecedented in one so 
young in the profession. 

Dr. Edward Hofifmeister, a native of Bal- 
timore, was born December 9, 1870. After 
attending public and Zion Parochial 
schools, the Doctor entered the City Col- 
lege, from which he graduated, after which 
he took a special course in chemistry at the 
Johns Hopkins University. He next began 
a course in the Maryland College of Phar- 
macy, graduating in 1892, with the degree 
of Ph. G., and two years later from the Bal- 
timore College of Dental Surgery, receiving 



the degree of D. D. S. He was immediately 
appointed assistant demonstrator, and the 
following year demonstrator of chemistry, 
which position he held until his appoint- 
ment in 1897 to the position of lecturer on 
materia medica, which he is now filling with 
credit to himself and satisfaction to the col- 
lege. 

By a course of study at Loyola College 
during the time he was busily employed at 
his profession, or his preparation therefor, 
the Doctor passed all the requisite examina- 
tions and received the degree of A. B. in the 
spring of 1897. He is a hard and continu- 
ous worker and has made an earnest effort 
for all the preferment that has worthily been 
conferred upon him. If any one would 
know the secret of his success, the answer 
is work, work, more work. The Doctor's 
time has been fully employed; idleness or 
leisure is an unknown quantity to him. 

Doctor Hofifmeister is a worthy member 
of the First English Lutheran Church, and 
of the Maryland State Dental Society. In 
the summer of 1897 Doctor Hoffmeister 
was married to Miss Katie Spring, of Cen- 
tralia, 111., daughter of Mr. James H. 
Spring, a prominent contractor and builder 
of that place. 

The parents of our subject, John and 
Elizabeth (Volker) Hoffmeister, are natives 
of Baltimore, where Mr. Hoffmeister has 
been long and favorably known in commer- 
cial circles, as a jeweler on Greene street. 
The paternal grandfather, a native of Hesse 
Cassel, Germany, came to America during 
the first half of the present century. The 
maternal grandfather, Michael Volker, was 
also of foreign birth, a native of the father- 
land. 



896 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Dr. William B. Mann, Dentist, 2105 
Maryland avenue. One of the leading den- 
tists of the northern section of the city is 
Dr. William B. Mann. His birth occurred 
at Zanesville, O., February 23, 1849, while 
his parents were temporarily residing there. 
Shortly after they returned to their home at 
Frederick, Md., where our subject was 
reared and attended school, later taking a 
course in Rockhill College and Dickinson 
Seminary, where his literary education was 
completed so far as schools go. The Doc- 
tor engaged in mercantile pursuits for a 
time until he decided upon dentistry for a 
profession. Coming to the city. Doctor 
Mann finished the course of Baltimore 
Medical College and Maryland Dental Col- 
lege in 1877. Later he pursued the course 
of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, 
and graduated from that institution in 1882. 
Opening an office on Howard street, he be- 
gan the successful practice of his profession 
and has since enjoyed a goodly share of 
patronage. The Doctor is of an inventive 
turn of mind and many ingenious devices 
come from his busy brain, not only apply- 
ing to his profession, but also to other fields 
of activity. One of the earliest of these 
was a can testing machine to save the loss 
of products put up in machine made cans. 
It works perfectly and has been adopted by 
most of the large canning establishments 
between Maine and California. One of his 
latest inventions is an improvement in pneu- 
matic tires, that will be on the market in 
1898. In the tick! of his profession. Doctor 
Mann has patented a dental oliair, a dental 
engine and a vulcanizcr, all of which are 
manufactured by While & Co., which be- 
speaks their excellence. 

The Doctor, some years since. oi)ened an 



office at his residence, 2105 Maryland av- 
enue, and for a time held his practice at 
each office. But desiring more out of door 
life and exercise, he discontinued his How- 
ard street place, and opened a suburban of- 
fice at No. 19 Chestnut avenue in Hampton, 
going out each afternoon on pleasant days 
on his wheel. 

The Doctor is a member of the Maryland 
State Dental Association and the American 
Dental Association, and takes a deep inter- 
est in all that pertains to the advancement 
of his profession. He was fortunate in be- 
ing under the tutelage of Doctor Winder, 
during his incumbency as Dean of the Den- 
tal College, at a time when Doctor Riggs 
was a guest of the Dean. Doctor Riggs had 
made a special study of that common and 
distressing malady pyorrhoea alveolaris, 
thought by many to be incurable. Doctor 
Mann gave close attention to the clinics of 
Doctor Riggs, and has fortunately succeed- 
ed in learning thoroughly his treatment of 
this malady, and has been signally success- 
ful in obtaining complete cures in almost 
every case. He has reached the rank of 
specialist in that disease. 

Doctor Mann married Miss Carrie Grace, 
daughter of Mr. James H. Grace, of Balti- 
more. The IMann family is of old New 
England stock, dating back into earliest 
colonial times. The earliest mention of one 
of the family was about 1650. when James 
Mann was made a freeman of Rohoboth, 
Mass. His will was executed in 1692, prob- 
ably a year subsequent to his death. He is 
presumed to be the father of Thomas Mann, 
who died July 18, 1794, having participated 
in the famous Indian battle, known as 
Pierce's Fight, in which eleven whites were 
the only survivors of sixtv-three English- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



men and twenty friendly Indians, who were 
surrounded. They formed a circle and sold 
their lives dearly. Nearly twice as many of 
the attacking party were slain. Thomas 
!Mann was severely wounded, and this may 
have hastened his death. His second wife, 
Mary Wheaton, bore him five children, of 
whom John was the youngest. His birth 
occurred at Providence, R. I., whither the 
family had moved, in the year of his father's 
death and two years prior to his mother's. 
His entire life was spent on his farm pur- 
chased from his brother, his death occurring 
December 7, 1782, at the age of eighty- 
eight. He married Abigail, daughter of 
Eleazer Arnold. Of their children, John, 
Jr., lived on the farm, and owned and oper- 
ated a smithy. He was a member of the 
town council and served in the court of pro- 
bate. He was born December 13, 1734, and 
died October 9, 1807. His first wife, Mary, 
daughter of Thomas Stafford, was the mo- 
ther of Samuel Mann, whose birth occurred 
September 2, 1766. He lived many years at 
Smithfield, R. I., where he served as justice 
of the peace, coroner and town councilman. 
Like his father, he was a farmer and black- 
smith, healthy occupations that lengthened 
his life to a good old age. His wife. Amy 
Bryton, died in 1858, at the age of eighty. 

Their son, Stephen Stafford Mann, father 
of our subject, was born in Smith, R. I., 
.A.pril II, 181 1, the last of a family of nine 
children. He became an expert chemist, 
and for many years was in the employ of 
the Standard Oil Company, with headquar- 
ters in Cleveland, O., where he died in Sep- 
tember, 1884, at the age of seventy-three. 
His wife, Anna M., daughter of Rev. John 
Hurtsock, survives him. 

The Doctor can trace his lineage back into 
53 



the earliest colonial times, through a line of 
ancestors in whom he may feel a pardonable 
pride. They have left an honorable record 
behind them. 

Col. William A. Hanway. ex-City 
Commissioner and Attorney, 822 Equitable 
Building. 

Col. William A. Hanway, the genial ex- 
City Commissioner, is a native of the Old 
Dominion, his birth occurring in Morgan- 
town, Monongahela county, now West Vir- 
ginia, December 16, 1836. 

After attending private schools and the 
Monongahela Academy until the age of 14, 
he concluded he was old and wise enough 
to embark in business. His father, deeming 
it well to give him a taste of business life, 
purchased for him an interest in a mercan- 
tile establishment which he successfully car- 
ried on for two years. About this time he 
came to a realizing sense of the fact that 
more of an education would not come amiss 
in any walk of life. After spending two 
years at Monongahela Academy, at Mor- 
gantown, he entered Washington College 
(now Washington and Jefferson College), 
at Washington, Pa., from which he gradu- 
ated with credit in 1857. Deciding on the 
law- for a profession Mr. Hanway entered 
the private law school of Judge Brocken- 
borough, of Lexington, Va., since merged 
into the Washington and Lee University. 
All graduates from the Judge's school have 
been enrolled as graduates of the Univer- 
sity, where Colonel Han way's name can be 
found. He was admitted to the bar of Vir- 
ginia at Morgantown in the spring of i860. 
During the stormy period prior to and dur- 
ing the Civil War. Colonel Hanway, al- 
though quite a young man, took a promi- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



nent part and was a member of the conven- 
tion that met at WheeHng and reorganized 
the government of Virginia by the election 
of Francis Pierpont Governor and at the 
same time provided for taking the steps for 
a legal separation of West Virginia from the 
"Old Dominion." 

His father having died possessed of large 
landed estates, Colonel Hanway was quite 
busily engaged for a number of years, sur- 
veying the many tracts, and settling up the 
estate. In 1870 he came to Baltimore, first 
engaging in mercantile pursuits, but later 
engaging in real estate transaction.s on an 
extensive scale, giving more attention to 
real estate business than to the legal profes- 
sion. He has enjoyed the confidence of his 
fellow-citizens in being elected to the city 
council three successive terms, beginning 
in 1883: the second term he was honored by 
his fellow councilmen by being elected pres- 
ident of the first branch. By appointment 
of Mayor Hooper on December 14, 1896, 
Colonel Hanway assumed the office of City 
Commissioner, which he efficiently filled 
throughout his term, l)eing a man of marked 
executive ability. 

The Hanway family is of English origin. 
The eccentric Jonas Hanway, the first man 
to carry an umbrella in the streets of Lon- 
don, was a distant kinsman of the American 
families of that name. The first American 
ancestor came to the colonies early in their 
settlement, and made his home on the East- 
ern Shore of Maryland, fr<Mn which the fam- 
ily immigrated first to \''irginia and some 
branches to the west, settling in later gener- 
ations in the Mississippi Valley. 

Jesse Hanway", the grandfather of our 
subject, was a native of Old Virginia, and 
when emigration began after the close of 



the Revolutionary War, pushed out to the 
west and became a pioneer in what is now 
West Virginia. Here he died while his son, 
John Hanway, father of our subject, was 
quite a small boy. 

John Hanway was reared by his uncle. 
Col. Samuel Hanway, an expert civil engi- 
neer, who was with Washington on his ex- 
pedition surveying lands in the western part 
of the State. He was the second surveyor 
of Monongahela county at a time when it 
comprised what is divided into thirty coun- 
ties now. His predecessor started on an ex- 
pedition into the wilderness and never re- 
turned. It was supposed he was killed by 
the Indians. John Hanway learned civil 
engineering from his uncle, and for many 
years followed that profession. His wide 
knowledge of the country enabled him to 
make good selections of lands, which his 
thrift enabled him to secure. He took a 
prominent part in local affairs and on liis 
demise in 1852 was greatly missed. 

He married Miss Sarah Steen, a native of 
Philadelphia, daughter of James Steen, who 
emigrated from Ireland probably during 
the time of the Irish Rebellion in 1798. 

Colonel Hanway married Mary Dins- 
more Scott, daugliter of Doctor Scott, pres- 
ident of Washington College during the 
time the Colonel was a student there. They 
are members of the Brown Memorial Pres- 
byterian Church. 

Colonel Hanway is a member of the Ma- 
sonic Order, holding memijcrshi]) in Con- 
cordia Lodge, Xo. 13. His Chapter affilia- 
tion is in West Virginia. He has served in 
all the chairs of Maryland Commandery, 
No. I, Knights Templar, and is Grand Com- 
mander of the State. In early manhood 
Colonel Hanway was a Whig, casting his 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



899 



first vote for Bell and Everett; later when 
politics in his State became corrupt he voted 
independently and with the Democrats. Of 
late years, since coming to Baltimore, he 
has been a staunch Republican. 

Dr. Robert S. Corse, Jr., Dentist, 254 
N. Eutaw street. 

Dr. Robert S. Corse, Jr., one of the 
younger members of the dental profession, 
was born near the city of Baltimore, No- 
vember 24, 1872. His grandfather many 
years ago established the extensive nurser- 
ies carried on for over fifty years under the 
firm name of William Corse & Sons. He 
was of a Quaker family, who on account of 
their faith took no part in the War of the 
Revolution, nor in that of 1812. 

Robert S. Corse, Sr., was a native of Har- 
ford county. On attaining manhood he be- 
came a member of the firm of which his 
father was the head, and after the latter's 
<leath continued the business some twenty- 
five years. He then retired from active busi- 
ness and is now residing in Baltimore, taking 
life easily in his declining years, under his 
own vine and fig tree. He married Miss 
Rachel S. Norris, daughter of Dr. Caleb 
Xorris, a native and for many years a resi- 
dent of Frederick. His father came from 
Mrginia at a very early period in the present 
century. Caleb Norris was one of the first 
dentists of the State, being an intimate friend 
and colleague of Dr. Chapin A. Harris and 
Doctor Chandler. He was a man of un- 
usual proficiency in his profession, and far 
in advance of his times. A sample of his 
bridge-work until recently extant antedates 
the present work of that kind nearly fifty 
years. Samples of his plate work and fill- 
ings now in the hands of his descendants 



show mechanical skill that would test most 
modern practitioners beyond their capacity, 
even with the many improvements in appli- 
ances and tools. 

Dr. Robert S. Corse, Jr., was educated in 
the Friends' Elementary and High Schools, 
graduating in 1889. Entering the Balti- 
more College of Dental Surgery, he gradu- 
ated in 1894, since which time he has been 
in practice with his uncle, Doctor Norris. 

Doctor Corse is a member of the Friends' 
Society of Baltimore. He holds member- 
ship in the college fraternity Psi Omega, 
and in the Maryland State Dental Associa- 
tion. 

Dr. William S. Norris, D. D. S., 234 
N. Eutaw street. 

Dr. William S. Norris, one of the pro- 
gressive dental practitioners of Baltimore, 
inherits his mechanical skill and taste for 
his profession from his father. Dr. Caleb 
Norris was regarded by his early associates 
as one of the most ingenious men in Fred- 
erick county and was one of the early expert 
dentists of which Baltimore, in the infancy 
of the profession in America, was the center. 
He was an intimate friend of Dr. Chapin A. 
Harris and Doctor Chandler, two of the 
early lights in dentistry, and was their peer 
in his profession. Born near the city of 
Newmarket, Frederick county, Md., about 
1816, his professional life was mostly spent 
in that section of the State, practicing his 
profession in Baltimore City and Frederick. 
Over half a century ago he designed bridge- 
work and constructed sonie of the work on 
practically the same plans that the work is 
now done. Dr. William S. Norris has in his 
possession one of the first pieces of work of 
this kind done bv his father, also a tooth 



900 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



with a perfect gold filling placed there by 
him, which remained in the mouth of 
the subject for a period of forty-five years. 
He was in many things that length of time 
ahead of many of his colleagues. Part of 
his professional career was spent in Balti- 
more, but he returned to Newmarket, where 
he died in 1858, at the early age of forty- 
one. Doctor Norris was united in marriage 
to Aliss Alary Penn, daughter of Charles 
Penn, whose wife was a Miss Davis. Mrs. 
Norris is a descendant of William Penn, the 
founder of Pennsylvania. 

Joel Norris, the grandfather of our sub- 
ject, was a native of Virginia, and moved at 
a very early day to Frederick county, Md., 
where he became owner of a large farm near 
the town of Newmarket, where he died 
about 1856, at the age of seventy-five. Be- 
ing of the Society of Friends, none of the 
Norris family were participants in the War 
of the Revolution nor of the subsequent 
wars. 

Dr. William S. Norris was born in Fred- 
erick county. Md., near Newmarket, July 4, 
1849. After a course in the public schools, 
he attended Glenwood Institute in Howard 
county some two or three years. Having 
decided on the dental profession for a voca- 
tion, Doctor Norris came to Baltimore and 
entered the Maryland College, from which 
he graduated in 1894, and from the Balti- 
more College of Dental Surgery the follow- 
ing year, and during these years had been 
practicing under the tutelage of Doctor 
Etheridge, with whom he remained some 
five years after graduation, since which time 
he has practiced for and by himself. The 
Doctor is a meniljcr of the Maryland State 
Dental Association. 

Doctor Norris was married to Miss 



Avondale Milburn, daughter of Mr. Alex- 
ander Milburn, of St. Mary's county, Md., a 
member of one of the old colonial families 
of that region. Dr. and Mrs. Norris are 
members of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church. 

One of the leading experts of Balti- 
more in digestive and nutritional dis- 
eases. Dr. Charles Edmund Simon, is a 
native of the city, his birth having oc- 
curred September 23, 1866, and here the 
first six years of his life were spent. Owing 
to continued ill health of the mother, the 
family in 1872 removed to Germany, and 
for twelve years our subject was a student 
of the Gymnasium, where he secured a fine 
classical education. On his return to Balti- 
more, Doctor Simon entered Johns Hop- 
kins University, from which he graduated 
in 1888. The following winter he was a 
student in the medical department of the 
University of Pennsylvania, and on his re- 
turn was an assistant in the dispensary of 
Johns Hopkins Hospital. Matriculating in 
the medical school of the University of 
Maryland, Doctor Simon graduated in 
1890, and for a year after was assistant resi- 
dent physician of the Johns Hopkins Hos- 
pital. The season of 1891-92 he spent in 
Paris, studying in the hospitals in the line 
of his specialty. On his return Doctor 
Simon opened an office, making a specialty 
of digestive and nutritional diseases, and his 
skill and efforts have been appreciated. 

On December i, 1897, Doctor Simon 
opened at his residence a private clinical 
laboratory for post-graduate course in 
clinical chemistry and microscopy. It is the 
first of its kind in Baltimore. On the day of 
the o])ening he entertained at a social func- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



901 



tion, the Faculty of the University, an 
auspicious beginning for a grand field of 
labor. 

Doctor Simon takes a commendable in- 
terest in all societies for the promotion of a 
wider knowledge and the ethics of the pro- 
fession. Of the societies to which he be- 
longs the leading ones are: The Medical 
and the Historical Societies of Johns Hop- 
kins University, the Medical and Chirurgi- 
cal Faculty of ]Maryland, Fellow of the 
American Academy of Medicine and char- 
ter member of the American Society of Gas- 
troentrology. Doctor Simon is the author 
of "Clinical Diagnosis" and many articles 
on various topics in the journals devoted 
to medical and surgical interests. 

Charles Simon, father of our subject, is a 
native of Baltimore. He was for many years 
connected with the large dry goods 5rm 
which bears his name. In 1895 he retired 
from active business, and is now enjoying 
a competency free from the turmoils of a 
business life. He married Miss Helen 
Kirchner, daughter of Mr. Henry Kirchner, 
a native of Minden, Germany. The grand- 
father, Charles Simon, Sr., came from Wal- 
deck, Germany, in 1816, to Baltimore, and 
built up a large business here. He was mar- 
ried in Baltimore to Miss Amelung, whom 
he had met on the vessel during a long and 
stormy passage from the fatherland. He 
was a great friend of Reverend Scheib, his 
revered pastor. 

Doctor Simon was married in Basle, 
Switzerland, to Miss Lina Stumm, only 
daughter of Gustav Stumm. 

In religious belief Doctor Simon is in ac- 
cord with the Unitarian doctrines. 

Dr. .Abram B. Arnold, though not a 
native of Baltimore, is as thoroughly identi- 



fied with all of its varied interests as if he 
were. His birth occurred in Goessingen, 
Wurtemberg, Germany, February 4, 1820. 
Here the first dozen years of his life were 
spent until 1832 or 1833, when his parents 
emigrated to America, sailing from Havre 
de Grace and landing in New York. Pro- 
ceeding to Berks county. Pa., the family 
settled at Meiersburg, where the father, 
Isaac Arnold, went into mercantile busi- 
ness, in which he continued there until re- 
moving to Baltimore. Mr. Arnold contin- 
! ued business on removing to Baltimore un- 
til an advanced age, when he retired from 
} active life and spent in ease his declining 
years. He died in Baltimore about 1883 at 
the age of eighty. His wife, who was Han- 
' nah Blumenthal, also a native of Goess- 
j ingen, attained the age of ninety-one. 
! Abram Arnold attended the parochial 
j schools and gymnasium of his native city 
and the common schools of Pennsylvania, 
supplemented by a course in the Meiers- 
burg College, from which he graduated 
about 1842. Having a liking for the medi- 
cal profession. Doctor Arnold placed him- 
i self under the instruction of his uncle, Doc- 
, tor Levis, of London, Pa., with whom he 
studied for a time and then entered the Penn- 
sylvania University at Philadelphia, where 
he was a student for a year. From the Uni- 
j versity of Pennsylvania he entered the 
1 Washington University from which he 
i graduated in 1848, and soon after was ap- 
I pointed to the chair of materia medica. Af- 
ter this institution was merged into the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons Doctor 
Arnold occupied the chair of clinical pro- 
I fessor on diseases of the nervous system. 
He afterwards occupied the chair of prac- 
tice of medicine which he held for nearlv 
I fifteen years. He published for the use of 



902 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Students a "Alanual of Nervous Diseases;" 
also contributed a number of articles on 
medical subjects to medical journals. His 
paper on "Circumcision" is considered a val- 
uable contribution. In 1892, having more 
than attained his three score years and ten, 
and been in practice nearly half a century. 
Doctor Arnold retired from active practice 
to spend his declining years free from the 
anxieties of an active practitioner. His years 
sit lightly upon him and in appearance a 
score of years should be deducted from his 
age. A better preserved physician after tlie 
exposures and cares of half a century's prac- 
tice would be hard to find. 

Doctor Arnold was married to Miss Ellen 
Dennis, daughter of Mr. Adam Dennis, of 
Easton, Pa. Her brother, Capt. John Den- 
nis, was in command of the gunboat "Hun- 
tress" on the famous Red river expedition 
during the Civil War and died during the 
operations on that stream. 

Doctor Arnold worships in Bolton Street 
Temple. He was formerly a member of a 
number of the leading lodges, but has with- 
drawn from active affiliation. In the medi- 
cal societies he has always taken an active 
interest and more so than many practition- 
ers man}- years his junior. He is ex-presi- 
dent of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty 
of Baltimore, and of a number of other or- 
ganizations of the profession. Doctor Ar- 
nold was chairman of Section of General 
Practice at the Ninth International Medical 
Congress that met at Washington. 

Chess has always been a diversion of Doc- 
tor Arnold, and as president of the Balti- 
more Chess Club, it has been his pleasure 
to entertain the world famed exponents of 
the king of games. As president of the 
Monumental Club it fell to his lot to play 



against Paul Morphy on his visit to Balti- 
more, and although defeated he was not 
cast down; there were others who fared as 
he did. Steinmetz was a warm personal 
friend of the Doctor's, as were many of the 
leading players of his time. 

Although for many years Doctor Arnold 
had charge of two large hospitals, gave daily 
lectures and attended to an unusually large 
practice, he has passed through a very busy 
life with but a light touch of Father Time, 
and a heart as young as when he started on 
the threshhold of his professional life. 

Dr. Marbury Brkwf.r, 1106 McCulloch 
street, Baltimore. 

In Doctor Brewer we find a man with the 
courage of his convictions, strong enough 
to break away from old ideas and adopt new 
ones, although it may sever old friendships 
and break the fraternal ties of many years' 
standing. 

Educated, and for many years, a practi- 
tioner of the regular school of medicine, 
Doctor Brewer a quarter of a century ago 
became a convert to homeopathic treatment 
and at the expense of old professional ties 
and society affiliations, took up the practice 
of the newer school regardless of conse- 
quences. 

Born in Annapolis May 28. 1830, his early 
life was spent in that city and his education 
secured in its schools. Attending first the 
English and Latin grammar schools of St. 
John's College, he graduated from the col- 
legiate department in 1846. With Doctor 
Claude he began the study of medicine, and 
later entered the medical school of the Uni- 
versity of Maryland, from which he gradu- 
ated in 1850, while in his nineteenth year. 
For two years he practiced with his old pre- 



HISTORY OF BAI,TlMORE, MARYLAND. 



903 



ceptor in Annapolis and in 1852 opened an 
officfe in Baltimore which has since been his 
field of labor and his home. After over 
twenty years' practice in the regular school 
of medicine, Doctor Brewer became a con- 
vert to homeopathy and gradually worked 
from one practice to the other, studying 
with Dr. Todd Helmuth, the well known 
homeopathist of New York. Doctor Brew- 
er is a member of the Maryland Homeo- 
pathic Society, and for twenty years was 
physician to St. Vincent's Infant Asylum 
and Maternity Hospital. Since 1862 he has 
been a member of the Catholic Church, hav- 
ing been prior to that time an Episcopalian. 
Doctor Brewer's wife was Miss Albuna D. 
Strandley, of Baltimore. 

George G. Brewer, the father of our sub- 
ject, was born inAnnapolis in i8oi,and died 
in 1862. He was a prominent man of his 
day, serving in official capacities many 
years. Prior to 1851 he was registrar of the 
Land Office for Maryland, resigning at that 



The family of which Doctor Branham is 
a worthy representative is one of colonial 
antecedents. The earliest ancestor settled 
in Suffolk county at a very early period, 
and his descendants participated in all the 
wars of the country, including the late Civil 
War. 

Mr. Branham, father of the Doc- 
tor, was for many years a prominent planter 
of Walker county, Ga., the place of his 
nativity. His death occurred here in 1897 
at the age of seventy-one. He served dur- 
ing the Civil War three years in the 69th 
Georgia Volunteers, and although frequent- 
ly offered a commission preferred serving 
in the ranks. 



His grandfather. Dr. Henry Branham, of 
Eatonton, Ga., was one of the most 
prominent men in this section of the State 
during the early decades of the century. He 
was not only prominent in professional cir- 
cles, but in religion and politics as well. 
He was a profoundly religious man, well 
versed in theology, and a licensed preacher 
of the Methodist faith, serving many times 
as local delegate to the Annual State 
Conference. He represented his district, 
Putnam county, in the halls of the State 
Senate with credit to himself and his con- 
stituency. 

The mother of Doctor Branham was 
Miss Catharine C, daughter of Mr. Joseph 
P. McCullough, of Scottish origin. His 
uncle came to America as an officer in the 
British Army, some time prior to the Revo- 
lutionary War. Sympathizing with the 
colonists he resigned his commission, and 
when the struggle actually began enlisted 
in the Colonial Army and served through 
the war. Doctor Branham's maternal 
grandfather married a Miss Daniel, of the 
well-known family of that name, and settled 
in Georgia. 

Doctor Branham was born in Walker 
county, Ga., May 7, 1857, and enjoyed 
what educational privileges the country 
schools afforded, after the close of the war 
finishing at Chatata Academy in Bradley 
county, Tenn. On completing his educa- 
tion. Doctor Branham taught school for one 
year, during which time he read medicine 
under the tutelage of Dr. A. T. Pricks, of 
Rising Faun, Ga., as well as during vaca- 
tions between terms of the College of Phy- 
sicians and Surgeons of Baltimore, from 
which he graduated second in a class of 
sixtv-nine. It was revealed some years 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



afterward that but for unwarranted as- 
sumption on the part of one of the ex- 
aminers who was acting as proxy, Doctor 
Branham would have carried ofT first honoTS 
instead of second. A brother and cousin 
each secured first honors in subsequent 
years, showing a family penchant for study 
and hard worlc. 

For two years succeeding his graduation, 
Doctor Branham ofSciated as resident phy- 
sician in the College Hospital. In 1881 he 
opened an ofifice and has since been in ac- 
tive practice in the city. For a number of 
years he acted as demonstrator in anatomy 
in his Alma JMater, and is now filling the 
chair of Obstetrics and Clinical Gynecol- 
ogy of the Baltimore University. Of the 
many societies for professional advance- 
ment to which Doctor Branham belongs 
may be mentioned the Medical and Chirur- 
gical Faculty, the Clinical Society, the 
American Association of Gynecology and 
Obstetrics and the American Medical As- 
sociation. He holds membership in the 
University Club, Oriental Lodge, No. 
158, of the Masonic fraternity, and several 
of the minor orders. Doctor Branham has 
written upwards of fifty monographs on 
various interesting topics, which have been 
read before the different medical societies 
and printed in the journals devoted to the 
interests of the profession. 

The wife of Doctor Branham was ]\Mss 
Grace M.. daughter of Mr. John T. Gwinn, 
of Baltimore, formerly of Virginia. 

Dr. William W. Dumiracco, Dentist, 
1023 Edmondson avenue, Baltimore, Md. 

Prominent among the younger members 
of the dental profession of Baltimore is 
Dr. William W. Dunbracco, a native of 



Queen Anne county, Md. His birth oc- 
curred at Centreville, July 14, 1861. 

His 'father having been appointed by 
Governor Bradford a Grain Inspector of the 
port of Baltimore, in 1863, the family re- 
moved to the city, where the Doctor at- 
tended the public schools and the City Col- 
lege, from which he graduated July i, 1881. 
He immediately entered the counting-room 
of the late firm of Adams, Buck & Co., 
wholesale hatters, as assistant book-keeper 
and entry clerk, but resigned in July fol- 
lowing to accept a position in Louisiana, 
where for three years he was principal of 
the Covington Academy. Returning to the 
city, he matriculated in the Baltimore Col- 
lege of Dental Surgery, from wdiich he 
graduated as class orator in 1888. He at 
once joined the Odontological Society of 
Baltimore, and later the Maryland State 
Dental Association, of which for seven 
years he was the recording secretary, and 
in 1896 was elected president, and presided 
at the union meeting of this Association 
and the Washington City Dental Society 
held in Washington, D. C. He is at pres- 
ent the corresponding secretary. He has 
been an assistant demonstrator in the Bal- 
timore College of Dental Surgery for ten 
years, having been appointed immediately 
after graduation, and has taken an active 
interest in the College Alumni, of which 
he is recording secretary. He is an honor- 
ary member of the Xi Psi Phi dental 
fraternity. In social orders he has taken 
c|uite a prominent part. He is a Past Com- 
mander of the Order of the Golden Chain, 
and in the Royal Arcanum has filled all the 
chairs in his Council, is now serving as 
Orator of Calvert Council, and is a District 
Deputy Grand Regent of the State of Mary- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



land. In religious faith Doctor Dunbracco 
is a member of Grace Methodist Episcopal 
Church, and takes an active interest in its 
welfare. 

Doctor Dunbracco is the son of Mr. Wil- 
liam T. Dunbracco, a native of Queen Anne 
county, Md. His father, Nathan Dun- 
bracco, a prominent citizen of Beaver 
Dams, now Ingleside, died in 1849, when 
William was fourteen years of age, who 
then entered a mercantile store at Ingle- 
side. Several years later, in 1856, he went 
to Centrevilie, the county seat, and was 
appointed under the administration of Pres- 
ident Lincoln in 1861 postmaster, which 
office he held till May, 1863, when the 
Governor made him a Grain Inspector. 
Two years later he removed to Baltimore, 
where he remained after the expiration of 
the term of his office and entered the mer- 
cantile world in the carpet trade. Dispos- 
ing of his business later, he became asso- 
ciated with the largest carpet establishment 
of the city, where he is still engaged. Wil- 
liam T.'s father and mother both dying be- 
fore his fifteenth year, little is known of his 
ancestry in the agnate branch. The name 
is thought by some to be of Spanish origin, 
but others Scotch, which is most probably 
true. 

Doctor Dunbracco's mother was Miss 
Margaret M. Vickers, a daughter of Mr. 
Samuel Vickers, an eminent citizen of 
Queen Anne county, which he served for a 
number of years as Clerk of the Court, and 
at his death was Register of Wills. He 
was a prominent member of the Order of 
Free Masons. The Vickers family is one 
of the oldest in Maryland, originating in 
George Vickers, who came from Hull, Eng- 
land, about 1620, settling in Maryland. The 



name as originally spelled was Vicars or 
Vickery, and would indicate a connection 
with the clergy. 

Doctor Dunbracco married Miss Ella N. 
Alford, daughter of Rev. James E. Alford, 
of Baltimore. Two children have been 
born to them: Estelle Edmondson and Ju- 
lia Vickers. 

Among the prominent physicians of Bal- 
timore who have made an enviable success 
in a professional as well as a business way 
must be mentioned Dr. Edward E. Macken- 
zie. His family for several generations have 
been residents of Baltimore and of the State 
of Maryland. His great-grandfather, 
Thomas Mackenzie, was a native of Inver- 
ness, Scotland, and came to America in 
1745, settling on the Western Shore of the 
Chesapeake in Calvert county, where he 
owned large landed estates. He had three 
sons, Colin, Cosmo and George. Cosmo 
Mackenzie, the grandfather of our subject, 
was a lawyer in his native county of Calvert, 
and it was his son, Thomas Mackenzie, the 
father of Dr. Edward E. Mackenzie, who, 
on attaining manhood, moved to Baltimore 
and entered upon a mercantile career in this 
city, successfully conducting the Saddlery 
Hardware business until his death in 1866. 
Thomas Mackenzie, the father, married 
Eleanora I. Brevitt, daughter of Dr. Joseph 
Brevitt, who during his life was one of the 
noted physicians of Baltimore. He was a 
native of England, and served in the Brit- 
ish Navy as surgeon in the Royal Fleet. 
Dr. Edward E. Mackenzie was born in Bal- 
timore August 19, 1858. His education was 
secured in private schools and the Univer- 
sity of Maryland School of Letters, con- 
ducted for many years under the presidency 



906 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 



and direction of Rev. E. A. Dalrymple. 
Afterwards he attended the regular course 
in the School of Medicine in the same uni- 
versity and graduated with high honors 
March 4, 1884, since which time he has had 
a successful and increasing practice in this 
city. In 1890 Doctor Mackenzie was one 
of the organizers of the Immediate Benefit 
Life Insurance Company, and has ever since 
its incorporation occupied the position of 
its Medical Director, and his ability and 
judgment have been recognized as two of 
the main causes for that organization'^ 
rapid success and growth, until to-day it is 
one of the leading industrial insurance com- 
panies in the South. Doctor Mackenzie, 
like his ancestors, comes of Quaker stock, 
and he is a member of the Society of 
Friends. He takes an active interest in all 
work looking to the advancement of his 
profession, and is connected by member- 
ship with the Medical and Chirurgical Fac- 
ulty of Maryland, the Clinical Society of 
Maryland, and from 1887 to 1891 was one 
of the Corps of Lecturers in the Woman's 
Medical College, but owing to the other 
demands upon his time resigned the chair 
he held to devote himself to his large prac- 



TiiK family of which Dr. Frank West is 
a worthy descendant is one of the oldest in 
Maryland. The first .American ancestor, 
great-great-grandfather of our subject, 
came from Horton, Buckinghamshire, Eng- 
land, where he was one of the nobility, hav- 
ing a coat of arms, whicii is still preserved 
by his descendants. Ilis son, Stephen 
West, married a Miss Williams, who inher- 
ited from her father the old country seat 
"The Woodvard," the second brick house 



built in Alaryland, probably from imported 
bricks. The old weather-vane bore date 
1 712, and the oldest part of the house was 
used to make munitions for the Revolution- 
ary Army. Two of the sons of the original 
purchaser, Charles and William, served in 
the Continental ranks. The old house 
burned in 1866, carrying up in smoke many 
treasures of the colonial period in furniture, 
paintings and manuscripts. 

The father of our subject, Edward Lord 
West, son of Richard Williams West, was 
born in Prince George's county. He served 
many years as an officer in the United States 
Navy, and died at sea in 185 1. While on a 
cruise in New England waters he met and 
married Miss Lucy Cushing, daughter of 
Dr. Ezekiel Dodge Cushing, a prominent 
physican of Hanover, Plymouth county, 
Mass. The venerable mother still survives 
at the age of seventy-seven, making her 
home with a brother of Doctor West on the 
old family estate in Prince George's 
county, Md. 

Dr. Frank West was born in Prince 
George's county, Md., March 20, 1851. His 
education was secured in the schools of Fau- 
cjuier county, \'a. AMiile still a youth he 
began farming with his brother and for 
seven years continued in that vocation. De- 
ciding on medicine as a profession he came 
to Baltimore, matriculating in the medical 
school of the University of Maryland, from 
which he graduated March i, 1879. After 
a year's practice in the city he became resi- 
dent physician in the University Hospital, 
continuing in that institution from the last 
of February, 1880, to the 1st of April. 1885. 
At the close of his incumbency in the hos- 
pital he resumed private practice in the city 
until bv reason of overwork his health failed 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



in 1889. From ^larch of that year until 
June of 1890 he resided in the Bahama Is- 
lands, practicing his profession and specu- 
lating in the products of the islands. His 
residence was most of the time on Green 
Turtle Key and Governor's Island, where 
the salubrious climate fully restored him to 
vigorous good health, as his present ap- 
pearance attests. Since his return Doctor 
West has resided and had his office at 59 
Chase street. A general practitioner. Doc- 
tor West is a skillful surgeon as well, having 
successfully performed many dangerous 
and delicate operations during his profes- 
sional career in the city. 

j\lrs. West in her girlhood was Miss Ma- 
tilda Price Smith, daughter of Mr. Benjamin 
Price Smith, of Washington, D. C., during 
his life a prominent landed proprietor of that 
city. 

Doctor West is a vestryman of St. Barna- 
bas Church, of Baltimore. Although at 
times a club member, Doctor West was 
never an attendant upon any of those 
bodies and has since withdrawn from all of 
them, preferring to spend what leisure time 
he may have in the seclusion of his happy 
home. 

Adelbert J. VoLCK, Dentist, 338 N. 
Charles street, Baltimore. 

It is with pleasure that we devote space 
to a brief sketch of the Nestor of the dental 
profession in Baltimore, the well-known Dr. 
Adelbert J. Volck. His practice extends 
farther back into the century than any prac- 
titioner in Baltimore. Born in a foreign 
land, the career at first planned for him was 
far other than the scenes in which it has 
been cast. His father, Andreas Volck, was 
a man of scientific attainments, being a 



large manufacturing chemist of Nuremberg, 
Bavaria. He was a man of wide culture 
and learning and devoted his leisure hours 
to scientific researches, especially in the 
field of theological learning. Several of his 
sons are men of renown in various fields of 
human activity in their native land, only 
two of them having come to America. 

Adelbert J. Volck was born in the city of 
Augsburg, Bavaria, April 14, 1828. While 
yet in early childhood his parents removed 
to Nuremberg, where his early education 
was secured, after which he became a stu- 
dent in the University of Munich. His ca- 
reer here was cut short by reason of having 
to flee the country for being suspected of 
participating or sympathizing with the rev- 
olution of 1848, when Schurz, Hecker and 
many other of our now distinguished Amer- 
t ican citizens inaugurated a movement for 
I greater freedom that resulted in their e.xpa- 
triation. Escaping from the fatherland, 
I our fleeing student made his way in secret 
to Bremen, whence he sailed for New York, 
where he landed late in November, 1848. 
A penniless stranger in a strange land, little 
familiar with a foreign tongue, he met with 
discouragement everywhere he applied for 
work. The young foreigner found little de- 
mand for an expert chemist or one of the 
scientific attainments. He sought positions 
as teacher, as assistant, as chemist — any- 
thing that would bring him remuneration, 
but nothing was to be found. Hoping for 
better fortune in Boston, he departed for 
that city, where it was worse than in New 
York. He nearly starved. To sustain life 
he sought any kind of employment, manual 
! or otherwise, but met with discouragement 
on every hand. By good fortune he came 
I to the notice of Doctor Keep, an eminent 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



dentist of Boston, and was given employ- 
ment assisting him in chemical experiments 
and operations in his laboratory, and was 
here employed something upwards of a 
year. 

Dr. Chapin A. Harris, hearing of the 
young German who was so expert a chem- 
ist, sent for him to assist in his of-fice and 
the laboratory of the Baltimore College of 
Dental Surgery, and from that time on the 
field was open to him. He became at once 
a teacher as well as student in the dental 
school, and on graduating in 185 1 opened 
an office in Baltimore, where he has since 
been in active practice for upwards of forty- 
eight years. Though unable to remain at 
the university in Germany to complete his 
course. Doctor Volck wrote his thesis here, 
and had conferred upon him the degree of 
D. Ph. He has always been an original in- 
vestigator, never being content to tread the 
beaten paths of others' research. He made 
many investigations in the field of micro- 
scopy with Dr. Christopher Johnson. In- 
metalurgy he has had a wide experience, 
assaying thousands of samples of foil used 
in the practice of dentistry to establish 
what manufacturers' products are pure and 
in which an alloy is found, either by care- 
lessness or design of the manufacturer. 

Doctor Volck was the fir.-^t dentist to 
make use of enamel inlays for fillings, as 
far back as 1854. At that time the work 
was inlaid in gold, and was more durable 
than more modern methods of cement. The 
Doctor now has in his possession his first 
specimen of work and the inlay is in a per- 
fect state of preservation. 

The Doctor works at his profession for 
the nourishment of his body, finding food 
for his soul in art. .A.nd it is not in one 



branch of art alone that this many sided 
man excels. Had he chosen that for his 
vocation in life instead of his avocation, 
there can be little doubt that he would have 
made his mark. As a designer and draughts- 
man he is excelled by few; as a painter he 
shows a familiarity with the handling of 
pigments and of the various schools of art 
and the individual styles of the old masters 
that might be envied by many who make a 
profession of painting. A little study in the 
Doctor's office, dashed ofif in a few hours 
one morning before a little coterie of artist 
friends who used to congregate weekly at 
his house to discourse on topics of art, is 
a good imitation of the style of Rem- 
brandt, whose work the Doctor was il- 
lustrating, and which has many times been 
taken for a work of that master. The 
branch of art for which the Doctor is most 
widely known, perhaps, is his fine work in 
metals. There is probably not his superior 
in the establishments of Tiffany or Graham 
in New York, nor in any of the cities of 
America. The Appold Testimonial, the 
product of his brain and hand, is as artistic 
a piece of work as one can find. For exqui- 
site and artistic delicacy of design, and for 
boldness of execution, it could not well be 
excelled. Much of the finest work turned 
out by the various establishments of artistic 
metal work in Baltimore was executed by 
him. A testimonial, artistic groups in silver, 
etc., to Mayor Hooper, by the citizens of 
Baltimore, irrespective of political creed, 
a large and important work, is from his de- 
signs. 

^^'hcn the work of the day is over — when 
his last patient has gone — then the work of 
his heart and soul begins. His hours are 
long and midnight usually finds him in his 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



laboratory with the tools of the silversmith 
in his hand, or niayhaps the charcoal or pen- 
cil of the artist. Though Hearing the sev- 
entieth mile-stone in the journey of life, 
Doctor \'olck retains to a remarkable de- 
gree his faculties. His eyesight is still so 
strong and perfect that he has little use for 
glasses. 

He is a member of the University and 
Athenaeum Clubs of this city and of various 
medical and dental societies, both National 
and State. In his professional and private 
life he is revered by his colleagues and loved 
by all his friends. 

Dr. Thomas S. L.\timer was born in 
Savannah. Ga., in 1839, one of a family of 
eleven children. He attended public and pri- 
vate schools and enjoyed the advantages 
of having a private tutor. He completed his 
literary education in Sherwood Academy, 
located at York, Pa., and shortly after ma- 
triculated in the University of Maryland 
Medical School, from which he graduated 
in 1861. At the outbreak of the Civil War, 
Doctor Latimer espoused the cause of the 
South, and enlisted April 19th as a private 
in the First Regiment of Maryland C. S. A., 
and went south early in May. After about 
eight months' service in the ranks, his med- 
ical ability was recognized and he was ap- 
pointed assistant surgeon to his regiment, 
where he completed his first year's service. 
In the spring of 1862 he was appointed 
medical field purveyor to General Lee's 
army of Northern Virginia, which position 
he held until after the battle of Gettysburg. 
On reaching Richmond, Doctor Latimer was 
made surgeon in charge of the Confederate 
States Dispensary and the Robinson Hos- 
pital, and attended to the medical needs of 



the wives and children of soldiers in the 
field, which was his pleasant duty until the 
fall of Richmond and the army's retreat. 
On that unhappy event the Doctor was as- 
signed to the division of Gen. Joseph John- 
ston, and reached Charlotte, N. C, before 
receiving the news of the surrender, and 
there laid down his arms. Fearing that 
the lot of the vanquished might be anything 
but a pleasant one. Doctor Latimer went to 
the Spanish West Indies, intending to prac- 
tice his profession and make his home there 
for a time at least. But as leniency was 
shown all who had been supporting the 
Confederate States he returned in a few 
months to Richmond, where he spent 
the winter of '65-66. Coming to Balti- 
more in the spring of '66 with the intention 
of enlisting under Generals Price and Ma- 
gruder in Mexico to sustain Maximilian, he 
was deterred by a letter from General Early, 
who seeing that the French Empire in JMex- 
ico was doomed, advised Confederate vol- 
unteers not to come. 

During his service in the army of North- 
ern Virginia, Doctor Latimer enjoyed the 
personal friendship of General Lee, as inti- 
mately as a young surgeon could that of his 
superior ofificer, and in his intercourse with 
the greatest Confederate became very much 
attached to him. In 1866, receiving an ap- 
pointment as resident physician to the Uni- 
versity Hospital, Doctor Latimer was placed 
in charge and remained with the institution 
two years, when he resij;ned to begin his 
private practice, in which he has received 
recognition as one of the most skillful phy- 
sicans in the city, holds a high place 
amongst his colleagues, and has a large and 
influential practice. 

Doctor Latimer is Professor of Phvsiol- 



910 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



ogy in the Baltimore College of Surgery and 
Professor of the Practice of Medicine in the 
College of Physicians and Surgeons, of Bal- 
timore, and during the existence of the 
Post-Graduate Medical College held a 
professorship in that institution. He has 
held a prominent position in the pro- 
fession in the city and State, having served 
as president and vice-president of the 
Medical and Chirurgical Faculty, and Pres- 
ident of the Baltimore Medical Association. 

Of the writings of Doctor Latimer the 
chief is "Anatomy and Physiology of Har- 
ris' Principles and Practice of Dentistry." 
His chapter on Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis 
is a well-written part in Loomis' Text-book 
on Medicine, and his many monographs are 
papers of recognized merit. 

The earliest American ancestor in the 
male line was one James Latimer, who com- 
ing from England settled in Wilmington, 
Del., in early colonial times, his descendants 
spreading thence southward. 

The father of our subject, Mr. William 
Geddes Latimer, was prominent in public 
affairs during the firsj, half of the century, 
and at the time of his death about 1846 was 
postmaster of Savannah. The lady whose 
life was linked with his own was in her 
maidenhood Miss Mary Collins, of an old 
and respected family. 

Dr. Hknkv Luk Smith, Physician and 
Surgeon, of Baltimore. 

This gentleman was born at Ashland, 
Va., March 23, 186S. lie is the son of 
Maj. J. Thomas Smith and Margaret 
Lewis (Marshall) Smith, both of Fancpiier 
county, Va. Through his father. Doctor 
Smith has conmion ancestors with Generals 
George Washington and Robert E. Lee, 



and through his mother he is a great-grand- 
son of Chief Justice Marshall, and great- 
great-grandson of Col. Tliomas Marshal! 
(father of the Chief Justice), who com- 
manded the Third Virginia Regiment, and 
for distinguished services was presented 
with a sword by the House of Burgesses, 
in 1777. He is also a descendant of Augus- 
tus Warner, Speaker of the first Plouse of 
Burgesses. Augustus Warner was an an- 
cestor of Gen. George Washington. 

He was educated in private schools and 
in the Episcopal High School near Alex- 
andria, \'a. In 1866 he came to Baltimore, 
and foT five years was engaged in mercan- 
tile life. In 1891 we find him a student in 
the Maryland Lfniversity School of Medi- 
cine from which he graduated with honors 
in 1894, having enjoyed, during the last year 
of his studies there, the privilege of resident 
student in the University Hospital, and the 
position of special assistant to the eminent 
Dr. Wm. T. Howard. Since his graduation 
he has held the position of assistant physi- 
cian to the Out-Patient Department of the 
Johns Hopkins Hospital; resident physi- 
cian to the Hospital for the Women of 
Maryland, and resident physician to the 
Blue Mountain House, a well-known sum- 
mer resort in the western part of the State. 

He is identified with the leading medical 
organizations, holding membership in the 
Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Mary- 
land, the Clinical Society of Maryland, and 
in others. While a young man. Dr. Henry 
Lee Smith has won a place of recognition 
in his profession that promises a successful 
career. 

The ancestry of Dr. Isham Randolph 
Page, dating back into the earliest colonial 
da^•s, is one in which anv American niav 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



911 



well take pardonable pride. The earliest 
progenitor of the male line was Col. John 
Page, son of Francis Page, a merchant of 
the parish of Bedford, Middlesex, England, 
who died November 13, 1678, at the age of 
84. Col. John Page settled at Williams- 
burg, James City county, Va., where he 
died January 23, 1692, at the age of 65. 
He was a man prominent in the affairs of 
the colony, and his name appears frequently 
in the annals of the time. Omitting the 
names of several intervening generations 
we find during the period of the Revolu- 
tionary War that of Maj. Carter Page, 
grandfather of our subject, who was born 
on the old family estate "Willis Fork," 
Cumberland county, and was a student in 
William and Mary College during the 
Revolutionary War. Leaving school be- 
fore completing his course he joined the 
patriot army, and by his attainments and 
valor became aide-de-camp on the staff of 
General Lafayette, and was in the final en- 
gagements around Yorktown. resulting in 
the surrender of Comwallis and the close 
of the war. 

He married Lucy, daughter of Gen. 
Thomas Nelson, one of the most prominent 
personages of Virginia during the strug- 
gle for liberty. Gen. Thomas Nelson was a 
native of Virginia, born at Yorktown De- 
cember 26, 1738, and died in the prime of 
life, January 4, 1789, just at the time the 
nation began its career under the Constitu- 
tion he had struggled so long and at such 
a cost to establish. Although a young man 
in his thirties when the great conflict began 
he was even then prominent in the councils 
of the province. He was a member of the 
Provincial Convention that advanced the 
idea of independence; he took part in the 



proceedings of the Colonial Congress and 
was a signer of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence; he fought throughout the war as 
colonel of Second Virginia Infantry; was 
one of those who suffered during the ter- 
rible winter at Valley Forge, and was one 
of the besieging army at Yorktown. 

The day after the surrender of Corn- 
wallis, October 20, 1781, he was highly 
commended by General Washington on the 
field, for valiant services of himself and men, 
and was appointed major general of Vir- 
ginia militia. He raised and equipped from 
his own private fortune a regiment of three 
thousand men and spent his entire fortune 
in the cause. He never asked nor received 
any recompense from the Government, al- 
though he gave one of the largest fortunes 
of colonial times to the cause. He inherited 
at his father's death, besides large landed es- 
tates, forty thousand pounds in hard cash, 
a fortune that in those days was larger than 
a million now. At the close of the war he 
was elected Governor of the State, and was 
first Senator from Virginia to the United 
States Senate. When Virginia erected a 
statue to Washington, Governor Nelson's 
was chosen as one of the six statues to sur- 
round it, and was thus honored by Vir- 
ginians as one of the greatest men of the 
colonial period. The woman who was help- 
meet to Governor Nelson and who sus- 
tained him throughout that time which tried 
men's souls, was in maidenhood Miss Lucy 
Grimes, a woman of sterling worth. Her 
charm of person and earnest piety endeared 
her to all that knew her. At her death, as 
recorded by one of her time, "She gave 
twenty dollars to her minister and freedom 
to her soul." 

The father of our subject, Prof. Wii- 



912 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



liam Nelson Page, was born in Cumber- 
land county, Va., in 1803. He was educated 
at Hampden Sidney College, in which in- 
stitution he became a Professor of Latin 
and Greek. Later he conducted a private 
school of his own, and for the unusual 
period of fifty years was an educator in his 
native State, making his influence for good 
felt in more than one generation, teaching 
father and son. He passed away Novem- 
ber, 16, 1883, at the advanced age of 
eighty-one, as vigorous in mind as at any 
period of his life. Latin and Greek were 
to him as his native tongue, and were 
spoken as fluently. His marriage occurred 
in his early manhood, when he was united 
to Miss Frances P., daughter of Mr. Isham 
Randolph, a cousin of John Randolph, of 
Roanoke, of Revolutionary fame. 

Dr. Isham Randolph Page was born near 
Richmond, Va., June 3, 1834. He attended 
his father's private school until prepared for 
college, when he became a student in the 
medical department of the University of 
Virginia during 1857-58. Next he entered 
the University of New York, graduating in 
medicine in 1859. The two succeeding 
years he was interne of Bellevue and Char- 
ity Hospitals, and then returned to his na- 
tive State and enlisted in the service of the 
South. For a few months he was assistant 
surgeon in the Eighteenth Virginia Regi- 
ment, and after an examination by a board 
of officers was appointed in November, 
1861, to the position of Surgeon of Artillery 
of the Army of Northern Virginia. In No- 
vember, 1864, he was asigned to hospital 
duty in Richmond, and was employed at the 
Chimborazo Hospital at the close of the war. 
For a short time after the close of hostilities 
Doctor Page resided in Danville, and in the 



fall of 1865 removed to Richmond, which 
continued to be his field of labor until his 
removal in 1871 to Baltimore, since which 
time he has made his residence in the City 
of Monuments. 

During the existence of the Washington 
University, before its mersion with the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, Doctor 
Page was Professor of Principles and Prac- 
tice of Surgery. Since that time he has de- 
voted his entire time to his private practice, 
which is general in its nature, with a pre- 
dominance of cases of obstetrics and g}'ne- 
cology. Doctor Page is a member of the 
Medical and Chirtirgical Faculty of Mary- 
land, the Obstetrical and Gynecological So- 
ciety, the Clinical Society and the Book and 
Journal Club. He has contributed at vari- 
ous times to the medical journals papers 
of interest on various topics of a medical 
nature. 

Doctor Page communes with Brown 
Memorial Presbyterian Church; holds fel- 
lowship with the Benjamin Franklin Lodge, 
A. F. and A. M., of Baltimore, and formerly 
held fellowship with the Royal Arch Chapter 
in Richmond. He is also a member in good 
standing of the Royal Arcanum, the 
Knights of Honor and the Golden Chain. 

Doctor Page first married in 1863 Miss 
Virginia Barton, daughter of ]\Ir. Robert 
Barton, of Richmond. His second mar- 
riage in October, 1886, occurred in Balti- 
more to Miss Charlotte Stevens, daughter 
of ]\Ir. Robert Stevens, of this city. 

Dr. Joseph Edward Clagett, 108 S. 
Eutaw street. 

Of the physicians of Baltimore who saw 
active service during the trying times of the 
Civil War, few have passed through more 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



9] 3 



interesting experiences than Dr. Joseph E. 
Clagett. His birth occurred in Pleasant 
Valley, Washington county. Aid., Septem- 
ber 5, 1830. After completing his academic 
education in the private schools of Wash- 
ington and Frederick counties, at the age of 
eighteen Doctor Clagett began his medical 
course in the medical college at Winchester, 
Va., with Prof. Hugh McGuire as precep- 
tor, after which he attended a course of lec- 
tures in Philadelphia, going thence to New 
York, where he studied in the hospitals of 
the city, and later in Charity Hospital in 
New Orleans. 

Returning to Maryland he began practice 
with his father. Dr. James H. Clagett, for a 
period of two years. His health failing, 
Doctor Clagett discontinued his practice 
and purchased a drug store in Harper's 
Ferry, and was there during the stormy 
period preceding the outbreak of the Civil 
War. He was an eye-witness of the turbu- 
lent scenes of the John Brown Raid, and the 
attending events, and for a long period saw 
almost daily the central figure of that tragic 
prologue to the great tragedy that followed, 
as he made the Doctor's store his daily stop- 
ping place. 

At the outbreak of the Civil War Doctor 
Clagett espoused the cause of his State and 
remained in the service until the last gun 
was fired and arms were stacked for the last 
time at Appomattox. It was his pleasure 
to give to General Lee his last breakfast 
prior to the surrender. It was not an elab- 
orate spread, only a tin cup of black coffee 
and a slice of bacon resting on a piece of 
corn bread. The General refused to accept 
it at first, but when assured that the Doctor 
could procure another such ration, accepted 
54 



gratefully. During most of his service Doc- 
tor Clagett was at the head of the Receiving 
and Forwarding Hospital of the army of 
Northern Virginia. 

After the close of the war Doctor Clagett 
remained for a year in Richmond and then 
removed to Baltimore in 1866, engaging in 
the general practice of medicine. For sev- 
eral years after his coming to Baltimore 
Doctor Clagett occupied the chair of Ma- 
teria Medica and Alidwifery in the Wash- 
ington University of Maryland prior to its 
merging with the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons. 

Doctor Clagett is a member in good 
standing of the Masonic Fraternity, affiliat- 
ing with Adherence Lodge, No. 88; Druid 
Hill Chapter, No. 8, and Beausant Com~ 
mandery. 

Dr. James Hawkins Clagett, father of Dr. 
Joseph Clagett, was a native of Alontgomery 
county, Md., born in 1804. His death oc- 
curred in 1869, after a long life of usefulness. 
After graduating from the Maryland Uni- 
versity Medical College he practiced for a 
time in his native county, and then moved 
to Washington county, where he spent his 
remaining years. His wife was Miss Eliza- 
beth M. Garrott, daughter of Mr. Edward 
and Mary Ann Garrott, of Washington 
county. 

The first .Vmerican ancestor of the male 
line was Rev. Thomas John Clagett, the 
first Episcopal Bishop of Maryland, who for 
many years presided over St. Peter's Church. 
Doctor Clagett was married to Miss Sid- 
ney Carter Lindsay, daughter of Mr. Lewis 
Lindsay and Nancy Lindsay, of Virginia. 
Mrs. Clagett is the mother of a daughter — 
Miss Rose Clagett. 



914 



HISTORV OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Dr. Geo. Warner Miltenberger, 321 
W. Monument street. 

Few, if any, of the noble men of medicine 
who have been an ornament to the profes- 
sion in Baltimore have won a higher re- 
gard in the hearts and minds of the thou- 
sands who have gone out from their teach- 
ings, than has the venerable Dr. George 
Warner Miltenberger, now retired from the 
active practice of the profession of which 
he was so long a leader. 

During the many years he was called 
upon to preside over one of the most ef- 
ficient and renowned institutions of medical 
instruction in America, he endeared himself 
to the thousands who came within the 
sphere of his influence, and by his precept 
led them to higher planes of ethical and 
moral conduct, making them better citi- 
zens while making of them healers of the 
sick. 

Doctor Miltenberger was born in Balti- 
more, March 17, 1819. His father, Gen. 
Anthony F. W. Miltenberger, won his title 
and distinction by meritorious services dur- 
ing the War of 1812. He died in October, 
1869, at the age of eighty years-. He was 
as a citizen prominent in civil life, a man of 
wide influence and sterling worth, of strong 
mental and moral attributes, and of a stamp 
too seldom found in high places. His help- 
meet was a Miss Warner, who was graced 
with a high type of Christian womanhood. 

Doctor Miltenberger attended Boisseau 
Academy under the tutelage of Dr. Stephen 
Roszell, and was one of the brightest pupils, 
having for a number of successive years car- 
ried oft' the scholarship prizes of his class. 
Attending the University of Virginia dur- 
ing the season of 1835-36 he began his 
medical studies in Baltimore, which he con- 



tinued until 1840, postponing his graduation 
one year for the benefit of the study during 
that time as resident student of the Balti- 
more Infirmary, performing all the duties of 
house physician during that period. He was 
immediately appointed demonstrator of 
anatomy, and as he took an especial per- 
sonal interest his classes .soon became the 
largest and best attended in the college. 
When his private practice became too large 
to allow him to attend to his classes during 
the day, rather than discontinue them, ses- 
sions were held at night. 

During these years Doctor Miltenberger 
was an indefatigable worker, and as fast as 
vacancies occurred he was promoted to 
higher positions on the stafif of the college, 
filling at times two chairs simultaneously. 
From 1840 to 1852 he was demonstrator of 
Anatomy and lecturer on the same from 
1840 to 1847: lecturer on Pathological 
Anatomy from 1847 ^o 1849; Professor of 
Materia Medica and Therapeutics from 
1852 to 1858, and after that date until his 
resignation Professor of Obstetrics. In 
1855 he became Dean of the Faculty, and 
during his long administration evinced a 
high order of executive ability. During 
most of these years he served as treasurer 
also, and although a man of many duties, 
nothing that was allotted to him was neg- 
lected, but all that was expected of him was 
done well. 

Doctor Miltcnlierger's life was lirightened 
and its trials made lighter bv the presence 
of one who was a heli)nu'et indeed. She 
was Miss Sarah E. Williams, daughter of 
Mr. Nathaniel Williams, formerly of Mo- 
bile, Alabama, but later of Baltimore. 
Doctor Miltenberger is a member of all the 
leading medical societies. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



915 



Dr. B. Holly Smith, Jr., 1007 Madison 
avenue. (D. D. S.) 

Dr. B. Holly Smith, Jr., first saw the 
light of day at Piscataway, Prince George's 
county, Md., March 17, 1858. His earliest 
education was received under a pri- 
vate tutor, and later in the Virginia Normal 
Institute at Hamilton, Va. Between his 
twelfth year and attaining his majority, 
Doctor Smith was variously employed; 
part of the time on the railroad, for a time 
dispensing news, and lastly book-keeper for 
a banking concern. The family having 
moved to Baltimore in 1870, Doctor Smith 
was employed in the city until his matricu- 
lation in the Baltimore College of Dental 
Surgery, from which he graduated in 1881. 
He also obtained a diploma from the Col- 
lege of Physicians and Surgeons in 1883. 
He began at once the practice of dentistry, 
and has merited a liberal patronage from 
the better class of Baltimore citizens. In 
1 88 1 Doctor Smith was appointed assist- 
ant demonstrator in his Alma Mater, and 
in 1888 lecturer on operative dentistry. 
The following year he was advanced to a 
professorship, filling the chair of Materia 
Medica and Special Anatomy. 

The father of our subject, Rev. Bennett 
HoUoway Smith, Sr., a native of Virginia, 
was born in 1823. He was a man of liberal 
education and religious convictions. He 
was early converted to the simple faith of 
the Wesleys, and for many years was an 
honored minister of the Methodist Episco- 
pal Church. In 1870 he was appointed to 
a ]iosition in the Baltimore Custom House, 
and thereafter made Baltimore his home. 

The mother of Doctor Smith was Miss 
Matilda C. Janney, daughter of Mr. John 
Janney. The wife of our subject was Miss 



Frances G. Hopkins, daughter of Mr. Wil- 
liam Conwell Hopkins, and granddaughter 
of Judge Keene, of Maryland. 

Doctor Smith is a member of the leading 
Dental Associations of the State and Na- 
tion. Of the Southern Dental Association 
he was president in 1893-94, and is now 
serving as vice-president for the South of 
the National Dental Asociation. He is 
secretary of the Executive Committee of the 
National Association of Dental Faculties 
since 1893. and has presided in the Mary- 
land State Dental Association. In a literary 
way Doctor Smith has made himself felt, 
having contributed to the various publica- 
tions devoted to his profession. Of the so- 
cial orders he holds membership in the 
Royal Arcanum, the Golden Chain, and the 
Improved Order of Heptasophs. Doctor 
Smith and wife are members of the Asso- 
ciate Reformed Church. 

Dr. G. Lans Taneyhill, 1103 Madison 
avenue. The family of which Dr. G. Lane 
Taneyhill is a worthy representative is one 
dating back to the colonial period of our 
national existence. The first American an- 
cestor, John Taneyhill, came from Paisley, 
Scotland, early in the seventeenth century, 
settling in Calvert county, where he re- 
ceived a large grant of land from Cecil Cal- 
vert, Lord Baltimore, and the old parch- 
ment deed bearing his signature was in the 
county records until their recent destruc- 
tion by the burning of the court house at 
Prince Fredericktown, Calvert county, Md. 

Rev. Thomas Taneyhill, father of the 
Doctor, was for many years a well known 
light in the ministry of the leading Metho- 
dist Church. He was one of the pioneer 
preachers, his work extending over the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



States of Maryland, Virginia and Pennsyl- 
vania. As a boy he was a witness of many 
of the scenes of the War of 1812, and on 
one occasion came near losing his life dur- 
ing that turbulent time. He had climbed a 
tree to watch the operations, and a portion 
of the troops of General Ross passing 
through his father's farm, thinking him to 
be a turkey, was about to fire, when he 
called to them, ofifering to come down. He 
did so, and was not further molested. He 
heard the explosion when Barney blew up 
his own fleet in the Patuxent river to pre- 
vent its falling into the hands of the British 
under Claiborne. During the course of his 
life he was the witness of three wars of the 
government. Thomas Taneyhill was boa-n 
in Calvert county, December 7, 1803. He 
was almost wholly a self-educated man. Af- 
ter his seventy-third year he took up the 
study of Greek and Hebrew and within three 
years had translated the Greek Testament. 
He was licensed to preach by Reverend 
William Prettyman, admitted to the confer- 
ence by Bishop Soule, and assigned to his 
first charge at Green Brier, Va., March, 
1828. After a long life, well spent in the 
Master's vineyard, he retired from active 
work at the age of sixty and made his home 
at Bryan, Williams county, O. His death, 
at the age of ninety-one, occurred at the 
residence of his son, Rev. Ch:irl. s Wrsky 
Taneyhill, of Toledo, O., X-v,iii1m, u]. 
1894. He was the hero of Hadlcy's novel, 
"George Brown's Courtship," the scene of 
which was laid in the Juniata valley. It is 
a beautiful story, and at one time one that 
was very well known. His wife, the heroine 
of the story, was Miss Elizabeth Berryman, 
daughter of Mr. Thomas Berryman, whose 
ancestors came from the NcDrth of Ireland. 



Their wedding occurred February 28, 1833, 
and in 1883 they celebrated their golden 
wedding, at which they gave each of their 
children a gold coin on which was engraved 
their names with the date of the celebration. 

Dr. G. Lane Taneyhill was born in Belle- 
fonte. Center county, Pa., March 11, 1840. 
After classical education in the high school 
of Professor Bradley, of Bloomsburg, our 
subject entered Dickinson Seminary at Wil- 
liamsport, from which he graduated in 1858, 
with the degree of A. B. After graduation 
he proceeded to Stryker, Williams county, 
O., where for two years he engaged in pre- 
paring students for Oberlin College. 

Leaving Ohio at this time, Doctor Taney- 
hill returned to his father's old plantation in 
Calvert county, Md., teaching school until 
1863, at the same time studying medicine 
under Dr. John K. Petherbridge. Coming 
to Baltimore in that year he became a medi- 
cal cadet in the Camden Street Military 
Hospital, at the same time attending lec- 
tures in the medical school of the University 
of Maryland with Professor McSherry as 
preceptor, graduating in the spring of 1865. 
He was immediately commissioned by Gov- 
ernor A. W. Bradford, assistant surgeon of 
the Eleventh Maryland Regiment, stationed 
at Fort Delaware, serving without pay until 
the close of the war, being mustered out in 
June, 1865. He is a member of Wilson 
Post, No. I, G. A. R., of ALiryland. 

From 1865 to 1868 Doctor Taneyhill was 
assistant surgeon in the Maryland Hospital 
for the Insane, which stood on the ground 
now occupied by the Johns Hopkins Hos- 
]>ital, studying nervous diseases. The fol- 
lowing year he was a student and assistant 
in Bellevue Plospital, New York. (;)n re- 
turning from New York, Doctor Tanevhill 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



917 



opened an office in Baltimore and has been 
a leading practitioner of the city ever since. 

The Doctor is the author of the well- 
known History of Medical Societies of Bal- 
timore from 1730 to 1880, and of the in- 
teresting lecture "Personal Reminiscences 
of a Medical Official in an Insane Hospital." 

Doctor Taneyhill takes an active interest 
in all societies of a professional nature, and 
is connected with many of them. He is a 
member of the American Medical Associa- 
tion, State Medical Society, served as presi- 
dent of the Baltimore Medical Association 
in 1874; for thirty years he was a member 
of the State Medical Faculty, and is serving 
on its board of trustees; is vice-president of 
the Baltimore Obstetrical and Gynecologi- 
cal Society and treasurer of Alumni Asso- 
ciation of Maryland University. Over thir- 
teen years he has served as examining sur- 
geon for the pension bureau in Baltimore 
and for several large insurance companies. 
He was appointed March 7, 1898, by Mayor 
Malster to the position of Quarantine Hos- 
pital Physician (salary $3,000), which ap- 
pointment was confirmed by unanimous 
vote of the City Council, March 9. 1898. 
Two days subsequently he declined to ac- 
cept the proffered honor on account of 
private practice. 

Of religious and civic societies he is stew- 
ard in the Madison Avenue Methodist 
Church : vice-president of the City Mission- 
ary and Church Extension Society; and is 
physician of St. Andrew's Society, organ- 
ized in 1806 for aiding needy Scotchmen in 
the city. Doctor Taneyhill was one of the 
original incorporators of the Maryland 
Academy of Sciences. 

He is the aggressive and popular school 
commissioner from the Twelfth ward of Bal- 



timore, endorsing the Civil Service idea, and 
one of the most active in advancing the cur- 
riculum and enlarging the list of text- 
books, and takes a deep interest in 
all that pertains to education. He is 
thoroughly interested in all reform move- 
ments calculated to improve our civil insti- 
tutions, and is an active member of the 
Good Government Club of his ward, the 
Civil Service Reform League, and the Co- 
lumbian Club. He has been for many years 
a member of Maryland Historical Society. 

In 1882 he had conferred upon him the 
degree A. M. by Dickinson College. 

On November 20, 1873, Doctor Taney- 
hill was married to Miss Carrie A., daughter 
of the late Rev. William McAllister, of New 
York. They are both members of the Meth- 
odist Episcopal Church. Dr. and Mrs. Ta- 
neyhill have two living children: G. Lane 
Taneyhill, Jr., an undergraduate of Johns 
Hopkins LTniversity, and Ruth Hollis Ta- 
neyhill, a pupil at Miss Russell's school, N. 
Charles street, Baltimore. 

John Stonewall J. Healy, Attorney- 
at-Law, was born in Baltimore, Md., on the 
nth day of August, 1862. His father was 
John Healy, who came to this country from 
Ireland in 1837, and went to Virginia, join- 
ing an uncle, Bartholomew Curry, who was 
a large contractor extensively engaged in 
the construction of canals and railroads, 
with whom he remained two years, when, 
his health failing, ■he_ visited Cuba, spending 
a year on that island. In 1840 John Healy 
came to Baltimore and established himself 
in the retail grocery business in the eastern 
.section of the city at the corner of Pratt and 
President streets, and built up a large 
trade. At that time cargoes of sugar, mo- 



918 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



lasses, coffees and teas were sold by the im- 
porters at auction on the vessels immedi- 
ately upon their arrival, and among the 
largest and best known purchasers was John 
Healy. He was a man of scholarly attain- 
ments, having received a classical education 
at one of the world-renowned Irish univer- 
sities, with the intention of entering upon 
a professional career. He was thoroughly 
conversant with the Greek, Latin, Spanish 
and French languages, and was one of the 
best of English as well as Latin gram- 
marians. His acquaintance with the ancient 
authors was extensive and thorough, and 
few could hold their own with him in dis- 
cussing Mrgil, Horace and Juvenal. He 
was of quiet tastes, retiring habits and un- 
assuming and unpretentious manners, de- 
voting himself almost exclusively to his 
liome and his books. In 1861 he married 
Eliza J. Donnelly, daughter of Peter Don- 
nelly and Margaret Donnelly and the sister 
of David Donnelly, of Baltimore. Miss Don- 
nelly was born in Williamsport, Md. Her 
])arents came from Ireland in 1819, and set- 
tled in western Maryland. Miss Donnelly 
on her mother's side came from the O'Neils, 
of Tyrone, and was the youngest of fifteen 
children. The result of this union was two 
children, the eldest the subject of this 
sketch and the second a daughter, who died 
in infancy. 

During the war John Healy was an ar- 
dent though quiet Southern sympathizer 
and was several times threatened with arrest 
for his Southern tendencies. He was al- 
ways a strong Democrat and often boasted 
that during a period of nearly sixty years he 
voted at every election even during the dark 
days of Know Nothingism and always cast 
a Democratic ballot. He died in 1898 at the 
advanced age of eighty-six years. 



John Stonewall J. Healy was educated at 
Calvert Hall, completing his education at 
Loyola College, from which institution he 
received the degree of A. B. At the age of 
seventeen he left school and took a position 
with the old and well-known wholesale gro- 
cery house of Calvin Chestnut &Co., located 
at the northw^est corner of Pratt and South 
streets. He was connected with this firm for 
ten years, rising from an humble position to 
that of head book-keeper and cashier, a po- 
sition of trust and responsibility which he 
ably and conscientiously tilled until the dis- 
solution of the firm. During that time he 
took an active interest in public affairs, 
having through the Taxpayers' Association, 
a large body of well-known and influential 
citizens, become prominent in connection 
with many public and popular reforms. 
Among these was the street cleaning ques- 
tion. As chairman of a committee of this 
association, and representing a number of 
public-spirited citizens he had prepared and 
submitted to the City Council a proposition 
to take a contract to clean the streets of the 
city for a term of years at a saving of $1 10,- 
000.00 per annum to the municipality. He 
was also chairman of the committee on 
street paving reform, which accomplished 
some good results; on the Belt Line Rail- 
road, which secured additional safeguards 
from the B. cSi O. R. R. Co. in building its 
line around the city, and numerous other 
committees, and was recognized by that 
body as a young man of exceptional force 
and ability. 

In 1891 he took up the study of law, en- 
tering the ofifice of Hon. A. Leo Knott, for- 
merly State's Attorney of Baltimore county 
and ex-Assistant Postmaster General, and 
taking the course at the Maryland Uni- 
versity, he graduated with honor in the class 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



919 



of 1893. Since coming to the bar he has 
participated in some prominent cases. 

In 1892 Mr. Healy ardently supported 
Grover Cleveland first for the nomination 
and afterwards for the Presidency. He 
spoke at the first meeting indorsing Mr. 
Cleveland's candidacy, and also at the rati- 
fication meeting immediately after his nom- 
ination. He made several speeches during 
the campaign, part of the time in New York 
State. 

In 1896 he supported Hon. William J. 
Bryan, the candidate of the Democratic 
party, and the Chicago platform, with an en- 
thusiasm and ardor that won him many 
friends. He was very active during the 
campaign of that year, and worked hard and 
faithfully for the success of the ticket. In 
1897 he was selected by the Democratic 
party as its candidate for legislative honors 
from the Third Legislative District, but 
went down with the entire Democratic 
ticket which met such disastrous defeat in 
that year. During that campaign he at- 
tended two and three meetings a night, 
making speeches and striving hard for vic- 
tory for his party, showing himself well 
qualified and equipped for legislative 
honors. He is mentioned for future politi- 
cal honors. I\Ir. Healy is active and ener- 
getic, and as a young man bids fair to be- 
come prominent legally and politically. 

Charles Messersmith was a native of 
Germany. He came to this country when 
about four years of age. His parents lo- 
cated in Baltimore, where they became 
good, law-abiding citizens of their adopted 
country. Charles, at an early age, went into 
the butcher business, which he successfully 
followed up all his life. By a close appli- 



cation to business principles he succeeded 
in building for himself a fortune, and at the 
same time helped in a material way the 
growth of the city. He confined himself to 
veal exclusively. His business grew to such 
an extent that he had stalls in the leading 
markets of the city. 

He married Miss Louisa E. Saumnig, a 
native of Baltimore, but of German parent- 
age, in 1849, by whom he had ten children, 
six of whom are living; four of these are 
boys who have succeeded their father in 
his business. These are Charles E., Sam- 
uel J., John K. and Oliver, all of whom are 
prominent men in their line of business. 

Charles Alessersmith died in 1893 la- 
mented and honored by all who knew him. 

John Christian Roth, proprietor of the 
Fayette Cafe and Billiard Hall, was born in 
Baltimore, May 29, i860. He is the son 
of the late George and Katharine (Gess- 
wein) Roth, natives of Germany, who lo- 
cated in Baltimore some years prior to the 
late war, where George Roth was latterly 
engaged in the marketing business. He 
died in 1880; his wife in 1873. John C. 
Roth attended the public and parochial 
schools of Baltimore, learned the trade of 
cigar making and was variously employed 
up to 1887, when he entered the sennce of 
J. Requardt & Co., with whom he continued 
to be associated until 1898, when he as- 
sumed the proprietorship of the establish- 
ment named above. Mr. Roth is a Mason 
and Past Master of Joppa Lodge, a mem- 
ber of the B. P. O. E., Baltimore Lodge, 
No. 7, and of the Order of the Golden 
Chain. He was for five years a member of 
the Fifth Regiment, being mustered out as 
sergeant. He is now a member of the Fifth 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Regiment Veteran Corps. He was mar- 
ried November 26, 1884, to Anna Elnora, 
daughter of the late Joseph Hackett, a pas- 
senger engineer for thirty years in the em- 
ploy of the B. & O. R. R. Mr. and Mrs. 
Roth have one child, Margaretta C, reside 
at 1926 W. Baltimore street and attend the 
Lutheran Church. 

George K. McGaw, leading importing 
grocer of Baltimore, was born at Bush 
(head of Bush river), Harford county, Md., 
January 8, 1850. He is a son of John Mc- 
Gaw, a prominent citizen of that comity, 
who, like his father and grandfather, en- 
gaged principally in the business of tan- 
ning. The ancestors of Mr. McGavv were 
early colonial settlers. 

George K. McGaw first attended Abing- 
don Academy (formerly known as Cokes- 
bury College), spent one year at Bel Air 
Academy, and from 1865 to 1868 was at 
West Nottingham Academy, a Presbyterian 
school, in Cecil county. In July, 1868, he 
entered the employ of Hon. Jacob Tome, of 
Port Deposit, serving in various capacities 
in bank, warehouse and steamboat offices, 
and for three years at the office of the Bal- 
timore & Susquehanna Steamboat Co.. at 
Baltimore. On May i, 1875, Mi M.'', iw 
embarked in the grocery Im-i!.: - ;ii ihe 
northeast corner of Lexington and Paca 
streets, in jjartnership association with Mr. 
John B. Ramsey (now president of the Na- 
tional Mechanics' Bank), under the firm 
name of Geo. K. McGavv & Co. Mr. Ram- 
say's connection with the business was sev- 
ered after several years, Mr. McGaw con- 
tinuing it under its original name, and re- 
moving to his present commodious and 
handsome establishment, 220 and 222 North 



Charles street, February i, 1888. From a 
modest beginning, both in volume of busi- 
ness and capital employed, Mr. McGaw 
has, with rapid strides, pushed forward un- 
til he now occupies the foremost position in 
his line, not only in this city, but in the 
South. In fact, there are few houses in the 
United States so fully equipped for handling 
a large trade. Each of the cities of the first- 
class in the United States has one and only 
one such establishment, and it was for years 
the ambition of dealer after dealer to found 
and maintain just such an exclusive em- 
porium as Mr. McGaw's well directed, en- 
terprising eiTorts have succeeded in secur- 
ing for Baltimore. Mr. McGaw takes an 
active interest in all public matters and en- 
terprises. He was one of tjie committee of 
seventy in the recent Democratic sound 
money campaign. He is president of the 
Buena Vista Hotel Co., of the Exchange 
Permanent Loan and Building Association ; 
a member of the Board of Trade. Corn and 
Flour Exchange and Merchants' and Man- 
ufacturers' Association, and a director of 
the Guardian Trust and Deposit Company. 
He is a Mason, a member of the Order of 
the Golden Chain and Royal Arcanum. 

He was married January 16, 1877, to Mar- 
garet A., daughter of the late James War- 
den, at one time leading flour merchant of 
Baltimore, and one of the incorporators of 
the Corn and Flour Exchange. Mr. and 
Mrs. McGaw have two children, Mary Bar- 
tol and Sophie Warden McGaw; reside at 
1021 St. Paul street and are members of the 
First Presbyterian Church. 

Mk. I. Fki:i-:m.\\' Rasi.\ was born at 
Castle Cary. Ktut county, Md.. March n, 
1833. His fatlK-r was Robert Wilson Rasin, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



whose father was Philip Freeman Rasin.also 
of the same county and place; whose father 
was William Rasin, the progenitor of the 
family in America. He married Sarah Free- 
man and settled in Kent county, Md., in 
1750, under Charles Calvert, Lord Balti- 
more, and was a man of estate and promi- 
nence, being a member of the Assembly as 
early as 1757, and was one of the earliest 
and leading vestrymen in Chester Parish. 
His descendants have intermarried with 
families of distinction, and are related to 
some of the earliest and most eminent set- 
tlers of ^Maryland of Colonial, Revolution- 
ary and historic fame, such as the Wil- 
sons of 1700; Halidays, 1700; Ringgolds, 
1650; Claypooles, 1653; Wilmers, 1660, and 
Morris, who came over about 1657 with 
William Penn. The subjoined official copy 
is instructive: 

(Copy.) 
"Laxd Office of Maryland. 

I hereby certify that there is deposited in 
and belonging to this office, a certain Rec- 
ord Book, entitled record of the officers and 
soldiers entitled to land westward of Fort 
Cumberland in Washington county, with 
the numbers of the lots drawn for them, 
agreeably to an Act of the General Assem- 
bly, passed November session, 1778: and 
that it appears, from said record, that lots 
numbered 2045, 2046, 2047 and 2048 were 
under the drawing aforesaid awarded to 
Lieut. William Rasin. 

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set 
my hand and affixed the seal of the Land 
Office of Maryland, this 7th day of Decem- 
Iier in the year 1894. 

(Signed) Philip D. Laird, 

[seal.] 

Commissioner of Land Office. 



This \Mlliam Rasin entered the Revolu- 
tionary service and was promoted to ensign, 
lieutenant and captain of Light Infantry of 
Kent county, Md. He married Sarah Free- 
man. His son. Philip Freeman Rasin, mar- 
ried Phoebe Wilson; his son, Robert W. 
Rasin, married Mary Rebecca Ringgold, 
and his son, Isaac Freeman Rasin, married 
Julia Ann Claypoole. The father of Mary 
Rebecca Ringgold was Edward, a farmer 
and planter, and possessed of large landed 
estate in Kent county and Kent Island. He 
married his first cousin, Martha, daughter 
of William Ringgold, of Corsica. His sec- 
ond marriage was to Rebecca Smith, of 
Chestertown, Md., where he resided till his 
death, December 10, 1880. He was the 
youngest son of Thomas and Elizabeth 
Suddler Ringgold, planter of Coxe's Neck, 
Kent Island. Thomas was the son of James 
Ringgold, of Coxe's Neck, who died in 1740. 
He was the son of James Ringgold, gentle- 
man and planter, of Talbot county, Md. 
James, of Talbot, was the son of Maj. James 
Ringgold, "Lord of Manor" on Eastern 
Neck, and his second wife, Mary \'aughan, 
was a daughter of Capt. Robert Vaughan, 
commander of Kent from 1647 to 1652. 
Maj. James Ringgold was one of the com- 
missioners for holding Court in Talbot, as 
early as 1662, and afterwards in Kent from 
1674 to his death in 1686, and was a great fa- 
vorite with the Crown. He was the son of 
Thomas Ringgold, "Lord of Huntingfield," 
who was the progenitor of the family in 
America. He emigrated from England and, 
it is thought, settled first in \'irginia and 
afterwards, in 1650, with his two sons, James 
and John, settled on the Isle of Kent. He 
possessed large landed estate, and was a 
very prominent and influential man. He 



922 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



was a member of the Courts as early as 165 1. 
In 1652 England appointed commissioners 
for the settlement of all matters in dispute 
in the English plantations on the Chesa- 
peake Bay, and stipulated that Philip Con- 
nor or Thomas Ringgold should always be 
one of them. He was a true Royalist, and 
in 1652, with si.xty-five others, pledged him- 
self to be true and faithful to the Common- 
wealth of England, without King or House 
or Lords. The Ringgolds have been men of 
wealth, high social and political promi- 
nence, and also of military distinction. 
Coxe's Neck on Kent Island, now owned 
by Samuel Ringgold, descended from father 
to son for eight generations, covering a 
period of nearly two and a half centuries. 

Philip F. Rasin married Phoebe Wilson, 
daughter of George and Susan Haliday Wil- 
son. George Wilson was a son of George 
and Margaret Hall Wilson, of "Castle 
Cary." He was the son of George and Mary 
Kennard Wilson, of "Broad Oak," who was 
the son of James and Catharine Wilson, of 
"Old Field Point" (still owned by the sub- 
ject of this article, together with his 
brother). James Wilson came from Eng- 
land to the Province of Maryland, and set- 
tled in Shrewsbury Parish, Kent county, 
about the year 1700, and died 1732. Susan 
Haliday \\'ilson was a daughter of James 
and Margaret Cook Morris. He was the 
son of Anthony Morris, of St. Dunstans, 
Stepenny of London, England, born Au- 
gust 23, 1654. He married Mary Jones 
January 30, 1676, and died October 24, 1721. 

The Pennsylvania Morris family of Revo- 
lutionary fame descended from said .An- 
thony Morris. Their family tree, for 300 
years back, is now in possession of Mr. I. 
Freeman Rasin, the subject of this sketch. 



He married, March 4, 1862, Julia Ann, 
daughter of Capt. John Claypoole, a de- 
scendant of James Claypoole, who was a 
man of note at the time of the founding of 
Philadelphia, Pa., 1683. He was the author 
of a number of works of high repute, and 
was the admired friend of William Penn, 
long before he came to America. James 
was the son of Adam Claypoole, who was 
seated at the Manor of Narborough, North- 
ampton county, England, in 1610. He was 
the owner of Waldram Parks and Gray Inn 
estates in that county. He was an uncle of 
Lord John Claypoole, who married Eliza- 
beth, the favorite daughter of Oliver Crom- 
well. Adam Claypoole married Dorotha, 
daughter of Robert Wingiield and Elizabeth 
Cecil, sister of William Cecil, Lord Bur- 
leigh, and Prime Minister of England in 
the reign of Queen Elizabeth. The Clay- 
poole arms were granted to James Clay- 
poole, of Waldram Parks, Northampton, 
England, by Robert Cook Clarenciux, King 
of Arms, June 17, 1588. On the maternal 
side, Mrs. Julia A. Rasin is descended from 
Edward Browne, of Kent county, an old 
English family that came here prior to 1700, 
possessed of large landed estate and high 
social position. The following table shows 
the royal descent of Mrs. Julia Ann Clay- 
poole Rasin, of Baltimore, Md. : 
Edward I, King of England — Princess Elea- 
nor, of Castile. 
Princess Elizabeth Plantagenet — Humph- 
rey de Bohun, Earl of Heweford. 
Wm. de Bohun, Earl of Northampton — 

Elizabeth de Badelesmenre. 
Elizabeth de Bohun — Sir Richard Fitz 

Alan, K. G. Earl of Arundel. 
Elizabeth Fitz Alan— Sir Robert Gonshill, 
of Hault Hucknall. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Elizabeth Gonshill — Sir Robert Wingfield, 

Knight of Letheringham. 
Sir Henry Wingfield, Knight of Oxford — ■ 

Elizabeth Rook. 
Sir Robert Wingfield of Oxford and Upton 

— Margaret Quarles. 
Sir Robert Wingfield of Upton — Elizabeth 

Cecil. 
Dorothy Wingfield — .Adam Clayi>oole. Esq., 

of Latham. 
Sir Jno. Claypoole, Knt. Bart, of Latham- 
Marie Angell. 
James Claypoole, of Philadelphia. Pa. — 

Helen Merces. 
Nathaniel Claypoole, of Philadelphia, Pa. — 

— Elizabeth. 
James Claypoole, of Philadelphia, Pa. — 

Mary Hood. 
James Claypoole — Mary Kemp. 
James Claypoole — Elizabeth Morrison. 
John Claypoole — Martha Ann Browne. 
Julia Ann Claypoole Rasin — Isaac Freeman 

Rasin, Baltimore Md. 

(From a "collection of genealogies of 
American families, whose lineages are 
traced to the legitimate issue of Kings." By 
Chas. H. Browning, member American His- 
torical Association, of the Historical Society 
of Pennsylvania, the American Authors' 
Guild, &c., &c.) 

The education of Mr. L Freeman Rasin 
was by private tutors, and completed at 
W^ashington College. He began merchan- 
dising on his own account in 1862 in Balti- 
more, continuing it until his election as 
Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas in Bal- 
timore in 1867, for a term of six years. He 
was re-elected in 1873 for another term. 
Again re-elected in 1879 for another term, 
and declined the fourth nomination in 1885. 

He was appointed by President Cleveland 



in 1886 as Naval OfScer of the Port of Balti- 
more, and was elected in 1892 to the Na- 
tional Convention in Chicago as delegate 
at large for Maryland, and supported Presi- 
dent Cleveland. He was appointed by the 
Board of Public Works, State Insurance 
Commissioner, which he held for three 
years, resigning the same. He is a director 
in the Rasin Fertilizing Company, but has 
ever been averse to too many business offi- 
cial entanglements of such character. 

As a politician Mr. Rasin has wielded an 
influence in the State second to no other 
citizen. Though he never obtrudes himself 
upon the notice of the public, he is an ener- 
getic worker, a marl of quick perception, 
clear views of men and things, positive 
opinions, of rare executive ability and true 
to the last to his word, promises and friends. 
His influence is recognized and appreciated. 
In connection with his brother he owns one 
of the finest estates on the Eastern Shore. 
"Old Fields Point," heretofore alluded to. 
It is on the Sassafras river in Kent county, 
a tract that has been in the family for more 
than 200 years. 

I\Ir. Rasin's children are John Freeman, 
born 28th October, 1869; Gertrude Browne, 
born March 22, 1876: Julia Angela, born 
September 18, 1877; Helen Ringgold, born 
August 17, 1879; Carroll Wilson, born nth 
June, i88i,and AHce Regina, 5th Jtdy, 1883. 
Helen Ringgold Rasin married, November 
17, 1897, Hugo Albert Rennert, Professor 
of Romanic Languages, University of 
Pennsylvania. 

Mr. Philip A. McLaughlin, only son 
of Thos. Jefferson McLaughlin, was born 
in Baltimore, December 17, 1828. His 
father, a native of Harford county. M d , 



924 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



was born in 1800, and died in Baltimore, 
December 31, 1859. ! 

The subject of this sketch enjoyed but 
limited educational advantages when a boy. 
Until the age of fifteen he attended public j 
and private schools, and the three succes- 
sive years he gained what educational bene- 
fits he could from attending night schools. 
None but the elementary branches were | 
taught in these schools, but Mr. McLaugh- 
lin learned them thoroughly, as his success- 
ful life will show. 

When fifteen years of age he was appren- i 
ticed to the carpenter trade, in which ca- 
pacity he served until attaining his majority. 
The following year he secured employment 
with the B. &. O. R. R. Co.. in the bridge 
and building department, and during his ! 
service with them assisted in the construc- 
tion of the depot at Washington; the large 
sill )| IS at Alt. Clare, and also those at Mar- 
tiii'-bnr-. W. \'a. At this time he was taken 
ill and returning to Baltimore suffered a 
long siege of pneumonia. 

Deciding to abandon his trade, Mr. Mc- 
Laughlin secured employment with the 
Adams Express Company, under Mr. Sam- 
uel Shoemaker. His services began as 
messenger in 1852. and during the fifteen 
years of his connection with the company, 
he rose from the ranks and at the time of his 
resignation was filling the responsible posi- 
tion of assistant superintendent. It was his 
experience in this situation and the execu- 
tive ability he there dis].)layed that laid the 
foundation for his future .success. 

In 1867, when the P. W. & B. R. R. Co. 
found its yards and warehouses so congested 
with undeliverable freight, that they decided 
to adopt the system of the express company 
and lay down the freight at the consignee's 



door, in casting about for some one to 
manage so great an undertaking, Mr. Mc- 
Laughlin was selected as the one best able 
in the city to manage the business. In com- 
pany with Mr. John H. Geigan, Mr. Mc- 
Laughlin undertook to keep the yards and 
warehouses clear of freight, which was man- 
aged to complete satisfaction up to 1892, 
Mr. Geigan dying in 1890. 

In 1892 a corporation was formed to man- 
age the business, with a capital stock of 
$80,000, of which Mr. McLaughlin hords 
the control. Commencing with twelve 
wagons and thirty head of stock, the busi- 
ness has increased until now it requires over 
sixty trucks and wagons, and more than 
one hundred horses to move the immense 
amount of freight they are called upon to 
handle. Their reliability and carefulness 
have secured for them the moving of heavy 
machinery required by the traction com- 
panies in their engine rooms and power 
houses, and the immense presses of the 
various metropolitan newspapers in Balti- 
more. At the time the cable roads were 
l)uilt, they transported the immense cables 
used as motive power, some of them weigh- 
ing nearly forty tons. 

From small beginnings this company em- 
ploys over one hundred men, with a pay- 
roll amounting to over $1,000 per week. 
Mr. McLaughlin does not mingle in the 
turmoil of politics, preferring to give his 
entire attention to the business of which 
he is the executive. As a voter he is en- 
tirely independent of party ties, casting his 
vote ,for the man whom he deems most 
worthy of the place. He also holds aloof 
from any lodge affiliations, and has no de- 
sire to become a member of any of the clubs. 

Mr. McLaughlin looks ten years younger 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



than he really is, an evidence of a temperate, 
well-spent life. 

SiGNOR Hazazer. — Among- the citizens 
who have contributed largely to Baltimore's 
advancement and prominence as a great 
metropolis, few can felicitate themselves 
more upon their individual efforts to that 
end than the subject of this sketch, Signor 
Hazazer. The Signor needs but slight in- 
troduction to most Baltimoreans, particu- 
larly to that large and ever increasing num- 
ber who enjoy music, dancing and the ele- 
vating branches taught by the Signor. 

His early training, ancestral characteris- 
tics and an inborn fondness for his art — 
all these make instructive reading. Signor 
Hazazer is of Spanish ancestry, but was 
born in Philadelphia, Pa., fifty-six years 
ago, his parents having settled there. His 
father's immense estate had been confiscated 
on account of political differences prior to 
this epoch. The Signor has been a veritable 
"globe-trotter," but settled, prior to the war, 
for a time in St. Paul, Minn. There, as 
everywhere, he made friends, and in the 
foremost ranks of the citizens. In St. Paul 
his maritime and terpsichorean pursuits 
clung to him amidst the turmoils of those 
years. Just at this period the Signor en- 
joyed the personal friendship of Gov. Alex. 
Ramsey, of Minnesota, and the latter .meet- 
ing him on the street one day, remarked : 

"I hear, Signor, that you have not only 
been instructing some of our city people in 
dancing, but that you have also included 
therein drills in naval tactics. Why don't 
you accept a commission, Signor, in our 
navy, and carry them with you, these rare 
gifts of your's?" The Signor knew naught 



of the red tape necessary to secure such 
an end, and so admitted. 

'"Never mind that," remarked Governor 
Ramsey, "I'll get you a commission any 
way." And so he did, Secretary of the 
Navy Hon. Gideon Welles sending on one 
very shortly after the interview mentioned. 
Signor Hazazer thereupon enlisted in the 
navy, serving for seven years under Ad- 
miral Farragut, when he actually confronted 
"gunpowder flashed in malice." 

In 1880, after various tours and vicissi- 
tudes, he made Baltimore his permanent 
home, bringing here a high character, a 
rich, ripe knowledge of his arts, and 
bounded to the front at once, remaining 
there ever since. Persons of all stages and 
grades, lovers of refined arts taught by the 
Signor, have continuously been his friends 
and patrons. The Signor is, however, a 
strict disciplinarian, and an unrelenting foe 
to all lax conduct wherever it shows its ugly 
head. He is merciless under such circum- 
stances, paying no sort of regard to the 
purse or alleged social status of offenders. 
Small wonder, then, that his friends every- 
where have always been legion. As a so- 
ciety man, the Signor is at the top of the 
ladder in the Masonic fraternity, and the 
Shrine habitually use his spacious hall for 
their numerous banquets, etc. 

This hall, by the way, is one of the features 
of Baltimore's development. , It has a seat- 
ing capacity of 1,500, and the acoustic prop- 
erties are unsurpassed. The house was 
once used as St. Mary's Orphan Asylum, 
having been refitted by its present owner, 
Signor Hazazer. As "Niblo's Garden" in 
New York City was an integral part of the 
hotel where it was located, so is this hall. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



once devoted to other purposes, named after 
the Signor. The Signor has prospered 
on merit, and has long been ranked among 
the opulent Baltimoreans. He is married, 
liis wife being formerly a Miss Hunt, of 
Philadelphia. Two sons and one daugh- 
ter have been born to them. In church 
matters he is an Episcopalian. He is a 
Democrat in politics, but not a partisan. 
As a citizen and a gentleman, he is one of 
the best. 

Mr. Wm. Graham Bowdoin was born 
in Baltimore county, July 28. 1842. His 
father, Geo. E. Bowdwin, was a Virginia 
planter of Northampton county, before he 
moved to Baltimore. On the maternal side 
Mr. Bowdoin's ancestral line came from the 
Graham family, of Baltimore, his mother, 
Mary Ann, being a daughter of Capt. 
William Graham. The Bowdoin family 
are, as the name signifies. Huguenots by 
extraction, the progenitors of the American 
branch having emigrated from Rochelle, 
France. 

The subject of this sketch was fitted for 
jiis collegiate course at private schools, after 
which he took a course at the University 
of Mrginia. At once thereafter he com- 
menced the active business career which he 
has ever since pursued. 

He entered the banking house of Alex- 
ander Brown & Sons, in Baltimore, in 1861. 
Eleven years later, or in January, 1872, he 
was admitted into partnership in the firm, 
Mr. Geo. S. Brown, since deceased, being 
then the executive head of the concern. 
Another partner at that Uuw was Mr. Wm. 
N. Graham, since likewise deceased. 

In April, 1878, Mr. Bowdoin was married 
to !\liss Katharine Gordon Price, a daugh- 



ter of James E. Price, an opulent and highly 
respected citizen of Wilmington, Del. Two 
daughters and one son are the fruits of this 
marriage. 

The arduous and exacting duties attached 
to the affairs of his firm have not deterred 
Mr. Bowdoin from assuming other respon- 
sibilities. He is a director in the Mer- 
chants' National Bank, the Eutaw Savings 
Bank, and is treasurer of the Annapolis, 
Washington & Baltimore Railroad Com- 
pany. He is a vestryman of St. Paul's P. 
E. Church, and one of the trustees in church 
charities — one of the organizations of the 
Diocese of ]\Iaryland. 

Even a casual perusal of the above facts 
will attest the assertion that Mr. W. Graham 
Bowdoin is an active and potential factor in 
Baltimore's commercial and other strides to 
prosperity and general development as a 
great metropolis. Mr. Alexander Brown 
and Mr. Bowdoin now constitute the firm 
of Alexander Brown & Sons. Tliis con- 
cern is the parent house of Brown Bros. & 
Co., of Philadelphia, New York and Boston, 
and of Brown, Shipley & Co., London, with 
all of whom they are still most intimately 
connected in business transactions. In all 
financial matters of great moment this firm 
has ever been a factor in this city's transac- 
tions. 

Mr. Bowtkiin never consented to hold 
political positions. 

Alberti^s Fixley Horner is a son of 
Franklin Finley Horner, who was a native 
of Baltimore. Tie was also one of the first 
and foremost wholesale merchants of his 
period here. .Vt the commencement of the 
Civil War he, like most others having busi- 
ness relations with the South, found him- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



927 



self hard pressed for ready money. This 
fact did not deter him, however, from sell- 
ing his extensive stock of goods and settling 
as he did with his Northern and all other 
creditors dollar for dollar. 

His father was William Horner and was 
one of three men who came from Ireland 
to America about 1735, after having fled 
from Scotland on account of church troubles 
incident to the rise and growth of the noted 
Covenanters of Scotland. 

Sir Francis Horner was knighted for dis- 
tinguished legal acumen by his sovereign, 
and he is buried with the notables in West- 
minster Abbey. 

American descendants of the Horners 
have always been given to mercantile pur- 
suits. James Wilson, Mr. Horner's grand- 
mother's grand uncle, was one of the sign- 
ers of the Declaration of Independence. 

Mr. A. F. Horner's mother was Miss 
Catherine Jackson Kelley. a daughter of 
John Kelley, of Maryland. This Kelley 
was an opulent land holder and planter. 
and was a son of Wm. Kelley. who gallantly 
fought for his country in the troublous 
times of 1812. 

Mr. Horner, the subject of this sketch, 
was educated at the Westminster Male 
Academy. He began his active business 
career on his own account at once, or in 
1875. He is forty-nine years of age now. 
From modest initial efforts his wholesale 
boot and shoe trade has grown to its pres- 
ent enviable proportions, ramifying, as it 
does, vast areas in the Southern and West- 
ern States. 

Mr. Horner is a member of Emmanuel 
Church (M. E.) South, being president of 
its Board of Trustees as well as a steward. 
In general charities, he is an enthusiastic 



patron. He is an auxiliary member of the 
Salvation Army and one of the Executive 
Committee of the Florence Crittenten Mis- 
sion, that beautiful charity with branches all 
over the land. He is also one of the Board 
of Directors in the Y. M. C. A. (West 
branch), and as a citizen he has contributed 
in no small degree to the development of 
this city's growth, as can be seen from the 
above. 

Mr. Alfred Poor.— The subject of this 
sketch, as will be gathered by the reader, 
is one of the many potential factors aiding 
Baltimore's development and rank in the 
list of great American municipalities. He 
has contributed his "mite" of energy, ac- 
quaintanceship, business "snap." etc., to 
that end. Born in Alexandria, Va., No- 
vember 17, 1855, Mr. Alfred Poor began 
his education at private schools. His schol- 
astic curriculum was finished, however, un- 
der Mr. J. C. Kinear. principal of Pem- 
broke School, in this city, he being a mem- 
ber of the graduating class of 1873. 

Mr. Poor comm.enced business at once, 
or in 1873, in the wholesale boot and shoe 
house of James Carey. He left that ser- 
vice to accept a position as book-keeper 
and assistant teller in the well known bank- 
ing house of Johnston Bros., on Baltimore 
street. Mr. Henry Johnston, it will be re- 
called, married Miss Harriet Lane, the 
"Mistress of the White House" under Bu- 
chanan. About 1881 Johnston Bros, dis- 
continued business on the death of Henry 
E. Johnston. Mr. Poor then accepted a 
position as traveling salesman for Long & 
Dugade, dealers in fertilizers. The Old 
Bay Line Company in 1886 secured his ser- 
vices, and he has ever since been identified 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



as contracting freight and passenger agent 
of that concern and its connections. His 
duties, however, are far wider in scope than 
this. He also contracts for such corpora- 
tions as the Cumberland Gap Despatch; 
Norfolk & Western Despatch ; N. & W. R. 
R.; Va., Tenn. & Georgia Air Line, etc. 

Mr. Poor is named from his father, who 
was a Baltimore miner and shipper of coal, 
and who was a notable figure in Baltimore 
mercantile circles. The father was, at one 
stage of his business career, in partnership 
with Jas. Boyce, and later of the firm of R. 
G. Rieman & Co. At the date of his death 
in 1873 he was the head of the house known 
here as Alfred Poor & Co. His partners 
at that time were Hon. Heury G. Davis. 
United States Senator from West Virginia, 
and the Senator's two brothers, T. B. and 
W. R. Davis, all of Piedmont, W. Va. 

On his paternal side, Mr. Poor traces his 
ancestral lineage from his grandfather, John 
H. Poor, one of Baltimore's oldest and best 
known merchants. The maternal branch 
of this family included Alfred Poor's 
mother, who was Miss Marian N. Smith, 
of Loudoun county, Va., a daughter of 
lienj. F. Smith, a prominent merchant in 
his day. 

Mr. Alfred Poor married Miss Isabel B. 
Dunnington, of Baltimore, a daughter of 
Wm. A. Dunnington, April 15, 1891. Mr. 
Dunnington was a merchant and connected 
with large milling interests in this city. 
Two children have been born to this mar- 
riage, named respectively Sarah Dunning- 
ton and Marian Mayhew Poor. Mr. Poor 
is an active member of the well known or- 
ganization the "Green Spring Valley Hunt 
Club." In church matters he is a member 
of St. Thomas' P. E. Church, of Garrison 



Forest. He votes the Democratic ticket, 
but is not a partisan. His family hearth is 
his earthly haven. 

Mr. James Clark, President of the Dro- 
vers' and Mechanics' National Bank, of Bal- 
timore, first saw the light of day in Mary- 
land June 18. 1840. His father was James 
Clark, of Howard county. The late 
James Clark was a farmer. His father, 
in turn, was John Clark, who came to 
America from the North of Ireland, one of 
three brothers. They came over just sub- 
sequent to the War of the Revolution. 
These other two brothers were named James 
and David Clark, respectively. All three 
of them settled in Maryland, and were the 
founders of the carding wool business in 
Howard county on the manor of Charles 
Carroll, of Carrollton. Those mills have 
given place in later years of advancement 
in machinery, etc., to grain mills. The 
Clarks of Howard county haA'e descended 
as a majority from the two brothers, David 
and John. 

The mother of Mr. James Clark was Miss 
Jemima Ward, of London, England, a 
daughter of a cattle dealer in London. Mr. 
Ward came to America about 1828, bring- 
ing witli him his two daughters, Jemima 
and Mary .Ann. He located on a farm on 
Carroll's Manor in Howard District then, 
now known as Howard county. This his- 
toric manor is still called "Doughorhegan 
Manor." On this Manor Mr. Clark m'et, 
wooed and married Miss Ward, mother of 
the subject of this sketch. 

Mr. James Clark attended the public 
schools of his county until he became quali- 
fied to enter the Ellicott City Academy and 
St. John's Church. After that he engaged, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



for a time, in agricultural pursuits with his 
father. Then succeeded an experience in 
the grocery trade, followed by his entry in 
the service of Adams Express Company at 
Richmond, Va. In 1862 Mr. Clark went 
into the Confederate service. 

After having seen about twelve months' 
service in the army, as a volunteer, the agent 
of the Southern Express Co. in Richmond, 
Va., secured Mr. Clark's transfer under or- 
ders to that company's offices there, and to 
sen^e in a military capacity. He remained 
in that service until the close of the war, 
1865. 

He then returned to Virginia after a 
short sojourn at home with his parents in 
Maryland. He resumed business with the 
Southern Express Company in Richmond 
for two years. Then he accepted a posi- 
tion in the employ of the Va. & Tenn. R. R. 
Co., under General Alahone, continuing 
therein for five years as purchasing agent. 
He came to Baltimore in 1872 after giving 
up the above position, and embarked in the 
cattle and live-stock business at Calverton 
Stock Yards. At this business he con- 
tinued for fifteen years, and with eminently 
satisfactory results. 

His large and diversified interests at this 
epoch found themselves congested to quite 
a degree at Lynchburg, Va. Thither, ac- 
cordingly, he went and became the presi- 
dent of the Lynchburg National Bank. 
This business connection he maintained for 
five years, or until 1892, when he was called 
to his present position, the presidency of 
the Drovers' and Mechanics' National Bank 
of Baltimore. This he has ever since held. 

Mr. Clark is a busy citizen, too busy, in- 
deed to accept many of the very many prof- 
fered seats in other financial and commer- 
55 



cial concerns. He does retain, however, his 
seat as a director in the company owning 
Bonsack's cigarette machine, which still re- 
tains its supremacy in its field. The com- 
pany's works are at Salem, \'a. 

!Mr. Clark is not a club man nor a poli- 
tician. 

In 1865 he married in Lynchburg, Va., 
Miss E. R. Booker, who died in 1883, leav- 
ing six children. He married in 1887 Miss 
E. V. Lumpkin, a daughter of Robt. Garrett 
Lumpkin, of this city. They have one 
child. Mr. Clark's children by his first wife 
are Viola Lee, wife of Lawrence Naylor, a 
merchant of New York City : James Booker 
Clark, a farmer of Howard county; Garnet 
Y., John Lawrence, Nannie Price and 
Helen Clark; and by his second wife. Sue 
Ward Clark. The family residence is No. 
118 N. Calhoun street. They attend the 
M. E. Church South. 

G. S. Griffith & Co., Wholesale and 
Retail Dealers in Carpets, Oil Cloths, Mat- 
tings, Fine Linen Shades and Upholstery 
Goods, 403 and 405 E. Baltimore street, is 
a house that has had standing and reputa- 
tion in Baltimore for over half a century. 

The business now is owned entirely by 
Mr. Goldsborough S. Griffith, of Baltimore, 
who is one of our most public-spirited and 
widely-known citizens. Although at the 
head of a large business, he finds time to 
devote to various Christian and pliilan- 
thropic enterprises. 

Goldsborough S. Griffith was Ijorn near 
Havre de Grace, Harford county, Md., No- 
vember 4, 1814. His father was a volun- 
teer in the United States Army wlien Gen- 
eral Ross, at the head of the British troops, 
advanced towards Washington and Balti- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



more. The exposure of camp life seriously 
impaired his health and he died soon after 
his return home. At this time the subject 
of this sketch was an infant. His mother 
again married and removed to Baltimore 
with her family. 

At the age of twelve years young Grif- 
fith secured a position in a large tobacco 
house, where he remained several years. 
He afterwards engaged in the occupation 
of paper hanging, entering for this purpose 
the largest establishment of the kind in Bal- 
timore. In 1836 he began business for him- 
self, having as partner one who was experi- 
enced both in paper-hanging and upholster- 
ing. He subsequently purchased his part- 
ner's interest, and until 1844 conducted the 
business alone, having in connection with 
it a wholesale and retail carpet waerhouse, 
which he still owns and directs. He was 
eminently successful in all his commercial 
ventures, notwithstanding a large part of his 
time and energy was devoted to religious 
and philanthropic work. 

In 1856 he was appointed by the Ceneral 
Synod, which met at Chambersburg, Pa., a 
delegate of the Reformed Church of the 
United States to the Evangelical Alliance 
Convention at Lubeck, Germany, and in 
1857 attended a Conference at Berlin, which 
was favored with the presence of the King 
and Queen of Prussia, who manifested their 
interest by inviting the members of the Con- 
ference to visit their palace, where they were 
delightfully entertained. In 1880 he was a 
delegate to the Centennial Sunday-school 
Convention held in London, England, in 
connnemoration of Robert Raikes, who es- 
tablished the first Sunday-school in Glou- 
cester, England, in 1780. In i860, at Mr. 
Griffith's suggestion, the "Children's Aid 



Society" was organized by himself and two 
associates; he has never ceased to be an 
active supporter of the institution, and is 
still one of its efficient vice-presidents. This 
society was afterwards, through the bequest 
of Henry Watson of $100,000, changed to 
the "Henry Watson Children's Aid So- 
ciety." Since the organization of the So- 
ciety, 2,637 children have been received. Of 
this number 2,235 have secured desirable 
Christian homes. 

By reason of the riots which occurred 
April 19, 1861, Mr. Griiifith was convinced 
that a long and desperate struggle had be- 
gun, and was impressed with the necessity 
of some organization to aid the soldiers phy- 
sically and spiritually, both in army and 
navy, in pursuance of a call by Mr. Grif- 
fith, in 1861, about forty gentlemen, known 
to be loyal to the United States Govern- 
ment, met at his dwelling May 4, 1861. and a 
Christian Association was organized with 
Mr. Griffith as president. A circular was 
promptly issued enumerating supplies 
needed for camp and hospital purposes. 
This was the first organized movement in 
this direction during the Civil War. About 
six months later the United States Christian 
Commission was organized with George H. 
Stuart president, headquarters in Philadel- 
phia. Because of Mr. Griffith's energy and 
efficiency as president of the Christian As- 
sociation, he was appointed chairman of an 
auxiliary committee in the city of Balti- 
more, to have control of a central depart- 
ment of the work of the United States Chris- 
tian Conuuission. Mr, Griffith, for a pe- 
riod of four years, generously devoted his 
time and money to this cause. This great 
benevolence had the hearty endorsement 
of v'^ecretarv Stanton, Secretarv Seward, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



931 



Chief Justice Chase, General Sherman, 
President Lincohi and many other eminent 
officials. General Grant, when the Com- 
mission was about to close its labors, ad- 
dressed to its president a letter of com- 
mendation, from which the following ex- 
tract is taken: 

"It affords me pleasure to bear evidence 
to the services rendered, and the manner 
in which they have been rendered. By the 
agency of the Commission much suffering 
has been saved, on almost every battle-field 
and in every hospital during the late Re- 
bellion. No doubt thousands of persons 
now living attribute their recovery, in a 
great part, to volunteer agencies sent to the 
field and hospital by the free contributions 
of our loyal citizens." 

Soon after the Civil War he was elected 
president of the Alaryland Union Commis- 
sion, which was organized, at his sugges- 
tion, for the purpose of co-operating with 
the people of the South in relieving desti- 
tution occasioned by the ravages of war; 
also for aiding refugees with money, cloth- 
ing, provisions and agricultural implements. 
In May, 1866, this Commission was dis- 
solved, the necessity which called it into ex- 
istence having disappeared. Relief was 
given, in cash and otherwise, to the value 
of about $24,000. 

Mr. Griffith has been a strong advocate 
of temperance from his youth. At the age 
of seventeen he was elected president of the 
Temperance Society of St. Peter's P. E. 
Sunday-school, of which Mr. Wm. Wood- 
ward was superintendent. This was one of 
the first "Sunday-school temperance or- 
ganizations in the country. 

Mr. Griffith was one of the founders of 
the Union Soldiers' Orphan Asylum, the 



Asylum and Training School for Feeble- 
Minded Children, the House of Reforma- 
tion and Instruction for Colored Boys, the 
Industrial Home for Colored Girls, and the 
Society for the Protection of Children from 
Cruelty and Immorality. He is president 
of the last two mentioned institutions. The 
two refoTOiatory institutions — the one for 
boys and the other for girls — were the first 
established in the United States for the ne- 
gro race. 

He has also, for many years, been actively 
engaged in prison refonn, having in 1869 es- 
tablished the Maryland Prisoners' Aid As- 
sociation, of which he has been president 
since its organization. In this capacity he 
has done much directly for the moral im- 
provement of the prisoners, by providing 
them with religious literature and by estab- 
lishing Sunday-schools and religious ser- 
vices in the Maryland Penitentiary and 
other penal and reformatory institutions 
and almshouses throughout the State. As 
president he visits annually the penal and 
pauper institutions in the State, and keeps 
the society well posted with regard to the 
buildings, management and condition of the 
inmates. This is done without expense to 
the society. 

He has been instrumental in securing a 
number of legislative enactments, which 
have removed abuses and saved unneces- 
sary expense. 

In 1879 a bill passed the Maryland Legis- 
lature establishing the Maryland House of 
Correction, to utilize the time and labor of 
tramps, vagrants, drunkards and petty 
thieves, who had been previously supported 
by the State. This bill was first suggested 
by Mr. Griffith at a meeting of the Mary- 
land Prisoners' Aid Association. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Mr. Griffith is clearly upon record as the 
friend of the mechanic, the champion of hon- 
est toil, and the enemy of anything that 
tends to lower the dignity of manhood and 
render employment less remvmerative and 
honorable; yet he cannot shut his eyes to 
the fact tliat the State owes a duty to the 
convict and prisoner, who as its wards 
should be lifted up from a condition of 
idle degradation and be taught habits 
of honest industry. January 4, 1876, Mr. 
Griffith read a paper at a meeting of the 
Maryland Prisoners' Aid Association em- 
phasizing the necessity for a change in the 
Magistrate fee system of Baltimore. A bill 
to this effect was framed and soon after- 
wards became a law. Under the old system 
there were twenty-four Magistrates, each 
empowered to commit persons for trial who 
were charged with ofifenses or merely sus- 
pected. This power was abused for the 
sake of fees and costs, and the expense to 
the tax-payers was great. Under the new 
law each Station House is entitled to one 
committing Magistrate, who receive salary 
instead of fees, and who is required to care- 
fully examine into charges. The number 
of commitments at once largely decreased, 
and it is estimated that the tax-payers have 
been saved from $30,000 to $40,000 an- 
nually. 

He secured the passage of an act pro- 
hibiting the receiving and detaining of chil- 
dren between three and sixteen years of 
age in any almshouse in the State, unless 
such child be a paralytic or otherwise in- 
capable for usefulness; also to prevent the 
employment of young girls as sitters in con- 
cert saloons. He also prepared a bill that 
passed l>oth Houses of the TvCsislature, 
without an amendment, prohibiting children 



from begging, peddling and visiting low 
places of amusement, which prepare them 
for lives of prostitution and crime. This 
law has had a most satisfactory effect on the 
youth of this city. Also he took an active 
interest in securing the passage of the law 
prohibiting the selling of cigarettes to 
youths under fifteen years of age. 

In 1883, Mr. Griffith urged, and had 
passed, an act by the Legislature to au- 
thorize the Baltimore Police Conunissioners 
to appoint matrons to the District Police 
Stations, to take charge of female prisoners, 
who often arrive in a shameful condition. 
He also originated the bill giving judges 
discretion to suspend sentence in certain 
cases, particularly as to first offenders. 

Mr. Griffith is a member of the National 
Prison Association, and in 1870 he was ap- 
pointed a delegate, by the Governor of 
Maryland, to the first National Prison Con- 
gress held at Cincinnati, O., and was one 
of its vice-presidents; Governor Hayes, of 
Ohio^ afterwards President of the United 
States, being its presiding officer. 

In 1872, he was appointed by the Gover- 
nor of Maryland a delegate to the Inter- 
national Penitentiary Congress, held at 
London, England, July 3-13, and read a 
paper before that body on the penal, re- 
formatory and charitable institutions of 
Maryland, which was received with such 
favor that 1,000 copies were ordered to be 
printed by the Executive Committee; it was 
also compiled in the report of the Congress. 
Again, in 1S78, he was appointed a delegate 
to the International Prison Congress held 
at Stockholm. He has personally inspected 
the principal corrective and charitable in- 
stitutions of Ivurope and America, and is a 
corresponding member of the Societe Gen- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



933 



erale des Prisons of France, and the How- 
ard Association of London. 

He was for a number of years a mem- 
ber of the board of directors of the National 
Prison Association of New York. He was 
appointed by Hon. John Lee Chapman, 
Mayor of Baltimore, a member of the board 
of visitors to the Baltimore city jail for 1865, 
'66 and '67. He was for several years di- 
rector on the part of the city to the Female 
House of Refuge. 

He is president of the Maryland Sunday- 
school Union and during the thirty-one 
years he has filled this office over 1,500 
Sunday-schools have been organized and 
aided, a large proportion of them for the 
colored race. Since the war Mr. Griffith 
has been indefatigable in his efforts to. ame- 
liorate the educational and spiritual condi- 
tion of this race. Maryland has now 
greater educational advantages offered to 
the colored race and a higher standard 
of morals among them than any State in 
the Union. During his incumbency as 
president, 151,400 children and teachers 
have been gathered in, and $141,688.62 col- 
lected and disbursed, of which amount Mr. 
Griffith has contributed $13,373, '" afl^ii- 
tion to which he has defrayed his own ex- 
penses while traveling in the interest of the 
society. 

For thirty years he was a teacher of the 
normal Bible class of the First Reformed 
Church, during which time one hundred and 
fifty-one scholars united with the church; 
many of these became useful in Sunday- 
school work, and four became ministers of 
the gospel. 

Fie is a member of the Young Men's 
Christian Association, having contril^uted 
liberally to the erection of its building in 



Baltimore, and to its annual support. He 
was among the first members of the Board 
of the Boy's Home Society and contributed 
generously for the building and its sup- 
port. He has, for forty years, been one of 
the board of managers of the Maryland 
Tract Society. He has, for thirty-five 
years, been a leading Elder in the First Re- 
formed Church, and has always represented 
this church in the Classis, District and Gen- 
eral Synods of the Reformed Church of 
the United States. He has, for thirty-two 
years, been a member of the Board of For- 
eign Missions; was a member of the Board 
of Home Missions of the Potomac Synod, 
and is now president of the Board of Pub- 
lication of the Reformed Church in the 
United States at Philadelphia, of which 
board he has been a member for over thirty- 
five years. He was elected a member of 
the Board of Trustees of Franklin and Mar- 
shall College, at Lancaster, Pa., when James 
Buchanan, afterwards President of the 
United States, was its chief officer. He is 
also president of the Sunday-school Board 
of the Synod of the Potomac. He is pres- 
ident of the Board of Trustees of the Union 
Protestant Infirmary. He was for many 
years a director of the Old Town Bank and 
the Washington Fire Insurance Company 
of Baltimore. 

Mr. Griffith is a self-made man, having 
had but limited educational advantages in 
his youth, and has acquired most of his ed- 
ucation at the Sunday and night schools; 
but being a man of great executive ability, 
indefatigable energy and strong will, he has 
surmounted all the difficulties tliat were 
thrown across his path. He is a frequent 
contributor to the daily, weekly and relig- 
ious papers; his articles on Sunday-school 



934 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



and church work, prison retorm, the tem- 
perance cause and kindred subjects, having 
been widely read and productive of mucli 
needed legislation. 

Mr. Griffith, although eighty-three years 
of age on November 4, 1897, is still active 
and energetic in the prosecution of his com- 
mercial and philanthropic enterprises, and 
is proud of the fact that, although com- 
mencing life in the business world, in a to- 
bacco house, he never chewed nor smoked, 
nor has he ever used alcoholic beverages; 
but has saved the money which such indul- 
gences cost, and applied it to charitable pur- 
poses. Mr. Griffith prizes, perhaps more 
than any one gift, a recently tendered gold- 
headed cane from the prisoners of the 
Maryland State Penitentiary to himself. 

At the close of the report of the general 
agent of the Maryland Prisoners' Aid As- 
sociation, he added the following: "After 
serving ten years as general agent of this 
society, we most heartily acknowledge the 
great assistance rendered us by the presi- 
dent, Mr. G. L. Griffith. No man could 
be more devoted to a cause than he is to 
the work in which we are engaged. He 
contributes, he labors, he directs and en- 
courages the work the whole year round. 
Thousands of men in high salaried posi- 
tions do far less than he does. Truly, he 
must realize that 'it is more blessed to give 
than to receive.' " 

DfCATUR H. AIii,!.i;k. Ju. — The name 
and family of IMillcr are long and definitely 
identified with many commercial, landed 
and financial interests, all tending to the ad- 
vancement, growth and development of Bal- 
timore, as will more fully ajipear further 
along in this article. 



Decatur Howard Miller. Jr., the surviv- 
ing executive head of this family and its 
varied business concerns, bears his father's 
name. His father died December 31, 1890, 
having attained to a ripe age of three score 
and ten. He was pre-eminently a man of 
affairs in his life time. Having served only 
once in the political field, and then as a 
member of the City Council, he devoted his 
time and talents to his personal and com- 
mercial affairs. These were large enough 
to demand careful custody, too. Mr. Mil- 
ler was vice-president of the Board of Trade; 
director in the Consolidated Coal Company; 
director in the B. & O. R. R. Co.; sugar re- 
finer, when that industry was in its infancy 
in this city, and with such men as co-labor- 
ers in that industrial field as the late Joseph 
Rieman; a director in the Baltimore Dry 
Dock Company ; and a director in that great 
corporation the Merchants' and ^Miners' 
Transportation Company, with ships trad- 
ing along the entire N. A. Atlantic sea 
coast. One of the ships of this line still bears 
the Miller name. 

This gentleman, the honored father of the 
subject of this sketch, w'as born in Balti- 
more and received his education under pri- 
vate tutors. His father, in turn, was George 
H. Miller, also a Baltimorean, who was the 
owner of the large tract of land known as 
Hawkins' Point, not far down the river. 

The Decatur portion of this family name 
is derived from relationship to Stephen De- 
catur, a relation of Commodore Decatur, of 
Revolutionary fame. On the paternal line 
or side, the Millers here mentioned have 
long and elaborate Revolutionary incidents 
in their family archives, showing the partici- 
pancy of their ancestors in that struggle. 

On the maternal side, Mr. Decatur How- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



935 



ard Miller, Jr.'s, mother was Miss Eliza S. 
Harn, a daughter of Jesse Harn, of Lynch- 
burg, \'a., the first man to introduce licorice 
into the manufacture of chewing tobacco. 
This secret, like that of the manufacture of 
silk (preserved by monks), Mr. Harn suc- 
cessfully guarded for many years. He was 
an extensive and extremely wealthy to- 
bacco manufacture. 

Mr. D. H. Miller, Jr., was born January 
20, 1850, in Baltimore, and like his father 
received a careful education under private 
tutors. He began his active business career 
with his father in 1868, as wholesale com- 
mission tobacco dealer, and on their present 
business site, 112 S. Gay street. The old 
firm name used to be Jacob Heald & Co., 
afterwards changed to D. H. Miller & Sons. 

Mr. Miller, with whom this article is spe- 
cifically dealing, is an active, aggressive man 
of business. He has little fancy for over- 
worked positions, however, and steadfastly 
declines all tenders as a director in the many 
Boards. In the directory of the Merchants' 
and Miners' Transportation Company he re- 
tains a seat, and in that one corporation 
alone. 

Like his father. Mr. INIiller has neither 
fondness nor time for political preferment, 
and declines to do more in that field than 
vote, and that as he sees fit. 

He is a member of the Maryland Club 
and also of the Baltimore Yacht Club. He 
is a pew holder in Grace Church. Mr. Mil- 
ler married Miss Agnes Owens, a daughter 
of James Owens, of Maryland. Three bovs 
and three girls have blessed this marriage. 

Mr. Jacod H. Taylor was born in Bal- 
timore county and came to Baltimore in 
1839, where he has ever since been actively 



engaged. His conmiercial and financial en- 
terprises are so large and varied that even 
more space than that apportioned here to 
them ought to be utilized. Then again, Mr. 
Taylor's descent is entitled to special men- 
tion among citizens thus identified with this 
city's development. 

His father was Elijali Taylor, who died 
at the ripe age of eighty-three, after a ca- 
reer of probity mixed with patriotism, as he 
fought in the War of 1812 in defense of Bal- 
timore. Three brothers, who came from 
England early in America's history, were 
the progenitors of the Taylors in this coun- 
try. One of these three settled in Virginia, 
one in the West and the other in Maryland. 
President Zach. Taylor was a son of one 
branch of these three brothers. 

On the maternal line, Mr. Jacob H. Tay- 
lar's mother was named Hiss, a daughter 
of Jacob Hiss, who came from Germany. 
The large patrimonial landed interests 
which he bought are still in the family. Mr. 
Taylor does not look his three score and ten 
by at least ten years, and is, as has before 
been remarked, actively engaged, as ever, in 
vast enterprises. He is president, for ex- 
ample, of five coal companies: The Taylor- 
McCoy Coal and Coke Company, Glen- 
White Coal and Lumber Company, the 
Howard Coal and Coke Company, the Oak- 
land Coal and Coke Company, and the Big 
\'ein Coal Company. 

Mr. H. S. Taylor, his son, is also inter- 
ested in these properties. Mr. Taylor owns 
2,400 acres of superior coal lands at Gallit- 
zin, Cambria county, Pa. These lands yield 
vast quantities of bituminous coal, named 
after the mine above. He also owns over 
350 coke ovens, producing an excellent 
(|uality of coke. The Glcn-Whitc Coke 



936 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Company's product of coke is recognized 
as the finest coming from Pennsylvania. 
The Howard Coal Company is owned in 
part by some Baltimoreans, as co-partners 
of Mr. Taylor. He is a director in the Con- 
tinental Bank, of Baltimore, and is largely 
interested in charitable organizations, as 
well in the ofiicial Boards, in which con- 
cerns he is continuously heard and his influ- 
ence felt. 

In political matters he has been tendered 
almost all of the usual and desirable offices, 
like the Mayoralty and so on up and down 
the scale. He has never accepted any of 
them however. When the Old Light Street 
M. E. Church (then opposite the Carroll- 
ton Hotel, as it is now known, but then 
called "the Fountain Inn") outgrew its 
quarters and moved to Charles and Fayette 
streets, Mr. Taylor followed, being then as 
now a member. The ne.xt move was to Mt. 
Vernon Place, its present site. For thirty- 
two years, amidst all the vicissitudes, Mr. 
Taylor was the leader of that famous church 
choir. He is also a trustee of the Mt. Ver- 
non Place M. E. Church. 

It thus appears, from the above, that few 
men have been more intimately identified 
with the .growth and development of this 
city than Mr. Taylor. 

Me. Ch.\ri,i;s O'Donnell Lee. — The 
subject of this article, Mr. Charles O'Don- 
nell Lee, is a lineal descendant of the first 
Lee — Richard — who came to America from 
Shropshire, England. The Lees came to 
England in 1066 from Normandy with Wil- 
iam the Conqueror. In the history of the 
colonies of Virginia and Maryland no name 
has been made more respected and famous. 



Our subject was born February 8, 1841, 
in Baltimore, and like his ancestors on the 
paternal and maternal side has been an im- 
portant factor in the development of this 
city's growth. He was educated at George- 
town College and entered upon his active 
business career in 1869, as a member of 
the firm of Hoffman, Lee & Co., importers 
and jobbers of coffee. His father, Thomas 
Sim Lee, who still lives at the family seat, 
"Needwood," Frederick county, Md., is a 
gentleman of the old school, cultivated, re- 
spected, retiring in disposition, and enjoy- 
ing the leisure of a well spent life. 

The father of Thos. Sim Lee was William 
Lee. The first Thos. Sim Lee, the great- 
grandfather of our subject, was born in 1743 
in Prince George's county, Md. His wife 
was Mary Digges, of Milwood, the only 
child of Ignatius Digges, and the wealthiest 
and most coveted matrimonial prize in her 
section. This first Thos. Sim Lee was a 
highly educated and cultured man, as will 
be observed from the following historical 
facts. 

On January 13, 1776, he was elected by 
the Maryland Convention major of the 
Lower Battalion of Prince George's county. 
He was Governor of Maryland' during the 
Revolution, from 1779 to 1783, and repre- 
sented his State in the Continental Congress 
in 1783-4. He served a second term as 
Governor of Maryland from 1792-4, and 
died March 7, 1819, full of hcjnors and years, 
having declined a ]iroffered third term as 
Governor. 

Another grandfather of our subject was 
Gen. Columl)us O'Donnell. than whom 
few citizens were more widely or favorably 
known to Baltimoreans. He was the po- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



937 



tential, organizing and executive head of 
many and varied large commercial inter- 
ests in the city, among them the original 
Baltimore Gas Company and the first water 
works company. In financial and social 
circles here his individuality was most con- 
spicuous, and his influence far reaching and 
appreciated. 

Air. Lee's mother was Josephine O'Don- 
nell. a daughter of the General. Her grand- 
father was John O'Donnell. who owned and 
named Canton, after Canton, China, he 
being largely engaged with the China trade. 

Mr. Lee steadily declines many entangle- 
ments in official boards, being too much 
wedded to private interests. 

His wife, Matilda D., was a daughter of 
Jos. W. Jenkins, a well known and con- 
servative merchant. Their children are 
Joseph Jenkins, Thos. Sim, Chas. Stewart 
(who is one of the incorporators of the Mer- 
chants' Coffee Company of Baltimore); 
Chas. O'D., Jr., Adrian Iselin, Mary 
Digges, Louisa Carroll, Gertrude Jenkins 
and Dorothy Courtney Lee. 

Mr. Edward Hambletox, the subject of 
the following article, comes of one of the 
oldest and most distinguished families of 
Maryland. His father, Thos. E. Hamble- 
ton, who died in 1876, was for manv years 
a leading man of commercial and financial 
affairs in Baltimore. He filled among other 
positions of honor and trust the presidency 
of the Maryland Fire Insurance Company, 
of this city. His father, in turn, was a cap- 
tain in the Revolutionary War, holding his 
commission from Governor Johnson, of 
Maryland. 

The Hambletons are of sturdy Scotch an- 
cestry, having first settled in America ])rior 



to 1650. The family tree is full, flattering 
to contemplate, from a patriotic standpoint, 
and justly cherished by the subject of this 
sketch as being a priceless heirloom to his 
posterity. 

It is a safe assertion that there is not to- 
day a man more thoroughly identified with 
and fomiing an integral part of the financial 
and commercial development of Baltimore, 
than Mr. T. Edward Hambleton. He was 
born in New Windsor, Carroll county, Md., 
in 1829. He graduated from St. Mary's 
College in '49, and first began his general 
business career as a manufacturer of agri- 
cultural implements. Afterwards he en- 
gaged for a time in the wholesale provision 
trade, which he abandoned in turn to em- 
bark with his brother in the wholesale dry 
goods trade. At the outbreak of the Civil 
War, his sympathies, as well as his vast and 
varied interests in the South, induced him to 
cast his fortunes and his life with the Con- 
federacy. Accordingly, he moved to Rich- 
mond, Ya., and became a firm member of 
"Importing and Exporting Company" of 
that city. 

This concern owned and manned several 
swift steamers, which ran in and out of the 
blockaded harbors of Charleston, Wilming- 
ton and other places South. They often 
escaped the vigilance of the Federal fleets 
and carried cotton, stores, munitions of 
war. etc. These swift "rumiers" were not 
always able to escape, however, but Mr. 
Hambleton, the man in charge, most fre- 
quently was. 

He made many European voyages or 
trips in safety, and after the close of the 
war he and his brother, John A., returned 
to Baltimore. 

In 1865 they founded their banking house 



938 



HISTORY OF Baltimore:, Maryland. 



of which far famed concern he is the execu- 
tive head. This house has ever been char- 
acterized by its reaching out for Western, 
Eastern and foreign capital, thus brought 
into Baltimore and with what results all 
readily see. In this particular field the Ham- 
bletons are pioneers. And, it may be ob- 
served here, Mr. T. E. Hambleton is a legit- 
imate successor to his banking affairs and 
practices, being a grandson of Jesse Sling- 
lufif, one of Baltimore's distinguished 
citizens. 

Busy as he ever is. Air. Hambleton finds 
time to devote to and help develop other 
interests than banking. He is a potential 
factor in the Gas Light Company, a large 
warehouse concern, and is the head of that 
notable company, "The Traction Com- 
pany," the pioneer of real rapid transit here. 

The country seat of Mr. Hambleton is 
called "Hamlik-dune," situated a few miles 
from the city, in Baltimore county. It is 
called the handsomest country residence in 
the State, and both inside and outside, to- 
gether with its spacious lawns and grounds, 
is an evidence of its owner's refined tastes. 

In Talbot county also, Mr. Hambleton 
owns large landed estates, which have been 
in the family over two hundred years, and 
are still among the most impressive for 
beauty of landscape and admired in the 
State. 

Mr. Hamblcton's wife was a daughter of 
Gen. Salisbury, U. S. .Army. They were 
married in 1856. In the banking house his 
son, F. S. Hambleton, is a partner with his 
father. 

Mr. CiiARLKS F. Mavkk, the subject of 
this sketch, is a son of the late Lewis Mayer, 
also a Baltimorean of much reputation, and 



] wide commercial connections. His father, 
I as a very little boy, was sent abroad to be 
' educated at the then, and indeed still, cele- 
i brated school of Herr Salzmann at Schnep- 
1 fethal in Saxe-Gotha, Germany. 

As the only American boy who had ever 
been there, he was as much an object of curi- 
osity on this account, as he was of high re- 
gard on account of his singularly high in- 
telligence and attractive bearing. 

Upon his return to this country he com- 
menced his commercial career, etc., etc. 
He was one of the defenders of Fort Mc- 
Henry as a volunteer artilleryman in the 
War of 1812, commenced his commercial 
career as supercargo upon his father's ves- 
sels engaged in the trade between this coun- 
try and Spanish and other European ports. 
He afterwards became actively identified 
with the importing dry-goods trade here, 
and later removed to Philadelphia, where, 
with the members of his family in Pennsyl- 
vania, he became interested in the develop- 
ment of their large interests in the anthra- 
cite coal fields of that State. This great in- 
dustry was then in its earliest infancy. 

The father of Lewis Mayer was Christian 
Mayer, the paternal grandfather of our sub- 
ject. He was also a resident of Baltimore 
and one of the earliest merchants to engage 
in the East India trade of this port. He 
came to America from Amsterdam as a rep- 
resentative of an important mercantile firm 
there, and continued to be for many years 
one of our largest shipping merchants en- 
gaged in the foreign trade. He was the 
progenitor of the Baltimore branch of the 
Mayer family. 

The mother of ]Mr. Charles F. Mayer was 
Susan O. Mayer, daughter of Christopher 
Maver, of Lancaster, Pa. This branch of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



939 



the family came to America in 1754 and set- 
tled in Lancaster, Pa. 

The Mayers had been for many genera- 
tions natives of the old free city of Ulm in 
Germany. 

Our subject, Mr. Charles F. ^Mayer, was 
born in the early thirties and was carefully 
educated at private schools, and at JMount 
Hope College, in Baltimore. In early man- 
hood he went to the west coast of South 
America as a super-cargo. On his return to 
Baltimore about 1852, he entered at once 
into active commercial life, and continued 
therein until 1865. In that year he joined 
with a number of other gentlemen of wealth 
and enterprise in developing the immeasur- 
ably rich gas-coal fields of West Virginia. 
He continued interested in that region for 
many years. 

In 1877 Mr. Mayer became the presi- 
dent of the Consolidation Coal Company, 
of Maryland, the largest producer of the 
celebrated Cumberland George's Creek 
steam coal and one of the largest coal min- 
ing companies in the country. He at the 
same time became the president of the Cum- 
berland and Pennsylvania Railroad Com- 
pany, which traverses this Cumberland and 
George's Creek Coal Region and carries the 
vast coal product of that region to its con- 
nections with the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- 
road and Pennsylvania Railroad systems, 
and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal at 
Cumberland, Md. Mr. Mayer continued 
in these two positions until the early part of 
1896, when he withdrew from both. In No- 
vember, 1887, Mr. Mayer became a director 
in the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Com- 
pany and chairman of its Executive Com- 
mittee, and in December, 1888, he became 
its president. He declined a re-election in 



December, 1895, and withdrew from the 
presidency of the company the following 
January upon the election of his successor. 
It was during the presidency of Mr. Mayer 
that the great work of constructing the Bal- 
timore Belt Railroad was undertaken, and 
largely through his energy that it was car- 
ried to a successful completion. This great 
work connects the main line of the Balti- 
more & Ohio Railroad at Camden Station, 
Baltimore, with its Philadelphia Division at 
Bay View, just outside the limits of the 
city — passing under the city by a tun- 
nel of something over a mile in length. 
It gives the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road Company the commodious and 
handsome Mount Royal Passenger Sta- 
tion, up-town, and it also gives it access for 
freight business to the upper and growing 
sections of the city of Baltimore, to which 
the road had not heretofore had access. The 
Company's former connection with its Phil- 
adelphia Division had been by the unsatis- 
factory methods of a ferry across the harbor 
from Locust Point to Canton and thence by 
rail construction to Bay View. This great 
work is said to have cost something over 
eight millions of dollars. It was through 
the tunnels of the Baltimore Belt Railroad, 
during Mr. Mayer's administration, that 
electric motors were first successfully used 
for the hauling of trains instead of loco- 
motive engines. This use of electric motors 
entirely avoids the smoke created by the 
ordinary coal-burning locomotive engine, 
which has heretofore rendered the passage 
of trains through tunnels so very objection- 
able. 

To Baltimore therefore belongs the credit 
of having first solved this difficult railroad 
problem. 



940 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 



The Baltimore Belt Line tunnel is lighted 
throughout its entire length with electric 
lamps. 

Had Mr. Mayer accomplished only this 
great railroad undertaking, which is of so 
much importance to his native city, his name 
and memory would be an enduring one. 

In addition to the foregoing, Mr. Mayer 
is a director in the following institutions: 

The Western National Bank, of Balti- 
more, in which he has served some thirty 
years; the Baltimore Steam Packet Com- 
pany, the Mercantile Trust and Deposit 
Company, the United .States Fidelity and 
Guaranty Company. 

He is also a trustee of the Johns Hopkins 
Hospital, the Church Home and Infirmary 
of Baltimore City, the Benevolent Society 
of the city and county of Baltimore, and a 
vestryman of old St. Paul's Protestant Epis- 
copal Church. 

In club circles he is a member of the 
Maryland Club, the University Club and 
the Merchants' Club. 

Mr. Alayer married in 1867, his cousin. 
Miss Susan Douglass Keim, a daughter of 
the late Hon. George May Keim, of Read- 
ing, Pa., a prominent member of Congress 
f> >r several terms from his native city in the 
:ui}' forties. 

Mr. Mayer is of retiring disposition, but 
IS, as will be seen from the foregoing, ac- 
tively and prominently identified with the 
growth and development of Baltimore as a 
great conuuercial city. 

Mr. J. II. JruiK, President of the Peo- 
ple's National Bank of r.;iltiniore, comes of 
sterling ancestry. His father, Joseph Judik, 
came to .America early in this century, set- 
tling in Baltimore. His father. Joseph, was 



a commissioned officer in Holland and when 
his adopted country was invaded by the Brit- 
ish in the memorable Campaign of 1812, Jo- 
seph Judik became a defender of Baltimore 
together with other patriots. 

The mother of our subject was Miss 
Mary M. Eagle, of Lancaster, Pa., a daugh- 
ter of Henry Eagle, a gentleman of high 
personal character. Mr. J. H. Judik was 
born in Baltimore in 1845: was educated 
at Georgetown College, D. C, as his father 
was before him. He began his active busi- 
ness career almost at once, after graduation, 
or in 1865. Although a merchant of large 
and varied commercial interests, Mr. Judik 
is perhaps not so widely known in that 
sphere as in the financial world. 

Before accepting his present official po- 
sition, Mr. Judik acted as vice-president of 
his bank, "The People's." When Presi- 
dent Grover Cleveland sent Mr. W. S. Car- 
roll his commission as Consul to Dresden, 
Mr. Judik accepted the presidency as Mr. 
Carroll's successor. This was in 1877. The 
People's Bank is and ever has been since it 
was chartered in 1856 most ably managed. 
It has likewise been one of the most pros- 
perous financial institutions in the city and 
State. Mr. Judik is widely known and rec- 
ognized as a successful, careful and able 
financier. 

The People's Bank has weathered every 
financial storm since it was chartered, its 
success then as measurably reflecting the 
ability, integrity and precedence of its head, 
as well as its Board of Directors. Some 
Ifght will also shine upon its status else- 
where than at home, from the following sig- 
nificant list of its intimate business connec- 
tions with other financial institutions. 
Transacting as it does a general and lucra- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



941 



live banking business, tlie People's Bank 
has correspondents at every financial centre. 
In this list are, among others, the Chemical 
National Bank of New York, with the larg- 
est undivided surplus of any bank in Amer- 
ica; "The Independence" of Philadelphia; 
and that bulwark of financial stability, the 
First National of Chicago, Secretary Gage's 
bank. To readers familiar with men and af- 
fairs this summary speaks volumes for the 
status of Air. Judik's executive administra- 
tion. As "a tree is known by his fruit," so 
may a bank be said to be known from the 
character and ability of its head and man- 
agement. 

Mr. Judik married Miss Bringues, of New 
York City. In temperament he is of rather 
retiring disposition, and too much en- 
grossed with his varied interests to become 
a club man. 

He likewise eschews political life, and 
is on the whole a man whose life and career 
would materially aid in developing any city 
in which he might elect to live into a great 
metropolis. 

Mr. Isaac S. George, President Trader's 
National Bank, German street near Light 
street. Perhaps it is perfectly safe to afifirm 
at the outset that the subject of this article, 
Mr. Isaac S. George, occupies a position 
without a parallel as regards public ser- 
vice and its attendant results in aiding the 
development of this great city. His whole 
life, as this brief summary will attest, has 
been one devoted to business enterprises 
and to public measures calculated to ad- 
vance the material growth of Baltimore. 

Mr. George was born here July i8, 1818, 
his father, James B. George, being also a 
Marylander. His father was a participant 
in the historical War of 1812. He was sta- 



tioned with his regiment at Fort McHenry 
during its bombardment, and was an hon- 
ored and respected member of the Old De- 
fenders' Association until his death, Febru- 
ary I, 1869. He served his State and city 
respectively in the Legislature and City 
Council. He was of Huguenot ancestry, 
his progenitors having come to America in 
1730, and having participated in the battle 
of Brandywine. 

The paternal grandmother of Mr. Isaac 
S. George was Elizabeth A. George, one of 
the original members of the Light Street M. 
E. Church, with which she was connected 
for seventy years until her death at the ripe 
old age of 96. 

Mr. George's maternal ancestors were 
Scotch-Irish and came to America in 1801. 
His maternal grandfather was John. Stew- 
art, whose wife's maiden name was Nancy 
Glasco. They were Calvinistic Presbyte- 
rians, and were here identified with the Sec- 
ond Presbyterian Church under the pastor- 
ate of Rev. John Glendy. 

Mr. George's mother, Mary Ellen Stew- 
art, came to America with her family in 
1801. In 1817 she married our subject's 
father, Mr. Isaac S. George being the eld- 
est of ten children by this marriage. 

On February 3, 1843, Mr. I. S. George 
in turn married Elizabeth A. Mann, of Hali- 
fax. The husband and wife were active in 
aiding to found and establish a Universalist 
Church here. 

Commencing, however, in an orderly ar- 
ray of facts prior to those just mentioned, 
Mr. Isaac S. George was educated chiefly 
under the guidance and supervision of pri- 
vate tutors.- Before attaining his majority 
he embarked in business as an assistant to 
his father. He subsequently established a 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



business for himself on Centre Market 
Space, which he conducted with success for 
several years. In 1864, together with his 
son, J. Brown George, he established the 
mercantile house of I. S. George & Son, 
on Baltimore street. On the death of this 
son, Mr. George again embarked in busi- 
ness with his youngest son as extensive boot 
and shoe dealers. As asserted at the outset, 
Mr. George's business career is unique and 
extremely noteworthy. It is replete with 
large trusts, careful control and successful 
outcomes, the results as stated, all tend- 
ing to the advancement of the growth of the 
metropolis and the general good. 

In 1869 he was the president of the At- 
lantic and George Creek Coal Company, 
but he resigned afterwards. In 1868 he 
accepted the presidency of the Atlantic Fire 
and Insurance Company, holding it until the 
voluntary liquidation of the company years 
after. In political affairs, too, he has ever 
])een a worker and a trusted adviser. In 
i860 Mayor Brown appointed him as a 
member of the Water Board. In 1864 he 
accepted a Dcmricratic nomination for State 
Senator. 

In 1867 he filled the most important and 
distinguished position of member of tlie 
Constitutional Convention. His city also 
secured his services as chairman of the 
Committee on Ways and Means in the City 
Council in '68-9. For two years he also 
served as president of the Board of the 
Maryland Institute. He was induced to 
serve for six years, the last two as president, 
as a visitor of the I'.oard to the city jail, aj)- 
pointcd by Mayor Vansant. 

He is likewise a director, of many v'cars" 
standing, in the Associated Firemen's In- 
surance Company. Busy man as he is and 



ever has been, Mr. George has found time 
for other pursuits than those above noted. 

In Odd Fellowship he is widely recog- 
nized as a worker, while as a Mason he is 
a craftsman of high repute and zealous pur- 
pose. 

Mr. George was also one of the founders 
of the Murray Institute, a notable social 
and literary association. In 1879, '" addi- 
tion to his many other labors, he accepted 
the presidency of the Consolidated Real 
Estate Fire Insurance Company. 

In no sphere, however, is Mr. George bet- 
ter or more favorably known and respected 
than in financial matters. As president of 
the Traders' National Bank, his name and 
status are too well recognized to require 
any extended mention in the space at coin- 
mand. 

The Traders' was organized in 1865. as 
the First National Bank of Annapolis, Md., 
and opened for business there on June 5th 
of that year. By act of Congress, June, 1872, 
the bank was moved to Baltimore, and 
its name changed as above. On the resig- 
nation of Wm. H. Tuck, Mr. George ac- 
cepted its presidency, which he has ever 
since held. The bank's capital is $230.- 
000.00: its undivided surplus, $27,000.00; 
dividends, to stockholders, average of 6 per 
cent.; deposits, $400,000.00. Its corre- 
spondents are "Commerce" and "Conti- 
nental," of New York. 

Of such men as Mr. George, as coadju- 
tors and citizens, are made great metropoli- 
tan centres like Baltimore. His life work 
to that end is a fit setting to such a history. 

Dr. a. S. W.\r\ER, 1 1 20 Highland ave- 
nue. 

Dr. A. S. Warner was born in 1856 in 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



943 



Manchester, Carroll county, Md. When a 
child, his parents moved to York, Pa., 
where he began his primary education at 
the usual age; after passing through the 
public schools he attended the York Acad- 
emy for a time, then entered the Millers- 
ville State Normal School, Millersville, Pa. 
After completing his studies here he be- 
came a teacher in the public schools of 
York, county, Pa., which occupation he 
followed for a time. In connection with his 
duties as teacher, he took up the study of 
medicine. After severing his connection 
with the York county public schools, he 
accepted a position as principal of the pub- 
lic schools of New Market, Pa., in which 
capacity he successfully served for two 
}-ears. He then, in 1878, entered the school 
of Physicians and Surgeons of Baltimore, 
graduating in 1881 and immediately after 
began the practice of his profession at his 
present location. 

He married in 1881 Miss Florence Night- 
ingale Eisenberger, of New Cumberland, 
Pa. They have one child, Harry Augustus, 
who graduated from the public schools of 
Baltimore with first honors in 1897 and is 
now preparing for the Johns Hopkins Uni- 
versity. 

Doctor Warner is an active member of 
the Presbyterian Church and has held the 
offices of tru.stee and treasurer for many 
years. He is a member of the Knights of 
Pythias and of the Masonic Fraternity. 
In politics he is a Republican. 

Peter Warner, father of our subject, was 
born in Europe, and when a boy came to 
America with his parents. He is now de- 
ceased. His wife, who was Miss Rachel 
Fair before marriage, and mother of our 
subject, still survives. 



Dr Reuben M. Dorsey, 727 Third ave- 
nue, Hampden, Baltimore. 

This gentleman was born February 22, 
1869, in Howard county, Md. He was 
brought up as a farmer and from childhood 
was inured to the hard labor of a farmer's 
life. When not at school, he employed his 
time advantageously in the fields and get- 
ting out lumber, thus rendering his father 
much valuable assistance. He pursued his 
primary studies in the public schools. 

Having determined upon a professional 
career, with the view to the acquirements 
of a physician, he prepared at Maupin's 
University, near Ellicott City, Md., and be- 
gan his medical studies under Dr. Wm. E. 
Hodges, of Ellicott City, with whom he re- 
mained for one and a half years. He was 
graduated from the Maryland University in 
1891 and then took a special course in the 
treatment of nervous diseases under Dr. J. 
S. Conrad. Doctor Conrad was a well 
known and highly e.steemed physician. His 
labors in the field of medicine won for him 
a high place in the profession. After leav- 
ing Doctor Conrad, our subject was asso- 
ciated in the general practice of medicine 
with Dr. J. Carroll Monmonier for one year. 
He then accepted a position as surgeon for 
the B. & O. R. R. Co., and successfully 
served in this capacity for two years, leaving 
it to accept the higher position of medical 
examiner for the same company and is at 
the present time occupying the same posi- 
tion. For a time he practiced his profession 
on Madison avenue whence he removed to 
his present location. 

On September 25, 1893. he was married 
to Miss Alice Berger, daughter of Rev. 
Alexander Berger of Baltimore county. 
He is a member of the Episcopal Church; 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



in politics he is a Democrat. He is a mem- 
ber of the Maryland State Medical and Chi- 
rugical Society, also a member of the Inde- 
pendent Order of Odd Fellows. 

Reuben M. Dorsey, the father of our 
subject, is a native of Ellicott City, Howard 
county, Md. He has been a prominent and 
successful farmer all his life, in connection 
with which he has served for i6 years as 
Judge of the Orphans" Court of Howard 
county. 

He married Mary E. KralYt, daughter of 
a Prussian Consul to this country. Mr. 
KrafTt was a thorough linguist, being 
master of seven languages. He died in 
Baltimore. The union of Mr. Dorsey and 
his wife has been blessed with the following 
children: Charles K., a prominent attorney 
of Elkhart City; Dr. Reuben M., (subject); 
Philip Hammond, a farmer of Howard 
county; Nicholas, a farmer of Howard 
county, and Henry, who is at school; and 
Caleb Dorsey, D. D. S., residence, 1218 W. 
Lexington street. 

Mr. Louis F. BeklER was born Feb- 
ruary 18, 1827. at Alexandria, Va. When 
a boy he went to Washington to live with 
his grandparents, his parents locating there 
about 1834. He attended private schools 
until he was seventeen years old. At one 
time he had for a preceptor a Mr. McCloud, 
a very peculiar man, tioted for his strange 
ideas in the school-room. During the sum- 
mer the pupils were placed under very strict 
discipline, one rule being that the scholars 
should be at their desks at 4 o'clock in the 
morning. When our subject was about 
fourteen, the B. & (). R. R. was about to 
begin operations, and a big demonstration 
in honor of the event had been arranged. 



General Scott was in command of theL'nited 
States troops which were to take an ac- 
tive part that day. The military company 
of which young Beeler was a member call- 
ed upon General Scott in a body and asked 
permission to take part in the celebration. 
He inspected the youthful company and 
assigned them to an important position on 
Wilkes Hill, and they were highly compli- 
mented upon their appearance. 

At seventeen young Beeler became a 
clerk in a dry goods store in Washington 
and continued as such until Congress pass- 
ed the resolution that War existed with 
Mexico, and he with others hired a drum- 
mer, fifer and color bearer, paraded the 
streets of Washington and got together 
enough young men to form two companies, 
our subject being chosen as sergeant. They 
were assigned to Baltimore and Washing- 
ton battalion, under command of Col. Wm. 
H. Watson, who was killed at the battle of 
Monterey. He proceeded with his com- 
pany to Mexico where they remained for 
one year, taking an attive part in the battle 
of Monterey. A few months after his re- 
turn to Washington, he went to Cumber- 
land, Md., and accepted a position as clerk 
for a shipping and forwarding company. 
This was before the railroads became so 
numerous, and the company did all its busi- 
ness with teams. The concern was known 
as Calhoun & Harrison. He remained with 
this company until the latter part of 183 1, 
when he accepted a position as delivery 
clerk and assistant yard master for the B. 
& O. R. R. When the B. & O. completed 
their road to Wheeling, W. Va., he became 
an assistant of Joseph B. Ford, who looked 
after the company's interest at that point. 
Mr. Beeler remained at Wheeling until 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



945 



about 1859. when he was transferred as 
agent to Benwood, W. Va., and continued 
here until 1864. During the war as agent 
at Benwood he rendered the Government 
valuable assistance in the building of the 
pontoon bridge across the Ohio river at 
that point, which w^as erected at his sug- 
gestion as being the best means of trans- 
portation for the troops and munitions of 
war. In 1864 he severed his connection with 
that company, and for a time was a clerk 
in an Ohio river steam boat. In 1865 he 
went to New York City as soliciting agent 
for a line of steamers plying between Park- 
ersburg and Louisville and some years later, 
to Wheeling, W. Va., as agent for the 
National Express and Transportation Com- 
pany. After the failure of this concern, in 
1866, he accepted a position as agent at 
Locust's Point for the B. & O. Co., and 
save for a year or two has remained in their 
employ ever since. Tlie freight depot at 
that time was situated on the present site of 
Ober's fertilizing plant, and the business in 
the warehouse was done with horses, and 
compared to the present business was very 
small. The wonderful increase in the busi- 
ness of this department necessitated the 
building of the pier 8 and 9 in 1868, where 
the first North German Lloyd steamship 
landed the same year. 

Louis F. Beeler married Miss Amanda 
M. Fillius, of Washington, on February 3, 
1 85 1. They have the following children: 
Mary Frances (Mrs. A. A. Swing) of Balti- 
more; Ida Catharine, who lives at home; 
Martha Louise, who married Capt. Richard 
A. Dunn of the ice boat patrol; Richard 
Francis, bookkeeper for B. & O. Co., and 
Sally May (Mrs. Wm. E. Helm), of Balti- 
more. 

.56 



Mr. Beeler is a member of the Democratic 
party, with which he became connected 
in 1840. During that year he heard many 
noted speakers, among them were Henry 
Clay and Daniel Webster, and it was 
through their eloquence he was won over 
to the principles of Free Trade. His family 
are members of the Roman Catholic 
Church. 

His father, Louis Beeler, came to Amer- 
ica from Germany when a young man, lo- 
cating in Alexandria, W. Va., where he be- 
came an extensive confectioner and large 
importer of foreign fruit. He amassed con- 
siderable wealth. He owned a large inter- 
est in a steamboat and lost $80,000 by the 
burning of the same and through the failure 
of a bank. He removed his family to Wash- 
ington about 1834, and followed the same 
business there. He died while on a visit to 
Norfolk, Va., in 1850 in his 68th year. His 
wife, who was Mary Stittinious and mofher 
of our subject, survived him a few years. 
Of their five children, all but one survive. 

Dr. D. S. Williams, 254 Carroll, Wood- 
berry. 

This gentleman w-as born September 4th, 
1844, on a farm in York county. Pa. He is 
a son of Luther M. and Mary A. (Allison) 
Williams. The elder Williams, when our 
subject was a boy, was assistant supervisor 
for the Baltimore and Susquehanna R. R. 
Co., now the Northern Central, and in 
order to be at a more convenient point, re- 
moved his family to Baltimore about 185 1. 
Here our subject attended private and pul)- 
lic schools until the age of 18, when he be- 
gan his studies under Dr. E. W. Free, of 
New Freedom, Pa. He entered the Uni- 
versity of Maryland in 1863. was grad- 



946 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



uated in 1865, and immediately began the 
practice of his profession at Oakland, Ralti- 
more county, where he remained until 1874, 
when he located at his present address, 
which was then Woodberry. From Janu- 
ary 1st, 1879, to the present time he has rep- 
resented the N. C. Railway as Company's 
surgeon at Woodberry continuously. On 
May 1st, 1880, he was appointed by Gov. 
Wm. T. Hamilton, Registrar of Voters 
Ninth District of Baltimore county: on 
May 1st, 1882, was appointed Visiting and 
Consulting Physician to Baltimore county 
Almshouse, '"Uj^lands Home," Texas, Bal- 
timore county. On May ist, 1888, he was 
appointed Sanitary Inspector of Baltimore 
county; about one month later Woodberry 
became part of the city of Baltimore, and 
Doctor Williams was appointed by Mayor 
Latrobe as City Sanitary Inspector, which 
office he has held ever since. 

He married, April 29th, 1869, Miss Ida 
W., daughter of Henry Hush of Baltimore; 
their children are: Annie C, a school 
teacher, and Clarence D., a druggist. 

Doctor Williams is a Democrat. His 
professional career has been very honorable 
and eminently successful. He is deserving 
of the great esteem in which he is held. 

Luther M. Williams, the father of our sub- 
ject, received a connnon school education, 
and began life as a cart-bo_\- when the Balti- 
more & Susfjuehaiuia R. R. Co. was con- 
structing its road. He later assisted in the 
construction of many small roads through 
this section of the country. He worked 
himself up to the position of assistant super- 
visor for the Company, and acted in this 
capacity until his retirement to his farm in 
Baltimore county, where he still resides. 
He was born in the above county in 1S19. 



His wife. Mary, is deceased. Their children 
are: our subject, D. S.; Jennie_ (Mrs. Eli S. 
Brown), of Baltimore; H. Benton, farmer; 
Mary E., maiden lady at home; Annie E., 
maiden lady at home; L. Meredith, farmer, 
at home. 

Abraham Williams, grandfather of our 
subject, was a native of Baltimore county, 
Md., where he died. He was a farmer by 
occupation, and took part in the Iiattle of 
North Point. 

Dr. Joseph Von Kuell, 1132 N. Car- 
rollton avenue. 

The subject of this sketch comes of an 
old and distinguished family of Vienna, 
Austria, where he was born Aug. 19, 1848. 
After receiving his primary education he 
was a pupil at the Military School for four 
years. In his seventeenth year he entered 
the Austrian Army and was later promoted 
to first lieutenant; in connection with his 
duties as a soldier he took up the study of 
medicine at a medical college in Vienna, 
from which he graduated in 1877. He was 
connected with the army for fifteen years, 
and took an active part in the Revolution. 
In 1869, at the battle of Cattaro South Dal- 
mation, he received twenty-two wounds, 
which necessitated his being confined in the 
hospital for three years. For his bravery on 
the field of battle he received three medals, 
and after his discharge from the hospital 
he took up his residence in Vienna, receiv- 
ing the pension of a retired army officer 
from the Austrian Government up to five 
years after his coming to America. He lo- 
cated in New York, where he practiced for 
a short time, then came to Baltimore and 
for a few years practiced his profession 
here, abandoning it to accept the position of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAXD. 



947 



solicitor for a company, which position he 
still holds. 

He was married March 5, i8gi, to Miss 
i\Iary Miller, daughter of Jacob Miller, a 
native of Germany, now a resident of New 
York City. Mrs. \'on Kuell was born in 
Germany in 1870, and when fourteen years 
of age came with her parents to New York 
City, where she resided until her marriage. 

Jacob \'on Kuell, father of our subject, 
was a native of Vienna, Austria. For many 
years after reaching manhood, he served as 
Governor of an Austrian province. He 
died in Vienna where his wife also passed 
away. She was before marriage Anna Von 
Stockinger. Four children blessed their 
union, viz: Jacob, a general in the Aus- 
trian Army; Alex, Mine Inspector for the 
Austrian Government; Elizabeth (Mrs. 
Alex. Von Meyer), and Dr. Von Kuell, our 
subject. 

Jacob Von Kuell, grandfather of subject, 
was of the Austrian nobility, and held a 
high government position. 

J. Percy Wade, Physician and Superin- 
tendent of Spring Grove Asylum, Catons- 
ville. 

Dr. J. Percy Wade was born October 22, 
1869, in Montgomery county, Va. About 
1872 his father moved his family to Balti- 
more. He received his education in the 
public schools, and for four years was a 
student at Baltimore City College, where 
he made rapid progress in the various 
branches of study. His early impressions 
were decidedly in favor of a professional 
career. He entered Johns Hopkins Uni- 
versity, where he successfully studied for 
one year, after which he took a three years' 
course at the College of Physicians and 
Surgeons, graduating in April, 1891. For 



a time he was resident physician at the col- 
lege. In April of the same year he was ap- 
pointed second assistant at Spring Grove 
Asylum; was later promoted to first assist- 
ant, and in April, 1896, was appointed su- 
perintendent. 

He is an independent voter. 

His father, John J. Wade, recently de- 
ceased, was a prominent attorney in Balti- 
more. 

Sydney O. Heiskell, Quarantine Phy- 
sician, P. O. Box 231, Baltimore City, Md. 

Our subject was born at Washington, D. 
C, in 1854, and was reared by his grand- 
father, Samuel J. Gouverneur, who was 
Secretary of State under Monroe. His 
father, Henry Lee Heiskell, who for many 
years prior to his death was Surgeon Gen- 
eral in the United States Army, died when 
the Doctor was but an infant. 

Our subject was educated at Mt. St. 
Mary's College, near Emmettsburg, Md., 
and at St. John's College, Annapolis, Md. 
He began his medical studies at Baltimore 
School of Physicians and Surgeons, gradu- 
ating in 1 88 1, after which for one year he 
was connected with Bay View Asylum. He 
was later connected with the Spring Grove 
Asylum for one and a half years. He was 
afterwards appointed assistant at the Quar- 
antine Hospital in January, 1882. At the 
beginning of the awful small-pox epidemic 
in January, 1881, Dr. James McHenr\ 
Howard was in charge of the hospital, 
which was then opposite Fort McHenry. 
So inadequate were the hospital facilities 
that when the scourge reached its height, 
tents were erected upon the grounds for the 
accommodation of jjaticnts. Since 1883 
Doctor Heiskell has treated one thousand 



948 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



two hundred and fifty small-pox cases. 
From June i, 1883, when the last patient of 
this awful epidemic was discharged from the 
hospital, no more small-pox cases came un- 
der his treatment until May, 1894. At this 
time the "South Before the War" troupe 
was playing an engagement in Baltimore, 
and it was discovered that one of the mem- 
bers had a mild case of the disease. From 
this one nineteen others contracted the 
disease and were sent to the hospital, four 
deaths resulting. Doctor Heiskell was ap- 
pointed Quarantine Physician November 
I, 1884. The old hospital was abandoned 
and in June, 1884, the present one was 
opened. Since then the Doctor has devoted 
much of his time to beautifying the build- 
ings and surrounding grounds, and has suc- 
ceeded in changing what was once a wilder- 
ness into one of the most beautiful places 
imaginable. 

He was married in March, 1883, to ]\Iiss 
Addie C. Townsend, of Baltimore county. 
She died in Februan,-, 1884. The Doctor 
is a member of the Monday Social Club, 
Baltimore. 

His mother, who was Miss Gouverneur 
before marriage, was a direct descendant 
of President Monroe. Her father, Samuel 
L. Gouveneur, had been married twice. 
His second wife was a Miss Lee, and first 
cousin of Gen. Robert E. Lee. She is at 
present living in Frederick county, Md. 

Thomas B. Horton, M. D., South Bal- 
timore. 

Of the prominent young physicians in 
the suburbs of Baltimore none are more 
worthy of mention than Dr. Thomas B. 
Horton, of South Baltimore. His father, 
Timmas C. Horton, of a prominent old 



family of the Old North State, was a native 
of Franklin county. On completing a com- 
mon school education he was proficient 
enough to teach, having fitted himself for 
that profession by self-instruction, in addi- 
tion to his regular school work. Teaching 
but a few years, his many excellent quali- 
ties attracted the attention of Mr. W. K. 
Davis, Clerk of the Court of Franklin 
county, and Mr. Horton was offered the 
position of assistant clerk, which he filled so 
satisfactorily that two years later he was 
elected to succeed his principal as Clerk of 
the Court. His conduct of the affairs of the 
clerkship was so thorough and business- 
like that his constituents were loth to part 
with his service, and kept him continuously 
in office for sixteen years. 

Subsequently he served as Register of 
Deeds for two years, and then retired from 
public life, meriting a well-earned rest. 
Purchasing a large tract of farming land 
near the county seat, he retired to the quiet 
and rest of a country life, which he enjoyed 
for a number of years, and then removed 
to Louisburg intending to spend his declin- 
ing years here, having by business tact and 
judgment, through economy and good in- 
vestments, amassed a comfortable fortune. 
He was cut off in 1882 at the comparatively 
early age of fifty-nine. His wife, who sur- 
vives him, was Miss JNIaria H. Hollings- 
worth, of one of the old families of the State. 

Mr. Horton was a member of the Baptist 
Church. His demise was lamented by all 
who knew him, he having through his long 
years of public service endeared himself to 
the entire population, who for so many 
years honored themselvt-s in honoring him. 
He was all in all a man to be admired. 

Dr. Thomas B. Horton was born in 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



949 



Loiiisburg, N. C, September 24, 1866. He 
attended the public schools and academy 
of his native city, from which he graduated 
at the early age of sixteen. Deciding upon 
medicine as his profession he secured a po- 
sition in the drug store of Dr. J. B. Clifton, 
of Louisburg, where he studied pharmacy 
and medicine until 1888, when he came to 
Baltimore to enter the Baltimore Medical 
College, from which he was graduated in 
1 89 1. Shortly after graduation he pur- 
chased his present store in South Baltimore, 
and offered his services as a healer to the 
citizens of that portion of the city. That 
his worth has been appreciated is indicated 
by his success, which was marked from the 
first, and his practice has grown to be a 
very lucrative one, as has trade in his store. 

Recognizing his ability as a physician 
and surgeon, the numerous corporations 
were not slow to secure his services for their 
many employes. He is serving officially for 
the Baltimore Sugar Refinery, South Balti- 
more Car Works, South Baltimore Foun- 
dry Company, Ryan & McDonald's Manu- 
facturing Company, Curtis Bay Brass and 
Aletal Works, and the Diamond Soap 
Works. 

September 27, 1895, when the delivery 
system was extended to the suburbs. Doctor 
Horton was appointed superintendent of 
Station No. 13, of South Baltimore, which 
position he is filling to the satisfaction of 
all patrons of the office. 

Doctor Horton is a member of the Im- 
proved Order of Heptasophs, and in poli- 
tics is an independent Democrat. 

The Doctor was married June 14. 1892, 
to Miss Blanche Ouaid, of Annapolis. One 
child has blessed their union, born ^Mgrch 
20, 1893. 



Dr. J. Bryox Robinson, Brooklyn, Anne 
Arundel county. 

Dr. J. Byron Robinson, of Brooklyn, 
Anne Arundel county, a prosperous suburb 
of Baltimore, is a descendant of one of the 
old colonial families of Maryland. His re- 
mote ancestors came from Scotland, bring- 
ing with them the sturdy qualities of mind 
and body of the old Covenanters. They 
trace their lineage without a break far back 
into the twelfth century, and in later gener- 
ations were closely allied with the Stuarts, 
the royal family of Scotland. 

Thorton Fleming Robinson, Sr., grand- 
father of our subject, was a native of Mary- 
land. For many years he was a prosperous 
merchant of Baltimore, and died in that city 
in the third decade of the present century. 
He was a soldier in the War of 1812, and 
was probably in the battle of North Point. 
His son, Joseph, served with distinction in 
the same war, and came out of the service 
with the rank of general. 

Thorton Fleming Robinson, Jr., father 
of the Doctor, was born in Baltimore in the 
year 1799. He was educated in the private 
schools of the city, and on attaining matur- 
ity entered the real estate business, in which 
he was engaged the greater part of his life. 
In political views he was a firm supporter of 
the Whig party, and took an active part in 
politics. He was a vigorous supporter of 
the party candidates, but refrained from ac- 
cepting nomination for any office for him- 
self. His death occurred in Queen Anne 
county, ]\Id., in 1872, at which time he was 
living a quiet, peaceful life. He had always 
beeji a consistent member of the Episcopal 
Church, and died happy in the faith that had 
sustained him through the trials and vicis- 
situdes of life. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Doctor Robinson, of this sketch, was 
born in Baltimore. Here his childhood and 
school days were spent, and here in 1858 his 
medical studies began under the tutelage of 
Doctor Dunbar. Entering the Medical 
School of the University of Maryland, he 
received his diploma in the spring of 1862, 
opening an office in Baltimore in the fall of 
that year. 

Securing a position as surgeon^ in the 
United States Army, with the rank of cap- 
tain, he remained in the service si.x years, 
being stationed at various army posts 
throughout the South. 

He was considered a skillful and efficient 
surgeon, and it was regretted by all with 
whom he came in contact when he decided 
to sever his connection with the National 
military service and resign. On his retire- 
ment from Government employ, Dr. Robin- 
son located at Savannah, Ga., remaining 
eight years. At the end of that time he 
opened his present ofifice, and from that day 
until the present his success has been un- 
questioned. In connection with his prac- 
tice, to insure the proper filling of his pre- 
scriptions, the Doctor opened a drug store, 
which is now in charge of his son, while he 
gives his princijjal attention to his ever- 
increasing practice. He married in 1865 
Miss Addie Gros Claude. Her death oc- 
curred in 1877, lamented by a wide circle of 
loving friends. Their only son, Frederick 
F., a graduate in medicine, is now with his 
father in full charge of the store. The Doc- 
tor is a member of the leading medical so- 
cieties of Georgia and Maryland. In poli- 
tics he is a Democrat, and while taking a 
lively interest in all political issues of the 
day, cannot be induced to come out from 
his private life and accept office. 



In religious belief he is a consistent mem- 
ber of the Episcopal Church. 

Francis Moore Darby, Treasurer of the 
Safe Deposit and Trust Company, of Balti- 
more, is a son of the late Charles A. and 
Martha (Chandler) Darby, who were de- 
scended from early English settlers of 
Montgomery county, Md. Mr. Darby was 
born near Monrovia, Frederick county, 
Md., March 11, 1838. 

He completed his education at Rockville 
Academy, and immediately thereafter en- 
tered upon the study of the law, under the 
])receptorship of Hon. James Dixon Ro- 
man, in Hagerstown, Md. He was admitted 
to the bar in November, 1858, and early 
evidenced that native ability which led to 
the prominence he soon attained as orator, 
careful counsellor and successful lawyer. 
In 1859 Mr. Darby married Louisa Ken- 
nedy, a daughter of Benjamin Price, and 
granddaughter of John Kennedy. Mrs. 
Darby died twenty years later, or on July 
5-1879. 

In those troublous times of 1863. when 
it cost men much to maintain Union senti- 
ments, especially in Maryland, ]\Ir. Darby 
accepted the Republican nomination for 
State's Attorney of Washington county and 
was elected. This was the inception of his 
public service. Subsequently and often 
when defeat seemed inevitable, his party 
leaders appealed to him, and never in vain. 
Throughout many campaigns he abandoned 
his considerable law practice and its emolu- 
ments to further the interests of his party. 
In 1859 he had been defeated as a candidate 
for State's Attorney. In 1869 he again, 
with his party ticket, met defeat for the 
Uegislaturc. In 1871 the same result at- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



951 



tended his candidacy for State Senator, al- 
though he was beaten in this contest by only 
eleven votes, and he was genuinely fright- 
ened lest he might be elected and thus com- 
pelled to abandon his profession during a 
too protracted stay at Annapolis. In 1879 
some exceptional recognition of his services 
was accorded to him, and he accepted the 
nomination for Attorney General of Mary- 
land, when Hon. James A. Gary was the 
candidate for Governor. In the spirited 
and vigorous contest that ensued, Mr. Dar- 
by led his ticket by a flattering vote of sev- 
eral hundred. 

Early in his public life, or in 1859, Mr. 
Darby gave evidence of clear msight into 
financial affairs. He consented to accept a 
seat as director in the Hagerstown Bank, 
where he served for twenty-five years, act- 
ing also as the bank's attorney. He also 
became president of the "Washington 
County Insurance Company." For a 
number of times also he served as a mem- 
ber of the Republican State Central Com- 
mittee. During that period of service, from 
i860 to 1882, he served his county in State, 
county, judiciary and other conventions al- 
most w^holly without interruption. As will 
be gathered from the above, Mr. Darby fias, 
from the first, been a zealous worker for his 
party. State, and the general welfare. 

His services were given w^hen his party 
was in the minority and were accentuated 
by an absence of any reasonable hope of 
personal reward, other than an approving 
conscience and the making of hosts of 
friends. 

Mr. Darby w-as appointed August 18, 
1882, by President Arthur to the responsi- 
ble position of Assistant Treasurer of the 
United States at Baltimore, which he held 



until 1886. The latter part of his tenure 
extended into President Cleveland's first 
term. Mr. Darby's retirement from this 
office was regretted by Mr. Cleveland's 
United States Treasurer, Mr. Conrad N. 
Jordan, because of the latter's appreciation 
of the business-like conduct of his office in 
connection with the Central Office at Wash- 
ington. Mr. Darby was appointed June i, 
1890, treasurer of the Safe Deposit & Trust 
Company of Baltimore. His peculiar fit- 
ness in such an enkrged field of general use- 
fulness had been seen and was thus recog- 
nized. His identification with Baltimore's 
growth, development and material interests 
has accordingly been thus cemented. He 
is a director in the Union Railroad Com- 
pany and director in and treasurer of the 
Merchants' and Manufacturers' Permanent 
Building and Loan Association of Balti- 
more, and a member of the Young ^Nlen's 
Republican Club and Columbian Club. 

In early manhood Mr. Darby united with 
the Presbyterian Church at Hagerstown, 
but a few years ago "Christian Science" as 
taught by Mrs. Mary Baker G. Eddy was 
brought to his attention, and by careful 
study of her text-book, "Science and Health 
with Key to the Scriptures," he is thor- 
oughly convinced that she has given to 
humanity the guide that will lead every one 
who follows it to real practical Christianity 
the same as Christ came to establish; a 
Christianity which reveals health, holiness 
and happiness, even the kingdom of God 
here and now, and enables man to enter into 
them as his inheritance; a Christianity which 
must result in the universa'i brotherhood of 
man. 

Mr. Darby was married, October 25, 
iSSi, to Miss Ella V., daughter of John S. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Leib, late treasurer of the Northern Cen- 
tral Railway Company. 

Mr. Charles Goldsborough, whose 
identification with this city's growth, devel- 
opment and rank as a great metropolis, has 
been noteworthy, began his active business 
career in 1865, as head of the firm of Golds- 
borough & Tate, jobbers and dealers in 
wines, brandies and whiskies. 

Before recounting his public life here, it 
seems not amiss to trace his ancestry. His 
father, Hon. William T. Goldsborough, 
lived in Dorchester county, Md., and died in 
Baltimore. The ancestral manor there, 
"Horn's Point," only a few miles below 
Cambridge, was second to no other planta- 
tion in the county, as regards productive- 
ness of soil and beauty of location. Our 
subject's father was a "gentleman of the old 
school," of unswerving integrity, imtarn- 
ished character, proud, and justly so, of de- 
scent from a line of Maryland's honored 
sons; and honored himself (whenever he 
would accept public trusts) by his constitu- 
ents. Three terms he served as State Sena- 
tor for Dorchester and he was a member of 
the Peace Commission in 1861. In 1867 he 
consented once more to serve his country 
and State as a member of tlie Constitutional 
Convention. 

The paternal grandfather of the subject 
of this sketch, after whom he was named, 
was Hon. Charles Goldsborough, once 
Governor of Maryland. He, too, the Gov- 
ernor, was a native of Dorchester county, 
his ancestors having .come to Aniericn in 
1636. 

Mr. Charles Gold.sborough's mother. 
Miss Lloyd, was a daughter of Hon. Ed- 
ward Lloyd, of "Wye," Talbot county, and 



one of the foremost orators and most noted 
gentlemen of the State. He, too, was once 
Governor of Maryland. It is somewhat 
unique therefore, and an extremely agreea- 
ble reflection to note two Governors in this 
one family, and on each side of the line. The 
subject hereof, however, has ever been too 
busy a man to embrace political life, per se. 
He was born at Annapolis in 1839, during 
one of the periods of his father's service 
there as State Senator. Carefully educated, 
he completed his scholastic training at the 
"Balmar School," West Chester, Pa., and 
began his active business life in Baltimore 
in 1857, when he entered the counting room 
of Lambert Gittings & Co., the most exten- 
sive shippers of that date here. 

In i860 Mr. Goldsborough made a trip 
to the West Indies for them. On his re- 
turn he was tendered, and declined, a part- 
nership in their extensive business, prefer- 
ring to cast his lot and fortunes with the 
Confederacy. He accepted the post of a 
commissioned officer in the Confederate 
States Navy, serving under Capt. Smith 
Lee, a brother of Gen. Robert E. Lee, at 
Drury's Bluff, where he was, during the 
troublous days incident to that campaign 
(Drury's Bluff being the one stronghold 
never captured), ordered away, to another 
scene. Captain Lee made a personal appli- 
cation to Secretary Mallory for his reten- 
tion. The naval service finally became use- 
less, so Mr. Goldsborough enlisted in the 
First ]\Liryland Light Artillery and sur- 
rendered at .\])i>oniattox. His commission 
in the navy came from the strong personal 
recommendation of Admiral Buchanan, en- 
dorsed by Gen. R. E. Lee. Atlmiral Bu- 
chanan was an uncle by marriage of ]\[r. 
Goldstorough. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



953 



The firm in which Mr. Goldsborough is 
such a conspicuous member controls that 
luxury of "bon vivants," known the world 
over as Wilson Whiskey. Their distillery 
has a capacity of one thousand bushels of 
rye per day, with a yield of one hundred 
barrels per day of "the finest rye whiskey 
in the world." 

With $500,000 capital invested in the 
business, and with practically unlimited 
means outside of the enterprise, Mr. Golds- 
borough's firm can and does compete with 
the world. They are recognized as the lead- 
ing distillers of whiskey in North America. 
Mr. Goldsborough, is, however, widely 
known and his counsel sought in many 
other spheres. He is the president of both 
the ?,Ierchants' and Athaeneum Clubs in 
Baltimore, and governor of the Maryland 
Club. The first named of these organiza- 
tions, the Merchants', is an aggregation, at 
once, of the most influential, opulent and 
potent citizens of this great metropolis. The 
commodious and artistically equipped build- 
ing occupied and owned by this club is one 
of the features of the city. He is also a 
member of the Elkridge Fox and Hunting 
Club, and holds membership as well in the 
Manhattan and Commercial Clubs of New 
York. 

In financial circles in which he moves, 
Mr. Goldsborough's counsels are in request, 
a statement accentuated by a glance at the 
trusts imposed upon him. Among these 
may be cited his directorship in the National 
Union Bank, which he has held for many 
years. In 1865 he married Miss Gait, a 
daughter of James Gait, of Fluvanna coun- 
ty, Va., an opulent planter and owner of 
four thousand acres of the finest farming 
land in the United States. The children are 



five boys and two girls, named respectively: 
Charles, William Fitzhugh, Robert G., 
Francis C, Lilvurn C. One daughter is the 
wife of Mr. Francis H. Purnell, clerk of 
Worcester county. ]\Id. The other is Ellen 
Lloyd, unmarried. 

From the above facts it may be truthfully 
said that Mr. Goldsborough has contrib- 
uted, and largely, too, to the material ad- 
vancement, progress and general welfare of 
this city. His time, talents and means have 
all been employed here, and the results have 
been seen and felt accordingly. 

J. Pembroke Thom, M. D., was born in 
Culpeper county, \'a., at "Berry Hill," his 
father's large estate, on March 13, 1828. 

On the paternal side Doctor Thom was 
the son of Col. John Thom, a Mrginian by 
birth, and an officer in the War of 1812. He 
also served his State as a State Senator, and 
was for many years a high sheriff, serving 
several successive terms. That office was, 
at that period, one of much dignity and re- 
quired a familiar and thorough knowledge 
of law and jurisprudence. Colonel Thom 
was a lawyer and therefore measured up to 
these requirements of the situation. His 
early training had been under the tutorship 
of the Rev. William Woodville, of St. 
Mark's parish, a custom then much in 
vogue being the education and instruction 
of Virginia gentry by clergymen. Colonel 
Thom was the eldest of several brothers and 
brought into his equipment for his after life 
service another quality. To perfect his early 
scholastic training then, he taught his own 
brothers, thus qualifying himself in part for 
the exacting duties of his subsequent judi- 
cial career. He inherited the ancestral 
manor from his father, and was a man of 



•54 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



large means, even for those days. He lived 
to the ripe old age of 84, and the world is 
always made better by the lives of just such 
men. 

The Tlioms are of Scotch descent, and 
the progenitor of the Virginian branch of 
the family was Alexander Thom, the father 
of Col. John Thom, and the paternal grand- 
father, of course, of our subject. After the 
battle of Culleden, Alex. Thom, who was 
engaged therein, made his escape with some 
others and came to Virginia, settling in 
Westmoreland county, but subsequently 
moved to Culpeper county, as we have 
seen. There he married Elizabeth Triplett, 
a daughter of John Triplett, a name rich in 
associations of high character and patriot- 
ism throughout American history of that 
early period. Ale.x. Thom was a soldier in 
Scotland, as has been said, and a man of 
affairs. He was one of the gentry there and 
here and no higher tribute can well be be- 
stowed than that of "a gentleman." 

Doctor Thom's mother was a Miss Abby 
D'Hart Mayo, a daughter of Col. William 
Mayo, of "Powhaton Seat," Va. Her mo- 
ther was a Miss Portress, of Virginia. This 
historic country seat has been in the Mayo 
family for many generations. 

The early education of the subject of this 
article was conducted under the personal 
supervision of his father. He subsequently 
attended the "Old Field Schools," of his 
father's neighborhood. These were not anal- 
ogous to the free school systems of this 
period, but were institutions of high grade 
and exacting pay for the tuition imparted. 
He soon afterwards entered the academv 
in Fredericksburg, Va., conducted under 
Thos. H. Hanson, Esq. Leaving this acad- 
emy. Doctor Thom entered the United 



States Army as a lieutenant of the Eleventh 
Regiment of Infantry and saw much service 
in it in Mexico at the battles of National 
Bridge, Chihuahua, and other points. After 
leaving the army he studied medicine with 
his brother. Dr. William Ale.x. Thom, of 
Eastrella, Northampton county. Va., and 
subsequently at the University of Virginia, 
and thence perfected this branch of his edu- 
cation by graduating from the Jefiferson 
University of Philadelphia, Pa., as an M. D. 
What may be regarded as the pivotal or 
turning point in his career occurred at this 
epoch. An opportunity was presented just 
then for a competitive contest, before the 
Naval Board, for an examination of candi- 
dates seeking the post of Surgeon in the 
Navy. High as the prima facie evidence 
was of owning a diploma from the Jefiferson 
University, the Naval Board demanded of 
the applicants still other examinations at 
their hands. Doctor Thom passed as "No. 
2" in his large class of competitors, and 
was immediately assigned to sea service in 
the good ship"Savannah,"a staunch United 
States frigate, as assistant surgeon, for a 
period of more than three years. He re- 
signed from the Navy and married Miss 
Ella Lee Wright, of Baltimore. She died 
just prior to the breaking out of the Civil 
War, leaving two children, De Couisey W. 
Thom and Pembroke Lee Thom, both of 
whom are still living. The Doctor espoused 
the cause of the Confederacy, and entered 
that service as captain of a battalion of reg- 
ulars. He was wounded a number of times, 
and a bullet struck him immediately over 
the heart at the battle of Kernstown. The 
bullet hit his E5ible in his breast pocket, thus 
saving his life. The Doctor cherishes that 
Bible to this day as a precious souvenir of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



955 



this miraculous escape from death. He 
reeled, staggered and fell from the shock, 
however, and was subsequently determined 
by a board of examiners to be unable to dis- 
charge the duties of full service. He was 
for this reason assigned to the superintend- 
ence of transfer of troops from Richmond 
down the Peninsula. His health not mater- 
ially improving, he ran the blockade from 
Charleston to Bermuda, eluding the Fed- 
eral gunboats by only a few rods, after hav- 
ing crossed the lines of boundary. After a 
somewhat protracted sojourn in Bermuda 
in fruitless quest of health, he finally rejoin- 
ed his family for a brief period in Canada, 
the meeting taking place at Niagara Falls. 
Thence he went to England and the Conti- 
nent for health, and remained abroad till 
1866. Three years prior to that date, or in 
1863, he married his second and present 
wife, who was a Miss Catherine G. Rey- 
nolds, of Kentucky. They were married at 
Leamington in England. With compara- 
tively restored health he returned to Balti- 
more in 1866, purchasing the residence 
which he has ever since occupied. 

In politics Doctor Thom has always been 
a party man, but not a partisan. No party 
whip nor dicta of party boss has ever been 
able to swerve him from the individuality 
and uprightness which have been such con- 
spicuous traits in the man. He once con- 
sented to serve for one term in the first 
branch and one term in the second branch 
of the Baltimore City Council. In 1884 he 
again consented to an election to the Gen- 
eral Assembly, when he was recognized as 
the most available man for Speaker of the 
House of Delegates. He declined a re-nom- 
ination, however, and was succeeded by his 
son, Mr. Pembroke Lee Thom. Doctor 



Thom was president of the first Cleveland 
Club ever established in the United States. 
After the membership had mounted beyond 
one thousand he ceased to publish the 
names. Being uijon a footing of warm per- 
sonal status with President Cleveland, Sec- 
retary Manning, and most of the Maryland 
delegation in both branches of Congress, 
this Cleveland Club matter quite naturally 
brought him into official recognition. He 
was accordingly "slated" for the coUector- 
ship of the Port of Baltimore, a position 
sought for him by his friends. As will be 
gathered from a perusal of the facts here 
noted, Doctor Thom has been from the first 
more wedded to private and humanitarian 
pursuits than to official and political affairs. 
The collectorsliip, therefore, fell through. 
And now we come to another phase of char- 
acter, accentuating the true status of such 
men as deserve perpetuation in civic mem- 
ory. 

"I regard myself and such means as I 
have, as a stewardship," once remarked our 
subject. It will be pertinent to note results 
or fruitage bearing upon and emphasizing 
this expression, "By their fruits ye shall 
know them." For a number of years Doc- 
tor Thom gave his time, talents and means 
as president to the furtherance of the lines 
of action incident to the management and 
conduct of the Spring Grove Asylum, one 
of the admirable institutions of our State. 
Doctor Thom served as president of this 
institution for many years, resigning upon 
the successive Gubernatorial changes, only 
to be reappointed. Our subject also was 
one of the founders and establishers of that 
most praiseworthy institution known as the 
Hospital for Women in this city. He re- 
signed its presidency, finally, after many 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



years of active connection. The institution 
was the initial one of its character in Mary- 
land and forestalled the demand, always 
urgent, of a subsequent institution, the 
Johns Hopkins Hospital. Both are regu- 
larly filled, and thus will be seen the intui- 
tive perception of the humane trend which 
marks our subject. 

In church affiliations Doctor Thorn is a 
Protestant Episcopalian, a vestryman in- 
deed of over a quarter of a century's stand- 
ing. In that time he has been president of 
the board of church trustees of Christ's P. 
E. Church Orphan Asylum and allied insti- 
tutions. He is also a member of many years' 
standing of the Diocesan Convention of the 
P. E. Church of Maryland, and has been a 
zealous and regular attendant upon its vari- 
ous sessions. He was a member of the 
building committee of Christ's P. E. 
Church, and did heroic work in that field, 
contributing his means, talents and ripe ex- 
perience and connections to the consumma- 
tion, i. c, the completion of the church. For 
twenty years or more Doctor Thorn has 
been an ardent advocate before the General 
Assembly for suitable appropriations for the 
lunatics in our institutions. The Maryland 
Asylum and Training School for the Feeble 
Minded, under its stewards, attests the ser- 
vices of men who aided in its foundation by 
the names given to its various buildings. 
These are called "Gundry," "Pembroke" 
and "Thom" respectively. 

Two sons, H. R. INIayo and J. Pembroke 
Thom are the issue of Doctor Thom's sec- 
ond marriage, making four sons by both 
marriages, all surviving. 

r.y such men as our subject are our great 
metropolitan centers developed, expanded 
and made notable. 



Hon. Ferdinand C. Latrobe is so well 
and favorably known, especially in Balti- 
more, that a mere compilation of facts re- 
lating to his ancestral line, and his career, 
will prove instructive. He comes of a fam- 
ily highly distinguished in Maryland his- 
tory. The son of that eminent lawyer and 
scholar, John H. B. Latrobe, and nephew 
of the famous engineer B. H. Latrobe, who 
carried the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
over the Alleghany mountains, he was born 
in Baltimore, October 14, 1833, and was 
educated at the College of St. James, Wash- 
ington county, Md. He studied law with 
his father, and after being admitted to the 
bar, in 1858, became assistant counsel of the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, 
and has participated in most of the import- 
ant suits to which the corporation has been 
a party in the Maryland Court of Appeals. 
His early manifested inclination for public 
life was gratified by an election to the House 
of Delegates of the General Assembly of 
1868, when he was acting chairman during 
the entire session of the Ways and Means 
Committee. He was thoroughly a working 
member, and the author of various import- 
ant measures, among wliich was the mili- 
tary law. Gov. Thomas Swann appointed 
him Judge Advocate General, and he and 
Adjt. Gen. John S. Berry were main- 
ly instrumental in organizing eleven fine 
regiments of militia. He was re-elected to 
the General .\ssembly, and was elected 
Speaker of the House of Delegates, where 
he made an honorable record as presiding 
officer. He took the stump for Greeley and 
Brown in 1872, and the ne.xt year was a can- 
didate for the Democratic nomination for 
mayor of Baltimore, but was defeated by 
Joshua \"ansant. In 1875 he was again a 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



957 



candidate, receiving the nomination, and 
was elected in October of that year. His 
administration was characterized by a num- 
ber of reforms in the municipal government, 
especially the abolishment of the extrava- 
gant Port Wardens' Department and the 
city yard, and the substitution of the Harbor 
Board, consisting of seven gentlemen, who 
serve without pay, and have charge of all 
matters appertaining to the harbor. In con- 
nection with the officials of the National 
Government, they have secured a depth of 
twenty-five feet, or more, in the channels, so 
that the largest class of steamships can now 
enter the port. The improvements of Jones's 
Falls ; the replacement of the cobble stones 
by Belgian block pavements; the institution 
of an admirable system of fire alarm tele- 
graph; a reduction of the annual municipal 
expenses $400,000; and of the tax rate of 
assessed property; the refunding of the $5,- 
000,000 of six per cent, debt at five per cent., 
and the exemption of the plant and machin- 
ery of manufacturers from city taxation — 
are achievements connected with Mayor 
Latrobe's administration. In 1877 he was 
a candidate for re-nomination, and was de- 
feated by the late Col. George P. Kane, but 
upon Colonel Kane's death, in 1878, Mr. 
Latrobe was elected to fill out the unexpired 
term, and was re-nominated and re-elected 
in 1879. In 1881 he withdrew from the con- 
test for the re-nomination, which was con- 
ferred upon Hon. William Pinkney Whyte. 
To summarize the official mayoralty status 
of General Latrobe, it may be sufficient to 
state that he has served seven times as 
mayor of this great municipality, an event, 
or series of events and trusts, without a pre- 
cedent, it is believed, in any other American 
city. General Latrobe's talents are of a 



character too useful to the public to be con- 
fined to the limited sphere of individual sta- 
tion, and it is safe to say that Baltimore has 
never had an executive who has kept a bet- 
ter official record, or who has earned a bet- 
ter right to the public gratitude and recol- 
lection. The wise and conservative policy 
which he inaugurated, and the practical 
benefits and reforms which have been ac- 
complished during his administrations will 
make themselves felt for many years to 
come, and will doubtless lead the way by 
their example to the still further improve- 
ment of the public service. General La- 
trobe is a pleasing orator; a well read law- 
yer, and a financier of imcommon ability. 
For a long term of years he was counsel for 
the late Thos. Winans & Co., and when Mr. 
Winans died he was chosen attorney for the 
executors of that immense estate. 

He was married in i860 to a daughter of 
Hon. Thomas Swann, who died in 1865. 
leaving one son; and in 1880 he was married 
to the wiclow of Thomas Swann, Jr. 

Full of honors; ripe in experience gained 
in the benefits conferred upon the body poli- 
tic ; enjoying his earned laurels. General La- 
trobe is an example of men who are poten- 
tial factors in the development of our great 
American municipalities. 

Mr. John A. Whitridge, Banker, Bank 
President and gentleman of afifairs, comes 
of English descent on both sides. Before 
entering into the details of his career, how- 
ever, a glance at the paternal head of the 
family will be eminently proper. 

His father, John Whitridge, M. D., was 
born in Tiverton, R. I., March 23, 1783. He 
was the third son of a fainily of nine chil- 
dren w^ho reached adult life. His ancestors, 



958 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



as before stated, were of direct English de- 
scent on both sides. Their history is trace- 
able for several generations, and the Ameri- 
can branch is believed to have come from 
England with Governor Winthrop in 1630. 
The paternal grandfather was Thomas 
Whitridge, of Rochester, Mass. His wife 
was Hannah Haskell. His grandfather on 
the maternal side was John dishing, of 
Scituate, Mass., a colonel in the Army of 
the Revolution, a son of Judge John Gush- 
ing, and brother of Judge William Gushing, 
Ghief Justice of Massachusetts and for 
many years Associate Judge of the Supreme 
Judicial Gourt of the United States. He 
was appointed by President Washington, 
and was the immediate predecessor of Judge 
Story. His grandmother, on the maternal 
side, was Deborah Barker, a sister of Gen. 
Joshua Barker. His father. Dr. William 
Whitridge, was born in Rochester, Mass., 
1748. He was educated for a physician ac- 
cording to the custom of those days, under 
the immediate directions of the celebrated 
Doctor Perry, of New Bedford, Mass. 
There were then no courses of medical lec- 
tures of which he could avail himself. Har- 
\ard Univer.^it}', in 1823, conferred upon 
him the iionorary degree of Doctor of Medi- 
cine, He became a ripe scholar in theologi- 
cal, scientific and linguistic lines, and died 
at the ripe old age of 84, at Tiverton, in 
1831. His widow, Mary Gushing Whit- 
ridge. survivc<l him fourteen years, and died 
in 1846, aged S7. 

Dr. John Whitridge. tin- father of the sub- 
ject of this sketch, entered Fnion GoUege, 
• Schenectady, .\. V., ah.>nt i8i_', where he 
took the degrees of A. 1!. and A. M. He 
sul>se(|uently, or in iSiy, graduated in med- 
icine from Harvard University, and decided 



soon after to locate in the South. As a total 
stranger, therefore, he settled in Baltimore 
in the following year, 1820. For fifty-three 
years (until 1873) he was accordingly ac- 
tively engaged in practice here, devoting 
himself solely to the care of his patients, 
and positively declining all outside positions 
of trust and emolument that would in any 
measure interfere with his duty to those 
who had entrusted their lives and health to 
his care. 

His eldest brother, Dr. William Gushing 
Whitridge, settled in New Bedford, Mass., 
where he practiced his profession until his 
death. He was the father of the late Hora- 
tio L. Whitridge, a highly esteemed mer- 
chant of Baltimore. His second brother. 
Dr. Joshua Barker Whitridge, after resign- 
ing his position as surgeon in the army, set- 
tled in 1815 in Gharleston, S. G., where he 
died during the late war. His younger bro- 
ther, Thomas Whitridge, is a well known 
merchant of the city of Baltimore, exten- 
sively engaged in the Ghina and Rio trade. 
Doctor Whitridge was a vestryman of 
Glirist P. E. Ghurch. In politics he was a 
Whig, and during the Givil War a Union 
man. He died 23d of July, 1878, at Tiver- 
ton, R. I., full of honors and years. He mar- 
ried Gatherine Gocks Morris, of New York, 
a sister of Gen. William Morris, one of tiie 
most prominent lawyers of that city. Six 
children were born to Doctor Whitridge 
and his wife. Dr. William Whitridge is one 
of them. One of the daughters married Dr. 
Philip G. \\'illiams. and another Maj. 
Douglas H. Thomas, the widely known 
president of the Merchants' Xational Bank 
of this city. 

Mr. John .A. Whitridge, another son, and 
the subject of this sketch, thus comes of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



distinguished lineage. "As the twig is bent, 
etc." may be traceable in his Ufe work. By 
instinct, choice and natural fitness, there- 
fore, we find him engaged all along in the 
custody and management of financial inter- ■ 
ests. The steps from stock brokerage to 
private banking, culminating in his present 
status, /. e., president of the National Farm- 
ers' and Planters' Bank, accentuate the re- 
sourcefulness as well as the popular appre- 
ciation in which Mr. Whitridge's attain- 
ments are held by those who have known 
him best and longest. 

Such men as this one are integral factors 
in helping the development of a great mu- 
nicipality like Baltimore. For that reason 
they are perpetuated by insertion in a work 
of this character. 

Mr. James Sloan, Jr., President of the 
Farmers' and Merchants' National Bank of 
Baltimore, is conceded on all hands to be 
one of the most prominent financiers in this 
city and State. This is much to affirm, as 
this municipality can point with pardonable 
civic pride to not a few citizens of repute in 
that sphere. 

Mr. Sloan is a Baltimorean, and has been 
recognized and honored by his fellow-citi- 
zens, and that too upon "his native heath," 
to a degree at once suggestive of merit on 
the one hand and public recognition on the 
other. The bank over which he presides is 
an old, opulent and solid institution, char- 
tered in 1808, and ever since has been in the 
enjoyment of an unusual share of public 
confidence, both at home and abroad. This 
latter condition may be inferred, even ac- 
centuated, from a passing notice of the im- 
pressive list of its principal correspondents. 



These include in part that gigantic institu- 
tion, the National Park Bank, of New York 
City; The Western National Bank, of Phila- 
delphia, Pa.; The First National, of Boston; 
National Bank of Commerce, of St. Louis; 
Louisiana National Bank, of New Orleans, 
La.; Third National Bank, of Cincinnati; 
Pittsburg National Bank of Commerce; 
Union National, of Chicago, etc. These 
connections, of the closest and most inti- 
mate character, would of themselves be 
most significant indices of the standing of 
the institution over which Mr. Sloan wields 
the presidential sceptre. 

He entered the service of the bank as 
teller; became its cashier in 1862, and was 
chosen its president in 1878. Mr. Sloan's 
counsels are in request in other spheres, 
however, than those enumerated. He re- 
signed the responsible trust of chairman of 
the Finance Committee of the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad in 1896, after many 
years incumbency. He is, likewise, a direc- 
tor in the Consolidation Coal Company, 
the treasurer of the Maryland Construc- 
tion Company and president of the South 
Baltimore Car Works, Curtis Bay, which 
employs five hundred men in car building. 
In these varied corporations it will be 
noticed by even a casual reader that our 
subject is in the list of many whose sketches 
have been admitted into these pages. 

The selections of biographical articles 
here inserted are designed to include only 
those who have been or now are factors 
and promoters of this city's growth and ex- 
pansion. That the subject here under re- 
view fonns no exception to this rigid rule 
will be apparent to even the most super- 
ficial reader. 



960 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



AIr. Daniel W. Dwyer, 9 N. Calvert 
street. 

Mr. Daniel W. Dwyer, a brief account of 
whom will be found in this article, is a na- 
tive of Minnesota, but a Baltimorean by 
choice for nearly a decade past. Like 
many others before him, Mr. Dwyer real- 
ized the fact that this municipality offered 
a sphere and field for brains, resourceful- 
ness and enterprise. He accordingly, as has 
been noted, brought with him here the at- 
tainments and equipment for prosecuting 
his work. Mr. Dwyer is widely recognized 
in this community as a wide-awake and pro- 
gressive man of affairs. His special sphere 
is that of a dealer, rather than a mere broker 
in realty. In that field, accordingly, he has 
achieved results tending to and eventuating 
in the growth, expansion and general de- 
velopment of this great metropolis. Pre- 
cisely, therefore, in so far as Mr. Dwyer's 
activities have borne such fruit exactly so 
far is his public career a matter of proper 
perpetuation, in State and city archives, a 
result secured by being recorded in a his- 
t<5ry like this one. Mr. Dwyer has been, 
from the outset, identified with transactions, 
purchases, transfers and allied interests of 
city and suburban realty in and around Bal- 
timore. The minor features of his avoca- 
tion, such as placing loans, collections, etc., 
are only incidental "straws," so to express 
it, which emphasize the large field of activi- 
ties in which he is a conspicuous operator. 
No place will be made in this article for ref- 
erences purely person.-il. It may not be 
amiss, however, to advert to one or two 
heads, relatively allied to this point. Mr. 
Dwyer enjoys an extended acquaintance- 
ship in spheres other than those of a strictly 
business character. His friends, too. are 



many, and to be found in arenas of social, 
financial and other walks. He is, for ex- 
ample, a well known club man, holding 
membership in that well known organiza- 
tion, tlie Baltimore Country Club, and in 
numerous other organizations of lesser 
note. 

In politics Mr. Dwyer is a pronounced 
Republican, but never a partisan. He is a 
member of the Union League Club of this 
city and zealous in his convictions on this 
as also on all subjects claiming his atten- 
tion. 

His social and business connections then, 
added to his many known achievements as 
a potential factor in the development of this 
municipality's growth — these are the chief 
facts desired to be gathered and preserved. 
Baltimore can point with pardonable pride 
to many such men in her midst, but extends 
a cordial welcome to others. 

Mr. Littleton T. DrydEn, Superin- 
tendent of the State Bureau of Immigra- 
tion. 

Air. Littleton T. Dryden, a brief account 
of whose life-work, ancestry, etc., will be 
found below, is a type of the citizens by 
whose achievements our great American 
municipalities have attained to such rank in 
the connnercial and financial world. There 
are obviously types and anti-types of such 
men. A few bask in the reputations and in- 
herited wealth of their ancestors. All such 
are not necessarilyto be classed as drones. A 
few — very few — of this class actually aid in 
the development of the city or State where 
they reside. The true typical representative 
of progressive and aggressive citizenship, 
however, must be found among those men 
who bear fruit and carve out and "blaze" 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



their way, so to speak, against difficulties. 
When the fruitage attendant upon such ca- 
reers is to be seen in solid, practical, endur- 
ing results, and those results attach to and 
redound to the common good, then, indeed, 
is such a career deserving of perpetuity. 
Precisely for this reason, therefore, Mr. 
Dryden's works will be committed to city 
and State custody, by finding the mention 
they merit in a critical history of this char- 
acter. 

Mr. Dryden is a native of TMaryland, hav- 
ing been born some sixty years since. With 
his vicissitudes, struggles and failures, inci- 
dent to early manhood, an article like this 
can have small concern. With his public 
achievements, however, treatment will be 
made in the limited space at command. 

Mr. Dryden commenced his public career 
as U. S. Deputy Marshal in Crisfield, Md. 
He held that important trust for twelve 
years, only to accept, later on, the position 
of U. S. Commissioner in Baltimore. This 
he vacated, in turn, for the post of U. S. 
Shipping Commissioner for the Port of Bal- 
timore. His present trust, that of Superin- 
tendent of the State Bureau of Immigration, 
he has held for some two years past, in 
which sphere Mr. Dryden's capabilities have 
been matters of State and municipal recog- 
nition. This assertion is emphasized by his 
re-appointment, and an added appropriation 
for his Bureau, given by the last Maryland 
General Assembly, made upon the showing 
or fruitage of his superintendency. 

Even a summarized statement of these re- 
sults would swell these columns beyond the 
space at command. A glance, however, at 
the status of affairs before Mr. Dryden's in- 
cumbencv, and as thev now e.xist, will be 



significant. His Bureau then found every 
natural inducement in Maryland ready and 
waiting immigration of the right sort. The 
immigrants had not come, however, until 
Mr. Dryden began his thorough and sys- 
tematic work. Maryland stands as high as 
any other State, but its true wealth of pro- 
duce needs to be made as well and as widely 
known as that of some other States. It is 
the land of the forest and of the rocks, and 
of the broad blue bay and the mighty rivers, 
while its genial soil responds liberally to 
every demand that intelligent labor can 
make upon it. All the products of the 
temperate zone, wdth some of the semi- 
tropical fruits, are brought forth in the 
greatest abundance in many sections of the 
State. Those who wander in summer amid 
the mountains are refreshed with its lovely 
scenery of wood and field. Nothing can 
excel its charming landscapes, and every- 
where the useful is blended with the beau- 
tiful — the forest with the crag and quarry, 
the rugged mountain side with the fertile 
slope, the rushing waters with tlie green 
pastures. Here nestles a pretty village, and 
there a thriving town ; here a mill, and there 
a furnace or a factory. Down where the 
State is flanked by the Potomac on one side 
and the Delaware on the other, and where 
the beautiful Susquehanna makes its way 
into the Chesapeake Bay, the scenery is a 
grand panorama of luxuriant farms and or- 
chards, of winding streams and deeply 
shaded woods. From the mountains to the 
sea, the State has been blessed by nature 
with all that can please the eye and command 
the admiration of man; to these attractions 
let us add those which are suggested by the 
presence of a refined and hospitable popula- 



962 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



tion, living amidst all the conveniences 
which a progressive age has given them — 
quick transportation by rail and steamer; 
public and private schools without superior; 
churches of every denomination; the two 
great markets which Baltimore and Wash- 
ington afford, to say nothing of the vicinity 
of the larger cities farther east, or the smaller 
ones within and near the border of the 
State. The prudent man in search of a 
home free from the ordinary vicissitudes of 
the settler in a new country; the farmer who 
seeks a better living nearer to the great mar- 
kets of the East; the capitalist who would 
establish industries, where mines and for- 
ests, railroads and rivers and abundant la- 
bor all combine to promote his purposes, 
might search the whole country from ocean 
to ocean, and he would fail to find a more 
desirable location than Maryland offers. 
Facts like these, widely disseminated, 
caused the stream of desirable immigration 
to set in under Mr. Dryden methods. The 
results are to be seen in many, very many, 
sections of the State. The men, families 
and capital come and remain here. 

vSuch achievements as these are note- 
worthy, and when they emanate — as in this 
instance — from advanced methods, backed 
by resourcefulness, and from one head, cer- 
tainly then perpetuation is a fitting tribute. 

Mr. Drydcn's private career might be 
dwelt upon with profit did space permit. 
His children, or sons, seem to evince the 
push and "snap" of their father. One of these 
sons. State Senator A. Lincoln Dryden, is 
one of the foremost young men in the State, 
in i>oint of mental equipoise and public rec- 
ognition. vSuch cases are matters of jiar- 
donable civic pride. Baltimore has many 



such men as our subject, but a welcome for 
others like him. 

Gen. R. Skowden Andrews. — Balti- 
more has many conspicuous citizens, 
whose activities and identification with in- 
terests here entitle them to honorable men- 
tion in a work of this character. Among 
these Gen. R. Snowden Andrews easily 
ranks among the foremost, in his active 
business pursuits, and connection with in- 
terests of public character. General Andrews 
is a son of Col. T. P. Andrews, of the U. S. 
Army, who was born in 1794, and was dis- 
tinguished for bravery at the battle of El 
Molina, Mexico, in 1847, and received a 
brevet as brigadier general for conspicuous 
gallantry at Chapultepec. He was after- 
wards appointed Paymaster General of the 
Army in September, 1862. He married 
Emily Roseville, fourth daughter of Rich- 
ard and Eliza (Warfield) Snowden. Richard 
vSnowden, of Wales, the progenitor of the 
Snowdens of Maryland, is said to have held 
a major's commission under Oliver Crom- 
well. He came to America in 1639, and 
died in 1704. There is on file at Annapolis 
a deed for 10,000 acres of land to "One 
Richd. Snowden. gentleman." His son, 
Richard Snowden, Jr., married and was 

j living as late as 1717. Thomas, the son of 
Richard, married .Ann Redgely. Their old- 
est child was Rich'ard, who married Eliza- 
beth, a daughter of Dr. Charles Alexander 
Warfield— a Peggy Stewart Warfield. Of 

I this marriage, Emily Roseville, was the wife 

I of Col. T. P. .Andrews, and, of course, the 
motlier of our subject. 

General .Andri'ws was born in Washing- 

I ton, D. C. 20th October, 1830, and received 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



his education under private tutors, there and 
in Georgetown. When a lad of only eigh- 
teen he began his preliminary studies in 
architecture, the profession of his choice. 
He graduated in 1852, as an architect, under 
the firm of Neirnse & Nelson, the foremost 
architects of Baltimore at that date. Among 
the achievements of his art, to be chronicled 
as going to his credit, may be mentioned 
the Hospital for the Insane, in Weston 
county, W. Va.; the Gubernatorial mansion 
at .\nnapolis; the superintendency of the 
South Wing of the Treasury Department, 
at Washington, D. C.; also the U. S. Cus- 
tom House at Baltimore; the Eastern High 
School, and churches, &c., of lesser note. 

General Andrews is widely known and 
recognized in other spheres than those 
noted. He is president and principal owner 
of the Westham granite quarries, upon the 
James river, seven miles above Richmond. 
From these quarries came the granite used 
in the construction of the State, Army and 
Navy Departments at Washington, D. C, 
regarded as being the finest piece of granite 
work in the world. The Baltimore Cham- 
ber of Commerce building is also finished 
with granite from these quarries. General 
Andrews espoused the cause of the South 
in the troublous days of 1861. He was, 
therefore, early in the field, holding a ma- 
jor's commission in the Virginia cavalry. 
His fondness for artillery, however, in- 
duced him to reserve the privilege of transfer 
to that branch of the service, as soon as a 
battery could be provided. The Confed- 
eracy adopted, from his designs, the first 
three brass 12-pound Napoleon guns used, 
and three 12-pound brass howitzers were 
cast bv Colonel Dimmock. The first ser- 



vice seen by the battery, equipped and en- 
listed by our subject, was in the blockade of 
the Potomac, at Evansport, Va. Thence he 
went to Magruder's lines at Yorktown and 
co-operated in the McClellan campaign 
which followed. Subsequently, upon the 
raising of the siege of Richmond, the battery 
was sent to the line of the Rappahannock 
and attached to Gen. Stonewall Jackson's 
command until his death. Our subject was 
only a captain at that epoch. Although 
wounded he remained with his com- 
mand during the entire seven days fight 
around Richmond. Conspicuous gallantry 
earned him his promotion as major. He 
was, upon withdrawal at Cedar Run, 
wounded and fell into the hands of the en- 
emy. His wound was a terrific, disembow- 
eling affair. Against all official statements 
that he "must die," Major Andrews uttered 
I his disclaimer — and "still lives," decidedly. 
He was paroled, and finally recovered. In 
an exchange in '62 he was put in charge 
of a bureau of the ordnance. In '63 he re- 
I turned to duty and participated in the battle 
I of Fredericksburg, Hamilton's Crossing, 
[ and at Winchester, where he was again 
wounded, in the arm. In '63 Colonel An- 
drews was appointed on a board of officers 
at Richmond to designate what guns should 
be used in the campaign of '64. He was 
made president of that board. Under or- 
ders, he visited Europe, and examined the 
artillery of England, France, Prussia and 
Austria. Whilst in Europe, he had built 
and shipped to the Confederacy some guns, 
but they reached Bermuda too late. When 
he returned, his arrival at Havana brought 
to him the news of Lee's surrender, and ac- 
conlinglv he is next seen in Mexico, where 



964 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



he was engaged for two years in the con- 
struction of the Imperial Railroad. Return- 
ing to Baltimore in '67 he resumed the prac- 
tice of his profession. 

Gov. John Lee Carroll made Colonel An- 
drews a General of Artillery, and he sers-ed 
three successive Governors as Chief of Artil- 
lery of the State of Maryland. In 1877, Gen- 
eral Andrews, by his activity, knowledge, 
and strong personality received the excep- 
tional compliment of having his battery mis- 
taken — on parade — for U. S. Regulars, and 
that, too, by U. S. officers. It has been as- 
serted before, in this article, that its subject 
is a man of great versatality of talent, and 
all his energies redound to the public good. 
An impressive and conspicuous attestation 
of this is seen in the city's mosaic pave- 
ments, fostered by General Andrews. In 
his private career little need find place here. 
He is married, however, to Mary C. Lee, a 
daughter of Josiah Lee, a leading Baltimore 
banker. Her mother was a daughter of 
Hon. Charles Smith Sewell, a member of 
the Twenty-seventh Congress from Mary- 
lanil. By such men as General Andrews, 
then, it can be truly affirmed that our great 
municipality has been aided in its e.xpansion 
and development. 

Dr. Charles H. Brooke, Brooklyn. — 
The leading young physician of Balti- 
more's southern suburb, Brooklyn, is un- 
doubtedly Dr. Charles H. Brooke, who has 
been practicing in that part of the city since 
the summer of 1893. Displaying from the 
first an enviable proficiency in his chosen 
calling, the Doctor soon secured a lucrative 
clientage from tlie leading families of the 
village and the country round. Courteous 



entrusted their physical welfare to his hands, 
and adds new patients to his clientage as 
rapidly as any practitioner in his environs. 
The Doctor began his medical studies in 
1884 with Dr. Norman F. Hall, of Balti- 
more, and five years later entered the Uni- 
versity of Maryland Medical School, from 
which he graduated in 1891, and shortly af- 
ter began his practice at Knoxville, Tenn., 
where he remained some two years, and 
then removed to his present location, as be- 
fore mentioned, in 1893. 

Doctor Brooke is a son of Mr. Samuel 
Brooke, of .\nne Arundel county, where he 
was born in the year 1866. His early edu- 
cation was secured in the Episcopal High 
School at Ale.xandria, Va., after which he 
engaged in farming in his native county 
until he began his medical studies under 
Doctor Hill. It was during this period of 
country life that Mr. Brooke secured most 
of his education, for which much credit 
should be given him. Naturally of a studi- 
ous temperament he empioyed spare time 
and long winter evenings in reading profit- 
able books, as well as the current literature 
of the day, the daily press, keeping abreast 
of the times, while feeding his mind with the 
good things that had been written in the 
past. 

The Doctor has not at^filiatcd with any of 
the fraternal orders, but is a consistent mem- 
ber of the Episcopal Church. 

Richard F. Gun'drv, Medical Director 
of the Richard Gundry Home, Catonsville, 
Md. 

Our subject was born in Dayton, O., and 
began his primary education there. When 
he was twelve years of age his parents came 
to Maryland, where he finished his primary 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARVLAXD. 



965 



education in the common schools. He 
graduated from the Baltimore School of 
Physicians and Surgeons in 1888, and was 
subsequently connected with the Dayton 
(Ohio) Hospital, from which he was trans- 
ferred to Athens (Ohio) State Hospital, 
where he remained until after the death 
of his father in April, 1891, at which time 
he returned to Baltimore, and with his 
mother, Mrs. R. Gundry, opened the Rich- 
ard Gundry Home. The late Dr. Richard 
Gundry was born in England in October, 
1 83 1. When a youth his father took him 
to Canada, locating in Ontario. He began 
his medical studies under Doctor Covern- 
ton, then of Simco, Ontario. He subse- 
quently entered Harvard College, from 
which he was graduated in 185 1, after which 
he practiced medicine at New York for one 
year. He then w^ent abroad and pursued 
his studies in England, returning to Amer- 
ica in 1853. On his return voyage he ren- 
dered valuable assistance to the cholera 
stricken passengers on board. One of the 
passengers prevailed upon him to locate at 
Columbus, O., where he became connected 
with the Sterling Medical College and also 
edited a medical journal. In 1855 he be- 
came assistant physician at Columbus 
(Ohio) Insane Asylum. He later became 
connected with the Dayton Asylum, and in 
1861 became its superintendent, continuing 
as such until 1872, when he accepted the 
superintendency of the Hospital at Athens, 
O., and continued until 1877. The new asy- 
lum was completed that year, and he was in 
charge of this institution until his appoint- 
ment as superintendent of Spring Grove 
Asylum, Catonsville, Md., in 1878. which 
position he filled until his death in i8qi. 



He was Professor of Materia Medica and 
Mental Diseases, College of Physicans and 
Surgeons, from 1880 to the time of his 
death. 

Joseph C. Wunder. Physician, 1075 W. 
Fayette street. 

This prominent young member of the 
medical profession first saw the light of day 
in Baltimore. He was born October 18, 
1865, and is the son of George and Mary 
A. (Grandelmyer) Wunder, one of the 
original settlers of Minnesota. He attend- 
ed St. Alphonsus German School and sub- 
sequently the public schools, where he fin- 
ished at the age of eighteen. Soon after he 
entered the printing ofifice of the Maryland 
Farmer, a journal devoted to agriculture, 
horticulture, etc., and edited at that time 
by Ezra Whitman. After a short period he 
was placed in charge of the office, and con- 
tinued so until he began his medical studies 
at the Maryland University in 1866, after 
having taken a preparatory course with the 
late Prof. Robert Seymour Murray, who was 
a graduate of Oxford University, England, 
and who prepared many of the leading phy- 
sicians of Baltimore. After graduating in 
1889 at the AIar_\-land University, Doctor 
Wunder began the practice of his profes- 
sion at 1303 HoUins street, from thence 
moving to his present location about 1890. 
He has been successful in building up an 
extensive practice. He has the honor of 
being the first physician in the city to use 
anti-toxine. 

He was married April 28, 1892, to Miss 
Emma C. Albert, daughter of Michael Al- 
bert, of Baltimore, at St. Gregory's R. C. 
Church. To their union have been born the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



following three children: Joseph Albert, 
Louis McLane Tiffany and Richard Kd- 
ward. 

In politics Doctor Wunder is a Demo- 
crat. He served as vaccine physician for 
nearly three terms. He is a prominent 
member of the Order of Elks, and also of 
the following Orders: Fraternal Mystic 
Circle, Shield of Honor, Catholic Benevo- 
lent Association, and of the Baltimore 
Medical Association, Medical Chirurgical 
Faculty of Maryland, and of the American 
Medical Association. He is a member of 
St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church. 

George Wunder, father of our subject, 
was the first photograher in Baltimore, and 
was an old and respected citizen of the city. 
He died at the age of sixty-five. His wife 
still survives. Doctor Wunder is the sev- 
enth son of George Wunder, is a brother 
of Rev. Edward J. Wunder, pastor of St. 
Bernard's Church, Waverly, Md., and a 
brother-in-law of the Rev. Richard Albert, 
Prefect of Niagara University. 

Dk. Edward X. Brush, Superintendent 
of Sheppard Asylum. 

Dr. Edward N. Brush was born in 1852, 
in Buffalo, N. Y., where he received his 
primary education in the public schools. 
He graduated at the University of New 
York, taking his degree in 1874. after 
which, until 1S84, he was connected with 
the New York State Lunatic Asylum at 
Utica, N. Y. From 1884 until 1891, at 
which time he became Superintendent of 
the Sheppard Asylum, he was connected 
with the Pennsylvania Hospital for the In- 
sane at Philadelphia. 



T. Gibbons Smart, Physician, 415 Shel- 
don avenue, Roland Park, Baltimore, Md. 

T. Gibbons Smart was born August 12, 
1862, in North End, Matthews county, Va. 
When a boy he moved with his parents to 
Baltimore, where he pursued his primary 
studies in the public schools. Being of a 
studious nature, he diligently applied him- 
self to his books, which resulted in the 
breaking down of his health. His father 
took him back to the old home farm to re- 
cuperate, and for a time he was engaged in 
agricultural pursuits. He began his medi- 
cal studies in 1881 at Petersburg, Va., un- 
der Dr. T. D. Beckwith, with whom he re- 
mained until September, 1882, at which 
time he entered the Baltimore School of 
Physicians and Surgeons, graduating in 
1885. He then located in Elk county. Pa., 
as surgeon for a coal mining company, and 
subsequently became surgeon for the Cedar 
Run Tanning Company, Tioga county. Pa., 
and later located at Marathon, N. Y., 
where he continued in general practice for 
over three years. At the expiration of this 
time he came to Baltimore county, and ac- 
cepted a position as senior assistant at the 
Sheppard Asylum under Dr. Edward N. 
Brush. For five years he remained at this 
institution, resigning to accept the super- 
intendency of the Maryland Asylum and 
Training School for the Feeble Minded at 
Owings, Baltimore county, and was con- 
nected with the same for fifteen months. 
His father, William R. Smart, is a success- 
ful merchant in Baltimore. His mother, who 
was Miss Rosalie Carter, of Lancaster 
county, Va., is a descendant of King Car- 
ter. 



HISTORY OF BALTIlIORn:, MARYLAND. 



967 



Rev. Thomas Lowe, 1412 William 
street. 

The career of Rev. Thomas Lowe since 
his advent to America is one surprising in 
its results, and shows what indomitable 
energy and pluck can accomplish. Born in 
Foleshill, Warwickshire, England, March 
26, 1844, his early education was secured 
in private schools, a national college and 
St. John's College at Coventry, gradua/ting 
in 1861. His father was a prosperous rib- 
bon manufacturer, and a man of profound 
religious convictions, being a pillar in the 
Wesleyan Methodist Church. He died in 
i860 at the early age of forty-nine. 

The father's religious zeal was reflected 
in the son, and in his early manhood he be- 
came a licensed local preacher, and for 
seven years presided in the pulpit in his 
native land. In 1875, desiring to see the 
Western Continent, he set sail from Liver- 
pool in December, landing in Baltimore in 
January. For a time he held services before 
the Young Men's Christian Association, 
and then began a nine weeks' revival in the 
Bethel Methodist Church, followed by thir- 
teen weeks at the Fort Avenue Church, se- 
curing by his convincing arguments the 
saving of many souls. Desiring to conduct 
his meetings under his own management, 
Mr. Lowe began services in a tent near his 
present residence, and within seven months 
had built a neat church, seating four hun- 
dred and fifty. It was not long before it 
became apparent that this edifice would 
soon be too small, and arrangements were 
made for the construction of the present 
building, with a seating capacity of nine 
hundred, which on special occasions is 
taxed to its uttermost limit of even stand- 
ing room. The first church was disposed 



of, and the proceeds turned into the treas- 
ury of the new edifice. 

Mr. Lowe has been very successful in his 
ministry. His fervor and earnestness im- 
part his own deep religious feelings to his 
hearers and win souls to Christ. During 
his ministry in Baltimore, Mr. Lowe has 
had the pleasure of bringing over four thou- 
sand sinners to repentance, and in one re- 
vival made nearly seven hundred conver- 
sions, recalling the days of Timothy and 
Paul. 

Our subject was married in England to 
Miss Elizabeth Gilbert, daughter of Mr. 
William Gilbert, a tailor and clothier of 
Coventry, England. 

Mr. Lowe has taken but little active in- 
terest in fraternal orders, although he has 
high respect for them. His only member- 
ship in secret societies is in that of the 
Ancient Essenic Order, to which he has be- 
longed but a short time. 

As a minister of the Gospel, Mr. Lowe 
has a record of which his children may well 
feel proud, and one that for energy and 
efifectiveness has few equals. 

Harry A. Weaver, 523 Columbia 
avenue. 

Wm. H. Weaver, deceased, was a native 
of Germany. He came to the United States 
with his parents when seven years old. He 
received but six months' schooling in 
America. He began life as a butcher at the 
age of sixteen. When his employer failed, 
young Weaver took the business, and 
through thrift, energy and business faculty, 
made a success of it. He conducted this 
business from 1848 until 1886, at which 
time he disposed of it to his son Adolphus 
H. In 1877, with Edward C. Harman, he 



9(38 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAXD. 



engaged in the manufacture of bricks, with 
a yard on the \\^ashington Road near 
Gywnn's Falls. With careful management 
it rapidly increased, and Mr. Weaver scored 
another success in this branch of industry. 
Mr. Harman withdrew from the firm some 
time prior to his (Mr. Weaver's) death. He 
joined the Republican party when it was 
in its infancy and continued a prosperous 
worker in the party until his death. He 
was a candidate for political honors several 
times, but never served in any. His defeat 
was due more to his inactivity during cam- 
paigns rather than to the lack of popularity. 
He was the architect of his own fortunes, 
having begun life at the foot of the ladder. 
He was strictly a home man, much devoted 
to his wife and family. His beautiful home 
on the Harford Road, where he died, bears 
strong evidence of his devotion to his home 
life. He was a director in the National Fire 
Insurance Company for many years, and 
in the past served as president of the 
Butchers' Building and Loan Association, 
and in recent years was president of the 
Harford Road Improvement Association. 
He was a member of the Masonic Order 
and of St. Stephen's Evangelical Church, 
of which congregation he was president for 
more than thirty years. His sons inherited 
a great deal of his business integrity. They 
are as follows: Adolphus H., Edward E., 
William C, Harry A. 

The latter was born in Baltimore in 1873. 
He received his education in the public and 
private schools of Baltimore, and in 1889 
entered his father's office as clerk. In 1893 
he entered the University of Maryland Law 
School, graduating from the same in 1895, 
after which he successfullv i->racticed his 



profes 



mlil .\pril, 1897, 



:'n he 



tially abandoned it to continue with his 
brother, Edward E., in his father's busi- 
ness. He and his brothers, Adolphus H. 
and Edward E., are members of Christ 
Lutheran Church. William C. is a member 
of St. Stephen's Evangelical Lutheran 
Church. 

Mrs. Weaver, wife of William H., resides 
at their country seat on the Harford Road. 
She is a native of Germany, and was Miss 
Sophia P. Brown before marriage. 

Hexrv Williams was born in Calvert 
county, Md., on the 9th of October, 1840. 
His father was Rev. Henry Williams, a 
Protestant Episcopal minister, whose an- 
cestors were of English and German de- 
scent, and came to this country in the 
early days of its settlement and located 
in South Carolina, his grandfather coming 
from that State and settling in Washington 
county, Md., where Mr. Williams' grand- 
father and father were born. His father was 
born January 20, 1810. 

Mr. Williams' mother was Priscilla Eliza- 
beth Chew, of English descent, born in 
^Maryland July 25. 1809, her ancestors be- 
ing among the earliest settlers of INIaryland, 
and later distinguished in the revolutionary 
period. She was a granddaughter of 
Samuel Chew, whose name appears In 
colonial history as a member of the Federa- 
tion of Freemen, and was one of the mem- 
bers of the Maryland House of Delegates 
who in 1780 made a personal subscription 
to aid the country in its hour of distress, 
Sanuiel Chew giving ten hogsheads of to- 
bacco. 

Mr. Williams" father died April 8, 1852: 
his mother July 6, 1881. There were five 
children: lohn Hamilton Chew, in the ,ser- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



vice of the W'eems Steamboat Company at 
their office in this city; Ferdinand, a promi- 
nent member of the bar at Cumberland, 
Tild.; Samuel Chew, in the service of the 
Consolidated Gas Company, of this city; 
Thomas William Chew, connected with the 
editorial department of the Baltimore Sun, 
and Mr. Williams, the subject of this sketch. 

Mr. Williams attended a private school 
in Calvert county, and finished his educa- 
tion at the school of Mr. Topping, of this 
city, a noted private school of that day. 
Afterwards he read law in the offlce of 
Charles J. M. Gwinn, one of the most 
prominent lawyers of the Baltimore bar, 
and on being admitted to practice com- 
menced at Prince Fredericktown, Calvert 
county, where as a young man he was quite 
successful in building up a lucrative prac- 
tice. Seeking a wider field for the practice 
of his profession, he opened an oi^ce in 
this city in 1873. In conjunction with his 
practice in Calvert county he practiced in 
the Courts of this city until 1875, when he 
gave up his former practice and with his 
family took up his residence in this city. 
While living in Calvert county he was elect- 
ed twice as a delegate to the State Legisla- 
ture of Maryland without opposition, hav- 
ing the distinguished honor of receiving 
every vote cast in the county for this posi- 
tion. After serving these two terms he was 
elected in 1871 to the Maryland Senate, 
where he served his full term of four years. 

Mr. Williams was married in Baltimore 
June II, 1868, to Miss Georgiana Weems, 
daughter of Capt. Mason Lock Weems and 
Matilda (Sparrow) Weems. Mrs. Williams' 
father was of Scotch descent, and belonged 
to an old Maryland family. Her mother's 
family were of Anne Arundel countv, Md. 



Her father, Captain Weems, was the son 
of Capt. George Weems, who established 
about 1825 what was known as the 
"Weems' Line" of 'steamboats, now known 
as the "Weems" Steamboat Company." 
These boats run out of Baltimore down the 
Chesapeake Bay and the Patuxent, Poto- 
mac and Rappahannock rivers into all its 
tributary rivers, with their dock at No. 
289 Light street, where cargoes are loaded 
and unloaded in the very center of the ship- 
ping district. This line is one of the largest 
and most successful transportation lines 
on the Chesapeake, being a very impor- 
tant factor in the commercial progress of 
the city. It has always been one of the 
most popular lines on the Chesapeake for 
passenger trafific as well as freight, its boats 
being elegantly fitted up, and its accommo- 
dations for passengers being of the most 
modern and comfortable kind. All its 
ofificers, too, are noted for their obliging 
and courteous treatment of the passengers 
who travel on their boats, and, without 
prejudice, it can be said that the Weems 
Steamboat Company line is one of the most 
reliable and popular running boats out of 
this port. 

On the death, in 1872, of Mrs. Williams' 
father. Mason L. Weems, who was the first 
manager of the company, Mr. Williams re- 
tired from the practice of law, became presi- 
dent and manager of the company, and man- 
ages its business now. Under Mr. Wil- 
liams' management it has grown and pros- 
pered until to-day, when it is one of the 
largest and wealthiest steamboat companies 
in our city, and does one of the largest busi- 
nesses done in that line. An incidait in the 
history of Mrs. Williams' father's family is 
that her father. Mason Lock Weems, \vas 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



named after Rev. Mason Lock Weems (who 
baptized him), who is distinguished as the 
biographer of George Washington. And 
a notable incident in tire family history of 
Air. Williams is that his great-grandfather 
on his mother's side was Bishop Thomas 
John Claggett, the first bishop of any de- 
nomination ordained in America. 

In 1895 the Democratic party in Balti- 
more, being in what politicians call "bad 
condition," with but slight hopes of winning 
the election in November, determined to 
make the fight with one of its best and 
strongest members, and the business people 
of the city and the party presented Mr. Wil- 
liams as the man who came up to all the 
requirements and the man who could win, 
if any one could, and Mr. Williams was 
nominated by the party for the mayoralty. 
He stumped the city, making a brave and 
determined fight, but the fates were against 
liim, and Mr. Alcaeus Hooper, the Repub- 
lican candidate, was elected. Not only was 
the Mayoralty candidate defeated, but all 
the Democratic candidates for the various 
offices, Judge, Congressmen, Councilmen, 
etc., Mr. Williams, however, leading his 
ticket by over 3,000 votes. Again, in 1897, 
the people of his party, after much persua- 
sion, induced Mr. Williams to run again 
for the Mayoralty, and he was renominated 
by the Democratic party. He made a gal- 
lant fight, but on account of certain cir- 
cumstances and issues, connected with the 
campaign, which had no relation whatever 
to him, personally or politically, he and the 
whole Democratic ticket were defeated at 
the November election, Mr. William T. 
Malster, his opponent on the Republican 
ticket, being elected Mayor. Mr. Williams 
ran ahead of his ticket again. .Vlthongh he 



was defeated, there is no man who stands 
higher in Baltimore to-day as a gentleman 
and business man of the strictest integrity, 
or is more popular among all classes of the 
people, he being regarded as one of our first 
class and most progressive citizens, who 
since he came among us, over twenty years 
ago, has done as much, if not more, than 
almost any other citizen in building up our 
city and its business. As a man he is af- 
fable, pleasant and kind, very charitable 
and always ready to lend a helping hand to 
those in need. 

He has six children: Mason Lock Weems, 
who is associated with his father in the 
management of the business of the Weems 
Steamboat line, and is a director in the 
company; Henry, Jr., who is treasurer of 
the company; Elizabeth Chew; George 
Weems, member of the Baltimore bar; John 
Hamilton Chew, and Matilda Weems Wil- 
liams. He and his family are Protestants 
and members of the Protestant Episcopal 
Church. 

He is a member of the University Club, 
Merchants' Club and belongs to the Ma- 
sonic Order of Calvert county, Md. He 
and his family reside at 407 W. Lanvale 
street. 

Cai'T. .Augustus L. Shutt, dealer in coal 
and wood, office No. 106 N. Eutaw street, 
was born in Baltimore February 21, 1845. 
He is a son of the late Col. .\ugustus P. 
Shutt, who was born in Baltimore, June, 
181 6, and of Mary A. (Miller) Shutt, also 
born in Baltimore, July, 1820. His father's 
and mother's parents were Germans who 
came to this coimtry about the commence- 
ment of this century and settled in Balti- 
more. His father, after complctins; his edu- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



cation in the schools of BaUimore, started 
Hfe by going into the business of manufac- 
turing furniture on Gay street, in 1840, 
where he did a large business in this line, 
making extensive shipments to South 
America and other countries. Colonel Shutt 
continued in this business until 1845, when 
he was appointed High Constable of the 
city of Baltimore, a position now known as 
Marshal of Police, having under his control 
all the police force of the city; he held this 
office until 1853, when he was appointed 
Warden of the Baltimore City Jail, which 
position he held for several years, when he 
obtained a position as passenger conductor 
on the B. & O. R. R., running to Wheeling; 
he resigned this position in 1866. He was 
very popular and considered by the railroad 
authorities one of its most effective and re- 
liable officers. In 1858 he was an inde- 
pendent candidate for the Mayoralty of Bal- 
timore, running against Hon. Thomas 
Swann, who was elected. Colonel Shutt's 
friends were driven from the polls and not 
allowed to vote. In those "Know-Nothing" 
days it was almost certain death to vote, 
to say nothing of running for an office. But 
Colonel Shutt was noted for his pluck and 
on this occasion was induced by the best 
people of the city to run for the office and 
did so, making a brave fight, but before the 
polls closed retired, being convinced that 
the cause was lost. Colonel Shutt's run on 
the B. & O. R. R. was through a great por- 
tion of Virginia, and in those troublous 
times during the Civil War the track was 
frequently torn up by the Confederates and 
the trains held up by Mosby's men, and on 
one occasion near Duffield's Depot, in Vir- 
ginia, Colonel Shutt's train was thrown 
from the track by Mosby's men in the 



night. His engineer was killed and a U. S. 
Paymaster relieved by them of thousands of 
dollars, the capture of this money being the 
object of the raid. Colonel Shutt was com- 
manded to hand over his gold watch and 
chain; this he did, considering it gone for- 
ever. Some time afterwards, when the Col- 
onel stopped at Duffield's Depot, a man in 
citizen's clothes stepped up to him and 
handed him his watch and chain, apologiz- 
ing for taking it, and explaining that when 
he took it he did not know the Colonel was 
a Southern sympathizer. Captain Shutt 
carries this watch and chain to-day and no 
money could buy it, as he values it more 
than any relic his father left him. Although 
Colonel Shutt was a strong Southern sym- 
pathizer, which was well known to the au- 
thorities of the road and to the highest Gov- 
ernment officials at Washington, he had the 
confidence of all of them, because they knew 
his high sense of honor would cause him to 
perform faithfully any duty he might under- 
take. As an illustration of this, when the 
mother of Secretary of War Stanton was ill 
at Steubenville, O., and the Secretary was 
called to her bedside, he asked the officials 
of the B. & O. R. R. for a special train to 
take him ; he was given a train and Colonel 
Shutt was detailed to take the Secretary to 
Steubenville and bring him back safely. 
After the train left Washington and came 
to Monocacy in Frederick county, Md., 
some friends of the Secretary went into the 
car and told him that the conductor of the 
train, Shutt, was a notorious "rebel;"' and 
when he arrived in Virginia said they would 
not be surprised if Shutt would have him 
captured by the rebels. The Secretary in- 
formed them that he knew Colonel Shutt 
was a Southern sympathizer but that he had 



972 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



perfect confidence in him and was not in the 
least alarmed. Colonel Shutt took the Sec- 
retary to Steubenville and back to Washing- 
ton safely, and when the latter was leaving 
the train he thanked Colonel Shutt for his 
kindness during the trip, and mentioned the 
incident at Monocacy, assuring him that he 
could always rely upon him (the Secretary) 
as a friend; as a matter of fact they were 
close friends until the Secretary's death, 

In May, 1857, Colonel Shutt conducted 
a train with military to suppress the freight 
conductors' strike on the B. & O. R. R. at 
Mt. Clare; his train was thrown from the 
track by the strikers. On account of his 
courage and faithfulness to his duty during 
this strike, his conduct was commended by 
the company and he was presented with a 
fine gold medal, which Captain Shutt now 
justly considers one of his most valued pos- 
sessions. 

During the John Brown raid at Harper's 
Ferry, \'a., in 1859, when Mr. Beckman, 
agent of the railroad company was killed by 
Brown's men. Colonel Shutt, who had gone 
to Harper's Ferry in command of the mil- 
itary that went from Baltimore, was ap- 
pointed temporary agent of the company 
there, and when Brown and his men were 
taken. Colonel vShutt helped tu take them, 
captured from John Brown his own indi- 
vidual Sharpe's rifle and ]:)rought it home 
with him ; and it is now in the possession of 
Captain Shutt. 

W h.ju \Uv Civil War came and the Sixth 
Alassachusetts Regiment was ])assing 
through Baltimore to Washington, on the 
19th of April, 1861, and was attacked by the 
mob, it was Colonel Shutt who was selected 
to conduct the train which finally took them 
through to Washington, Colonel SluUt 



had a great deal of martial spirit and early 
in life took a great interest in military mat- 
ters, being commissioned from time to time 
until he rose to the position of colonel and 
commanding officer of the old Fifth Regi- 
ment. Maryland Volunteer Infantry, one of 
the most famous military organizations of 
that day. His commissions are now in pos- 
session of his son, Captain Shutt, and are 
as follows: 

30th May, 1856, commissioned third lieu- 
tenant Independent Greys, Fifty-third Reg- 
iment. 

27th December, 1856, commissioned sec- 
ond lieutenant same company. 

26th April, 1847. commissioned captain 
Independent Blues, Fifth Regiment, Mary- 
land Volunteer Infantry. 

loth October, 1853, commissioned major 
Fifth Maryland Volunteer Infantry. 

22d March, 1856, commissioned lieuten- 
ant colonel, Fifth Maryland Volunteer In- 
fantry. 

1 2th March, 1861, commissioned colonel 
of this distinguished regiment and remained 
its colonel and commanding officer until 
it was disbanded at the beginning of the 
war. 

In 1866 Colonel Shutt, having resigned 
his position as conductor on the B. & O. 
R. R., removed his family to Martinsburg, 
W. Va., and took cliarge of the B. & O. R.. 
R. Dining Hotel at that place, where he re- 
mained until 1877, when he returned to Bal- 
timore with his family and took up hi.s resi- 
dence in this city. He was a very public- 
spirited man and when he went to Martins- 
burg at once entered into every movement 
calculated to build up the town and efiface 
the ravages »)f war; he soon became one of 
the most popular men in the place, being 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



esteemed so highly that the citizens elected 
him Mayor three terms, and when he re- 
turned to Baltimore in 1877, the City Coun- 
cil of Alartinsburg passed resolutions ex- 
pressing their deep regret at the loss of so 
good a citizen; an engrossed copy of these 
resolutions was presented to him on his de- 
parture. 

Upon his return to Baltimore he went 
into the coal and wood business, taking with 
him his son, Captain Shutt, under the firm 
name of A. P. Shutt & Son; their business 
grew and the firm soon became one of the 
foremost in their line in the city; Colonel 
Shutt continued in this business until his 
death, July 10, 1881, when his son, Captain 
Shutt, succeeded him and still conducts it 
under the original firm name. 

Colonel Shutt's life was such an eventful 
one and was made up of so many stirring 
incidents that it would fill a volume to write 
them all; but looking back over his whole 
life, perfectly familiar as the writer of this 
sketch is with it, we see nothing but enno- 
bling qualities cropping out under all the 
circumstances in which he was placed; a 
kinder or more tender-hearted man never 
lived. His life was made up of charities and 
doing good to others, hence his popularity 
during his whole life. 

Colonel Shutt had eight children, Captain 
Shutt, the subject of this sketch, being the 
only one living. He was educated in the 
private schools of Baltimore and at Loyola 
College, but his education was interrupted, 
when, as a member of Company E, Fifth 
Regiment, his father, Colonel Shutt, com- 
manding, was ordered out April 19, 1861, 
to suppress the riots occasioned by the 
Sixth Massachusetts Regiment passing 
through this city to Washington. After 



this he quit school and went as a clerk with 
Lord & Robinson, wooden ware dealers; he 
remained with this firm until his father went 
to Martinsburg, when he went with him and 
assisted him in conducting the hotel busi- 
ness; he returned to Baltimore with his 
father in 1877 and became a partner in the 
firm of A. P. Shutt & Son. Captain Shutt 
has been married but has no children. He 
and his family are Protestants. He is a 
Democrat; Captain Shutt inherits some of 
his father's martial spirit and is a member 
of the Fifth Regiment, Veteran Corps, L M. 
N. G. He is captain and quartermaster of 
that command and is very popular. He and 
his mother live at 1205 W. Lexington 
street. 

W. Cook Sanderson, Commission Mer- 
chant, whose place of business is at 104 W. 
German street, was born in Baltimore Sep- 
tember 17, 1846. His father was George 
H. Cook Sanderson, teller in the various 
banks of this city. His mother was Emily J. 
Cook. His father and mother were both 
born in this city; his father in April, i8og; 
his mother in June, 1812. Mr. Sanderson 
comes of English stock on both parent's 
side, his ancestors being among the old 
families of Maryland and Baltimore. His 
father died in June, i860, and his mother in 
May, 1865. His father had nine children, 
five of whom are living, viz: George H., 
Mary Eliza, widow of William J. Bayless; 
Emily Matilda, wife of James H. Parrish; 
Eleanor Sweeny, wife of George H. Hein- 
ick, and Mr. Sanderson, the subject of this 
sketch. 

Mr. Sanderson was educated in the pub- 
lic schools of Baltimore, but early in life 
left school and entered the service of A. J. 



974 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Norris, retail tobacco dealer, as an errand 
boy. From this house in i860 he entered 
the service of Joseph T. Lea, wholesale dry 
goods commission dealer. From Mr. Lea's 
house in 1861 he entered the_ service of Isaac 
Coale, Jr., & Bro., gents' furnishing busi- 
ness, where he learned the business which 
he now carries on at his store, 104 W. Ger- 
man street. He was with the firm of Isaac 
Coale, Jr., & Bro. until 1876, when they re- 
tired from business and Mr. Sanderson suc- 
ceeded, doing business on his own account. 
He had no capital and depended upon his 
own exertions for success: by hard work, 
plenty of pluck, and observing in all his 
dealings the strictest honesty, he has built up 
a large and successful business, extending 
over Maryland, \'irginia, West Virginia and 
the District of Columbia, all of which go to 
show that our self-made men like Mr. San- 
derson, if they pursue his course can achieve 
as great a measure of success as he has done. 

Mr. Sanderson was married in this city 
December 16, 1869, to Miss Mary Eliza 
Cator, daughter of Benjamin and Louisa 
Cator: both her parents were Marylanders 
who belonged to some of the oldest fami- 
lies in the State. ;\Ir. Sanderson has two 
children, Eva Coale and Emily Louise San- 
derson. He and his family attend Grace M. 
E. Church, 

He is a member of tiie Odd Fellows, 
Merchants' Club, and has for several years 
been commissioner for Lafayette Square. 
He is a Democrat but not a politician; he 
devotes all his time to his business. His 
manner is pleasant, having a very kindly dis- 
position and is popular among his friends, 
lie is a business man of the strictest integ- 
rity and honor and stands high in the com- 
nnuiity. He with his family reside at 906 
N. .'\rlington avenue. 



' Col. George Riggs Gaitiier, office 100 
W. Lafayette street. 

Col. George Riggs Gaither was born in 
Baltimore January 21, 1831; his father was 
George Riggs Gaither, born in Montgom- 
ery county, Md., April 15, 1797; his mother 
was Hannah Smith Bradley, born in Wash- 
ington City in 1800. His father's ancestry 
were English. John Gaither, his father's 
ancestor, came to this country with Lord 
Baltimore and settled in Maryland. His 
mother's ancestors, the Bradleys, who were 
Scotch, came to this country in the early 

j days of the country and settled in Connecti- 
cut: on both his father's and mother's side 
he came from families that were the most 
prominent people of their day. His father 
was one of the leading dry goods merchants 
of this city: lie died September 14, 1875, 

j and his mother June 20, 1873. His father 
had ten children, two of whom arc living — 
Thomas Henry Gaither. of Howard county. 

j Md., and Colonel Gaither. 

Colonel Gaither was educatetl at Law- 

' renceville, N. J., and at H. R. McNally's 
Classical School in Baltimore: after finish- 
ing his education he commenced the world 
as a farmer, and continued farming until 

I the war began in 1861, when he went South 
and entered the Confederate Army: he com- 

j manded Company K, First Virginia Cav- 
alry, one of the most noted and distin- 
guished regiments in the Confederate ser- 
vice, its first commander being Gen. J. E. B. 
Stewart; second. Gen. W. E. Jones: after- 
wards. Gen. Fitz Lee. Colonel Gaither 
served during the entire war and was in all 
of the most important battles — first and sec- 
ond battle of Bull Run; the celebrated cav- 
alry fight at Brandy Station, \'a.. June 9, 
1863: battle of Cold Harbor: battle of Get- 
ty.sburg. etc. — fought by the army of Gen. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



975 



Robert E. Lee during the war. Colonel 
Gaither was regarded in his command as 
one of the bravest and most gallant officers 
in the regiment — in fact, he could not have 
been an officer and served in the First Vir- 
ginia Cavalry, or, as it was called, Stewart's 
regiment, if he had not been a brave and 
gallant soldier. He was captured and made 
a prisoner once during the war, exchanged 
and returned to his command. At the end 
of the war Colonel Gaither returned to 
Maryland and took up his residence in Bal- 
timore and engaged in the cotton business 
until 1879, when he retired. Although he 
went through all the harshdips of war his 
martial spirit has not died out and he takes 
a great interest in the J\laryland military; 
he has served as lieutenant colonel of the 
Fifth Maryland Infantry, M. N. G., and is 
now colonel commanding the Fifth Regi- 
ment, M. N. G., Veteran Corps. 

August 7, 1851, in Howard county, Md., 
Colonel Gaither married Miss Rebecca 
Hanson Dorsey, of that county; she is the 
daughter of Col. Charles S. W. Dorsey and 
Mary Pue Ridgely, her parents on both 
sides being descendants of the earliest set- 
tlers and most prominent families of Mary- 
land. Colonel Gaither has had nine chil- 
dren: ^lary Ridgely, Henrietta, George 
Riggs. Jr.. Charles Dorsey, Abram Bradley 
John Dorsey, Thomas Henry, Ridgely and 
Rebecca Dorsey Gaither, all of whom are 
living except Thomas who died. All of 
these children were educated in private 
schools in Baltimore. George Riggs, Jr., 
who is a prominent member of the Balti- 
more bar, and a prominent Republican pol- 
itician, and his brother, Abram Bradley, a 
prominent physician, of this city, are both 
graduates of Princeton College. John Dor- 



sey is treasurer of the State Tobacco Ware- 
houses. 

Colonel Gaither and his family attend the 
Protestant Episcopal Church. He is a 
Democrat. 

Colonel Gaither comes from good stock 
on both his father's and mother's side, as 
his father's uncle, Henry Gaither, was an 
officer in the Revolutionary War, serving as 
captain in the Maryland Line, and lieutenant 
commanding in the Third Regiment Infan- 
try, U. S. A., and one of five lieutenant col- 
onels appointed when the U. S. Army was 
first organized. His father also sei-ved in 
Peter's Artillery during the War of 1812 and 
was in four engagements including the bat- 
tle of Bladensburg, from which his com- 
pany retreated after the battle was lost, 
bringing off their guns and caissons, their 
company being one of the very few in that 
light which maintained good order when 
they retired from that unfortunate field. 

His grandfather on his mother's side, 
Abram Bradley, was one of the early officers 
of the U. S. Government, being First As- 
sistant Postmaster General under President 
John Adams, and had entire charge of the 
removal of the General Postoffice to Wash- 
ington when the Government was removed 
there in 1800; he carried everything belong- 
ing to the department in four 4-horse 
wagons, traveling from Philadelphia to 
Washington by the county roads. Now it 
would take a dozen trains of cars to trans- 
fer everything connected with the postoffice 
department from Washington to Philadel- 
phia, which goes to show how this great 
and grand country of ours has grown. 

Colonel Gaither is a pleasant, genial man 
and stands high in the community as a man 
of sterling worth and integrity. He is very 



97U 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



popular with the men and officers of the 
Fifth Regiment and the Veteran Corps and 
with the public generally. He is very do- 
mestic, loves his home and takes great pride 
in his children; he and his family have their 
home at No. 510 Cathedral street. 

David E. Evans, Engineer and Con- 
tractor, plant, 7, 9 and 11 Harrison street, 
and offices 229 E. German street, was born 
at Pontypridd, South Wales, in 1848. His 
father was Evan Evans, a railway iron 
worker, and his mother, Alary Ann Lewis; 
both his parents were Welsh and natives of 
South Wales; his father died in 1877, his 
mother in 1894. 

His father has eight children living: 
Thomas L.. mechanical engineer: Lewis, 
coal merchant: Henry, captain of police, 
Honolulu. Hawaii: Jacob, William, Walter, 
j\Jiss Evans and Air. Evans. 

Mr. Evans was educated in the private 
schools of Wales and after quitting school, 
at the age of fourteen, was apprenticed as 
an engineer and machinist, where he con- 
tinued until he was twenty years old, when 
lie was made master mechanic of the Taff 
\alc Iron Works, Pontypridd, South 
Wales. Afterwards he became chief engi- 
neer to the Cymmer's Steam Coal Colliers 
at Cardiff. Next was made superintendent 
of Alessrs. Llewellyn & Cubitt, engineers 
and machinists at Ystrad, South Wales. 
Mr. Cubitt was a grandson of Sir William 
Cubitt. who l>uilt London Bridge (London. 
England). Mr. Evans served as second en- 
gineer of the boat S. S. "English Lizzie" 
during the Franco-German War in 1870, 
and ran the blockade on the River Elbe dur- 
ing this time. 

In 1880 he came to the United States, tak- 



ing up his residence at Cleveland, O., where 
he entered the Brush Company's service as 
a journeyman machinist. In two months 
he was promoted to a foremanship, and later 
was sent out on the road as engineer and 
electrician for the erection and installation 
of electric light plants. He erected the first 
electric light in Chicago at the Palmer 
House; the first at Rochester, Auburn and 
Albany, N. Y., when he was sent to Balti- 
more in 1882. He was then appointed su- 
perintendent and chief engineer of the 
Brush Electric Light Company. He held 
this position for six years, during which 
time he equipped and operated the first elec- 
tric light station that was ever erected in 
the United States. He was afterwards ap- 
pointed superintendent for the Baxter Elec- 
tric Motor Company of Baltimore City and 
served in this position three years, when he 
commenced business on his own account 
in 1891 at No. 16 S. Gay street, where he 
sold and rented large and small electric mo- 
tors for domestic, tailoring and other pur- 
poses. During this time he contracted with 
the North Avenue Electric Railway Com- 
pany and erected the first electric overhead 
work for street railway purposes in the city 
of Baltimore; he also erected all electric 
overhead work for the Baltimore City Pas- 
senger Railway Company on the Green and 
Yellow lines. He lighted with electricity 
the B. & O. belt tunnel, which is regarded 
as the best lighted tunnel in the world. Also 
lighted the P., W. & B. tunnel between 
Pennsylvania and North avenues. 

He sui)erintcndod and erected the electric 
light plant at .\nnai)olis, jNId. Later on he 
superintended and erected an electric light 
plant at Lynchburg, Va., and was appointed 
Advisory Electrical Engineer to the Mayor 



HIS'ORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



and City Council of that city. He con- 
structed the overhead Hne and track work 
for the fJelair Division of the Central Rail- 
way Company of Baltimore City and about 
eight miles of extensions in East Baltimore 
for the same company. He also built the 
first section of what is now known as the 
Boulevard Line between Baltimore and 
Washington. 

He has done, and still does, considerable 
street railway and electric work for the Bal- 
timore Consolidated Railway Company. 
The first underground conduit for electric 
lighting in Baltimore City was built by him. 

Among the positions he now occupies is 
that of president of the Standard Manufac- 
turing Company, manufacturers of plumb- 
ers" supplies, 232 E. Hamburg street: vice- 
president of the Maryland Oil Company, 
524 and 526 Light street, and vice-presi- 
dent of the Southern Asphalt Paving Com- 
pany, of Baltimore City. He has a large 
plant at his works, 7, 9 and 1 1 Harrison 
street, and does a large business in his vari- 
ous lines: his main or up-town offices are 
at 229 E. German street. 

He was married July 16, 1876, at Bridg- 
end, South Wales, to Miss Elizabeth Rob- 
erts, daughter of Jabez Roberts and Mary 
Ann (Holmes) Roberts: her parents were 
Welsh and are residents of South Wales. 

Charles A. ALxrtin, Exporter of To- 
bacco and Consul for Austria-Hungary, 
with offices at 105 E. German street, was 
born in Baltimore and is the son of Charles 
V. Martin, whose birth occurred in Balti- 
more in 1819, and Harriet W. (Osborn) 
^Lirtin, who was born in Xew York. His 
father's ancestors were Scotch and his moth- 
58 



er's English, and all of them settled in this 
country in colonial days. 

His father, Charles V. Martin, was a 
prominent merchant, member of the firm of 
Love, Martin &. Co., who did a large pro- 
duce and commission business for years in 
this city until his death in 1872. His mother 
is still living. 

Mr. Martin was educated in the private 
schools of Baltimore and upon finishing his 
education in 1869 entered the office of F. 
L. Brauns & Co., tobacco exporters, as 
clerk. He continued with this firm until it 
was dissolved, and the firm of J. D. Kremel- 
berg & Co. w-as formed in 1872 conducting 
the same line of business. Mr. Martin was 
employed as clerk, remaining until the death 
of Mr. Kremelberg in 1882, w-hen he was 
given an interest in the firm and made man- 
ager of the business. In 1886 he became a 
full partner and now has entire control of the 
w'hole business of J. D. Kremelberg & Co., 
who are among the largest exporters of to- 
bacco in the city; their business with Ger- 
many, Holland, Belgium and France being 
very heavy; on a number of occasions they 
have secured the contract for furnishing the 
French Government with Maryland and 
Ohio tobacco. Mr. Kremelberg was for 
years Consul for Austria-Hungary — for 
Maryland, Delaware and the District of Co- 
lumbia, and upon his death in 1882, the Gov- 
ernment of Austria appointed Mr. INFartin 
Consul in his place, of which he is still the 
incumbent. 

He attends the Protestant Episcopal 
Church. He is a member of the Baltimore 
Club, member of the Germania Club, vice- 
l)resident of the Oratorio Society, secretary 
of the Leaf Tobacco Association and a di- 
rector of the Board of Trade. 



978 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Ill politics he is an Independent Demo- 
crat. He is a very pleasant man, of a kindly 
disposition; stands well as a business man 
and has hosts of friends. Mr. Martin is not 
married. He resides at 1212 St. Paul street 
with his aged mother. 

jAMJis StonL WhitelEY, offices Rialto 
Building, Water street, Baltimore. — This 
gentleman was born in Baltimore, Novem- 
ber 16, 1855. He is the son of Calvin White- 
ley and Harriet H. (Stone) Whiteley. His 
parents were born in Maryland, and were of 
English descent. His father was for many 
years interested in and a member of the firm 
of Whiteley, Brother & Co., dry goods job- 
bers of this city; one of the leading houses 
of this line in Baltimore at the time. His 
mother died in 1872; his father is still living, 
being a resident of Baltimore, and having 
retired from active business some years 
since. 

Mr. James S. Whiteley had two brothers, 
one of whom is now living, viz., Calvin 
Whiteley, Jr., civil engineer. Mr. James S. 
Whiteley was educated at Stewart Hall, of 
which Messrs. Grape and Hartman were the 
principals. He also for a short time at- 
tended the school of Mr. George Carey. He 
entered active service as entry clerk in the 
employ of Messrs. Whiteley, Brother i*t Co. 
when seventeen years of age. After serving 
in this capacity for a short time, he was pro- 
moted to stock clerk and then put on the 
road as a drummer, meeting with consider- 
able success in this latter occupation. In 
1876 Mr. Whiteley left the employ of the 
firm of Messrs. Whiteley. Brother & Co., 
and started in business for himself — he and 
Mr. Bernard N. Baker forming a partner- 
ship under the name of Baker & Whiteley, 



for conducting the coal business in Balti- 
more. They were the pioneers of the Penn- 
sylvania coal trade at Baltimore, and grad- 
ually worked up a large business at this 
Port, introducing Pennsylvania coals in 
successful competition with those supplied 
from the George's Creek region. 

In 1887 Mr. Whiteley with IMr. Baker in- 
corporated the Baker-Whiteley Coal Com- 
pany. Subsequently they purchased the 
Rohr Scow Company, and incorporated that 
under the name of the Baltimore Storage 
and Lighterage Company, for the purpose 
of conducting a foreign steamship business. 
At the same time they organized the At- 
lantic Transport Line, and acquired the 
ownership of steamships engaged in busi- 
ness between New York, Philadelphia, Bal- 
timore and London, which is now composed 
of a fleet of fifteen steamers. 

Mr. Whiteley is the vice-president and 
general manager of the Baker-Whiteley 
Coal Company and also vice-president of 
the Baltimore Storage and Lighterage 
Company. 

The above companies employ over two 
thousand people in their offices in America 
and England, and transport between two 
and three million tons of merchandise and 
coal each year. 

C.M'T. B. F. Bond, Division Passenger 
Agent, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, of- 
fices B. & O. Building, N. W. corner of 
Baltimore and Calvert streets, Baltimore. 

This gentleman was torn in Baltimore 
county, Mi\.. July 2 1 , 1844. His father was 
George Bond, wlui was born in Howard 
county, M<1., and was a prominent farmer 
of tlirit county. His mother was Elizabeth 
Clark, also born in Howard countv. and all 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



979 



of Ills ancestors were among the first set- 
tlers of the State in the seventeenth century, 
his father of English, his mother of Irish 
descent. His mother died in 1847 and his 
father in 1888. His father was twice mar- 
ried and Captain Bond is the only living 
child by his first wife. He received part of 
his education in the public schools of How- 
ard county and Baltimore City, and also at- 
tended White Hall Academy (now a mili- 
tary academy), Cumberland county, Pa., for 
four years, graduating in 1859. The year 
following he went to Weathersford, Parker 
county, Tex., where he taught school a short 
time. The war coming on about this time 
and being a strong Southerner, he went to 
Richmond, Va.. and at the age of seventeen 
enlisted in E Company, Forty-fourth Regi- 
ment (Richmond Zouaves) Virginia In- 
fantry, Confederate States, serving in this 
regiment with Capt. Noah Walker, of Bal- 
timore, who was killed, at the battle of 
Chancellorsville. Captain Bond continued 
in this regiment until after the bat- 
tle of Port Republic, Va., in June, 1862, 
when he was transferred to A Com- 
pany, First Regiment, Maryland Line In- 
fantry, Col. Bradley T. Johnson com- 
manding. He was severely wounded in the 
battle of Gaines Mill, near Richmond ; he re- 
covered arid returned to his command, and 
after the disbanding of that regiment he was 
transferred to A Company, Second Mary- 
land Infantry, Capt. W. H. Murray com- 
manding. Fie remained with this company 
until after the battle of Gettysburg in which 
he participated. As a matter of fact. Cap- 
tain ]\lurray was noted as being one of the 
bravest and most gallant soldiers who came 
from Maryland and entered the Confederate 
sendee; he was so popular that upon the 



disbanding of the First Regiment, numbers 
of the men flocked to him anxious to serve 
under him, having a company of 125 men, 
and at the battle of Gettysburg took into 
the fight one hundred men, he himself being 
killed and his company losing heavily in 
killed and wounded. After the Confederate 
Army retired to Virginia, Captain Bond was 
detailed for scout duty for Gen. A. P. Hill, 
Third Army Corps, and remained with him 
and his command until General Hill was 
killed and until General Lee surrendered on 
the 9th of April, 1865, at Appomattox, he 
surrendering with General Hill's Corps. 
Captain Bond was considered by his com- 
rades a faithful, brave and gallant soldier 
and was in all the important battles fought 
by General Lee during the war. Immedi- 
ately after General Lee's surrender he re- 
turned to Baltimore and lost no time in 
getting to work, as ten days after the sur- 
render, on the 19th of April, 1865, he en- 
tered the ser^'ice of the B. & O. R. R. as a 
brakeman on one of its passenger trains 
running to Wheeling. He has been in the 
service of this company thirty-three years, 
or ever since, passing through' the grades of 
brakeman, baggage master, passenger con- 
ductor, train master, traveling passenger 
agent to division passenger agent, his pres- 
ent position, with a future for still further 
promotion. He is in the prime of life and 
is considered one of the company's most 
efficient officers in the department to which 
he belongs. In addition to this, from his 
long and continuous service with the B. & 
C). R. R., he is brought into contact with the 
jjublic all the time as division passenger 
agent, etc. He is known all over the coun- 
try and is extremely popular. 

Captain Bond was married at Wheeling, 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



W. Va., October 1 1, 1869, to :\Iiss Elizabeth 
Parker. Her father was a Pennsylvanian 
and her mother belonged to an old Virginia 
family. They have one child, Fannie Cus- 
tis. They attend the Presbyterian Church. 
Captain Bond is a Democrat. He is a mem- 
ber of Blue Lodge, Royal Arch Chapter 
Masons, Knight Templar, JMystic Shrine, 
Royal Arcanum and a member of the ]iler- 
chants' Club. He is a genial, pleasant gen- 
tleman with a legion of friends. 

John H. FowlER, President and Treas- 
urer of the Navassa Phosphate Company, 
of New York, with main offices at 815 and 
816 Merchants' National Bank Building, S. 
E. corner Water and South streets, Balti- 
more. 

This gentleman was born in Washington 
county, Md., September 14, 1835. His 
father was Robert Fowler, who was born 
in Montgomery county, Md., and resided 
in Washington county in his early life, after 
which he removed to Baltimore county and 
engaged in the flour and grain commission 
business in Baltimore City, being the head 
of the firm of Fowler, Ziegler & Co., one of 
the leading houses in that business in the 
city at that day. His father was one of the 
most popular men in the State and repre- 
sented Baltimore county in the Legislature 
a number of times, and was State Treasurer 
four consecutive terms from 1864 to 1872, 
this being unparalleled in the history of the 
State. 

His mother w^as Susan Keed_\', a native of 
Wa.shington county, Md. Her ancestors, 
as well as those of his fatlicr, were early set- 
tlers of Maryland and prominent people in 
their ilay. the Keedys being at one time 
among the largest land owners (if western 



IMaryland. His mother was of German de- 
scent and his father of English; his father 
died in 1874 while a member of the Legisla- 
ture; his mother is still living and resides in 
Baltimore. His father had nine children; 
those living are Hon. David Fowler, Chief 
Judge of the Third Judicial Circuit of Mary- 
land and one of the Judges of the Court of 
Appeals of the State, who resides at Catons- 
ville, Baltimore county; Miss Celeste Fow- 
ler, of Baltimore; Robert S. Fowler, Cape 
Vincent, N. Y.; Frederick Fowler, Clarks- 
burg, W. Va. ; Albert Fowler, of Baltimore, 
and Mr. Fowler, the subject of this sketch. 

Mr. Fowler was educated at the Hagers- 
town Academy and Rock Hill College, Elli- 
cott City, Md., graduating from the latter 
institution in 1855. He then entered the 
service of Fowler, Ziegler & Co., grain and 
flour business, and continued with them 
for several years as clerk and traveling sales- 
man, when he was made a partner in the 
firm, still retaining the partnership when the 
firm was changed to Blandford, Fowler & 
Co. After several years had elapsed he went 
into his present business, fertilizers, and 
was elected president and treasurer of the 
Navassa Phosphate Company, which owns 
Navassa Island, West Indies, and under the 
management of Mr. Fowler does one of the 
largest businesses in that line in the city. 

]\Ir. Fowler was married June 14. 1868, 
at St. Timothy's P. E. Church, Catonsville, 
:Md., to :\Iiss Nannie Morgan McKendree, 
who was the daughter of the late John H. 
AIcKendree and Eugenia (Morgan) Mc- 
Kendree, of Shepherdstown, \a. (now West 
\'irginia). Her father was of Scotch-Irish 
descent and one of the most prominent citi- 
zens of his town. He was a descendant of 
an old \'irginia family. Her mother comes 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



981 



of an old \"ir^iiia family of English and 
Scotch descent, distinguished both in colo- 
nial and revolutionary times, she being a 
descendant of Daniel Morgan, the com- 
mander of "Morgan's Men" in the Revolu- 
tion. Mrs. Fowler died September, 1881. 
She was a sister of Mrs. Dr. Charles Magill, 
of Catonsville; both of her parents are dead. 

Mr. and Mrs. Fowler have had four chil- 
dren, three of whom are living, Louisa Mc- 
Kendree, Susan and Eugenia Fowler; the 
son Robert died when sixteen years of age. 
Mr. Fowler is a member of the P. E. 
Church. He is a member of the Chamber 
of Commerce and one of its incorporators; 
he is also a member of the board of man- 
agers of the Maryland Hospital for the In- 
sane. In politics he is a consistent Demo- 
crat and served eight years as chairman of 
the Democratic Executive Committee of 
Baltimore county. 

Mr. Fowler is a courteous, genial gentle- 
man, is esteemed in the community as 
a first-class business man and stands high 
in regard to integrity and honor. He re- 
sides at 1500 John street. 

James Miltox Schryver, General Pas- 
senger Agent Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 
offices B. & O. Central Building, was born 
in Pickaway county, O., December 20. 1848. 
His father is Jacob Howard Schryver and 
was born October 21, 1820, at Red Rock, 
Dutchess county, N. Y. His mother was 
Elizabeth Rose, born May 30, 1822, in Pick- 
away county, O. His ancestors on both 
sides were Hollanders. His great-grand- 
father, John I. Schryver, and his wife, Cath- 
erine, emigrated to this country from Hol- 
land about 1790 and settled in New York 



State; his mother's family also coming from 
Holland settled in the last century in Ohio. 

Mr. Schryver's father lived in New York 
State until he was about twenty years of 
age, when he moved to Ohio, settling in 
Pickaway county, where he engaged in 
mercantile business and farming and be- 
came a large land owner and leading and 
well-to-do farmer. In 1857 he was elected 
county clerk of Pickaway county and moved 
his family from his farm to Circleville, the 
county seat of Pickaway county, where he 
resided for the two terms he held the of^ce 
of clerk of the county, after which he re- 
turned to his farm where he resided for a 
time, removing to Circleville and afterward 
to ]Mt. Sterling, J\Iadison county, where he 
now resides, though advanced in years and 
broken in health. His mother died of peri- 
tonitis in May, 1870, in Circleville, during 
their residence there. 

His father was married twice; he had six 
children by his first wife and three by his 
second; three of those by his first marriage 
are living and are Mr. Schryver, the sub- 
ject of this sketch; his brother, Edson Ma- 
rion Schryver, one of the Police Commis- 
sioners of this city, whose sketch will be 
found on another page of this book, and M. 
W. Schrvver, a prominent citizen and mer- 
chant of Mt. Sterling, O. 

Mr. Schryver was educated in the public 
union schools of Circleville. O.. gradu- 
ating in 1866. After, quitting school he 
taught school in Pickaway and Fairfield 
counties, O., in winter and worked on the 
farm in summer, until he was twenty-one 
years of age, when he entered the law office 
of Palmer C. Smith, at Circleville; he read 
law with ]\[r. Smith for three vears, when 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 



in 1872 he was admitted to the bar and com- 
menced the practice of law. He came to 
Baltimore in 1873. After a short time he 
entered the service of the B. & O. R. R., 
serving as voucher clerk, rate and division 
clerk, chief clerk, assistant general ticket 
agent, and in 1889 was appointed assistant 
general passenger agent, and in 1897 was 
appointed to his present position, general 
passenger agent B. & O. R. R. for all lines 
east of the Ohio river. 

He was married at Circleville, O., June 
12, 1872, to Miss Vista C. Steele. She is 
a daughter of Jas. P. Steele, who was born 
near the Natural Bridge, in Virginia, and 
afterwards moved to Ohio ; he was of Scotch 
descent and of an old Virginia family. Her 
mother was Mary A. Taylor, born at Circle- 
ville. O.. of German descent and a relative 
of Bayard Taylor. 

Mr. Schryver has two children: ]\Iary 
Clara, educated in the public and private 
schools and Woman's College, Baltimore, 
and married April 30, 1896, to Mr. Edwin 
Llewellyn Parker, of Baltimore; and Charles 
Milton Schryver, who is attending Mars- 
ton's Academy, preparing for the Johns 
Hopkins University. 

He and his family attend the ^I. E. 
Church. He is a member of the Royal Ar- 
canum, United States Benevolent Frater- 
nity, Fraternal Legion and the Pimlico 
Driving Club. In politics he is a gold Dem- 
ocrat. 

Mr. Schryver comes of good stock on 
both sides, the members of his father's fam- 
ily numbering among them many promi- 
nent people of the State of New York. He 
and his family reside at 2001 Madison ave- 
nue, Baltimore. 



Mr. James Sloax Hoskins, Timber and 
Lumber Dealer, offices 32 and 33 Marine 
Bank Building, was born in Harford county, 
Md., September 6, 185 1. His father was Jo- 
seph T. Hoskins, a prominent farmer of that 
county; his mother was Ellen Sidney Mor- 
gan. His father was of English, his mother 
of Welsh descent. Both of his parents be- 
longed to families whose ancestors were 
among the early settlers of Maryland. His 
father died in 1858, his mother in 1891. His 
parents had four children, two of whom 
are living: Mary Ella D., wife of George 
R. Willis, a prominent member of the Balti- 
more bar, and Mr. Hoskins, the subject of 
this sketch. He was educated in the public 
schools of Baltimore and in 1868 entered 
the real estate office of Henry W. Rogers 
as errand boy. Here he remained until 1870 
when he entered the service of William Mc- 
Clymont as clerk; from here he went into 
the ser\Mce of H. C. McComas, coal dealer, 
in 1872, as clerk. In 1884 he went with 
Emerson Rokes, timber, lumber and ship- 
building business, as clerk, and held this 
position until Mr. Rokes' death in 1887, 
when Hr. Hoskins succeeded him in the 
business. Besides his own business, he 
gives his attention to other matters; he is 
president of the Hoskins Lumber Company, 
local and foreign exporters of timber and 
lumber, a concern doing a large business. 

Mr. Hoskins is a live business man of in- 
domitable energy and push and his success 
in business is due to his own efforts, as he 
started life in Mr. Rogers' office as errand 
boy and knew that his success depended 
upon himself alone; and to every young 
man who puts his shoulder to the wheel and 
keeps it there, success is bound to come, as 
is shown in the career of Air. Hoskins. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



983 



Mr. Hoskins married in Baltimore, Sep- 
tember II, 1893, Miss Jennie Spamer, 
daughter of Christian and E. M. (Schroe- 
der) Spamer, both of American birth and 
German descent, their ancestors being 
among the earliest settlers of Maryland. 
They have no children. He and his wife are 
Protestants. 

Mr. Hoskins is a member of the Elks, 
a ]Mason, member of the social Monday 
Club and member of the Board of Trade. 
In politics he is a Democrat. Mr. Hoskins 
is a pleasant, genial man, very quick to de- 
cide when a matter is presented to him, but 
polite to all who have business with him. 
He is a man of the strictest integrity : is very 
popular and has many friends. He and his 
wife reside at 2129 E. Baltimore street. 

Edward T. Chism, General Freight and 
Ticket Agent of the Baltimore, Chesapeake 
and Richmond Steamboat Company, offices 
530 Light street, was born in Baltimore, 
July 16, 1854. He is a son of the late Rich- 
ard and Margaret (Macky) Chism, natives 
of Ireland, whose parents emigrated to 
America and located in Baltimore during 
their early childhood. Richard Chism was 
a leading dry goods merchant of this city. 
He died in 1894; his wife the following year. 
Their surviving children are Joseph T., glass 
manufacturer; Margaret Ewing, Elizabeth 
Macky, wife of George M. Shriver; Sarah 
Knox Chism and Edward J. Chism, the im- 
mediate subject of this sketch. 

Edward J. Chism was educated in the 
public schools of Baltimore and attended 
the Baltimore City College but did not grad- 
uate. In 1869 he entered the service of 
the Richmond and York River Steamboat 
Company as messenger boy: then in the ser- 



vice of its successor, the Baltimore, Chesa- 
peake and Richmond Steamboat Company, 
passing through the different grades of ser- 
vice as clerk, etc., in both companies until 
he was appointed to his present position, 
general freight and ticket agent of the lat- 
ter company, a high and important office. 
This company is one of the wealthiest and 
most important steamboat lines of this city. 

Mr. Chism was married in this city, De- 
cember 7, 1880, to Miss Mary E. Crowl, 
daughter of Edward W. and Josephine 
(Greble) Crowl ; both her parents were born 
in Maryland, their families being among the 
early settlers of the State. Mr. and Mrs. 
Chism have one son, Harry Thornley 
Chism. He and his family are Protestants 
and in politics he is a Democrat. 

Mr. Chism's success in life has been due 
to his own exertions, as starting a poor boy 
and rising to the important position he now 
holds, demonstrates what a boy can do if he 
applies himself as he should do and as Mr. 
Chism has done, and it affords us pleasure 
to hold him up as an example to the 
youth of this city. He is courteous and 
gentlemanly in his bearing, easily ap- 
proached by all. Among, steamboat men 
he is considered one of the best ticket and 
freight agents in the city and as a man of 
the most sterling integrity and honor. He 
is most popular in the business community 
and has a legion of friends. He and his 
family live at Walbrook. 

Edson ]\Iarion Schryver. — This gen- 
tleman was born in Circleville. Pickaway 
county, O. His father was Jacob Howard 
Schryver, who was born October 21, 1820, 
at Red Hook, Dutchess county, N. Y.. and 
his mother was Elizabeth Rose, born May 



984 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



30, 1822, in Pickaway county, O.; iiis an- 
cestors on both sides were Hollanders. His 
great-grandfather, John I. Schryver, and 
his wife Catherine, emigrated to this coun- 
try from Holland about the year 1790 and 
settled in New York State; his mother's 
family also came from Holland and settled 
in Ohio early in the last century. 

Mr. Schryver's father lived in New York 
State until he was about twenty years of age, 
when he moved to Ohio, settling in Pick- 
away county, where he engaged in mercan- 
tile business and farming and became one 
of the leading citizens of that county and a 
large land owner. About 1865 he was 
elected clerk of Pickaway county and moved 
his family from his farm to Circleville, where 
he remained while he held the office, two 
terms. He afterwards moved to Mt. Ster- 
ling, where he now resides. 

His father was married twice; by his first 
wife he had six children, and by his second, 
three. Three of those by the first marriage 
are living, and are Mr. Schryver, the sub- 
ject of this sketch; James Milton Schryver, 
general passenger agent of the B. & O. R. 
R., of this city, and M. W. Schryver. a mer- 
chant of Mt. Sterling, O. 

His rudimentary education was obtained 
in the public schools of his native county. 
In 1861 he entered tlie Miami University at 
Oxford, O. The war breaking out, he en- 
listed in the 1 14th Ohio Regiment (\'olun- 
teers) Infantry and was ordered directly 
to the front, going to ;\Iemphis, Sherman's 
army, which was organizing for an attack 
on Vicksburg; however, before going to 
\'icksburg, his regiment went with General 
Sherman's command up the Yazoo river 
and began its operations in the Walnut 
Hills, where he ."^aw his first battle, the 



troops being constantly engaged in a series 
of skirmishes and fights until the 26th of 
December, 1862, when the Union troops re- 
treated, and re-embarking on the Yazoo 
river sailed to its junction with the Missis- 
sippi. There they w-ent to the White river 
into Arkansas and up the Arkansas river 
to Arkansas Post, a military station not far 
from Little Rock, where they met the Con- 
federates 8,000 strong under the command 
of General Churchill and after a severe bat- 
tle of forty-eight hours captured the post. 
Almost immediately after this victory the 
Northern soldiers were attacked by the fe- 
vers which prevailed about Arkansas Post 
and made it practically uninhabitable. Mr. 
Schryver was stricken with the disease but 
with indomitable determination fought it 
and avoided being sent to the army hospital, 
\\hich at that time, owing to insufficient at- 
tendance, was even more fatal than the field. 
On his recovery, his command and those 
who survived the \A'hite river command, 
were hurried to Mcksburg, the cry being 
still "On to Vicksburg." 

It was about this time that General Grant 
took command of this army and ;\Ir. Schry- 
ver passed through, under Grant, all the 
stirring events attending the attack and 
memorable siege and surrender of Vicks- 
burg to General Grant by General Pember- 
ton. Several times during his career as a 
soldier he won promotion by his gallantry 
and was complimented by his officers for 
it; but probably owing to his political faith, 
he being a strong Union Democrat, the Gov- 
erninent neglected him; finally in June, 
1865, his merits were so conspicuous that 
the Secretary of W'av commissioned him 
first lieutenant, and assigned him to the post 
of assistant commissary of musters (muster 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



985 



officer). While serving in this capacity he 
mustered out of the service 6,000 men. He 
held this position tmtil 1866, when he re- 
ceived his discharge from the service. 

At the termination of his service in the 
army, he returned to Circleville, bearing 
with him the honors that came to a gallant 
soldier who had on all occasions done his 
duty faithfully to his country. 

On his return to Circleville, Mr. Schry- 
ver became the confidential clerk of Morris 
Steeley & Co., then an important milling 
and distilling firm of that city. He was soon 
advanced to a partnership and in 1872 was 
sent to take charge of the interests of his 
house in this city, where he established a 
branch of their business, which under his 
master hand soon became nearly as import- 
ant as the home house. The latter, how- 
ever, soon afterwards became involved in 
financial trouble and in 1873 failed in busi- 
ness: this did not aiTect the branch in this 
city, but ^Ir. Schryver wound up its affairs 
here without loss to anyone. 

In a short time afterwards he went into 
the grain and general produce business with 
Mr. Henry Wagner, under the firm name of 
Wagner & Schryver; this firm continued 
until 1876, when Mr. Wagner died. April 
I. 1876. Mr. Schryver joined his business 
interests with those of Mr. J. G. Harryman, 
under the firm name of Harryman & Schry- 
ver: this co-partnership continued its op- 
erations until 1882. when Mr. Schryver se- 
lected his book-keeper, Mr. M. B. Schol!, 
as a business associate, doing almost en- 
tirely a grain business under the firm name 
of Schryver & Scholl, their offices being in 
the Chamber of Commerce Building. 

Mr. Schryver has been a member of the 
Corn and Flour Exchange since 1872: be- 



came a director in 1879 and served on the 
board for nine years; he was then elected a 
member of the Executive Committee and 
served two years. He was then elected sec- 
ond vice-president and served two years in 
that office, being subsequently advanced to 
first vice-president, serving two years in this 
office, and in 1885, when the president re- 
signed, he succeeded him as president, and 
in 1886 he was elected at the head of the 
regular ticket president of the Board, filling 
all these positions with distinguished ability 
and fidelity. In 1887 he was elected Police 
Commissioner and was made president of 
the Board immediately after entering upon 
his duties, which office he held until 1897. 
He is still a member of the Board. 

In 1895 he gave up his grain business in 
order to devote more time to the duties of 
his office. He was soon made president of 
the Mutual Protective Building and Loan 
Association of Baltimore, which occupies all 
his spare time from his duties as commis- 
sioner. He is also Supreme Regent Royal 
Arcanum. Mr. Schryver has been for a 
number of years a member of and since '95 
one of the vice-presidents of the Board of 
Managers of the Charity Organization So- 
ciety, of Baltimore. He is one of the di- 
rectors of the Royal Arcanum Club Build- 
ing Company. 

Mr. Schryver was married at Circleville, 
O., April 9, 1868, to Miss Louisa Burns. 
Her father was George Burns, born in Ire- 
land, and settled in Ohio. Her mother was 
born in Ohio. Mr. Schryver was born in 
Circleville. 

Mr. Schryver had eight children, six of 

I whom are living: Georgie Marshall, wife 
of Mr. Charles Howard Parrish. manufac- 

; turer, of Baltimore; Walter Crim, Edith 



986 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



ilay, Fanny Grace, ^Marion Edson and 
Maud Louise Schryver. The family are at- 
tendants of the M. E. Church and reside at 
641 N. Calhoun street, Baltimore. 

Capt. Samuel Todd Hamilton was 
born at Beaver, Beaver county, Pa., March 
10, 1844. His father was George Washing- 
ton Hamilton, and his mother Eliza Jane 
Todd; his father was born in 1819 and his 
mother in 1817; both were Americans, their 
families being among the early settlers of 
Pennsylvania and prominent people of their 
day. His father was an engine builder near 
Pittsburg, Pa. Both his parents are dead; 
his mother died February, 1885, his father 
two months later. His father had six chil- 
dren, four of whom are living — Captain 
Hamilton, the subject of this sketch; George 
Washington Hamilton, engine builder, 
Beaver, Pa.; William Hamilton, clerk. Char- 
tiers, Allegheny county. Pa., and John 
Hamilton, Beaver Falls, Beaver county, Pa. 

Captain Hamilton was educated at Beaver 
-Academy, Beaver, Pa., and at Beaver Col- 
lege at the same place; he stood well in his 
classes and would have graduated with dis- 
tinction, but tlie Civil War was raging in 
the country, and like the youth of that day 
both North and South, Captain Hamilton 
was imbued with patriotism and could not 
be prevailed U])on to remain at college and 
graduate, but insisted on entering the army 
and left college in June, 1862, when only 
eighteen years old; enlisted in the Fifteenth 
Pennsylvania \'olunteer Cavalry, and in 
tlircf nioiuhs (Se]>tember. 1S62) received 
his bai>tisni in war in the terrible and hotly 
contested battle of Antietam, between Gen. 
R. E. Lee's and Gen. Geo. B. McCIclland's 
armies. The following October he was sent 



with his regiment to Nashville, Tenn., and 
engaged in the Stone River Campaign, end- 
ing with the battle of Stone river and the 
occupation of Murfreesboro in December, 
1862; he was also in the campaign and bat- 
tles of the Army of the Cumberland, includ- 
ing the battles of Chickamauga. around 
Chattanooga, September and November, 
1863, and battle of Nashville in December, 
1864; was with General Stoneman in his 
raid through East Tennessee, Virginia, 
North Carolina, South Carolina and .Ala- 
bama from March to ]\Iay, 1865; in fact. 
Captain Hamilton saw hard service, and 
was in most of its important battles, always 
proving himself faithful to duty and a brave 
and gallant soldier to the end of the war, 
and was mustered out of the volunteer ser- 
vice in June, 1865, and on account of his 
sjilendid record, in June, 1867, was ap- 
pointed second lieutenant in the regular 
United States .\rmy, and assigned to the 
Second LTnited States Cavalry, where he 
served through different actions, campaigns 
and expeditions against the Indians in Kan- 
sas, Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, 
Montana, Dakota, Idaho and Washington, 
until July, 1892. when on account of disa- 
bility incurred in the line of duty he was re- 
tired from active service, with the rank of 
ca]5tain, which rank no man in the service of 
his country merited more than Captain 
Hamilton. In his services on the fron- 
tier, as in the Civil War, he was noted 
for faithful discharge of duty, bravery and 
gallantry; and had it not been for his dis- 
abilit\- he would no doubt have risen to still 
higher distinction in the army. 

.\fter his retirement from the army lie 
took up his residence in our city, and though 
coming here a stranger, it was not long be- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



987 



fore he made many friends, and October 7, 
1897, when the police commissioners of this 
city selected a marshal of police, Captain 
Hamilton was appointed to this high and 
important position, and since he has been in 
office, from the efficiency with which he per- 
forms its duties, it has been demonstrated 
that the commission made no mistake in ap- 
pointing him. 

Captain Hamilton is a Protestant and a 
Republican, and is a member of the Wash- 
ington Commandery, Loyal Legion of the 
United States. 

Captain Hamilton is over six feet in 
height, straight as an arrow, soldierly in 
bearing, and looks every inch a soldier; in 
his manners he is pleasant and afifable, and 
is of kindly disposition, and though a strict 
disciplinarian is very popular with the men 
under him. He resides at No. 7 East Frank- 
lin street, Baltimore. 

WiLLL\M Hunt, deceased, was born at 
Alexandria, Va., in 1818. His parents were 
New Englanders. His father removed to 
Virginia when he was in his minority. His 
son, William, the subject of this sketch, 
came to Baltimore when only a boy, where 
he served his time as apprentice to a ship 
carpenter. Subsequently, and at the age of 
twenty-four, he went into partnership with 
William Wagner as ship builder under the 
firm name of Hunt & Wagner on South Ann 
street, but finally removed to Canton to ac- 
commodate their large increase in business. 
He carried on this profitable business dur- 
ing the succeeding years until 1854, when 
he sold out his ship-building business upon 
the advice of his physician and engaged in 
the coasting trade. He owned several tug 



boats and schooners for bay traffic, was a 
man of large influence in his circle and was 
respected by all who knew him. In social 
life he held offices of honor and trust. 
Though weak in body he was a man of 
energy and endurance. He built up for him- 
self a beautiful home with all the modern 
comforts and luxuries, which his wife en- 
joys in her declining years. 

He was married to Miss Susannah, 
daughter of Patrick Dickey, a native of Bel- 
fast, Ireland, who came to this country 
about 1817. He was a manufacturer of 
woolen goods, etc., and was located on West 
Saratoga street. He was an extensive 
dealer in his day. He died February 18, 
1872. 

Thomas E. Masson is a native of Balti- 
more, and was born in 1827. He was a son 
of Abraham Masson, also a native of Balti- 
more, but of French parentage. Abraham 
was a sail maker by trade in the early period 
of his life, a business which he carried on 
with success. His son, Thomas E., how- 
ever, chose another profession — that of 
builder, a business which he extended and 
carried on successfully until 1867, when he 
engaged in the real estate business. This 
he conducted with equal success. 

Mr. Masson was an enthusiast on re- 
ligion. What he did, he did it with his 
might. He was deeply devoted to the 
Methodist Episcopal Church, of which he 
was a worthy and influential member for 
twenty-five years, and one of its principal 
supporters. 

He was married to Miss 'Sla.vy Cecil, 
daughter of Edward Cecil, a farmer of Caro- 
line countv, j\Id. There were born to them 



988 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



five children, four of whom are living, one 
son being a prosperous business man of 
Baltimore. 

Mr. James Bates, deceased, was born at 
Marietta, Pa., in 1816. He was the son of 
John Bates, of A'ermont, and a prominent 
business man of his State. He left his na- 
tive towm in Vermont and removed to Bos- 
ton, Mass., where he was as well known as 
in his native town, because of his qualifica- 
tions. He removed to Baltimore in 1820, 
where he engaged in the manufacture of 
brick. His sons, who inherited their father's 
push and energy, turned their attention to 
the moulding and casting of iron. James 
learned his trade under the care of John 
Barker, an experienced moulder and worker 
in iron. James Bates carried on his busi- 
ness with tact and integrity during his life. 
He was a man in whom the public reposed 
perfect confidence. He was at one time 
vice-president of the Marine Bank of Balti- 
more, besides being director of various in- 
stitutions in the city. 

His sons have succeeded him in his busi- 
ness at the old stand, corner of President 
and Pratt streets, under the firm name of 
James Bates' Sons, and they are extensively 
engaged in building elevators. 

James Bates married Miss Frances R. 
Atkinson, daughter of Joshua Atkinson, of 
Maryland, l)y whom he had seven children. 

Hexry J. FauiU'R. — This gentleman (de- 
ceased) was born in Bavaria, Germany. He 
was reared and educated partly in Bavaria 
and partly in Baltimore. He studied in the 
University of Hof until he reached his fif- 
teenth year, when he came to .America, 
where he completed his education under 



private tutors. In early life his intention 
was to enter the ministry, but after he made 
this his adopted country, the land of civil 
and religious liberty, his home, he aban- 
doned the idea and turned his attention to 
material things. He entered mercantile 
business in connection with Stellman, Him- 
rich & Co., who were wholesale importers 
of general merchandise. He remained an 
honorable and trusted member of the firm 
until, twenty years later, he dissolved his re- 
lations therewith, the business having be- 
come too burdensome. 

He soon, however, became dissatisfied 
with a retired life and entered the wholesale 
commission business, in which he was en- 
gaged until his death. 

Mr. Farber married Miss Annie E., 
daughter of Frederick and Anna Stafford, 
of Baltimore. Mr. and Mrs. Stalford are 
natives of Germany, but became useful and 
respected citizens of this country. Mr. 
Stalford carried on an extensive trade in the 
wholesale hide, oil and leather business. 

There were born to Mr. and Mrs. Farber 
si.\ children, all of whom are living. Ed- 
ward J. is a prosperous attorney, of Balti- 
more; Fred M. is a wholesale commission 
merchant, of New York; Flenry J., Jr., 
wholesale commission merchant, of Balti- 
more; William C. is associated with Harry 
Farber, a wholesale commission merchant 
(dry goods) at 37 Hopkins Place; Gustav 
A. is a member of the firm of Price, Heald 
& Co.: Anninea married Marshall, the son 
of the late Moro Phillips, of Philadelphia. 
Mrs. Farber resides at 1012 N. Charles 
street in the winter months, going to her 
summer residence at Catonsville during the 
heated term as has been her custom for the 
i)ast thirtv-eight \-ears. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



S. G. BuRRouGii was born in Philadel- 
phia, Pa., 1839. He is a son of Jacob and 
Elizabeth Burrough, the former a native of 
Pennsylvania, and the latter of New Jersey. 

Jacob Burrough was a prosperous busi- 
ness man of Philadelphia, Pa., extensively 
engaged in contracting and building. In 
1845 li^ removed to Baltimore, where he en- 
gaged in the wholesale lime trade and lo- 
cated at what was known as "The City 
Block." He owned his kilns and manufac- 
tured his own lime at Texas, Baltimore 
county, Md. He continued in that business, 
which he carried on successfully until his 
death in 1881. He was a member of the So- 
ciety of Friends, and in politics was an old 
time Whig. He was a man respected and 
honored by all who came in touch with him, 
and left to his son who succeeds him an un- 
sullied name and an established trade. 

The subject of this sketch was reared and 
educated in Philadelphia and Baltimore. He 
completed his studies at Newton University, 
Baltimore. He came to this city in 1845, 
but returned to his native city in 1854, 
where he engaged in the hardware trade. 
In 1862 at the call of his country he entered 
the Fifteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry. In 
1863 he returned to Baltimore, where he en- 
gaged in the drug business. In 1866 he be- 
came interested in the lumber trade, which 
he followed up to 1881, when he succceeded 
his father at the time of the latter's death. 
He has like his father ingratiated himself 
into the regard and confidence of the public ; 
is honest to a fault, and carries out the prin- 
ciples that he learned in youth from his 
parents. 

Edward L. Coulson'.— This gentleman 
is a native of Baltimore, and was born in 



1841. He is a son of James Coulson, a glue 
manufacturer, whose place of business was 
situated on Jenkins' Lane, Baltimore. 
James began business in this city in early 
life, and as the city developed so did his 
trade, for by integrity and tact he grew in 
favor and esteem. His industrious and 
eventful life closed in 1866, at which time 
his son, Edward L., succeeded him in his 
business. 

Edward L. was reared in Baltimore, 
where he was born, and educated at Union 
Academy in this city. In early life he en- 
tered the drug business, at which he suc- 
ceeded in a material way, but on the death 
of his father in 1866, he abandoned it and 
took his father's place in the manufacture 
of glue. 

Mr. Coulson is of a retiring nature, so- 
ciable in his intercourse with his fellows, 
and successful as a business man. 

He married ^Nliss Sarah, daughter of 
Henry Curtain. ]\Ir. Curtain is also a native 
of this city and was one of its leading busi- 
ness men in his calling. He was born on 
Pitt now Fayette street, and for over fifty 
years lived on the Harford Road, Baltimore 
county. 

To Mr. and ]^Irs. Coulson were born two 
lovely daughters. The family is of English 
ancestry on both sides. 

Tho.mas Meredith Jenkins, deceased, 
was a native of the city of Baltimore, and 
was born in 1855. He was the son of Aus- 
tin and Margaret Jenkins, who were also 
Baltimoreans, and members of a large and 
influential family, well known and promi- 
nent in Baltimore society. Austin Jenkins 
was largely engaged in the hardware busi- 
ness, and was a member of the well known 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



firm of Edward Jenkins & Son. This pros- 
perous firm is still in existence and has the 
full confidence of the public, as well as their 
patronage. 

Austin Jenkins is now senior partner in 
the firm. Thomas Meredith Jenkins was 
reared in Baltimore and educated at George- 
town College, from which he graduated 
with honors. After his graduation he en- 
tered the firm with his father, where he re- 
mained a useful member until his death in 
1890, at the age of thirty-five years. 

He married Miss Sarah Leigh, the ac- 
complished daughter of Stephen and Fanny 
(Land) Bonsai, natives of Norfolk, Va. The 
Bonsals have been residents of Baltimore 
for about twenty-five years, very prominent 
in society and also in business circles. Mr. 
Stephen Bonsai was an extensive importer 
of cofTee, and by his largeness of heart, his 
strict integrity and his unsurpassed business 
qualities, had built for himself a prosperous 
and growing trade. His office was located 
at 63 Exchange Place. 

Rev. Thomas J. Kenny was born No- 
vember 26, 1865, and is a native of Balti- 
more City. He is the son of John and the 
late Mary Kenny, respectable and honored 
citizens of Baltimore. 

There is no more pleasing exercise of the 
mind than to contemplate the life of a man 
who has given himself up, body and soul, 
to doing good to others, and whose aim in 
life is to make the world 1)etter, life purer, 
heaven nearer and to be the visible media- 
tor bet wen God and man. On such a holy 
mission has the subject of our sketch, the 
Rev. Thomas J. Kenny, entered. He was 
reared in the city of Baltimore. When his 
preparatory studies were completed, he en- 



tered the St. Charles College in Howard 
county, Md., in September, 1879. He pur- 
sued his course of studies with zeal and faith- 
fulness and on June 23, 1885, graduated 
with honor to himself and his instructors. 
He next entered St. Mary's Seminary, 
where he laboriously and faithfully pursued 
his studies in theology and philosophy. 
From that institution he also graduated 
with merited credit. He was ordained to 
the priesthood at the Cathedral in Balti- 
more, by his Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. 
On December 21, 1890, he was appointed 
temporarily to the pastorate of St. Mary's 
Church, Marlboro, Prince George's county, 
Md. On April 10, 1891, he was appointed 
to his church, St. Mary's Star of the Sea, 
where he is assistant under Rev. John T. 
Whelan. He was formerly assistant to the 
late Rev. Peter McCoy, who founded the 
church. The membership of this congre- 
gation numbers 4,000,' while the Sunday- 
school counts 700. 

Rev. Thomas J. Kenny is a scholarly 
gentleman of a sweet and winning disposi- 
tion, fit to grace any pulpit. 

John W. Bowen is a resident of Randalls- 
town, Baltimore county, Md., w'here he was 
born April 16, 1854. He is the son of Graf- 
ton and Mary Bowen, both of whom are na- 
tives of Baltimore county. Grafton Bowen 
was an extensive farmer, but has retired. 
He was a strictly moral and upright man in 
all his intercourse with his neighbors. As a 
farmer he was not surpassed. In all the 
various branches of agriculture he was up 
to date and even ahead of the times. 

His son, John W., the subject of this 
sketch, was lx)rn at Dover, Md., and edu- 
cated in the public schools of Baltimore 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



county. Brought up as a farmer, he took 
a pride in it and like his honored father has 
been eminently successful. He has con- 
fined himself principally to dairying. He 
has a beautiful herd of fine Alderney grades, 
thirty in number. He controls a large farm 
and is a thorough going business man. He 
is a man of large influence and unlimited 
acquaintance. In 1895 he was nominated 
for sherifif of his native county on the Pro- 
hibition ticket with Mr. Levering, and 
polled twenty votes ahead of his ticket. This 
shows his popularity and political position. 

In 1887 Mr. Bowen rented a stall in Rich- 
mond Market, where he is a large dealer in 
cream, the product of his own dairy. His 
patronage is large and includes the best peo- 
ple of that section of the city. Mr. Bowen 
is courteous in his manner, social in dispo- 
sition and honest and upright in his deal- 
ings with all. 

He married Miss .Vnnie, daughter of 
Gideon Herbert, Esq., to whom were born 
seven children. Mr. Herbert is a well 
known man in Baltimore county, having 
held several public offices there. 

Thomas S. Godman is a native of Balti- 
more and belongs to one of the oldest fami- 
lies in Maryland. He is a son of Thomas 
W. and Eveline Godman and was born on 
Pennsylvania avenue, October 22, 1831. 
Thomas W. was an extensive mutton 
butcher, whose patronage extended over a 
large territory. His reputation for square 
dealing was proverbial. He was the son 
of Brutus Godman, a man of talent wiio 
spent some time as an educator. He was 
also a man of patriotism, for when the 
mother country placed its hands too heavily 
upon the shoulders of the infant colony, 



Brutus and his father, Capt. Samuel God- 
man, immediately joined the forces under 
Washington. The latter organized and 
equipped a company at his own expense. 

Thomas S. Godman at an early age took 
up the occupation of his father, and under 
the latter's superidsion. At the age of 
twenty-one he left the company of his 
father to do business for himself, and en- 
gaged in the beef trade. When Mr. God- 
man entered the Hollins Market, forty-six 
years ago, there were only eight stalls erect- 
ed there, and at the expense of those who 
occupied them. Mr. Godman has a wide 
reputation for his honesty as a business 
man, by which means his patronage is large. 
He is a worthy member of the Methodist 
Church, of which he was at one time a trus- 
tee. In politics he is a Republican. He is 
a member of the I. O. O. F. of the State of 
Alaryland and also of the Seven Wise Men. 

He married Miss Emma A., daughter of 
George Bell, by whom he had eight chil- 
dren, five of whom are now living. His 
family is very interesting and all belong to 
the Methodist Church. His son, George 
W., is in the butcher business in Richmond 
Market. 

Mr. Adam Appel. — The subject of this 
sketch (deceased) was a native of Germany, 
who, with his parents, came to this country 
in 1854. They located in Baltimore, where 
they engaged in the butcher business, and 
so conducted themselves that they found 
favor in the estimation of their American 
neighbors and their business grew exten- 
sively. After working with his father and 
with other noted men in his line, he em- 
barked in the same business for himself in 
1872, locating in liollins' Market, where he 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



remained for twenty years, or up to the 
time of his death in 1893. ^^i"- Appel was 
a moral man, of strict integrity and honest 
for the sake of principle, not policy, whose 
business grew as his acquaintance widened. 
He confined himself strictly to his calling 
which extended far beyond his expecta- 
tions. 

He married ]\Iiss Alary, daughter of 
Christopher Hoehn, a native of Germany. 
She has succeeded her husband in his busi- 
ness, which prospers as greatly t:- it did 
under his supervision. There are no chil- 
dren. 

Henry Elliot Shepherd. — The sub- 
ject of our sketch was born at Fayetteville, 
N. C, in 1844. His father was one of the 
most cultured and successful lawyers that 
the South has produced; his maternal un- 
cle was James C. Dobbin, Secretary of the 
Navy during the administration of Presi- 
dent Pierce, and a colleague of such "men 
of light and learning" as William L. Mar- 
cey, Caleb Cushing and Jefferson Davis. 
Mr. Shepherd received his preliminary 
training in the schools of his native town, 
and at a very early age entered the Univer- 
sity of \'irginia, where he was especially 
distinguished in the sphere of languages, 
literature and history. The beginning of 
the war between the States in 1861 found 
him in the service of the Confederacy: he 
was wounded, almost fatally, at Gettys- 
burg, July 3, 1863, and for several months 
lay prostrate in the hospital. Gen. D. H. 
Hill, the brother-in-law of "Stonewall" 
Jackson, pul;)licly complimented him as "a 
splendid young soldier" of the Army of 
Northern Virginia. Upon the cessation 
of hostilities he repaired to Baltimore with 



the intention of making his permanent 
home there. Within a few months after 
his arrival he was elected to the chair of 
History and English in the City College, 
and retained the position until July, 1875. 
at which time he was promoted withont so- 
licitation on his own part to the office of 
Superintendent of Public Instruction, be- 
ing one of the youngest men ever called to 
the discharge of so grave, delicate and re- 
sponsible a trust. In October, 1882, he re- 
signed the superintendency in order to ac- 
cept the presidency of the College of 
Charleston, S. C, the oldest institution de- 
voted to the advancement of high culture in 
that State, its origin dating back into colo- 
nial times. In July, 1897, he retired from 
the presidency of the college and returned 
to Baltimore, where he is now actively en- 
gaged in literary and educational enter- 
prises in a variety of fields. Mr. Shepherd 
is an author and lecturer whose reputation 
far exceeds a merely local limit. His his- 
tory of the English Language, his His- 
torical Reader, Advanced Grammar of the 
English Language, his address upon the 
genius of Edgar A. Poe, delivered at the 
formal dedication of the monument. No- 
vember 17, 1875: his numerous contribu- 
tions, educational, philological, historical, 
have secured for him a recognized position 
among scholars not in America alone, but 
in the leading shrines of culture and learn- 
ing in the European world. In all his 
public lectures he speaks without notes or 
memoranda of any kind whatever. His 
lectures upon English literature have been 
received with enthusiastic appreciation in 
all parts of the country, from Boston to 
Savannah; and the manner of his delivery 
as well as the flucncv of his utterance has 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



induced more than one discriminating critic 
to compare him to tlie late Dr. PhilHps 
Brooks. Mr. Shepherd is now engaged in 
the preparation of an elaborate commen- 
tary upon the poetry of Tennyson which 
will be issued at a future day. He is an 
intense student of the aesthetic and spiritual 
phases of literature, not a student of its 
merely verbal or structural form, an atti- 
tude of mind which has more than once in- 
volved him in severe conflict with the ad- 
vocates of an extreme and exclusive philo- 
logical method. During his term of ser- 
vice as Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
tion, Mr. Shepherd organized and selected 
the Public School Library, which ranks 
among the most complete and admirable 
libraries of its kind in the entire country. 
He devoted himself to the educational life 
of the city through the elevation of the in- 
dividual teacher, and labored for the attain- 
ment of that end through all the legitimate 
agencies at his command, lectures, special 
classes, contributions to the journals, in- 
deed every medium through which educa- 
tional activity can assert its force and con- 
vey its inspiration. His home is 1109 Mc- 
Culloh street and he hopes that he is es- 
tablished in Baltimore for life. It was the 
scene of his early labors and is one of the 
principal centres of his strong attachment 
and affection. 

Benjami.n Howell Griswold. — The 
subject of this sketch, B. Howell Griswold, 
was born at St. Louis, Mo., October 3. 1845. 
He is the son of Rev. Whiting and Ellen 
Maria (Howell) Griswold. His father was 
a much esteemed minister of the Protestant 
Episcopal Church, a graduate of the Gen- 
eral Theological Seminary of New York 



and first rector of St. John's Parish, St. 
Louis, Mo. He was also founder of The 
Church Home and Orphan Asylum of the 
latter city. He died in 1849 ^ft^r ^ useful 
and eventful life. Rev. Whiting Griswold 
was the son of Capt. Chester Griswold, who 
served in the War of 1812. Chester was the 
grandson of Lieut. Ebenezer Griswold, who 
served his country with honor in the 
Franco-Indian war. B. H. Griswold's ma- 
ternal great-grandfather was Joseph How- 
ell, a major in the Revolutionary War. He 
served under Washington, and was the first 
Paymaster General of the United States 
Army. The subject of this sketch is a di- 
rect de'scendant of two of the regicides of 
Charles the First of England, namely, Sir 
Gregory Clement and Gen. Thomas Harri- 
son, men who were lovers of freedom and 
liberty. 

Benjamin Howell Griswold was educated 
at Hagerstown Academy and by private 
tutors. He subsequently entered St. John's 
College, Washington county, Md. During 
the Civil War, when this college was closed, 
he entered Trinity College, Conn., from 
which institution he graduated in 1866. 
After leaving college he entered the rail- 
road service as civil engineer, and in 1871 
was appointed chief clerk and telegraph op- 
erator of the B. & O. R. R. at Hagerstown, 
Md. In 1872 he was made agent of the 
Western Alaryland railroad at Hagerstown. 
In 1874 this company transferred him to 
Baltimore, where he was made Auditor and 
General Freight and Ticket Agent. At 
that time the road was in an undeveloped 
state, with but limited local traffic. When 
the road branched out to other sections, Mr. 
Griswold was placed in charge of its traffic 
as General Freight and Passenger Agent, 



994 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



which position he has most creditably and 
satisfactorily retained since 1883. In his 
extensive acquaintance in the railroad 
world Mr. Griswold is recognized as an 
official thoroughly conversant with the 
intricacies of traffic and transportation 
details. Not only does Mr. Griswold 
hold a positon of trust and responsibility 
in business, but likewise maintains an 
enviable popularity. His afifable manners 
and genial nature have won for him 
universal esteem and respect. He is a 
member of the Masonic Fraternity and of 
the Alpha Delta Phi College Fraternity, 
also of the Royal Arcanum, National Union, 
Order of the Golden Chain, Sons of the 
American Revolution, Society of the Colo- 
nial Wars, University Club, Baltimore 
Country Club, and Maryland Historical So- 
ciety. On December 21, 1871, he married 
Miss Carrie G. Robertson, daughter of Col. 
Thomas G. Robertson, of Hagerstown, 
Md., to whom were born three children, 
named Ellen Howell, Ben. Howell and 
Robertson. Ben. Howell, Jr., is a grad- 
uate of Johns Hopkins University and also 
of the Maryland University Law School, 
and is now professionally associated with 
the well-known legal firm of Charles Mar- 
shall i\: .'^ons, of Baltimore. 

Dk. Jamks DosliCv was born in Balti- 
more county, Md., October i, 1852. He is 
a son of John and Mary (Pearce) Bosley, 
natives of Maryland and descendants of co- 
lonial settlers. Their .son, James, received 
his initial training in the public schools 
of his native county, took his academic 
course at Milton Academy, and tiien en- 
tered the University of \'irgiiiia, from the 
medical dei)artment of which institution he 



was graduated with the class of 1874. Dur- 
ing the following year he was resident phy- 
sician at Bay A'iew Asylum and then en- 
tered upon the general practice of his pro- 
fession, in which he has ever since been en- 
gaged with present office and residence at 
iioi Lanvale street. Doctor Bosley was 
one of the Board of School Commissioners 
representing the Fourteenth ward from 
1888 to 1896. Politically he is a Democrat, 
has taken a lively interest in and worked for 
his party's success, and his acceptance of 
official trusts at his party's hands has been 
frequently urged, which the demands of an 
extensive practice have compelled him to 
decline. He is a member of the American 
Medical Association, Medical and Chirurgi- 
cal Faculty of Maryland, and Baltimore 
Medical and Surgical Society. He has 
been twice married, his lirst wife being Le- 
clare, daughter of the late Charles R. Wat- 
ers, of Carroll county, Md. Mrs. Bosley 
died, leaving two children, Charles Ed- 
monds Bosley, now a student at the Univer- 
sity of Virginia, and ^lary Leclare Bosley, 
a student at Bryn Mawr. Doctor Bosley 's 
second wife is his deceased wife's sister. 
The family are members of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church, South. 

Dr. FuiiDJiKiCK WiLi.iA.M Wilson is a 
native of Baltimore, a son of Dr. Pierce B. 
and Henrietta (Stewart) Wilson, natives of 
Philadelphia, whence they came to Balti- 
more, where Dr. P. B. Wilson has since re- 
sided and engaged in business as consulting 
physician and expert chemist. Frederick 
W. Wilson received his education in the 
public and manual training schools of Bal- 
timore, pursued the study of medicine under 
the i)reccpt(.rship uf his father, then !ine of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



the Faculty of the Bahimore University 
School of Medicine, from which institution 
he (Frederick) was graduated. Believing, 
after investigation, in the superiority of the 
new over the old school methods, Doctor 
Wilson took up the study of Homeopathy, 
was duly graduated, and is engaged in that 
practice in Mewark. N. J. 

Mr. J. M. Buck, deceased, was a native of 
I'.altimore, and was born January 7, 1814. 
He was the son of Capt. Benjamin C. Buck, 
a prominent business man of Baltimore, and 
an extensive ship owner and importer of 
foreign merchandise. J. M. Buck, his son, 
at the age of seventeen was manager for 
Herr & Co., one of the largest firms in the 
city. In 1832 he engaged in the commission 
business with the son of his former em- 
ployer, under the firm name of Herr & 
Buck. In 1845 Mr. Buck retired from city 
life to a farm he owned near Frederick City, 
one of the finest farms in the country. 
There he remained until 1849, when he re- 
turned to Baltimore and purchased one of 
the flouring mills situated on the Franklin 
turnpike. In 1855 'i^ acquired another 
farm on which he lived about four years. 

Mr. Buck was not only a practical busi- 
ness man, looking to personal ends, but he 
was a public-spirited man as well. He was 
trusted implicitly by his fellow-citizens. He 
was for three years cashier of the Franklin 
Bank of Baltimore. 

\\'hile Mr. Buck took no active part in 
the late war, yet he was a pronounced 
"Southern Democrat" in his views. At the 
breaking out of the war, when every heart 
was stirred to its depths and men were 
obliged to show to which side leaned their 
sympathies, Mr. Buck was not slow in re- 



vealing his colors. He was one of the lead- 
ing spirits in the organization of the M. E. 
Church South. 

While Baltimore was under martial law 
the militia demanded that the Union flag 
be placed in the pulpit of the M. E. Church 
South, then oh Hanover street: Mr. Buck 
objected and corresponded with the Gov- 
ernment of the State to interfere. 

Mr. Buck was twice married; his first wife 
was the daughter of Capt. Jas. F. Frazier. 
His second wife is the daughter of 
Alex. Benson Coe. There are four sons 
and four daughters living. Henry B., his 
son, is a prominent lawyer, of Syracuse, N. 
Y. Another son, Thomas Corner Buck, is 
a banker and broker in New York City; 
while J. M., another son, is an active man 
in business in the same city. 

Abner B. Mudge, deceased, is a native of 
Lynn, Mass. He was born in 1807. He 
came to Baltimore in 1833, at which time he 
became a clerk for Mr. TifTney, where he 
endeared himself to his employer and soon 
rose in influence and importance as a busi- 
ness man. Later on he went into the paper 
business with Samuel Epes Turner and 
Geo. W. Wheelwright under the firm name 
Turner, Wheelwright & Mudge. After the 
accumulation of means he entered into a 
partnership with Mr. Wheelwright, who 
formed the boot and shoe concern of Wheel- 
wright & Mudge on Charles street. This 
firm, however, gave up the boot and shoe 
trade, embarking in the paper business 
under the old firm name. Afterwards in 
185 1 the brother of George W. Wheel- 
wright, the late Jeremiah Wheelwright, who 
had been in the boot and shoebusiness.took 
the firm name of Wheelwright & Mudge. 



99G 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Mr. Mudge was a self made and self edu- 
cated man. and contributed in a material 
way to make Baltimore what it is to-day. 

In politics he was a staunch Republican. 
He was married to Miss Caroline C. Phil- 
lips, daughter of Isaac and Ann Phillips, of 
Baltimore, who bore him nine children, six 
of whom are living ; of this number two are 
prominent business men of Baltimore — E. 
Tileston Mudge, who succeeded his father 
and whose firm name is Dobler & Mudge, 
and Frank Mudge, who is engaged in the 
grain and flour business. 

Abner B. INIudge died in 1872 at the age 
of seventy-two years. 

.Among the attorneys of the Baltimore 
City and County bar who have successfully 
mingled their profession and politics may 
be mentioned Hon. J- Fred C. Talbott, of 
Towson. The emigrant ancestor of the male 
line was John Talbott, who settled first on 
the Eastern Shore in the early colonial days, 
moving thence to Anne .\rundel county and 
finally to Baltimore county, where he be- 
came a large landed proprietor. He was 
succeeded by his son, Edward, and he in 
turn by Jusluia F. C. Talbott, grandfather 
of our sul)ject, for whom he was named. 
The Talbotts have always been landed pro- 
prietors, cultivating the soil. The father of 
our subject, lidward Talbott, was born on 
the homestead near Towson. He. married 
Miss Temperance Ellen, daughter of Anion 
Bosley, of Baltimore county. The Bosleys 
are of English origin, the colonial ances- 
tor, Joseph Bosley, coming to Baltimore di- 
rect from the mother country. His father- 
in-law. Captain Marsli, was an officer in the 
Revolutionafy Army. Both of our subject's 



grandfathers, J. C. F. Talbott and Anion 
Bosley, were soldiers in the War of 1812. 

Mr. J. Frederick C. Talbott was born in 
Baltimore county, July 29, 1843. After at- 
tending the public schools of the county, 
Mr. Talbott began the study of law in the 
offices of Messrs. Wheeler & Keech.of Tow- 
son. On the outbreak of the war Mr. Tal- 
bott enlisted in Company F, Second Mary- 
land Cavalry, in July, 1863, and participated 
in the battle of Winchester on September 
19th following, and at Fisher's Hill in Oc- 
tober; also in the Chambersburg Raid 
and innumerable skirmishes. After the 
close of the war Air. Talbott returned to 
Towson, renewed his studies in the same of- 
fice and was called to the bar September 6, 
1866, and at once sprang into prominence 
as an acute and skillful practitioner and trial 
lawyer, and many are the prominent cases 
in which he has participated. In 1885 Mr. 
Talbott opened an office in Baltimore in ad- 
dition to the one he has occupied in Towson 
since his coming to the bar. 

Mr. Talbott's political career has been 
prominent and interesting. He served as 
State's Attorney for Baltimore county from 
1872 to '76. In 1878 he was elected to rep- 
resent his district in the Lower House of 
Congress, and was twice returned, serving 
six consecutive years. He again represent- 
ed his district in that body for the term be- 
ginning in 1893. During his earlier terms 
in Congress Mr. Talbott took a prominent 
part in the establishment of the new navy; 
he ]3repared and introduced the bill for es- 
tablishing the two national gun foundries; 
he secured the appropriation for the De- 
Kalb monument; secured an amendment to 
the naval appropriation bill providing for 
tlie building of the cruisers Newark and 



HISTORV OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



997 



Baltimore. As chairman of tlie sub-Com- 
mittee of Naval Affairs in the Fifty-third 
Congress he prepared the naval appropria- 
tion bill and had charge of it while being 
considered, finally securing the appropria- 
tion for building the cruisers Kearsarge and 
Kentucky. Mr.Talbott may well feel proud 
of the part he has taken in establishing the 
new navy. At the dedication of the York- 
town monument in 1881 Mr. Talbott was a 
member of the Congressional Committee, 
who oilficially represented the House on that 
occasion. Mr. Taibott represented his dis- 
trict in the National Democratic Conven- 
tions of the memorable campaign of 1876, 
and again in that of '84, which nominated 
the winner. j\Ir. Talbott is a Democrat of 
pronounced type and a firm believer of the 
Democratic doctrine that the majority 
should rule, and gives his support to the 
party nominees regardless of his own per- 
sonal preferences. He is a speaker of fine 
ability, and his logical discourses in the halls 
of Congress or on the hustings carry con- 
viction to unprejudiced hearers. 

Mr. Talbott married Miss Laura B., 
daughter of Mr. John G. Cockey, of Balti- 
more county, and of English descent. The 
fraternal orders have found favor in Mr. 
Talbott's e\'es, he being a member of the 
three leading organizations. He is affiliated 
with the Mount Moriah Lodge of Masons 
and the Towson Lodge of Odd Fellows, 
both of Towson; and of the Hebron Lodge 
of ICnights of Pythias, of Cockeyville. 

Joseph Friedexwald, retired mer- 
chant, whose office is at 216 N. Holliday 
street, was born in Geissen, Germany, in 
1829. His father was Jonas Friedenwald, 



of Geissen, Germany, who, with his wife, 
came to this country in 1832, and settled 
in Baltimore, where he carried on the re- 
tail hardware business for years and accu- 
mulated a fortune. He had four sons and 
one daughter; three only living: Isaac, 
who is in the printing business and resides 
on McCulloh street; Dr. Aaron Frieden- 
wald, practicing physician, of N. Eutaw 
street, and Mr. Friedenwald, the subject 
of this sketch. 

His father was one of the most promi- 
nent Israelites of this city in his day, and 
when he retired from business some years 
before his death, he devoted his remaining 
years to charities, it being the greatest 
pleasure to him to relieve the destitute and 
needy, not only those of his own faith but 
everybody in need, being noted as a philan- 
thropist in the true sense of the term. He 
died in 1894, his wife in 1882, both of them 
loved and respected by the whole com- 
munity. 

Mr. Friedenwald was educated in private 
schools of Baltimore and upon completing 
his education entered as a partner the firm 
of Wiesenfeld & Co., wholesale manufac- 
turers of clothing. He was also a member 
of the firm of Wiesenfeld, Stern & Co., cot- 
ton commission merchants, both of these 
firms being old and established business 
houses of Baltimore at that day. though not 
in existence at the present time. Although 
retired from business as a merchant, Mr. 
Friedenwald still looks after many business 
interests, and is now president of the Crow'n 
Cork and Seal Co., a large establishment 
near Guilford avenue and Lanvale street, 
employing a great number of hands and 
doing a large business in this line. He is 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



also a director in the Equitable National 
Bank and connected as trustee and other- 
wise with nearly every charity in the city 
of every denomination, being like his father 
devoted to doing good to others and to 
helping those who need help. He was the 
organizer and founder of the Hebrew Hos- 
pital and Asylum of this city and for six- 
teen years was president of the board of this 
institution; the only public office (if it may 
be so termed) he ever held was that of 
trustee of Bayview Asylum, to which 
he was appointed by Joshua Vansant, 
Mayor of Baltimore, some years ago, and 
re-appointed by the successive Mayors of 
the city since Mayor Vansant's time, hav- 
ing served on the board twenty-one years, 
most of the time being president. 

'Sir. Friedenwald was married in this city 
in 1852 to Miss Rosina Rosewald, a daugh- 
ter of Judah Rosewald, a prominent and 
leading business man of Baltimore at that 
day. She is a sister of Professor Rosewald, 
now deceased, who at that time, with his 
wife, was well known here and distinguished 
for his rare musical attainments, each 
having fine voices. Mrs. Rosewald now 
resides in California. 

Mr. Fritndenwald has had fourteen chil- 
dren, twelve living, as follows: Hiram W., 
Benjamin B., Bertha, wife of Julius Gold- 
enberg, of the firm of Goldenberg Bros., 
retail dry goods; Blima, wife of A. A. 
Brager, department store; Moses S., Jacob 
H., Leo W., Flossie, wife of M. Selz, of the 
firm of Selz Bros., wholesale dry goods; 
Merla, wife of Samuel Thalheimer, of the 
firm of Oppenheimer & Co., wholesale 
clothing merchants; Jennie, Aimee and 
Berleen. All reside in Baltimore. He and 
his family are Israelites. In politics he is 
a Democrat. 



Mr. Friedenwald is noted for his kindly 
disposition, strict integrity and honesty and 
is universally liked. In winter he and his 
family reside at 1916 Eutaw Place and in 
summer at his country residence near Glyn- 
don, Baltimore county, where he has a 
beautiful place and fine farm of 900 acres. 

Richard Curzon Hoffman, President 
of the Seaboard Air Line System Railways, 
and president of the Baltimore Steam 
Packet Co., offices Equitable Building, 
Baltimore, was born in Baltimore, July 13, 
1839. His father, Samuel Hoffman, was 
bom in Frederick county, Md., September 
30, 1782, and his mother, Elizabeth Re- 
becca Becker (Curzon) Hoffman, was born 
in Baltimore, May 5, 1796. Their ancestors 
were among the early settlers of Maryland 
and their people belong to some of ^lary- 
land's most prominent families. 

Mr. Samuel Hoffman w^as one of Balti- 
more's leading merchants in his day, and 
the senior member and head of the old and 
prominent finn of Hoffman & Co., which 
did a large and extensive business in this 
city for years. He died in Baltimore, June 
20, 1852. His wife died March 15. 1880. 
They had six children. Those living are 
Mrs. Sophia L. AIcLane, wife of Louis Mc- 
Lane, iioi N. Charles street, this city; 
Mary Dorothea Hoffman, No. 1039 St. 
Paul street, this city, and Mr. Hoffman, the 
subject of this sketch. 

Mr. Hofifman was educated at Chestnut 
Hill School and McNally's School, Balti- 
more. After leaving school he entered the 
service of William G. Hofifman, stock 
broker, Baltimore, as clerk, in 1857. After- 
wards, in 1865, he was in the service of 
Hoffman, Thompson & Co., iron conmiis- 
sion merchants, this city, now R. C. Hoff- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



man & Co., Equitable Building, Baltimore. 
On May 7, 1888, he was made vice-presi- 
dent Seaboard Air Line System Railways, 
and February 14, 1893, was made presi- 
dent of this company, and February 23, 
1893, was also made president of the Bal- 
timore Steam Packet Company, which two 
important positions he now holds. 

Being a strong Southerner when the 
Civil War came on, he enlisted in the Con- 
federate Army, May 24, 1861, as first lieu- 
tenant of Company B, Thirty-first Regi- 
ment, Virginia Infantry, Second Brigade, 
Stonewall Jackson's Division, Army 
Northern Virginia, and was promoted to 
captain of his company April 4, 1862, and 
June, 1862, he was appointed captain 
Company E, Thirtieth Battalion Sharp- 
shooters, Confederate Army, Wharton's 
Brigade, Breckinridge's Division. On 
April 9, 1865, he surrendered at Appomat- 
tox Court House with Lee's army. He 
was a faithful and gallant soldier and popu- 
lar with the ofificers and men of his com- 
mand. 

Mr. Hofifman was married in Baltimore, 
October 28, 1880, to Miss Eliza Lawrence 
Dallam, daughter of Edward Boothby Dal- 
lam, who was born in Harford county, Md., 
and Henrietta Julia (Mactier) Dallam, who 
was born in New York City. Mrs. Hoff- 
man's parents were both members of old 
American families. Mr. and iVIrs. Hoff- 
man have six children: Richard Curzon, 
Jr., Henrietta Mactier, Elizabeth Curzon, 
Mary Dorothea, Wilmer and Eliza Law- 
rence Hoffman. The family are members 
of the Protestant Episcopal Church and re- 
side at Ruxton, Baltimore county, Md. 

Mr. Hoffman is a member of the Society 
of Colonial Wars, Societv of the Armv and 



Navy of the Confederate States, for the 
State of Maryland; the Society of the Army 
of Northern Virginia, in Virginia, and a 
member of Buchanan Camp, United Con- 
federate Veterans of Baltimore. In poli- 
tics he is an Independent, and votes for 
those he considers the best men for posi- 
tions. He stands high as a man of strict 
honor and is one of the leading railway 
managers of the day. The system of rail- 
ways he has under his charge is among the 
largest in the country, extending and per- 
meating over all sections of the South, all 
of which he manages with marked success 
and with satisfaction to the stockholders 
and the public. 

John Fredijrick Adams, contractor and 
builder, was born at Ellicott's Mills, Md., 
January 30, 1829. His father, John Adams, 
an Irishman by birth, had immigrated to 
this country in 1820, and was for many years 
a successful contractor and builder of public 
works. His mother's maiden name was 
Anne Kuhn, the daughter of a wealthy mil- 
ler, of Adams county. Pa., and later of Rich- 
mond, \'a. Mr. Adams died when the sub- 
ject of this sketch was four j-ears of age, 
and the family then moved to Cumberland. 
From an early age, rather from choice than 
necessity, John F. Adams relied upon his 
own efforts for support, and when but four- 
teen was engaged in running a steam engine 
at the first planing mill of Bell & Hendrick- 
son at Cumberland. At sixteen he was ap- 
jirenticed to learn the carpenter's trade with 
William McClellan, with whom he served 
three and a half years. In 1849 ^^ came to 
Baltimore, where he worked as a journey- 
man carpenter for two years, then entering 
I into a partnership association with his 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



brother, Samuel H. Adams. This partner- 
ship was dissolved in 1854 by mutual con- 
sent, and the brothers continued in business 
separately until i860, when they re-united 
under the firm name of S. H. & J. F. Adams. 
This firm built many of the most notable 
structures not only in this city, but Phila- 
delphia, Washington, Richmond and other 
cities. They built all the shops and round 
houses at J\Jt. Vernon, the offices of the 
Northern Central Railway Company on 
Calvert and Centre streets, the Baltimore 
and Potomac Railroad Depot in Washing- 
ton, as well as the new Union Depot on 
North Charles street in this city; the Mt. 
Hope Insane Asylum, Carrollton Hotel, 
Notre Dame Convent, Union Bank and 
many other prominent buildings in this and 
other cities. 

Charles Snowden Watts, Attorney-at- 
Law, was born October 25, 1868, at "Bev- 
erly," Baltimore county, the country seat of 
his parents. He is a son of Garrard Snow- 
den and Anne Elizabeth (Wolvington) 
Watts, the former a native of Maryland, the 
latter of Mrginia. The firm of G. S. Watts 
& Co. was for a number of years a leading 
wholesale tobacco house of Baltimore. The 
firm is now dissolved, its senior member, 
Mr. G. S. Watts, having retired in x88o 
from business. His eldest son, George W. 
Watts, removed to Durham, N. C, in 1878, 
where he has since identified himself with 
various important interests of the South. 
To the town of Durham he gave a thor- 
oughly equipped hospital. A college known 
as the .\rthur G. Watts jNIemorial College 
was founded by the Messrs. Garrard S. and 
C.eorge W. Watts at Guntur, India. This 
memorial college, founded in the interests 



of the Lutheran Church, was offered as a 
tribute to the memory of Arthur G. Watts, 
M. D., of Baltimore, third son of Mr. Gar- 
rard S. Watts. The Presbyterian Theolog- 
ical Seminary now located at Richmond, 
\'a., through the munificence of Mr. George 
W. Watts was the beneficiary of a sum of 
$50,000, the gift of that gentleman. Charles 
S. Watts received his initial training at 
Carey's School for Boys, Baltimore, and 
then entered Johns Hopkins University 
from which institution he was graduated in 
1890. He attended the law department of 
Maryland University and was graduated 
therefrom and admitted to the bar in 1893 
and shortly thereafter formed his present 
partnership association with William C. 
Smith, under the firm name of Watts & 
Smith. 'Mr. Watts is a member of the Sec- 
ond English Lutheran Church, of Balti- 
more. 

Judge Hugh Lennox Bond was born in 
Baltimore in 1826. He was the son of Dr. 
Thomas E. and Christiana Bond, a well 
known and much respected family of Balti- 
more. Doctor Bond was a practitioner of 
large experience and unsurpassed intel- 
lectual attainments and ability. Seeing the 
necessity of providing for his growing-up 
family an education superior to that wliich 
Baltimore could furnish at that time, he 
gave up the practice of medicine, removed 
to New York and took the editorship of The 
Christian Adz'ocatc. the leading paper in the 
Methodist Episcopal Church. This honor- 
able office of trust and responsibility he 
filled with creditable acceptance while he 
lived. His son Hugh L. Bond was educated 
and fitted for the bar in New York, and is 
a graduate of New York L^niversity. He 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, M.- 



1001 



came to Baltimore and studied law under 
Judge Talbot, and was admitted to the bar 
in his native city. He practiced law for a 
number of years, rising step by step un- 
til! he reached the climax in his profes- 
sion. He was elected judge of the crim- 
inal court, an office which he held before 
and during the war. During the late war 
Judge Bond was very unpopular in the 
South because of his pronounced convic- 
tions of duty to the Union cause. Aside 
from a political standpoint he was a uni- 
versal favorite. A man of sterling qualities, 
with a keen sense of justice and with force 
and courage to administer it. At the close 
of the war President Grant appointed him 
to the honorable office of Judge of the Cir- 
cuit Court of the United States. This office 
he held till he died at the age of 64. 

He married Miss Annie, daughter of Wil- 
liam Penniman, Esq., a nati\;e of Baltimore, 
Init whose parents were natives of Boston 
and who removed to Baltimore "where Mr. 
Penniman became an active agent for north- 
ern manufacturers. 

The house in which Mrs. Bond and fam- 
ily live was built by Doctor Birkett in 1800, 
to which was attached at that time ninety 
acres of good farming land. Most of this 
property has been divided between the heirs, 
but the old homestead, grand and stately 
still remains. 

There were born to Judge and Mrs. Bond 
three sons — Nicholas P. and. Hugh L., who 
are prominent lawyers of Baltimore, and Dr. 
Summerfield Bond, who is a leading physi- 
cian of the city. 

WiLLi.VM CuRLEv (deceased). — William 
Curley was born in Baltimore in 182 1. He 
is the son of James Curley. who was a strict 



member of that noble society called 
"Friends." He was an architect of superior 
skill and a builder of great ability. He was 
a man in whom his fellow-citizens trusted 
and showed their confidence in placing him 
in offices of trust. He was at one time city 
commissioner. His son, William, followed 
the professional footsteps of his respected 
father as an architect and builder. He also 
followed in his father's foot-prints in his 
superiority as an artist, not only with pen 
and compass, but with saw and plane. As 
a mechanic he was in great demand. He 
was a man of large heart and responsive 
sympathies who practiced the "golden rule." 

He was a strict member and a practical 
supporter of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church. He died of small-pox January 
30, 1858, at the age of thirty-six years. 
He was married December 16, 1845, to 
Mary E., daughter of James and Catherine 
(Litchfield) Carr, by whom he had six chil- 
dren, three of whom are (1897) living. One 
of his sons. Rev. William E., is a successful 
pastor of the M. E. Church, of Sykesville, 
Md. Charles H. is in the stationery busi- 
ness in Baltimore, while James A. is a trav- 
eling salesman for \\'illiam H. Crawford, 
Baltimore: the two latter are residents of 
Baltimore. 

Mrs. Mary E. Curley has been a resident 
of her present home for the last forty years, 
and has been confined to her room as an in- 
valid for the last six years. 

Louis ScHNEEBERGER. Cashier of Post- 
office, Baltimore, was born in Bavaria, Ger- 
many, March 30, 1850; received his educa- 
tion at Nuremberg, Bavaria; came to the 
L^nited States in 1869. and was for a brief 
period engaged in mercantile pursuits in 



1002 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



New York City, removing thence to Junc- 
tion City, where he was in business one year, 
then coming to Baltimore. He was for six- 
teen years head book-keeper for the wliole- 
sale grocery firm of H. Cone & Sons, and 
upon its retirement from business in 1890, 
received the appointment of cashier of the 
Baltimore postofifice under Postmaster W. 
W. Johnson, and was re-appointed under 
Postmaster S. Davies Warfield. Mr. 
Schneeberger was one of the founders and 
is one of the board of governors of the 
Young Men's Republican Club of Balti- 
more, and has been its treasurer for the past 
seven years. He is one of the board of gov- 
ernors and secretary of the Phoenix Club, 
and was for two years first vice-president of 
Independent Order B'nai B'rith. He is also 
a member of the Masonic fraternity. In 
1874 he entered the Fifth Regiment, Mary- 
land National Guard, as private and was 
successively promoted until he had attained 
a captaincy, serving as such ofificer for five 
years prior to his resignation in 1886. He 
is a member and was one of the charter 
members of the Fifth Regiment Veteran 
Corps. He was married May 22, 1870, and 
has five children: David, Morris and Mil- 
ton, engaged in mercantile pursuits in Bal- 
timore, and Misses Fannie and Birdie, the 
latter a teacher in the public schools of Bal- 
timore. The family reside at 2042 Fair- 
mount avenue, and are members of Eutaw 
Place Temple. 

JuDGK Nicni)i..\s CiiAKLns Burke. — 
The career of Ju<lge Nicholas Charles 
Burke is an illustration of what merit and 
perseverance can accomplish when honestly 
and intelligently directed. 

The subject of this sketch was born in 



tlie city of Washington, D. C, March ij, 
1854, and when about a year old v»as 
brought by his parents to Baltimore county, 
where they cultivated a farm near Newmar- 
ket in the Seventh district. Here the boy at- 
tended public school, where he excelled as 
a student, displaying unusual faculty for 
reasoning and for memory, which powers 
have won for him the merited distinction he 
enjoys. During these years he read Black- 
stone's Commentaries at night after his 
work on the farm was done. When of suit- 
able age he attended Calvert College at New 
Windsor, Carroll county, Md., and finished 
at St. Mary's College, at Emmittsburg, Aid. 
It was here that his surprising powers of 
memory won a substantial recognition. 
Doctor McCloskey offered a prize for the 
greatest number of pages of Greek grammar 
committed to memory. When it came to 
young Burke's time to compete, he began 
with the first page and recited through to 
the end. It is needless to say he won the 
prize. 

Having previously decided upon a legal 
career, Mr. Burke, on completing his col- 
lege course, began the serious study of the 
law in the office of Air. Robert L. Boarman, 
of Towson, and on attaining his majority, 
was admitted to the bar in March, 1875, af- 
ter a thorough examination by Hon. George 
Yellott, who was appointed for that purpose 
by the Court. Judge Burke's success from 
the first was marked. The thoroughness of 
his legal learning and the clearness of his 
logical application of legal principles was at 
once recognized and in much less time than 
usually befalls a young attorney he acquired 
a large and lucrative practice. 

In November, 1883, his talents were rec- 
ognized by election to the office of prosccut- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



1003 



ing attorney, and in 1887 he was again elect- 
ed to that important position. Before his 
term had expired, however, he was appoint- 
ed, in August, 1889, by Governor Jackson, 
to fill the unexpired term of Hon. David 
Fowler, associate justice of the third circuit, 
and in November of that year was elected 
to the full term of fifteen years, after nomi- 
nation by acclamation by his party. It is a 
noticeable fact that in every convention in 
which Judge Burke came at his party's call, 
he was nominated without a dissenting 
voice. The Judge is a strong party man, 
always burying his own desires in the gen- 
eral consensus of the majority's belief in 
what is most expedient for the organization. 
His counsel is eagerly sought by his co- 
workers for Democratic success and his 
judgment given due weight in conferences 
and conventions. 

Judge Burke is the author of the Criminal 
Information Law, which was enacted by the 
Maryland Legislature, by which the work 
of criminal courts is expedited, smaller of- 
fenses being submitted to the prosecuting 
attorney, without waiting for the session of 
the grand jury, thus disposing of them long 
before they would have been commenced 
under the old system. One of the first acts 
of Judge Burke on coming to the bench was 
to give the old court-room an over-hauling. 
The antiquated system of ventilation and 
heating made it uncomfortably warm in 
summer and cold in winter. All this is 
changed and instead of a dingy old court- 
room, it is now as cheerful and comfortable 
a room as will be found in the State. 

The father of our subject, Capt. Nicholas 
Burke, was for many years an honored citi- 
zen of Maryland. His wife, a daughter of 
Mr. Joshua Shipley, is of old Revolutionarv 



stock, her grandfather Shipley having 
served in the War of Independence. Capt. 
Nicholas Burke served with distinction in 
the Mexican War, as an aide to General 
Walker, and in the late Civil War, where he 
won his title, under the command of Gen. 
Harry Gilmor. He died in 1874, while his 
good wife survived until 1892. 

The grandfather of our subject, Capt. 
Nicholas Burke, Sr., was in command of 
troops in the Sixth Regiment during the 
battle of North Point in the War of 18 12. 

Judge Burke was married November 21, 
1878, to Miss Chloe C. Ady, daughter of 
Edward H. .A.dy, Esq., of Baltimore county, 
a former clerk of the Circuit Court. Judge 
Burke is not connected with any of the so- 
cial orders or clubs. He is a member of the 
Catholic Church. His home in the suburbs 
of Towson, named "Greystone" in honor of 
that of Samuel J. Tilden of whom the Judge 
is a great admirer, is one of the most taste- 
ful and homelike of the country seats sur- 
rounding the town of Towson. 

Dr. Robert Taylor Wilson.— This 
gentleman was born in Baltimore June 16, 
i860. He is a son of the late Dr. Henry 
Parke Custis Wilson and Alicia B. (Griffith) 
Wilson, natives of Eastern Shore of Vir- 
ginia and Marj'land, respectively, and de- 
scendants of Scotch-Irish and English colo- 
nial settlers. Dr. H. P. C. Wilson was grad- 
uated from Maryland University Medical 
Department, and was engaged up to the 
time of his decease (1897) •" the practice of 
his profession in Baltimore. He was recog- 
nized as one of the leading, as he was, one 
of the most successful of Baltimore's physi- 
cians and surgeons, and gave many years of 
professional and official service to the hospi- 



1004 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



tals and other benevolent institutions of the 
city. Among these were the Church Home 
Infirmary, Union Protestant Infirmary, St. 
Mncent's Hospital, St. Agnes' Hospital and 
A\'oman's Hospital of Maryland. 

Dr. Robert T. Wilson attended private 
schools in Baltimore, Episcopal High 
School of Virginia (near Alexandria), and 
the University of Virginia, where he took 
academic and medical courses, and was 
graduated from Maryland University Medi- 
cal Department, class of 1881. During the 
last year of his university course. Doctor 
Wilson was resident student at University 
Hospital, .\fter graduating he went to New 
York, where for some months he continued 
his medical studies. In 1882 he spent some 
months in medical studies in London and 
Edinburgh, and again in 1889 in London, 
F.irminghani. Berlin and Liverpool. He 
was gynecologist for several years of Union 
Protestant Infirmary, and one of the visiting 
stafT of St. Vincent's Hospital: also assistant 
surgeon of Woman's Hospital of Maryland. 
He is one of the founders, ex-treasurer and 
ex-first vice-president of the Gynecological 
and Obstetrical Society of Baltimore; assist- 
ant recording secretary, and secretary of the 
Executive Committee of the Medical and 
Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland since 
April, 1881 ; member of the Clinical Society 
of Maryland and Baltimore Medical and 
Surgical Association ; Foundation Fellow of 
British Gynecological Society, and Honor- 
ary member of the Sci-I-KK'ai of Japan (the 
leading medical society of the Japanese Em- 
pire): member of the Maryland .\cademy of 
v'^ciences, and the Sabbath Association of 
]\Iaryland: secretary of Baltimore Micro- 
scopical Society; life member of .American 
Seamen's Friend Societv of New York; 



member and ex-director of the Charcoal 
Club of Baltimore; member of the Book and 
Journal Club (of the Medical and Chirurgi- 
cal Faculty of Maryland). Doctor Wilson is 
president of the Hospital Relief Association 
of Maryland ; consulting gynecologist to the 
Home for Incurables; consulting physician 
to the Young Women's Christian Associa- 
tion; The Christian (female) Home (N. 
Greene street). The Home (N. Exeter 
street). Female House of Refuge (N. Carey 
street). Hospital for Consumptives, St. 
Lukeland Cottage Convalescent Hospital, 
Catonsville, Md.; and to some of the religi- 
ous (female) orders of the Protestant Epis- 
copal and Roman Catholic Churches. He 
is one of the board of directors of the Fe- 
male House of Refuge, Maryland Sunday- 
school Union, Maryland Hospital for Con- 
sumptives and the Home for Fallen Wo- 
men. He is a contributor to medical jour- 
nals at home and abroad, and an inventor of 
some useful surgical instruments used in his 
specialty. He is interested in the work of 
the Port Mission of Baltimore and of the 
"Anchorage" (Thames street). He is one 
of the medical examiners of Manhattan Life 
Insurance Company of New York. He is a 
life member of the Bible Society of South 
Carolina. He has been a delegate from 
medical societies of Maryland to medical 
societies at home and abroad. He is a mem- 
ber of the Young Men's Christian Associa- 
tion, the L^niversity Club and Amateur 
Photographic Society of Baltimore: and a 
life director of Maryland Bible Society. In 
February, 1898, he was unanimously elected 
surgeon to the Woman's Hospital of Mary- 
land (Lafayette avenue and John street) to 
succeed his father. 

He was married January 9. 1884. to Ma- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



1005 



bel, daughter of the late Dr. James T. 
Chunn, of Baltimore. Doctor Wilson is a 
member and elder of Franklin Street Pres- 
byterian Church ; Mrs. Wilson is a commu- 
nicant of Emmanuel P. E. Church, and Dr. 
and Mrs. Wilson reside at 820 Park avenue. 

Mr. Jacob Klein. Manufacturer of 
Building and Paving Brick, was born July 
23, 1843, in Marburg, Hesse Cassel, Prussia, 
and came to this country when only nine 
years of age, with his parents, who located 
in Baltimore, in 1855. His education was 
obtained at the public schools in his native 
country and this city. At the age of thir- 
teen he began to earn a livelihood, being ap- 
prenticed to learn metal working with the 
firm of Collins, Hay ward & Heath. Mr. 
Klein followed metal w'orking as journey- 
man up to 1866, and for himself since that 
date up to 1886, on Pratt street, near Han- 
over, when he connected himself with Chris- 
tian G. Nickel in the manufacture of brick, 
a business which Mr. Nickel established in 
1883 and in which he continued until his 
decease, since which time it has been con- 
ducted as Klein Brothers. The yards are 
very extensive, covering over five acres of 
ground, with a capacity of seven millions of 
brick per annum. The working force runs 
from seventy-five to eighty hands, employ- 
ing twelve teams. 

When the Civil War broke out Mr. 
Klein took sides with the South, enlist- 
ing in the First Virginia Cavalry under 
Colonel Wood. His espoused cause was 
well and faithfully served by him during the 
closing years of the war, the scene of his 
service being in the vicinity of Richmond, 
Va. He has taken an active interest in the 



success of the Germania Maennerchor, and 
has been its presiding officer since 1894. 

He married, in 1867, Marie C, the accom- 
plished daughter of the late Christian G. 
Nickel. His son, Albert D., a pushing 
young man of business ability is his chief 
clerk. Mr. Klein is one of the Board of Man- 
agers of the German Society of Maryland, 
and vestryman for many years of the Ger- 
man Science Church, North Gay street (es- 
tablished about 1733). Mr. and Mrs. Klein 
reside at no E. Huntington avenue. 

Dr. Ferdinand E. Cii.\tard was born 
in Baltimore October 7, 1839. He is a son 
of F. E. Chatard and grandson of Pierre 
Chatard, both prominent physicians of Bal- 
timore since the beginning of the nineteenth 
century. Doctor Chatard was educated at 
Mount St. Mary's College, Frederick coun- 
ty, Md., graduating in the class of 1858. He 
then entered the University of Maryland 
medical department from which institution 
he was graduated in 1861. He was for one 
year resident physician at the almshouse, 
and then spent two and a half years at Ber- 
lin. Paris and Vienna, in the study of medi- 
cine. Upon his return from Europe he be- 
gan the practice of his profession. He is 
president of the board in St. Agnes' and St. 
Joseph's Hospitals, a member of the State 
Medical and Chirurgical Faculty, Clinical 
Society, Academy of Science, medical direc- 
tor of the Maryland Life Insurance Com- 
pany, and various other organizations. He 
married Miss Miles, daughter of George H. 
Miles, the distinguished poet of Maryland. 

JNIr. William J. Dickey (deceased) was 
born in County Antrim, Ireland. He emi- 
grated to America when a very young man. 



1006 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



After arriving in tliis country, which he 
thoroughly adopted as his own, he located 
in the city of Baltimore. He soon became 
accustomed to the ways of his new sur- 
roundings, and by honesty and industry 
built for himself a character which still 
lives in the hearts of those who knew him 
best. 

In a few years, his business as manufac- 
turer of woolen cloth, at Wetheredsville, 
assumed extensive proportions. Since his 
death, which occurred August 20, 1896, it 
became a stock company, of which his son 
William is president. Mr. William J. 
Dickey was for a number of years presi- 
dent of the National Manufacturing Bank 
of Baltimore. 

He was a kind-hearted Christian gentle- 
man, who contributed largely to charitable 
objects. At Wetheredsville he built and 
supported the Presbyterian Church of 
which he was a member. This church he 
maintained in order that his employes 
might not be deprived of the ministry of 
God's Word. 

In 1847 lit" was married to Miss Agnes 
Murphy, by whom he had two sons and 
two daughters; the latter are dead but his 
sons have succeeded him in business. 

J. B. SuTiii-.RLAND, D. D. S., is a native 
of Richmond, Va., and is the son of Samuel 
and Martha Sutherland; the former is a 
native of Scotland, the latter of Richmond, 
Va. 

Samuel Sutherland was an extensive 
hardware dealer, win. by industry and 
honesty built uj) for hiinsrlf a nourishing 
trade. He received his classical education 
at Randolph-Macon College, \'a. : his 
professional education at the Baltimore 



College of Dentistry. He is a graduate of 
the New York Dental College, and also of 
the Wisconsin Dental College. He has 
been established in this city since 1867, and 
during the interim of twenty-eight years 
has been steadily increasing his hold on 
popular favor and patronage. There are 
but few, if any, among Baltimore's leading 
dental practitioners, who sustain a higher 
reputation for skill and reliability. He" 
stands at the head of his profession and has 
an enviable practice. His many years of 
e.xperience have made him a thorough ex- 
pert and all-round dentist. He is a courtly 
mannered man of the Southern type. He 
occupies commodious and well-appointed 
quarters at 1208 E. Monument street and 
employs the latest improvements in appli- 
ances, while a competent assistant is in at- 
tendance. In a word, all the operations of 
modern dentistry are performed in a most 
superior and skillful manner. Aside from 
his profession, the Doctor is an educator, 
having been in various ways connected 
with the Baltimore College of Dental Sur- 
gery, and now serves on one of its Boards. 
Doctor Sutherland's services are in great 
demand because of his powers of oratory. 
Indeed he is a naturally and artificially 
polished elocutionist. 

During the late War he served as Ad- 
jutant to Col. B. F. Fairinholt of the 
Twenty-fourth I'.attalion, Army of Virginia. 
He served the cause he represented faith- 
fully and well for over three years. He is 
now a member of the Camp Herbert Vet- 
erans, "Confederate." In social life he 
served the city as coimcilman of the Fifth 
and Sixth wards. 

He was married in 1869 to the accoin- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



1007 



plished daughter of John and Ann Gorm- 
k'V, by whom he has had two sons. 

Rev. S. Schaffer, Rabbi of Shearith 
Israel Congregation, was born in Cour- 
land, Russia, May 4, 1862. In his eariiest 
youth he devoted himself to the study of 
Hebrew hterature and rabbinical lore, at the 
same time taking a complete course of 
secular knowledge at the gymnasium. 

In 1880 he went to Libau and entered 
upon a preparatory course under the able 
guidance of Rev. Dr. P. H. Kline, rabbi 
of the congregation of that city, now rabbi 
in New York. Provided with a diploma 
from Libau he went to Berlin in 1883, 
where he continued his studies for eight 
successive years as a student of the Rab- 
binical Seminary of Rev. Dr. I. Hildes- 
heimer, and also at the University. Philos- 
ophy, semitics, German literature and 
Roman law occupied his time there, under 
the guidance of Professors F. "Feller, Sac- 
han, Barth and others. In 1889 he grad- 
uated, after passing a satisfactory examina- 
tion before Professors Heinze, Delilzseh 
and Maurenbrecher. He presented for his 
graduation a dissertation on "Law and 
Morals according to the Talmud," and re- 
ceived his diploma as Doctor of Philos- 
ophy. 

In 1890 he also graduated at the Rab- 
binical Seminary and received his diploma 
as rabbi. The year following, 1892, he re- 
turned to receive his ordination from the 
prominent rabbis of that country, which he 
succeeded in obtaining from the famous 
rabbi of Rosseny and the well known rabbi 
of Kyrno. Owing to the political condi- 
tions of Germany, which made it impos- 
sible for a foreigner to obtain a position 



there, he turned his attention to his coun- 
try. The congregation Shearith Israel of 
Baltimore being without a rabbi and hav- 
ing resolved to engage one, applied to Dr. 
Hildesheimer for a suitable candidate from 
among his numerous disciples, and he 
gladly recommended Doctor Schafifer as 
one of his best and brightest pupils, and 
in 1893 he was unanimously elected rabbi 
of the congregation. The congregation 
Shearith Israel was organized about forty 
years ago, and is the union of two sepa- 
rate congregations. Attached to this 
synagogue is a school where children are 
taught the Hebrew faith. They claim that a 
person is not educated whose religious 
training has been omitted; this is outside 
of the public school life. The school is in 
charge of Doctor Schaft'er and his assistant. 

John ]\IcKni. Jr. (deceased), was born 
in Ireland in 1766 of Scotch-Irish parent- 
age. His father, John McKim, was a ship- 
ping merchant of Londonderry, Ireland. 
He emigrated to this country shortly after 
the Revolutionary War and located in Bal- 
timore, Md., where he also engaged in 
shipping, his vessels sailing to India and 
other countries. He was a man of great 
energy, superior business qualities, and 
whose public spirit was more than once 
demonstrated in assistance rendered to his 
adopted country. He was deeply inter- 
ested in the financial growth of Baltimore 
and helped in a material way the various 
institutions of the city. During the War of 
1812 Mr. McKim loaned the Government 
two hundred thousand dollars. 

Besides being an extensiv* ship owner 
and shipper, he was largely engaged in the 
Copper Works of Baltimore. Mr. McKim 



1008 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



was one of the incorporators of the Balti- 
more & Ohio Railroad and later became 
one of its directors. In the latter part of 
his life he served as president of the ^ler- 
chants' National Bank. His wife was the 
daughter of Rev. Telfair, a Huguenot 
clergyman. After his death, which oc- 
cured in 1842. his sons David T. and John 
S. succeeded him in the copper business. 
David. T. died in 1847, leaving two sons — 
Robert who fell in the Confederate Army 
and John who is in the insurance business 
i:- the city of Baltimore. John S. subse- 
quently became president of the Powhatan 
Steamboat Company, a position he sus- 
tained for twenty-five years. John S. died 
in 1865, leaving two children, Telfair, a 
young lawyer who died in 1876, and Rev. 
Randolph H. McKim, D. D., who is at this 
writing (1897) pastor of Epiphany Church, 
Washington, D. C. Rev. Dr. McKim 
served one year as private in the Confeder- 
ate Army, after which he was promoted 
to the stafif of Gen. G. H. Steuart. He re- 
mained in active service until the surrender 
in 1865. During the latter part of the time 
he also filled the position of chaplain. 

Abrah.vm Sharp, Attorney-at-Law, was 
born in Kent county, Del.. IMarch 6, 
1844. He is a son of the late William and 
Temperance (Ferguson) Sharp, natives of 
Delaware and descendants of early Scotch- 
English settlers of the State. Abraham 
Sharp was graduated from Dickinson Col- 
lege with the class of '65. He then moved 
to Maryland and took u]) the study of law. 
He was admitted to the bar before the 
Supreme Bench of Baltimore in 1869, 
where he has since practiced law. with pre- 
sent offices in the Latrobe Building. Mr. 



Sharp is one of the Directors of the Daily 
Record Company and Daily Record Build- 
ing Company. He is counsel of the Au- 
tomatic Telephone Exchange Company 
(limited) of Washington, D. C, and Lon- 
don, England. Mr. Sharp is a member of 
the Executive Committee of Emory Grove 
Association and of its Board of Trustees. 
He was married in October, 1871, to Sallie 
A., daughter of the late Charles Council- 
man, an agriculturist of Baltimore county. 
Charles Councilman was a son of Jacob 
Councilman, who was paymaster at Fort 
McHenry during the War of 1812. Mr. 
and Mrs. Sharp have three children, Er- 
nest, Ethel C. and Herbert Stanley; re- 
side at the northeast corner of Lafayette 
avenue and Carey street and are members 
of Grace Methodist Episcopal Church. 
Ernest Sharp is a graduate of the law de- 
partment of Maryland University, class of 
'94, and a member of the bar of Baltimore, 
with offices in the Latrobe Building. He 
was married June 2, 1897, to Wiilia, daugh- 
ter of the late William Tull, and grand- 
niece of the late James Cox, for many 
years cashier of the Bank of Baltimore, and 
great-granddaughter of Maria Greshani. of 
the historic Gresham family. 

William Wales, for some years con- 
nected as publisher and editor with the 
press of Baltimore, and for a time during 
President Johnson's administration Sur- 
veyor of the Port of Baltimore, w-as born in 
the city of Hartford, Conn., in 1814. His 
initial training was obtained in the jniblic 
schools of his native city and he subse- 
(luently attended the Academy at West 
Point, N. Y. lie took up the study of 
law. pursuing it for two years under the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



1009 



preceptorship of Judge Charles Fox, at 
Cincinnati, Ohio. During the three years 
following his admission to the bar his time 
was fully occupied in looking after the 
interest of an uncle who was involved in 
vexatious litigation over the title to exten- 
sive sugar plantations near Caraccas, \'en- 
izuela, which j\Ir. Walej succeeded m 
bringing to a successful issue. A part 
payment for his services in the business 
made to Mr. Wales by the United States 
Consul General to Cuba, who was inter- 
ested in the property, consisted of seven 
thousand dollars worth of Venezuelan 
bonds. Mr. Wales had early developed an 
interest in journalism and upon his return 
to the United States accepted an editorial 
position on a Knoxville (Tenn.) weekly 
newspaper. In 1844 he removed to Nash- 
ville, Tenn., where he edited the Banner 
until 1850. In 1851 he founded the South 
Western ^lonthly Alagazine, which he 
edited and published in Nashville until the 
following year, when he married and re- 
moved to Baltimore, Md. Upon the 
breaking out of the Civil War Mr. Wales 
was offered and accepted a position as 
editorial writer on the Baltimore Amer- 
ican, and in that capacity wielded a pen 
in behalf of the preservation of the 
Union that was a potent factor in keeping- 
Maryland in line with the loyal States. 
His association with the Amcriean con- 
tinued until 1864 and dtrring all of this 
stormy period his strong and cogent ed- 
itorials were ever in behalf of the Federal 
Government. In the summer of 1864, Mr. 
Wales purchased the Baltimore Clipper, 
from the surviving partner of the firm of 
Bull & Tuttle. The publication of the 
Clipper was suspended the following 
GO 



year and in October (1865) Mr. Wales, in 
partnership association with Col. R. M. 
Newport and Mr. William B. Cole, found- 
ed the Baltimore Commcreial, a morn- 
ing daily. He withdrew from this enter- 
prise in 1869 and removed to Minneapolis, 
Minn., where he accepted a position on the 
Tribune. He continued to reside in 
Minneapolis, or its suburbs throughout 
the remainder of his life, except for two 
short periods, the one while editorially as- 
sociated with the Star of Cincinnati, O., 
and the other when connected with a 
Temperance publication at Chicago, 111. 
He died at Chicago in 1882, Mr. Wales 
was an accomplished journalist and a man 
of the highest personal character. His 
literary attainments were large and his 
gentle although retiring disposition en- 
deared him to all who were admitted to his 
friendship. He was married in Pulaski, 
Tenn., in 1852, to Desdemona, daughter of 
Capt. John Phillips, a leading planter of 
Giles county, who served in the War of 
1812 as captain of a company of Kentucky 
volunteers. After the war Captain Phillips 
bought of the Government occupant 
claims in Giles county, Tenn.. whither he 
brought his five slaves and established a 
cotton plantation, aiid at the time of his 
decease had added very largely to his pos- 
sessions in lands, slaves and other proper- 
ties. Capt. John Phillip was a son of 
Moses Phillips, who was a soldier in the 
patriot army in the War of the Revolution. 
The newspaper ventures undertaken by 
Mr. Wales during a period of groat busi- 
ness depression had entailed upon hjm 
serious financial loss. By the time he had 
settled in Minneapolis, material inroads 
had been made into the family possessions 



1010 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



and Mr. Wales' strength, taxed by arduous 
journalistic work, was unequal to the de- 
mands of a growing family. At this junc- 
ture his noble wife, a woman of remark- 
able force of character and vigorous in- 
tellect joined to the lovable Southern dis- 
position, determined upon utilizing her 
very superior musical education by in- 
structing scholars in music. Despite the 
protestation of Mr. Wales she persisted in 
this effort, meeting with marvelous success, 
both in the number of pupils secured and 
in the efficiency attained by them. No 
teacher ever wielded a greater or more 
beneficent power in a community and her 
name is synonomous with all that is able, 
faithful and upright. Throughout the lat- 
ter years of Mr. Wales' life, and through 
all the subsequent years up to the attain- 
ing by her children of their majority, Mrs. 
Wales provided for the family, educated 
her children and purchased and furnished a 
pretty home in Minneapolis. She now re- 
sides in a handsome dwelling which she 
purchased in Pulaski, Tenn., near the 
scenes of her childhood, to which i^lace 
she removed some years subsequent to her 
husband's decease. Mrs. Wales has been a 
life-long member of the Presb\terian 
Church and is actively identified with the 
interests of the congregation at Pulaski. 
Of the children born "to Mr. and Mrs. 
Wales, Edwin, the youngest, is deceased. 
The remaining children are William Wales, 
of San Francisco; .'\rthur Wales, of South 
Dakota; Philip Wales, of Nashville Tenn.; 
Leonard Wales, of Cliicago. Til.; .Mice, 
wife of J. C Getzendannei-, of Cincinnati, 
Ohio, and Charles Wales, of New York 
City. Mr. and Mrs, J. C. C.ctzendanner 
have two chihlrcn. Cortlandl Walts Gctz- 



endanner and Dorothy Phillips Getzen- 
danner. 

Henry James, President of the Citi- 
zens' National Bank, was born July i, 
1 82 1, in the town of Truxton, Cortland 
county, N. Y., of English descent. His 
parents were Nathaniel and Elizabeth 
Ingersoll James, natives of Vermont, who 
were distinguished for their prudent and 
pious lives. His education in the common 
schools and the academy was supple- 
mented by the counsel and example of 
these wise and loving parents, and as he 
grew up to manhood he had reason to 
bless the home training which he had re- 
ceived. Much of his youth was passed 
upon a farm, taking part in all its labors, 
thus strengthening his physical constitu- 
tion and making industry a habit which 
has never forsaken him. In 1840 Mr. 
James left his home, desiring to try his for- 
tune in the world. He had no capital but 
his own strong will, his readiness to grap- 
ple with work, and his confidence in these 
as his best resources. He found employ- 
ment in New York City, at which he as- 
siduously labored for three years, manag- 
ing to maintain himself and profiting by 
his business experience and increased 
knowledge of the world. In 1843 he 
landed in Baltimore. He was an entire 
stranger to the city and its people, but he 
had looked to Baltimore as a place where 
he might succeed in his ambition for enter- 
prise and its rewards, and he found that 
his intuitions were correct. The lumber 
business ])roved to be the especial field open 
to his cultivation. From modest begin- 
nings in it he annually extended his opera- 
tions: his name became known in all the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



1011 



avenues of commerce and trade, and in a 
few 3-ears his adopted city was happy to 
count him among her soHd men. The 
wholesale lumber firm of Henry James & 
Co. is now composed of himself and N. W. 
James. Among the partners have been 
William E. Dodge and James Stokes, of 
New York, and Daniel James, of Liverpool. 
It has vast tracts of timber land in Penn- 
sylvania and mills in that State and Harford 
county, Md., and is one of the largest estab- 
lishments of the kind in the United States. 
On the death of the late John Clark, Mr. 
James was elected president of the Citizens' 
National Bank, and has been re-elected year 
after year up to the present time. This bank 
has been connected with the development 
of the industry and commerce of Baltimore 
for a long period, and under Mr. James' 
presidency its affairs have flourished. Mr. 
James was one of the first projectors of the 
Baltimore Warehouse Company, and is 
one of its directors. He was married in 
1 85 1 to tne daughter of Ammon Cate, of 
this city, and has a large family. He is a 
member of the Presbyterian Church, and 
regular in the performance of his religious 
obligations. 

The present large business of the Citi- 
zens' National Bank is chiefly due to the in- 
telligent Jabor and strict attention to all the 
details of its business by Mr. James. The 
strong points of his character are visible in 
his daily business — energetic, positive, firm, 
yet spirited and liberal. He has doubled the 
capital of tne bank since he became its 
president, and the splendid marble banking 
house in which the bank is conducted was 
built under his auspices. His whole busi- 
ness career has been one of honorable suc- 
cess, attained by diligent attention to detail 



rather than by speculation, and he stands 
to-day among the solid men of the city 
without a stain on a long business life. He 
is honored in Baltimore, and deserves the 
esteem in which he is held. 

Miss Melissa Baker, Fulton avenue, 
Grove No. 2, is a native of Baltimore, and 
was born January 29, 1814. She is the 
daughter of William and Jane (Jones) 
Baker. William was the son of another 
William Baker, who was bom in 1752 near 
Reading, Pa., where his father, of German 
nativity, was killed during an Indian war. 
Through the friendship of an Indian, Wil- 
liam Baker, then a mere boy, was brought to 
Philadelphia, and subsequently, in 1769, 
came to Baltimore, where he finally en- 
gaged in the mercantile business and 
eventually became a leading importer. He 
died in January, 1815. His son, William, 
Jr., the father of Melissa, was engaged with 
and succeeded his father in business. He 
was extensively engaged in the wholesale 
dry goods trade, a man of keen business 
qualities, conscientious in all his dealings 
with his fellows, and with a clear perception 
of right. He served his country honorably 
in the War of 1812. He was elected by his 
fellow-citizens as Judge of the Orphans' 
Court, a position which he filled impartially 
and with satisfaction to all. He settled on 
what is now the old homestead in 1786, 
which is known by the name of "Friends- 
bury." His family consisted of eleven chil- 
dren, nine of whom grew to maturity, and 
the male portion of which engaged in vari- 
ous pursuit.=. William George practiced 
law, Henry and Charles became interested 
in the window glass business, in which pur- 
suit their sons have succeeded them. Miss 



101^ 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Baker's ancestors on her mother's side were 
of Welsh origin. Her grandfather, Jones, 
was contemporary with the Wesleys, be- 
came much interested in the Methodist 
movement, and finally became a member of 
one of John Wesley's classes, and from this 
has passed down from one generation to 
another the spirit of Methodism. "Friends- 
bury" has always been, and is now, a home 
for Methodist preachers. Miss Baker is 
alive to every good work, and a generous 
contributor to the numerous charitable in- 
sti'tutior.s. She is now vice-president and 
manager of the Home for the Friendless. 
She still resides on the old homestead. 

Peter .AinsliE. Jr., Pastor of Calhoun 
Street Church of Disciples, is a native of 
Virginia. He is the son of Peter and Re- 
becca E. (Sizer) Ainslie. Mr. Ainslie 
graduated from Kentucky University with 
high honors. He is a member of the class 
of 1889. After he graduated he became 
pastor of the Disciple Church at Newport 
News, which office he filled with credit to 
himself. His next pastorate was the Cal- 
houn Street Church of Disciples of this city, 
where he is now in the sixth year of his pas- 
torate. Thus far his young life has be.en 
active and useful. He founded the Chris- 
tian Tribune, an organ of his people, along 
the Eastern Coast, in 1894. He is also 
editor, assisted by Rev. B. A. Abbott. He 
has written also a book, "Plain Talks to 
Young Men," on which he has received 
many compliments. He is also the author 
of many tracts which have been the means 
of working for good to those who have read 
and studied them. His father, Peter Ainslie, 
Sr., was a preacher of importance also. He 
received his education at Bethany College. 



He began preaching at the age of twenty. 
He founded and edited The Christian Teach- 
er, a church organ of Little Rock, Ark. He 
also edited The Christian Examiner. He 
was the author of an extensive biography 
of Geo. W. Abel. His wife, Miss Rebecca 
E. Sizer, was a native of King Williams 
county, Va. The Sizers are of old English 
stock, who settled in Virginia previous to 
the Revolutionary War. To this union were 
bom eight children, three of whom are liv- 
ing. Charles H. is a prosperous business 
man of Wilmington, N. C. Etta is a gradu- 
ate of Norfolk College for young ladies. 
She subsequently became principal of the 
Southern Institute of Newport News. Peter 
Ainslie, grandfather of Peter Ainslie, Jr., 
was a Scotch divine of the Baptist denomi- 
nation, who sent him to this country as a 
missionary in 1812. He finally settled in 
\'irginia, -vhere he met the founder of the 
Disciples of Christ Church. The meeting 
was congenial, their doctrine the same, and 
therefore the two souls became as one. Mr. 
Ainslie was the first Disciple preacher ui 
Richmond. His life was short but useful. 
He met his death by drowning while cross- 
ing the Mattaponi Creek on his way to fill 
an appointment, at the age of 42. 

Rev. B. a. Abbott, 917 CaroUton ave- 
nue. Pastor of the First Church of the Dis- 
ciples of Christ, was born in Craig 
countw \'a., in 1866. He is a son 
of S. C. an.l Lucinda (Williams) Ab- 
bott. Nine children were born of this 
union. One son, F. L., is State's Attorney 
in Craig county, Va.; another son, P. B., 
is practicing law in the same county. L. M. 
Clynician and R. E. Lee conduct the busi- 
ness department of Tazwell College. Others 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



1013 



are following useful and honorable voca- 
tions in life. Rev. Philip B. Williams, father 
of Lucinda (\Mlliams) Abbott, was one of 
the first pioneer preachers of the Disciples 
of Christ Church. S. C. is the son of 
Thomas Abbott, whose father came to this 
country from England in colonial days, and 
was one of the first settlers in Virginia. 
Rev. B. A. Thomas' great-grandson, and 
the subject of this sketch, after receiving a 
public school education and a preparatory 
training, entered ]\Iilligan College, Tenn., 
from which he graduated. He then entered 
the University of Virginia, taking a special 
course in Moral Philosophy, from which in- 
stitution he graduated with the class of 
1887. He then, in connection with teaching 
school, served four county churches as 
preacher. He subsequently became, by ap- 
pointment of the church, General Evangelist 
for the churches of the southwest of Vir- 
ginia. After serving well and honorably in 
that capacity, he became pastor of the Dis- 
ciples of Christ Church in Charlottesville, 
\'a., where he remained six years. While 
there he was co-editor of The Missionary 
U'cchly, the organ of the Disciples of Christ 
in Virginia. He was largely instrumental in 
organizing the Ministerial Association of the 
Disciples of Christ and remained its presi- 
dent while he resided in that State. He was 
apix)inted literary editor of the Christian 
Guide, which office he filled with credit to 
himself and with profit to his associates. He 
is novv associate editor of The Christian Tri- 
bune. He became the pastor of the First 
Church of the Disciples of Christ in this city 
in 1894, where he has endeared himself to 
the hearts of his people by his high standard 
of Christian ethics. He has organized in his 
church something unique in connection 



with church work, ;'. r., a normal Bible Class, 
of which he is teacher. In 1897 he published 
a biography of Rev. C. S. Lucas, which has 
been w-ell received and has had an extensive 

sale. 

Richard Grady, M. D., D. D. S., was 
born in Syracuse, N. Y., November 28, 
1850. His parents moved to BaUimorein 
his early childhood. His father having been 
a teacher, the son early in life gave unmis- 
takable evidence of his love for teaching. 
He entered the Maryland State Normal 
School in his seventeenth year and gradu- 
ated in 1870 at the head of his class, deliver- 
ing the honorary address, "Ignorance and 
Her Twin Sisters, Poverty and Crime." 
While a student he was the first president 
of the Pestalozzi Literary Society; after 
graduation he was president of the Alumni 
Association. In 1870 he was also elected 
teacher in the Normal School and clerk to 
the State Board of Education ; but later be- 
came principal of the Boys' Model School, 
an annex to the Normal School. 

In 1871 Doctor Grady entered the service 
of the public schools of Baltimore, continu- 
ing for fifteen years, during which time he 
was president of the Public School Teachers' 
Association and organized several schools, 
which speedily grew to such an extent that 
commodious buildings w-ere erected for 
them. H:e was the first principal of English- 
German School No. 2, and left it in two 
years with nearly 600 pupils ; he was the first 
principal of the High and Grammar School 
and left it with 538 students ; he was the first 
director of the Baltimore Manual Training 
School (Polytechnic Institute), which he 
conducted for two years, retiring in 1886, at 
which time the State Board of Education 



1014 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



reported the school "a distinguished and 
pronounced success." This was the first 
manual training school of its class incorpo- 
rated into the regular public school system 
of any city in the United States. There was 
no exemplar which Doctor Grady could 
safely copy; but his varied experience as a 
teacher in every grade of school, and his 
knowledge of mechanical tools and appli- 
ances eminently fitted him to organize the 
Baltimore Manual Training School. In 
1883, after inspecting as the representative 
of the city of Baltimore the typical "manual 
training school" attached to Washington 
University. St. Louis, Doctor Grady pub- 
lished an exhaustive report on the history, 
objects and methods of manual training 
schools and proclaimed that instruction, not 
construction, is the object sought — the great 
object is educational, other objects are sec- 
ondary. 

As a fit conclusion to this part of the 
sketch, the words of one thoroughly imbued 
with the teaching instinct are quoted. The 
letter is highly prized because it came from 
a cultured gentleman who is known in the 
community as one not given to writing con- 
ventional testimonials. Dr. Henry E. Shep- 
herd, superintendent of schools for many 
years, speaks in praise of Doctor Grady, as 
an educator, as follows: 

"Dear Doctor Grady: It is with genuine 
pleasure that 1 bear my testimony to the 
high character, the thoroughness and the ef- 
fectiveness of your educational work during 
the years of my official relation to the pub- 
lic schools of Baltimore. I had ample op- 
portunity to observe its progress in more 
than one relation or capacity. The status 
of your classes, the character of your in- 
struction, the order and discipline that pre- 



vailed during the two administrations of 
which I have personal knowledge were the 
theme of commendation, and your adminis- 
trative efficiency as well as your scholastic 
capabilities were repeatedly recognized in 
official language too clear and explicit to be 
susceptible of mistake or misapprehension. 
To you, too, is to be attributed the honor of 
reviving the Teachers' Association by your 
individual energy and persistence at a time 
when it had approached perilously near to 
decadence, if not extinction." 

In 1877 Doctor Grady began the study of 
dentistry, believing he had found his life 
work, and for the past twenty years he has 
practiced that profession, the first nine years 
while engaged in teaching, but, beginning 
in 1886, he has devoted his whole time to 
diseases of the mouth and not mere opera- 
tive work upon the teeth. He is a graduate 
of the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, 
the oldest dental institution in the world, 
and of the Maryland Dental College, from 
which he received the prize for the best 
thesis, "'Conservative Treatment of the 
Dental Pulp." He has served for eight 
years as a member or secretary of the State 
Board of Dental Examiners under three 
Governors of Maryland, and has been a 
licliiful friend of dental legislation. He is 
the founder and first president of the Asso- 
ciation of Dental Surgeons, the incorporated 
local organization of dentists. He is co- 
editor of the American Journal of Dental 
Science, the first dental periodical published 
in the world. He is also, for the time, chair- 
man of the Committee on Dental Education 
of the State Dental .Association, whose duty 
is to award scholarships. 

Doctor Grady, wliile in the practice of his 
profession, deeming a full medical and sur- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



1015 



gical education desirable by dentists, as 
well as oculists and aurists, pursued a course 
at the Baltimore Medical College and was 
graduated in 1888. The Alumni Associa- 
tion awarded him a gold medal in 1891 for 
the prize thesis "Maladies Dependent Upon 
Affections of the Teeth."' He is one of the 
faculty of this institution, being lecturer on 
Stomatology, the science of diseases of the 
mouth. He is also a member of the Balti- 
more County Medical Society. 

While Doctor Grady is best known as an 
educator and as a dentist, and his life may be 
broadly divided into two phases, the nine- 
teen years in which he was a teacher and the 
nineteen years in which he practiced dentis- 
try, yet he has been a W'Orker of indefatiga- 
ble energy in other fields. He is the founder 
and only president of the Industrial Educa- 
tion Association, incorporated in 1888, an 
organization of 150 representative citizens, 
whose purpose is to create and express pub- 
lic sentiment in regard to the necessity of 
industrial education as a part of the training 
of youth. For years he has been an active 
member in Presbyterian churches — as trus- 
tee, deacon and treasurer and in giving di- 
rection to the best forces in the community 
by inspiring teachers and training boys for 
noble citizenship. 

In 1895, the "ruling spirit" too strong to 
be overborne, Doctor Grady organized the 
Helping Head, Heart and Hand Club for 
boys and young men at the First Presby- 
terian Church. Fifty or more are instructed 
weekly in drawing, shorthand, book-keep- 
ing, arithmetic, telegraphy, whittling and 
Venetian iron work; and scientific knowl- 
edge is communicated in a popular and en- 
tertaining form in experiments made in the 



presence of the boys. He is happy in the 
boys' pleasure. 

In 1878 he became interested in fraternal 
beneficiary orders and has held office in sub- 
ordinate, grand and supreme councils. He 
was elected secretary of Mount Vernon 
Council, Royal Arcanum, in 1879, and has 
proved such an excellent official that he has 
been unanimously re-elected every year 
since. He is Grand Commander of the 
American Legion of Honor in Maryland, 
unanimously elected in 1896 for two years, 
having previously been Grand Orator and 
Vice-Commander for two terms each. 

Notwithstanding the demands of the lec- 
ture room and the onerous duties of his pro- 
fession (he is visiting dentist to five schools 
or institutions) Doctor Grady has contrib- 
uted regularly to the American Journal of 
Dental Scienee of which, as said, he^ is co- 
editor, and to medical and dental societies, 
including the American Medical Associa- 
tion, the Odontological Society of Pennsyl- 
vania, etc. His w-ritings have been com- 
mended or translated by European journals. 
Among his published papers are "The Pro- 
gress of Dentistry," "Dental Jurispru- 
dence," "The Abuse of Dental Charity," 
"Competitive Examinations for Dental 
Scholarships," and illustrated cases treated 
by him for closure of the jaw, for fracture of 
the maxillae, for everted crown, etc. 

Doctor Grady's style is simple and clear. 
There is a steady aim in his writings to be 
understood. His long service in the class 
room and his mental methods make him an 
instructive rather than a popular speaker. 
Occasionally he writes sketches of valued 
friends, including his preceptor. Dr. II. H. 
I Keech, with whom he lived and studied den- 



1016 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



tistry, and ]\Ir. John T. Morris, president of 
the Board of School Commissioners, on 
whose recommendation he was appointed 
a teacher in 187 1 and who has been his abid- 
ing friend for thirty years. He spoke the 
praises of Mr. Morris on the occasion of the 
celebration of his 70th birthday by the pub- 
lic schools, which celebration was suggested 
by Doctor Grady in recogniton of thirty- 
four years of service as commissioner and 
twenty-seven years as president. 

Doctor Grady is a man of decision. 
Nobody needs question to which side he be- 
longs. His convictions are positive and he 
has the courage of his convictions. When- 
ever it happens to be needed he has on hand 
"that desperate courage which makes one 
a majority." He believes in a square, fair, 
open fight. He never depends upon ques- 
tionabfe methods. In asserting the claims 
and dignity of the dental profession he came 
in conflict with the U. S. Census Bureau 
in 1S90. and is the author of the movement 
which defeated the classification of dentists 
as manufacturers — "one of the grandest 
victories achieved in dentistry," says the 
report of the American Dental Associa- 
tion, and adds: "In 1890 the effort was made 
by Baltimore men, Doctor Grady and 
others. To these who were brave when 
bravery was most needed, who stood alone, 
as it were, in the breach and suffered con- 
tem])t, ccMitumely and even threatened im- 
prisonment; who l)y their intrepid courage, 
before the cause was popular, made the end 
possible — to these yoiu- committee would 
accord their fair meed of praise and recog- 
nition." 

What is Doctor Grady's special, or chief, 
line of knowledge is a c|uestion one is luiable 
to answer with dcfiniteness. Onlv those ac- 



quainted with the wide scope of his varied 
learning and his ever willing use of it can 
have any apprehension of his character and 
work. His heart goes out rather to the 
starting and fostering of new enterprises 
than to the management of those fully devel- 
oped. Whatever work he takes in hand, he 
does it with all his might — and he does it 
well. The imprint of his master hand has 
been stamped upon many a forward move- 
ment in educational, industrial and philan- 
thropic work. A helper to many in many 
spheres, the work that is dear to his heart 
seems to be that of friendly adviser to boys 
and young men whose confidence he in- 
spires, and who reward his interest in them 
by unmistakable evidences of personal af- 
fection for stimulating their thinking, build- 
ing up their habits, fostering their independ- 
ence and respecting their personality. This 
interest in boys, especially working boys, 
has continued from his early manhood, when 
he organized and taught a brass band at the 
Boys' Home, which his musical education 
qualified him to do, and as a manager of the 
House of Refuge, a benevolent and reforma- 
tory and educational institution for boys. 

December 29, 1874, he married Ellen C. 
Godfrey, daughter of Joseph Godfrey, of 
W^orcester county, Md. His family consists 
of his mother, his wife and two daughters. 

Inspired by the noblest of all convictions 
that he has only done his duty in his active 
and useful life, it is an extraordinary record 
that all the positions of profit or trust or 
honor which Doctor Grady has held have 
come to him unsought because of worth and 
cai^acity. In fact, it is a cardinal principle 
with this respected teacher, strong organ- 
izer, and leader with the power to command 
confidence and gain support to heed the im- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



1017 



perative demand of the duty of to-day and 
not protect himself against the causes which 
sohcit his support. He says: "Heaven helps 
those who help others; God's hand takes 
hold of our work when our work is done 
out of love in brotherly kindness." 

W. Power Oakford was born at Arling- 
ton, Baltimore county, Md. He is the son 
of Charles A. and Emma A. (Zollinger) 
Oakford, the oldest and most highly es- 
teemed residents of Arlington. Charles A. 
Oakford came to this city in 1850, where he 
engaged in the provision trade under the 
firm name of Oakford & Co., to v.'hich busi- 
ness he confined himself all his mature years. 
He was a man of sterling qualities, respected 
and trusted by all who knew him. He mar- 
ried Miss Emma Zollinger, a most estima- 
ble lady, in i860, by whom he had five chil- 
dren. He was at one time elected County 
Commissioner, an office which he held for a 
long period with credit to himself and satis- 
faction to his constituents. He belonged to 
that much respected society known as the 
Friends. His very home would seem to in- 
dicate the gentleman's taste and refinement. 
This beautiful home is known as "Ros- 
lyn" and contains twenty acres. Mr. Oak- 
ford died after a brief and useful life at the 
age of 43. Col. W. P. Zollinger, uncle to 
the subject of this sketch, and brother to 
!\Irs. Emma A. Oakford, should receive due 
honor, because of his prominence in busi- 
ness, politics and society. He was at one 
time known among the liquor trade as one 
of the wholesale dealers in Baltimore. He 
had a wide reputation as a military man. He 
was captain of Company H, Fifth Maryland 
Infantry. He afterwards became colonel of 
the same regiment and took an active part 



in the B. & O. R. R. riot, and was the means 
of saving the road. He fought under Stone- 
wall Jackson in the Confederate Army, and 
was a prisoner at Johnson's Island. He was 
a man of wide influence and usefulness. 

Mrs. Laura C. Gault, 920 W. North 
avenue. 

Mrs. Laura C. Gault is the daughter of 
\\'illiam Deale and Araanna (Auld) Gauit, 
of Maryland, a daughter of Hugh x\uld, who 
fought in the War of 1812. 

Matthew Gault, the husband of Mrs. 
Laura C, was born in New Hampshire. 
He came to the city when a boy of 
seventeen years of age, and entered into 
business with his brother Cyrus, who was 
extensively engaged in the granite business. 
He and his brother were contractors in the 
erection of the Post Office in Washington, 
D. C. He was an experienced workman, 
and executed some fine specimens of his 
genius while engaged on the Treasury De- 
partment. Died 1877. 

He married in Washington, in which 
place he resided for a number of years. He 
was the son of Andrew, who was the son of 
Matthew, who with his father Samuel were 
Revolutionary soldiers. They were of 
Scotch-Welsh descent. 

The family of Matthew and Laura C. 
Gault consisted of ten children, five of 
whom are living. The Gaults are members 
of Baltimore's best society. The three sons 
are in honorable positions in business. Two 
of them, William A. and Matthew, have 
succeeded their father in the stone (marble) 
trade. Ed. A. is a banker, clerk of the 
National Bank of Baltimore, chartered m 
1795- 



1018 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Mrs. O. B. Warfield is a native of 
Baltimore. She was born in 1816, and is 
tlie daughter of William and Jane (Jones) 
Baker. The Bakers are one of the oldest 
and most respected families of Baltimore. 
They descended from Gennan parents, who 
settled in Pennsylvania at a very early day, 
when the Indian contested every inch of 
ground with his pale-faced brother. It is 
traditionally reported that the great-grand- 
father of Mrs. O. B. Warfield, (William) 
Baker, was massacred by the Indians: his 
son, another William, through the assist- 
ance of some friendly Indians, reached 
Philadelphia, where he grew up, removing 
thence to Baltimore, where he became an 
extensive importer of merchandise. 

His son, William, Jr., succeeded his 
father in business and became very success- 
ful in the dry goods trade. He was a man 
of sterling qualities, and had a clear percep- 
tion of what was right, and did it. He was 
the choice of his fellow-citizens to serve as 
Judge of the Orphans' Court, an office 
which he filled with credit. He was honest 
to a fault, thoroughly conscientious in all 
his business transactions. Mrs. Warfield's 
maternal grandfather settled on the grounds 
now occupied by his daughter, Melissa 
Baker, in 1786, and which are now known 
by the name of "Friendsbury." Mr. Baker's 
well regulated family consisted of eleven, 
nine of whom grew to maturity. They fol- 
lowed various professions. Charles and 
Henry became interested in the manufac- 
ture of glass. William practiced law. Mrs. 
Warfield's mother was of Welsh descent, 
and she inherited from the Jones' a love of 
Methodism. Mr. Jones, Mrs. Warfield's 
grandfather, was a contemporary with 
Charles Wesley, and consequently became 



much interested in that movement. In the 
early history of Baltimore, the Methodists 
were in the habit of holding their meetings 
in the bam belonging to Mrs. Warfield. 
The Bakers have inherited from their 
mother the love of Methodism. Their home 
is the home of the preacher. Mrs. Warfield 
was married to Dr. John J. L. Warfield, a 
native of Pipe Creek, Md., a graduate 
of the Maryland University School of Medi- 
cine, and a practitioner for many years m 
Carroll county. He died about 1887, after 
a life of usefulness. There were no children 
born to them. Mrs. Warfield was for. a 
number of years identified with the manage- 
ment of various charitable institutions of 
tliis city. 

Mrs. Alice (Slinglufe) Smoot is the 
daughter of Chas. D. and Eliza (Haines) 
Slinglulif, both' of whom were born in Mary- 
land. Mr. Slingluff has been a prominent 
business man in this city for fifty years, 
succeeding his father in that capacity. Dur- 
ing these years he has been engaged in the 
wholesale grocery trade. Subsequently he 
entered tlie phosphate or fertilizing busi- 
ness, in which latter business his son is now 
engaged, under the firm name of SlinglufT 
& Co. Mr. Slingluff was at one time a 
director of the Union Bank of Baltimore, 
and also a director of the House of Refuge. 
He was much respected by his fellow-citi- 
zens. His daughter, Alice, the subject of 
this sketch, was married to Col. Luther R. 
Smoot, a native of Washington, D. C. He 
served his country as a faithful soldier in 
the Mexican War, under Gen. Winfield 
Scott. During the late war, he served the 
cause of the South in defense of the Con- 
federate princii^les as faithfully as he for- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



1019 



merly served under General Scott. He ef- 
fected several runs through the Federal 
blockade which proved very advantageous 
to the South. He was sent abroad at one 
time by the Confederate authorities to 
transact business of importance for them. 
In business life he was trusted and loved. 
His family consists of one daughter and one 
son, Chas. D., a young business man of 
promise. 

Rev. U. F. Swengel, A. M., upon whose 
genial countenance we share a look with 
you, was born a farmer's son near IMiddle- 
burg, Pa., 1846. He is the son of John and 
Sarah (Frantz) Swengel. The family con- 
sisted of ten children, four of whom are 
preachers. He was converted at the age of 
fourteen, and joined the Evangelical Asso- 
ciation two years later. When sixteen he 
began his work as a school teacher, which 
work was for a time interrupted by his en- 
listment in the Union Army when a youth 
of less than eighteen. During his soldier 
life he remembered that he belonged to the 
army of the living God, and then already 
showed the true Christian spirit by taking 
up the leadership of a prayer-meeting, which 
was continued until the close of the war. 
Upon being mustered out of the United 
States service, he re-entered Union Semi- 
nary (now Central Pennsylvania College). 
In this institution he was student, teacher, 
and is now an honored trustee, representing 
the Alumni Association of the college. Be- 
fore reaching the age of twenty he was li- 
censed to preach the gospel, and began to 
serve his first charge when less than twenty- 
one. He has effectually filled some of the 
most important pastorates of Central Penn- 
sylvania Conference, of which he is a mem- 



ber, and has also served as presiding elder. 
He is now pastor of the Memorial Church, 
Baltimore, Md., for the second term. He 
has served his Conference as secretary for 
nine years, president of the Conference Mis- 
sionary Society, and now is trustee of the 
Conference, and president of her Educa- 
tional Aid Society. Thrice in succession 
has he been elected a delegate to the Gen- 
eral Conference of the Evangelical Associa- 
tion, and again in 1894 his Conference 
elected him to represent her in the fir.st 
General Conference of the United Evan- 
gelical Church. He has served his church as 
assistant editor of Sunday-school literature 
and The Living Epistle, and was one of the 
founders and the first publisher of the first 
English missionary magazine in his church. 
He is author of some tracts on missions, 
a number of Keystone League of Chns- 
tian Endeavor leaflets, a book, "Modes and 
Methods of Sunday-School Work," a 
manual of the United Evangelical Church, 
and is now editor of The Evangelical Bible 
Teacher, The Evangelical Quarterly, and co- 
editor of The Pathfinder, a bright, helpful 
Christian Endeavor monthly. He was one 
of the founders and is co-editor ol tlie 
Keystone League of Christian Endeavor Jour- 
nal, the organ of the Keystone League of 
Christian Endeavor, into which The Path- 
finder was merged. The first General Con- 
ference of the United Evangelical Church 
placed Rev. Mr. Swengel on a committee 
to compile a hymn book for the church 
rnd on another committee to arrange 
the new church discipline for publication. 
He was also elected at the same Con- 
ference recording secretary of the Gen- 
eral Board of Missions. Bishop R. 
Dubs, D. D., LL. D., of Chicago, says: 



1020 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, .MAKVL-' 



"Brother Swengel is in the fullest and best 
sense of the word a man of progress. He is 
systematic in his labors, a man of pro- 
nounced, positive convictions. Having 
reached conclusions after mature delibera- 
tions, he supports them resolutely, and yet 
v.-ith dignity. Righteousness and truth 
weigh more with him than personal ad- 
vantage. As he believes so he speaks." 
But this tireless worker has not been less 
active as a Christian Endeavorer than ni 
any other branch of church work. He or- 
ganized the first Christian Endeavor So- 
ciety of his Conference in the church of 
which he is now the [jastor, the first local 
Christian Endeavor Union within its de- 
nomination. That union still lives, and is 
known as the Baltimore B. L. C. E. Union. 
Mr. Swengel took an active part in the first 
Maryland State Christian Endeavor Con- 
vention, and was a member of the Execu- 
tive Committee. When the General Con- 
ference met in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1891, 
Mr. Swengel presented a plan for the or- 
ganization of a denominational Christian 
Endeavor Union for the church. This met 
with determined opposition on the part of 
many who favored the organization of a 
distinctively denominational Young Peo- 
ple's Society. i\Ir. Swengel, in a masterly 
and convincing manner, championed the 
cause of Christian Endeavor, which result- 
ed in the organization of the Keystone 
League of Christian Endeavor. He was 
then elected a member of the first general 
managing board, and its recording secre- 
tary, and was re-elected in 1894. Mr. 
Swengel was elected a trustee of the United 
Society of Christian Endeavor at Boston in 
1896 to represent the United Evangelical 
Church in that Board. ]n June, 1S92, he 



was elected president of the Central Penn- 
sylvania Conference, Keystone League 
of Christian Endeavor, and re-elected m 
1893 and 1894. He presided at the Evan- 
gelicaJ denominational rally at the Inter- 
national Convention, New York, 1893, ''■"tl 
represented his denomination in the pas- 
tors' hour at Montreal in 1894. He has 
been frequently called upon to take import- 
ant parts on Christian Endeavor programs, 
and in this capacity has rendered efifectu.al 
service for the cause he loves so well. He 
is prominently connected with the Bible 
Conference movement of the Central Penn- 
sylvania Conference of his church. He is 
a member of the Board of Directors of the 
American Anti-Saloon League, and also a 
member of the Executive Committee of the 
American State Temperance League. He 
married for his first wife Mrs. Mary B. 
Hippie in 1871. by whom he had two chil- 
dren. For his second wife he married Lot- 
tie Anthony in 1875. The latter died 111 
November, 1896. 

History of Memorial Uxited Evax- 

OELICAL ClIL'RCH. 

In March, A. D. 1870, Rev. J. M. Ettin- 
ger was sent to Baltimore by the Central 
Pennsylvania Conference of the Evangeli- 
cal Association, to organize the congrega- 
tion now worshiping in this church. The 
first services were held in Fisher's Hall, 
corner of Green and Lexington streets. The 
first year was spent in this hall and the 
following two years the congregation wor- 
shiped in China Hall, on Baltimore street. 
The first Board of Trustees consisted of R. 
Hengst, W. N. Numsen, C. H. Flaxcomb, 
L. A. Waidner and A. Smith. In 1873 the 
Trinity Chapel was built on Edmondson 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



1021 



avenue near Fremont avenue, where the 
parsonage now stands. Rev. Benjamin 
Hengst was pastor at that time. The beau- 
tiful edifice in which the congregation now 
worships was dedicated on the thirteenth 
day of November, 1887. Rev. U. F. 
Swengel, the present pastor, took charge 
of this work in October of that year, 
and relieved Rev. J. C. Hummer, M. D., 
who had served the charge as a supply for 
two months. The edifice was dedicated by 
Bishop R. Dubs, D. D., LL. D.; Revs. Et- 
tinger and Swengel and J. C. Hummer, M. 
D., assisted in the services. A united choir 
of one hundred voices from Evangelical 
churches of the city furnished the music for 
the occasion. The largest contributor to the 
enterprise was the now sainted Rev. William 
Numsen. The names on the memorial 
windows indicate liberal donations by 
others. The edifice is of rough-hewn 
green stone blocks with sandstone trim- 
mings. It has a frontage of fifty-five 
feet on Edmondson avenue and seventy feet 
on Fremont avenue, with a transept on 
the latter. The interior of the Ijuilding 
is neatly and comfortably arranged. Five 
hundred easy and comfortable opera chairs 
furnish ample room for a large con- 
gregation. The transept has, during the 
past year, been converted into a choir 
gallery which adds mucli to the effective- 
ness of this department of the work of the 
church. The building committee of the 
church consisted of William N. Numsen, 
L. .-V. Waidner, C. P. Gerber, Andrew Ja- 
cobs, Charles H. Flaxcomb, J. B. Walter 
and George Schaib. E. F. Decker was the 
contractor. When the Evangelical Asso- 
ciation was divided in 1844, this church 



became affiliated with the United Evan- 
gelical Lutheran Church, which was for- 
merly a part of the Association. The Sun- 
day-school was organized in Fisher's Hall 
in the spring of 1870. At the first session 
there were only three persons present, viz: 
Rev. J. M. Ettinger, Mary Frey (afterward 
Mrs. Flaxcomb), and Annie Dasch. In the 
afternoon the same persons met, and in ad- 
dition to them were Lydia Beard, Joseph 
Ball, Wm. Dill and Jacob Frey. All these 
had come to teach. There were no scholars 
until the second Sunday. 

Grace United Evangelical Church was 
established in 1887, and is an of?-shoot of 
Memorial Church. 

Olive Branch United Evangelical Church 
was established in 1888, and is also a child 
of Memorial Churcii. 

Charles Sixgleton Montell, Cashier 
of Customs at this port, was torn in Balti- 
more on the 5th day of January, 1864. 
He is the son of James E. Montell and 
Elizabeth (Singleton) Montell. His par- 
ents were born in Baltimore, and are of 
French and English descent. His father's 
people came from New Providence, Nassau, 
and settled in Baltimore about 1810; his 
mother's ancestors were among the early 
settlers of Maryland, and belong to some of 
our most prominent families, the well- 
known McKim family of this city being rel- 
atives of Mr. Montell. His father was for 
years a prominent wholesale tobacco mer- 
chant of this city and did an extensive busi- 
ness. He also carried on for a number of 
years the coal mining business at Frostburg, 
Allegany county, Md. He died in Balti- 
more in 188 1. His wife is still living, and 
resides with Mr. Montell, the subject of 



1022 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



this sketch. They had six children, viz : Dr. 
WilHam A. Montell, a well-known dentist 
of this city; James E., a book-keeper; Cath- 
erine Singleton; Alexander McKim, clerk 
in the City Hall ; Arthur C. cashier of the 
Catonsville National Bank at Catonsville; 
and Mr. Montell, the subject of this sketch. 
All reside in Baltimore, except Mr. Arthur 
C. Montell, who resides at Catonsville. 

Mr. Montell was educated at St. James 
College, Washington county. Md. After 
quitting school he went into the service of 
Thomsen & ]\Iuth. wholesale druggists of 
this city, and was with this house for thir- 
teen years. After this he went into the em- 
ploy of the Murphy Varnish Company, of 
Newark, N. J., as salesman, and was with 
this company for some time. In 1895 lie 
was the nominee of the Republican party 
for the second branch of the City Council 
to represent the Eleventh and Twelfth 
wards, and was electctl at the Novem1)cr 
election of that year by a handsome ma- 
jority. His term was for two years, expir- 
ing November, 1897. He made a good and 
popular councilman, and but for his being 
a resident of the Eleventh ward, it being the 
Twelfth ward's turn to have the councilman, 
he would have been returned to the Council 
in 1897. He is now Cashier of Customs at 
the Custom House, a high and important 
office, to which he was appointed June i, 
1898. going into office with Mr. William 
F. Stone, who was made Collector of Port 
by President McKinley. 

Mr. Montell is a l)acliclor, attends the 
Protestant Episcopal Church, and resides 
at 833 North Eutaw street. 

He is a member of the L'nion League of 
Baltimore and Maryland, is one of its gov- 
ernors and ciiairman of the hou.sc commit- 



tee: a member of Young Men's Republican 
Club of this city and a member of other Re- 
publican clubs. He is also a member of the 
Junior Order United American Mechanics. 
He is a pleasant man, stands well in our 
city, and has many staunch friends among 
our people. As a Republican, he is very 
popular with his party. 

Dr. George Hexrv Roue, of Sykes- 
ville, Md., son of John and Margaret 
(Fuchs) Rohe, both natives of Bavaria, was 
born January 26, 1 851, in Baltimore county, 
near Baltimore, Md. He was educated in 
the public and parish schools in Baltimore 
City and county and commenced the study 
of medicine in 1867 at Baltimore, under the 
late Prof. August F. Erich; attended three 
courses of lectures at the University of 
Maryland School of JNIedicine, and was 
graduated therefrom in March, 1873. He 
afterward studied dermatology in Boston 
under Dr. Edward Wigglesworth. After 
some years spent in travel he returned to 
Baltimore and engaged in general practice 
until his appointment as superintendent of 
[Maryland Hospital for the Insane at Catons- 
ville in 1891, which position he resigned in 
April, 1896, to accept the superintendency 
of the Second Hospital for the Insane of the 
State of Maryland at Springfield, near 
Sykesville. Doctor Rohe was acting assist- 
ing surgeon United States Army, 1885; has 
been Professor in the College of Physicians 
and Surgeons. Baltimore, since 1881, and 
now fills the chair of therapeutics, hygiene 
and mental diseases in that college; he was 
Health Commissioner of Baltimore, 1890- 
91. He is a member of the American Med- 
ical Association, American Public Health 
Association, American Association of Ob- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



1023 



stetricians and Gynecologists, and its pres- 
ident in 1893; Medical and Chirurgical 
Faculty of Maryland, and its president in 
1893; American Medico-Psychological As- 
sociation : American Electro-Therapeutic 
Association ; Clinical Society of Maryland ; 
Baltimore Medical Association; Balti- 
more Neurological Society; Medical and 
Surgical Society of Baltimore; South- 
ern Surgical and Gynecological Associa- 
tion; member of the Committee on Organi- 
zation First Pan-American Medical Con- 
gress; American Academy of Political and 
Social Science; foreign associate member 
of the Societe Francaise d'Hygiene, and 
secretary and treasurer of the Rush Monu- 
ment Committee. Doctor Rohe introduced 
a number of new methods of treatment of 
the insane, which have been adopted in a 
number of insane hospitals in this country, 
and have received recognition abroad. In 
1894 he was elected an honorary member of 
the Society of Mental Medicine of Belgium, 
and corresponding member of the Medico- 
Psychological Society of Paris. Doctor 
Rohe is the author of many papers pub- 
lished in the transactions of the American 
Medical Association and of the American 
Public Health Association; has published a 
"Text-Book of Hygiene," third edition, 
Philadelphia, 1894; a work on "Practical 
Electricity in Medicine and Surgery (with 
G. A. Liebig, Jr.), Philadelphia, 1890, and 
a "Manual of Skin Diseases," Philadelphia, 
1891. He is also associate editor of the 
Annual of the Universal Medical Scioicc. He 
was married in 1890 to Miss Mary Lauder- 
nian Coffin, of Baltimore, a descendant of 
Tristam Coffin, the original settler of Nan- 
tucket Island in 1660. Doctor and Mrs. 
Rohe have one child, Margaret Rohe. 



Richard Parran Henry St.aub, Attor- 
ney-at-Law, was born at Shepherdstown, 
Jefferson county, Va. (now West Virginia), 
on the 18th day of March, 1834. He is the 
son of Henry Staub, who was born at Ep- 
pingen. Grand Dukedom of Baden, Ger- 
many, July 8, 1808; his father's people orig- 
inally emigrated from Switzerland to Ger- 
many, and his father was of French and 
German descent. His mother was Mary 
(Boxell) Staub, born at Winchester, Freder- 
ick county, Va., April i, 1809. She was an 
American and descended from an old Mr- 
ginian family, her mother being Catherine 
Orr, and belonged to that old and distin- 
guished Virginian family. His mother was 
of English and Scotch-Irish descent and 
many of her people served in the colonial 
wars of the Revolution and 18 12. His 
father emigrated from Germany to this 
country about 1825, and settled at Shep- 
herdstown, where he engaged successfully 
in the milling and grain business until 1846, 
when he moved to Martinsburg, Berkeley 
county. Va., and continued this business 
until 1850, when he went into the hotel busi- 
ness and engaged in it until 1864. He was 
one of Martinsburg's prominent citizens. 
He died September 29, 1864. He had six 
children: an infant daughter, who died Oc- 
tober 4, 183 1, and a son Stephen Samuel 
Roszel, who died December 20, 1855; the 
living children are John Frederick Staub, 
who is connected with the wholesale boot 
and shoe house of Carroll, Adams & Co., 
this city; Laura Morgan, wife of John H. 
Tegmeyer, civil engineer, this city; Ellen 
Margaret, widow of J. R. Crown, deceased, 
who was associated with tlic firm of W. T. 
Sneeringer & Co., wholesale tobacco deal- 



1024 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE. MARYLAND. 



ers, of this city: and Mr. Staub, the subject 
of this sketch. 

Mr. Staub was educated in the private 
schools of Shepherdstown, and the old Mar- 
tinsburg Academy, and was a student at 
Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa., in 1853 and 
1854, when he quit college and read law with 
the Hon. C. J. Faulkner, of Martinsburg, 
Va., one of the most distinguished lawyers 
of that day in Virginia. He was licensed to 
practice by Judges Richard Parker, John 
Kenney, and Lucas P. Thompson, Decem- 
l>er 31, 1855, and practiced at Martinsburg 
until .April 18. 1861, when he entered the 
Confederate service at Harper's Ferry, 
Va., and served first in the famous 
Stonewall Brigade, commanded by Stone- 
wall Jackson, and in Ashby's celebrated 
cavalry, during the whole war, and until he 
surrendered with Lee at Appomattox Court 
House, A'a., on the 9th of .April, 1865. His 
service was private, adjutant, captain, and 
on stafif duty, and he participated in most of 
the notable battles fought by Lee's and 
Jackson's armies during the war. Among 
them Jackson's first fight at Falling 
Waters, in June, 1861, with Patterson's 
army; first battle of Manassas, Kerns- 
town, Winchester, Cedar Mountain, Fred- 
ericksburg, the great cavalry battle at 
Brandy Station, June 9, 1863; Gettysburg, 
battle of the Wilderness, Cold Harbor, 
Trevilian Station, etc., etc. He was 
hurt twice during the war, first in the 
fight at Sangster's Station on the railroad 
near Fairfa.x Court House, Va., in a night 
charge, and again in the fight at Jack's Shop, 
Va., in July, 1864. He was captured twice, 
first near Harrisonburg, Va., in 1862, and in 
a short time, in December, 1862, exchanged 
at Vicksburg, Miss. He was captured again 



at Martinsburg in July, 1864, and in Febru- 
ary, 1865, exchanged at Richmond, Va. 
Each time he was confined at the military 
prison at Camp Chase, near Columbus, O. 

Mr. Staub has a lot of war relics which he 
values as his most precious treasures, among 
them a sabre captured at the battle of Tre- 
vilian Station from a colonel of a New York 
regiment, orders from Stonewall Jackson, 
and an autograph letter written him bv Gen. 
R. E. Lee. 

During the war \'irginia was divided, and 
Mr. Staub and his home put in West 
\'irginia. When he returned home on 
the i8th of .April, 1865, he was confronted 
with a law of West Virginia which prevented 
all attorneys w^ho aided or assisted the Con- 
federacy from practicing law in that State, 
and as he had lost all his property during 
the war, and had his mother and others 
to care for, and could not practice his pro- 
fession there, he determined to leave Alar- 
tinsburg: he qualified as his father's admin- 
istrator, settled up his estate, his mother 
sold her property, and all of them in the 
spring of 1867 came to this city to live. Im- 
mediately on arriving here, he commenced 
the practice of law and by push and energy 
built u[i a good practice. He has resided 
here ever since, with the exception of six 
years, when he went back to Martinsburg 
and practiced his profession, in 1876, and 
returned here in the spring of 1882. W'hile 
at Martinsburg, on the loth of July, 1876, 
his mother died, and at that place, in 1880, 
he was nominated on the Democratic ticket 
for State's Attorney of Berkeley county, 
but he and the whole ticket was defeated. 

Mr. Staub was married at West Alexan- 
der, Pa., January, 18, 1867, to Miss Alelia 
.Ann Goshorn, of Wheeling, W. Va., daugh- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



1025 



ter of Mr. AMlliam Scott Goshorn, one of 
Wheeling's most prominent citizens, who 
was born on McMahon's Creek, Belmont 
county, O., January 19, 1814; one year af- 
terward his father, John Goshorn, took up 
his residence in Wheeling. Mr. Goshorn 
was of German and of English descent, and 
his ancestors were old settlers of the coun- 
try and served in the colonial wars. His 
great-grandfather on his mother's side, Jo- 
seph Scott, with others, serving with dis- 
tinction as an ofificer in the Revolutionary 
War. Mrs. Staub's mother was Priscilla 
Jane (Zinn) Goshorn, who was born in Mar- 
tinsburg, Berkeley county, Va., June 28, 
1 82 1, and in her girlhood moved to Wheel- 
ing. She was of German and Irish descent. 
She belonged to old Virginia families, who 
were among the early settlers of that State. 
Both of Mrs. Staub's parents are dead. Her 
mother died January 18, 1878, and her 
father, October 23, 189 1. Mr. Staub has had 
six children. The living ones are Mrs. Jane 
Goshorn Shanklin, wife of Arthur Percival 
Shanklin, member of the Towson and Bal- 
timore bars; Mrs. Mary Fellows, wife of 
Frank Bradbury Fellows, associated with 
the P. Hanson Hiss Manufacturing Com- 
pany, this city; William Henry Staub, pur- 
chasing agent of Baltimore Consolidated 
Railway Company, this city ; John Tegmey- 
er, law student, and Richard Parran Henry 
Staub, Jr., clerk in the office of the C. H. 
Pearson Packing Company, this city. All 
reside in Baltimore, except Mrs. Fellows, 
who lives at Roland Park. He and his fam- 
ily are members of the Protestant Episcopal 
Church. 

He is a member of the Belle Lettres So- 
ciety of Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa.; 
member of the Society of the Army and 
61 



Navy of the Confederate States for the 
State of Maryland, and a member of James 
R. Herbert Camp of United Confederate 
Veterans of Baltimore. In politics he is a 
Democrat. 

Under Harrison's administration he was 
appointed examiner in the Department of 
Justice, a high and important ofifice, and 
traveled nearly all over the United States in 
the discharge of his duties, examining the 
United States Courts, but as it took him 
away from his home over ten months in the 
year, after holding the ofifice about a year, 
he resigned. 

As will be seen, Mr. Staub has had quite 
an eventful life. In 1859 he was at Harper's 
Ferry, ^'a., called into the military service 
of Virginia, and saw John Brown and his 
men captured, and afterwards saw Brown 
and all of them tried, sentenced and hung. 
Mr. Staub and his family reside at 2453 
Maryland avenue. 

Jacob Fizone, Coal and Wood Dealer, 
1321 N. Fremont avenue, was born in Balti- 
more, November 2, 1849. He is the son of 
the late Jacob F. and Cordelia (Burk) Fi- 
zone. Tlie former is a native of Philadel- 
phia, Pa., and a book-binder by profession. 
He came to this city about 1842, and short- 
ly after engaged in the dairy business, which 
he followed for twenty years, and at which 
he was ver\' successful. In 1868 he opened 
a coal and wood yard on the site now oc- 
cupied by his son and successor, and the 
business was soon established upon a suc- 
cessful basis. He was a man of strict in- 
tegrity, conscientious in all his relations 
with the public, a man whose word was as 
good as his bond. He was his party's nomi- 
nee to the House of Delegates, and again 



1026 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



for City Councilman. He was one of the 
founders of St. Paul's English Lutheran 
Church, and one of its main pillars. He 
died in 1892, lamented by all who knew 
him. The Burks, his wife's people, were 
members of an old Maryland family. Wil- 
liam B. Burk was among the first to enter 
into the oyster packing business in Balti- 
more. 

Jacob Fizone, the subject of this sketch, 
received his education at the public schools 
of this city. He entered into business with 
his father in 1868, and has continued to fol- 
low in his footsteps in a business way. so- 
cially and politically. He is in touch with 
the times, and a favorite with his party (Re- 
publican). He is a member of the City 
Council, representing the Twenty-first and 
Twenty-second wards. Mr. Fizone is on 
the Ways and Means, Highways, Sewer- 
age, Parks, Streets, Internal Improvements, 
Fire Department and Almshouse Commit- 
tees. Of these he is chairman of Parks and 
Highways Committees. He is successful m 
his dealings with men, gives one hundred 
cents' worth for a dollar; his motto being, 
"Live and let live." He is vice-president 
of Lafayette Building and Loan Associa- 
tion, and a director in the Reliable Building 
and Loan Association. 

He was married in 1870 to Anna, daugh- 
ter of the late James Myrty, of Baltimore. 
Mr. and Mr; Fizone have four children, 
William, Florence, Frank and Bertha. 
William Fizone is a draughtsman in the 
employ of Wyeth & Nolting. Frank Fi- 
zone is in his father's employ. Mr. and 
Mrs. Fizone reside at 2115 Linden avenue, 
and are mendiers of St. Paul's Lutheran 
Church. 



Wade Hampton Schmenner, Butcher, 
No. 28 Lafayette Market, is a native of 
Baltimore. He was born in 1827, and is the 
son of John H. and Sarah A. (Perkins) 
Schmenner. The former is a native of 
Baltimore, and the latter of Washington. 
John H. is a baker by trade, a business he 
followed for a number of years with profit. 
About thirty years ago he turned his at- 
tention to butchering. He has carried on 
business successfully in Lexington Market 
for thirty years, in Richmond JNIarket for 
twenty-five years, and in Centre Market for 
ten years. He occupies stalls in both Lex- 
ington and Hollins Street Markets at pres- 
ent. His son, W. H., the subject of this 
sketch, has succeeded his father in tlie 
Lafayette Market for the last three years, 
and has proved by his success to be adapted 
to the business. He has spent some time 
at Bryant and Stratton's College, from 
which he graduated with credit. 

George J. HaFER. Dealer in Coal and 
Wood, No. 6 Hafer street, was born in Bal- 
timore, May 25, 1875. He is the son of 
George and Caroline F. (Byrle) Hafer, bodi 
of whom were born in Germany. They 
came to this country in 1864. He was a 
stone mason and bricklayer by trade, but in 
1881 he entered the coal and wood busi- 
ness, in which he continued until his de- 
cease on January 19, 1897. Mr. Hafer, 
while not a man of acquired education, was 
strong in his natural abilities. He stood 
high with his fellow-citizens both socially 
and morally, lie was strictly honest in 
all dealings with the public, who placed im- 
plicit confidence in liim as a man of veracity. 
Fie was one of the founders of and officers 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



in St. John's Lutheran Church, which he 
very liberally supported. His family con- 
sists of two, George J. and Henry. The 
former is successor to his father, and has 
been a partner in the business since 1888. 
He employs about fifteen hands and thir- 
teen teams, showing that the business has 
not decreased with the loss of its head. 
George J. is a graduate of Bryant & Strat- 
ton's Business College, a member of the 
class of 1894. He is a young man of good 
morals and is a supporter of his father's 
church. 

IsiDOR L. Myers was born in Baltimore, 
Md., in 1868. He is the son of Louis and 
Sarah Myers. The former is a native of 
Germany, the latter is a native of Baltimore. 
Isidor Myers has reached his majority and 
is connected with his father at the Union 
Stock Yards. He was educated in the pub- 
lic schools of Baltimore, after which he 
took a course in Lamb's School. His 
father, Louis, came to this country in 1848. 
He settled in Pittsburg, Pa., where he was 
extensively engaged in general merchan- 
dise. About i860 he removed to Baltimore, 
where he entered into a contract with the 
Federal Government to supply beef for the 
army. In this relation he continued dur- 
ing the Civil War. At that time Mr. 
Myers had his office at the Calverton 
Road Yards. There he continued until 
tlieir removal in July, 1892, where he is 
now located. Air. Myers is an extensive 
business man in his line. His exports 
amount to about 700 cattle per week; his 
retail to about 300. He is the oldest living 
dealer in Baltimore. His family consists 
of four. He has two sons, Solomon B., who 
is a student at Johns Hopkins University, 



and Isidor L., the subject of this sketch, 
who is in business with his father. 

N. T. HuTCHiNS, proprietor of "The 
Eureka Hotel," Brunswick avenue, was 
born on the York Road in 1846. He is the 
son of Richard and Mary Susan Hutchins, 
both of whom are natives of Maryland. He 
was a hotel-keeper for years on the York 
Road. In 1856 he abandoned the hotel 
business and bought a farm in Howard 
county, where he made his home. Mr. 
Hutchins was successful in his business 
pursuits. He had the full confidence of his 
fellow-citizens, through whose influence he 
was made ganger of spirits under Bu- 
chanan in 1858. He was appointed weigh- 
master in Baltimore in 1870, and was elecv- 
ed tax collector for Howard county at one 
time, all of w^hich offices he filled with credit. 

The Hutchins belong to a very old fam- 
ily. Tradition says that one of the old 
Hutchins, uncle of Richard, owned, and his 
heirs rightly now own, ninety acres of land 
on and around where the prison now stands. 

N. T. Hutchins was reared and educated 
until he was eight years of age, when his 
father removed with his family to the farm 
now owned by Joseph H. Judik, in Balti- 
more county. He entered into business for 
himself at a very early age, his first enter- 
prise being farm machinery. He sold his 
farm in Baltimore county and removed co 
Howard county in June, 1857. 

In 1877 he was appointed Deputy Sheritif 
of Howard county. In 1883 he was elected 
SherifT of the same county under Governor 
Hamilton. He was appointed Inspector of 
Hay and Straw for the city of Baltimore 
March 21, 1888. To this office he was ap- 
pointed two terms, two years each. Being 



1028 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



weary of political life lie retired from the 
political field. 

In 1892 he purchased his present property 
on Brunswick avenue, formerly owned by 
Mrs. Kingsmore. 

Mr. Hutchins is a worthy man and keeps 
a first-class hotel of its grade. 

Mr. Anthony Cook, Florist, was born 
in Germany in 1818. He is the son of Mat- 
thews Cook, who was a noted German 
tiorist. During the French Revolution he 
lost all his property as a result of the for- 
tunes of war. He came to this country in 
1840, bringing his family with him. His 
thorough knowledge of his business so es- 
tablished him in the confidence of the Balti- 
moreans that his son, Anthony, who was his 
partner and successor, became eminently 
successful. 

When Baltimore was an infant city An- 
thony's place was at the corner of Lexing- 
ton avenue and Republican street. He then 
removed to CarroUton avenue, where he re- 
mained forty years. He removed to his 
present place in 1858. He has one of the 
finest floral displays in the city. His skill 
is unsurpassed and his reputation extensive. 

While Mr. Cook is conservative by na- 
ture, yet he can express himself. He is a 
Roman Catholic. In politics he is a Re- 
publican. 

His sons. Charles and George, are with 
him in business. They are all men of in- 
tegrity. 

Rkv. J. C. D.wiDSox, Pastor of Grace 
Baptist Church, was born in .-\ppomattox 
county, \'a., in 1849. He is the son of Jesse 
and Martha A. (Osborn) Davidson. He 
received his early education at the public 



schools and at Union .\cademy, after which 
he attended Firrman University, South 
Carolina, and graduated from the Southern 
Baptist Theological Seminary of the same 
town. His first pastorate was at Sedalia, 
Mo., where he served eight years; at Han- 
nibal two years; was then called to Win- 
chester, Va., where he organized a church 
and built an edifice. From there he was 
called to his present pastorate, where he 
has served his people faithfully and loving- 
ly for nine years. 

Grace Cnurch was incorporated June 24, 
1874, under the pastorate of Rev. Miles 
Reid. In 1877 Chas D. Parker was called. 
In April, 1S84, J. B. English was called, 
during whose pastorate the building was 
erected. In November, 1889, the present 
incumbent, J. C. Davidson, was called. 
During his pastorate the debt on the build- 
ing has been reduced from $15,000 to $3,- 
000, and a parsonage built costing $5,000. 

Rev. Mr. Davidson is president of the 
M. B. A., and chairman of the Educational 
Board. He is an untiring worker, a logical 
speaker and an eloquent preacher. 

He married Miss Lizzie Dinguid, daugh- 
ter of Geo. A. and P. A. Dinguid, of Lynch- 
burg, Va., an accomplished lady and a help- 
meet for a minister of the gospel. 

RI■^^ B. G. W. Reid, Pastor of North 
Avenue M. E. Church, is a native of Mont- 
gomery county, Md. He is the son of 
George N. and Cassandra Reid, both of 
whom are natives of Maryland. He re- 
ceived his education at the public schools, 
and subsequently fitted himself for the min- 
istry by constant application to his studies. 
He stood high in his Conference class and 
was admitted to the Baltimore Conference 



HISTORY Ol' liALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



1029 



in 1856. He was ordained a deacon m 
1858: an elder in i860. ' 

He served faithfully the following charges 
and Circuits: Hancock, Frederick, Boons- 
boro, Prosburg, Painsburg, Allegany, Lib- 
erty. Harford Avenue and Greenmount, 
Bedford, Winchester, Hanover Street, 
Hagerstown, Fourth Street, Washington, 
D. C; Jefferson Street, Baltimore; Caroline 
Street, Ricetown; East Harford County 
Station, Md.; also Emory Church and 
North Avenue Church, Baltimore. He is 
serving the last named charge in his fifth 
year. The North Avenue Church was a 
mission of the Aladison Square Church up 
to 1892. Under the pastorate of Thomas 
Wilhide it became a separate charge. Un- 
der the judicious management of Mr. Reid 
a new edifice was built in 1896, costing 
$20,000. The ground was donated by 
Joshua Register. 

Mr. Reid first married Miss Maggie Mor- ! 
rison. of Baltimore, in 1867. She died in 
1878. His second wife was Mrs. Isabelle 
Pennington, of Glyndon, Md. To this lady . 
he was married in 1885. One son was born j 
to the first union. 

Howard L. Harker, Lumber, Mill 
Work and Hardware, Harford avenue cor- j 
ner of Hoffman street, was born in Balti- 
more, October 23, 1875. He is the son of 
Charles E. and Ellen F. (Creig) Harker, 
both natives of Baltimore. Charles E. is a 
master mechanic who has worked as car- 
penter and builder for a number of years. 

In 1892 he established his present busi- 
ness at the above place, where his integrity 
and business qualities, added to his skill, 
have worked up a successful business. 

His son, Howard, the subject of this 



sketch, has been in company with his father 
since 1892. He was reared and educated in 
Baltimore. After receiving a liberal educa- 
tion in the public schools, he attended 
Eaton & Burnett's Business College, of this 
city. He is a promising young man of 
business. 

Rev. j. M. Slarrow, Pastor of West 
Baltimore Station M. E. Church, was born 
in Tioga county, Pa., June 16, 1856. He is 
the son of George W. and Elizabeth (Camp- 
bell) Slarrow. The former was born in 
Bath, N. Y., and the latter in Pennsylvania. 
Rev. :\Ir. Slarrow received his early training 
and education in Potter county. Pa.; some 
years were spent in the Academy at Cou- 
dersport. In 1882 he entered the prepar- 
atory department of the same institution 
and graduated from the college proper in 
June, 1887. This year he was received into 
the Baltimore Conference. He spent his 
first three years as associate in City Station, 
Baltimore; four years as pastor at Bel Air, 
Md.. and two successful years pastor of the 
Twelfth Street M. E. Church, Washington, 
D. C. From the last named church he 
was placed in his present responsible posi- 
tion. • 

He was ordained deacon in Grace 
Ciiurch, Baltimore, in 1889 by Bishop 
Foss; ordained elder in 1891 by Bishop 
Joyce in the Wesley Chapel, Washington, 
D. C. While Rev. Mr. Slarrow's minis- 
terial career has been short thus far it has 
not been uneventful. When at Belair he re- 
constructed a church at Mt. Zion, an out- 
side appointment, at a cost of $2,000 besides 
other work of a similar character. 

Rev. Mr. Slarrow married Miss May F. 
Gordon, the flauHitcr of Mr. and IMrs. Mai- 



1030 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



com B. Gordon, of Washington, D. C. To 
this union one child has been born. 

The churcli over which Mr. Slarrow pre- 
sides had its beginning on the corner of 
Cumberland street and Pennsylvania av- 
enue. In 1832 a plot of ground was pur- 
chased on which a building was erected, on 
Fremont street near Pennsylvania avenue, 
known as Whatcoat Chapel. In 1835 the 
trustees incorporated it under the name of 
West Baltimore Station. The property was 
finally disposed of in 1870; the present edi- 
fice was built under its present title, under 
the pastorate of Rev. T. Daugherty. From 
that time to the present the church has had 
the labors of e.xperienced pastors. Its mem- 
bership is 600; Sunday-school 525. 

Joel Gutman (deceased) was born in 
Merchingen, Grand Duchy of Baden, Ger- 
many, September 3, 1829. His parents, 
Moses and Ella Gutman, were natives of 
Germany also. Mr. Gutman received an 
elementary education, and when fourteen 
years of age entered a mercantile house in 
Buchen by Odenwald, where, according to 
the custom of the country, he served an ap- 
prenticeship of several years, and having 
learned the business, went to the city of 
Wurtzburg in his eighteenth year and en- 
tered the employ of a firm engaged in the 
wholesale dry goods trade, filling tlie posi- 
tion of salesman. 

In 1849 he emigrated to the United 
States, landing in New York July, 1849, 
after a tedious voyage. He located in Bal- 
timore, where one of his brothers resided. 
He soon, however, went to Virginia, where 
he merchandised in a small way. By 
the practice of honesty and economy in busi- 
ness, he succeeded beyond all expectations. 



and was soon able to return to Baltimore, 
where he and his brother entered into 
a partnership in 1852. In 1853 this part- 
nership was dissolved by mutual consent 
and Joel Gutman began business on his own 
account at (then) 29 N. Eutaw street. 

In 1866, finding his place too small for 
his rapidly increasing trade, he bought the 
property opposite (then) Nos. 34-36 N. 
Eutaw street, which he rebuilt and beauti- 
fied, and later he purchased the adjoining 
premises, which he again enlarged in 1886, 
pulling down the former structure and re- 
building with stone and brick. This store 
(Nos. 112, 114, 1x6, 118, 120, 122 N. Eutaw 
street) is now one of the largest in Balti- 
more, and employs over 500 people. The 
establishment is a general store, with over 
thirty departments. 

The choicest and finest goods are import- 
ed direct from the European and American 
manufacturers. 

After the death of ]\Ir. Gutman, which 
took place February 23, 1892. he was suc- 
ceeded by his son, Louis K., who is the head 
of the firm which still retains its old name 
of Joel Gutman & Co. 

The wide spread reputation for integrity 
of this firm is one source of its phenomenal 
growth in trade. 

Mr. Gutman was of the Hebrew faith, a 
member of the First Baltimore Hebrew 
Congregation, of which he was also a trus- 
tee and for a number of years president. He 
was president of the Hebrew Orphan Asy- 
lum, one of the many noble charitable in- 
stitutions of the city. Mr. Gutman was alive 
to every noble and philanthropic enterprise. 

In August, 1852, he was married to Miss 

Bertha, the accompli5he<l daughter of the 

1 late Louis and Caroline Kavton, of Balti- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORi;, MARYLAND. 



1031 



more, who emigrated to this country in 
1833. They were one of the first German 
Jewish famihes in Baltimore, and were 
charter members of the First Hebrew Con- 
gregation, which worshiped in the old 
Lloyd Street Synagogue. 

Abk.miam Lincoln Dryden, Special 
Deputy Collector of Customs, was born in 
Fairmount, Somerset county, j\Id., Feb- 
ruary 18, 1865. He is the son of Littleton 
T. Dryden and Charlotte E. (Ford) Dryden. 
Both of his parents are Americans, born in 
Somerset county, Md., their ancestors being 
old settlers of this State. His father is Su- 
perintendent of State Bureau of Immigra- 
tion, and his sketch will be found on another 
page of this history. Both his parents re- 
side at 1604 St. Paul street, this city. His 
father has four children: Annie Neale, and 
Sherman Dryden, clerk; Mrs. Etta Sterling, 
wife of Horace Sterling, General Agent 
Baltimore, Chesapeake and Atlantic Rail- 
road, Crisfield, Md.; and Mr. Dryden, the 
subject of this sketch. 

He was educated in the public schools 
of Somerset county, Md., attending the 
High School at Crisfield, Washington 
Academy at Princess Anne; was a student 
for two years, or to the end of his sopho- 
more year, at St. John's College, Annapolis, 
Md.,and graduated from Dickinson College, 
Carlisle, Pa., in 1888. Though very young, 
he went into the oyster packing business 
before going to college, and his father's cir- 
cumstances being limited he had to work 
hard to earn money to attend college, and 
traveled through the nearby towns of his 
home, Crisfield, selling oysters to enable 



him to accomplish this object, and gradu- 
ated from Dickinson as above stated. 

After his graduation he resumed the 
oyster packing business at Crisfield, and 
continued in this business until 1890, 
w^hen he was appointed assistant in the 
library of the Navy Department, Washing- 
ton, D. C, and held this office up to May, 
1893. Previous to this, in the session of 
1890, he represented Somerset county in 
the Legislature of Maryland, being a mem- 
ber of the House of Delegates. From the 
House he went to the Senate, representing 
his county in that body in the sessions of 
1896 and 1898, and on the 1st of Jvme, 1898, 
was appointed to his present position of 
Special Deputy Collector of Customs for 
the Port of Baltimore, and as he is a push- 
ing, energetic man, and has given general 
satisfaction in every position he has held 
1 before and the way he is discharging the 
I duties of his ofifice the short time he has held 
j it, it is fair to assume he will make a first- 
class and efficient officer. 

Mr. Dryden was married at Crisfield, 
Md., November 14, 1894, to Miss Effie 
Clarke Venable, daughter of Mr. Seth D. 
Venable and Mrs. Susan A. (Jones) Vena- 
ble. Both Mrs. Dryden's parents were 
born in Maryland, belonging to old Mary- 
land families. He has one child, a daugh- 
ter, Ethelyn Dryden. He and his family 
are members of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church. He is a member of the Junior Or- 
der United American Mechanics, Knights 
of Pythias, Independent Order of Odd Fel- 
lows, and a member of the Belle Lettres So- 
ciety of Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa. 
Also member of the Phi Kappa Psi and 



1032 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Phi Beta Kappa fraternities of this college, 
and a member of the Union League of 
Maryland. 

In politics he is a Republican, and takes 
an active interest in party matters, and in 
1894 was nominated by the Republicans of 
the First District, this State, as a candidate 
for Congress from that district. He ran 



against the Hon. Joshua Miles, the Demo- 
cratic candidate, made an active campaign, 
but was defeated, reducing however the 
usual Democratic majority of about two 
thousand to about a thousand, or one-half. 
His country residence is Crisfield, Somerset 
county, and his city residence is with his 
father, 1604 St. Paul street. 



CHAPTER XIX. 



The Modern City, by Col. William H. Love. 



The great city, which to-day spreads over 
thirty-two square miles of hill and valley, 
strikes every visitor within its confines as a 
most attractive one, and all agree with 
"Fanny Fern" that it is the most "elegant 
of cities;" every stranger at once feels the 
charm of its bright streets, crowded with 
five hundred thousand people, a very large 
portion being natives who are noted for 
their politeness and affability of manner. 

The principal objects of interest in all the 
great cities of the world are their parks, 
squares, churches, monuments, hospitals, 
&c., &c.; and in this article particular atten- 
tion will be paid to them. 

The City Hall, built upon the square 
bounded by Holliday, Lexington, Fayette 
and North streets, is in the centre of the 
city: here we find ourselves at the front of 
municipal life. When it was erected, it was 
regarded as the most conspicuous as it was 
the most elegant building ever erected in 
our city, having a front of 238 feet on Holli- 
day and North streets, and 149 feet on Lex- 
ington and Fayette. The building covers a 
superficial area of 30,552 square feet. The 
material used in its construction was Bal- 
timore county marble, a white magnesia 
limestone. The columns of the portico are 
monoliths. 

The style of the architecture is "Renais- 
sance." The general plan or division of 
the mass consists of a centre structure four 
stories high, and two connected lateral 



wings three stories high, the centre finished 
with pediments, the others with mansard 
roofs. The architect has preserved the sim- 
plicity and dignity of the ancient and has 
added sufficient of the modern style to 
adorn. This was accomplished by dividing 
and relieving the extensive fronts and faces 
with projecting pilasters, columns and 
arches over the openings of each story, and 
graceful cornices, balustrades and parapets. 

The interior is in accord with the exterior 
and has always been kept in perfect order. 

Directly facing the City Hall stands the 
oldest theatre in America, the "Holliday," 
embalmed in the hearts of all P.altimoreans 
as the place where the "Star Spangled Ban- 
ner" was first sung. It has entered the sec- 
ond century of its existence, having been 
built in 1794. It is held in affectionate re- 
membrance by the profesion. 

Passing up Fayette street we are con- 
fronted by another very conspicuous build- 
ing, standing on the block immediately west 
of the City Hall, the United States Post Of- 
fice, a recent erection, built of granite in the 
style known as Italian Renaissance. There 
are a number of towers, the central one be- 
ing 189 feet high with fronting on Monu- 
ment Square; the building is fitted with 
every modern improvement to facilitate post 
office work. The entire third floor is occu- 
pied by the United States and District 
Courts. The ground cost $553-000. The 
city gave two lots costing $56,000. and the 



1034 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



entire appropriation for the building was 
$2,011,835. It was dedicated September 12, 
1SS9. 

The west and principal front faces Monu- 
ment Square, in which stands the "Balti- 
more Monument," called by all our citizens 
the "Battle Monument," and erected to the 
memory of those who fell at North Point. 
It is the work of the celebrated sculptor, 
Maximilian Godefroy. It consists of an 
Egyptian base raised to the height of four 
feet from the pavement of the street, is 
surmounted by a column representing a 
fasces, upon the bands of which are placed 
in bronze letters the names of those who fell. 
On each angle of the base are grififins, and 
the lower part of the column is ornamented 
with basso relievos, the whole being 
crowned by a statue of the city, by Capel- 
lano, with the eagle at her side, holding a 
laurel wreath suspended in her uplifted 
hand. The entire height of the monument 
is fifty-two feet two inches. 

Opposite the Post Ofifice formerly stood 
the old Court House, finished in 1809. It 
has been taken down to make way for a 
splendid new Court House now in course of 
erection, which will cover the entire block 
bounded by Lexington, Calvert, Fayette 
and St. Paul streets. 

This magnificent public building will be 
finished in 1899. It was much needed by 
the growing business of the Courts, and will 
add another to the many beautiful build- 
ings, public and private, which have been 
erected in this city. Xothing more elegant 
could have been placed on the western side 
of the old Monument Square than this great 
building, which, while transforming the en- 
tire cliaractcr of the looalitv. has also ob- 



literated all traces of that older order of 
things which has departed forever. 

The dimensions of the new Court House 
will be in keeping with its character and 
adornments, the Calvert street front be- 
ing two hundred feet with a depth of three 
hundred and twenty-five feet to St. Paul 
street. The exterior will be built of "Be- 
verdam" Baltimore county marble with the 
exception of the basement story, which will 
be of Maryland granite; possibly the colon- 
nade and recessed loggia on the Calvert 
street facade will be the most interesting 
feature, and here will be placed the largest 
monolithic columns in the United States. 
They are thirty-one feet, two and five-eighth 
inches high exclusive of the base and capi- 
tal, diameter at base four feet, two and one- 
half inches; at top, three feet, five and one- 
fourth inches with flutes, bands and mould- 
ings. They are purely Ionic and have rich- 
ly moulded and carved bases and capitals. 
The entasis is drawn according to the usual 
methods employed by the ancient Romans. 
The diameters for about one-third of the 
length vary but little, while for the remain- 
ing length the beautiful swell can be readily 
seen. 

When quarried each stone weighed aljout 
eighty-nine tons, and as the block was sepa- 
rate from the main ledge it contained two 
columns, making a mass of about 180 tons; 
the size of these monster shafts can hardly 
be understood or appreciated unless seen. 
There are eight required in all. They were 
scrabbled or roughed at the quarry and then 
shipped on a specially built car to Baltimore, 
where it required twenty-five teams and two 
trucks, weighing about ten tons each, to 
convcv them to the site of the new Court 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



1035 



House, where the cutting is being done in 
a shop specially designed for the purpose, 
lighted by electricity and supplied with hot 
water for rubbing and finishing. 

These splendid specimens of the stone 
worker's art were obtained from the Bever- 
dam quarries. The rest of the exterior is 
created with Ionic pilasters supporting an 
enriched entablature, crowning the whole. 
A special feature of the St. Paul street en- 
trance and the Criminal Court vestibule will 
be the various richly colored marble col- 
umns and lining. 

In this great building will be located the 
Superior Court, additional Superior Court, 
the two Courts of Common Pleas and the 
two Circuit Courts and their offices. On 
the third floor will be located the Supreme 
Bench, a domed room about forty feet in di- 
ameter, the dome being carried on sixteen 
monolithic columns and sixteen pilasters 
of a rich yellow brown veined vermilion 
marble. This room is lighted almost solely 
by a large eye or window in the centre of 
the dome. The Supreme Bench will occu- 
py the centre of the Calvert street facade. 
The Bar or Law Library will occupy the 
whole of the St. Paul street facade. The 
great room will be one hundred and five 
feet long and thirty-five feet wide; the ceil- 
ing will be very beautiful. At either end of 
the library will be three reading rooms, fin- 
ished in mahogany. The prisoner's entrance 
is through the archway on the Lexington 
street side, and the prison van will be driven 
to the prisoner's entrance in the lower court 
yard; a staircase leads directly to the guard 
rooms, which will be surroimdcd by the 
lock-up. 

The guard rooms will be floored with 
marble and lined throughout with enameled 



brick, so that tliey can be kept very clean by 
flushing with hose. All the passages and 
corridors through which prisoners pass will 
be lined with marble. All the"j«ry rooms 
will be in direct communication with their 
Court rooms and can be entered only 
thnough the Court room so that when the 
jury has gone to its room for consultation 
there is no opportunity for outside com- 
munication. 

The staircases from the Calvert street en- 
trance to the second story are entirely of 
marble, lighted by skylights. Electricity 
will be used in every available way, and 
private telephone wires will be established 
from one ofSce to the other. In all the 
rooms where records will be filed, fire-proof 
vaults will be provided, in fact, the whole 
building will be as near fire-proof as mod- 
ern skill can make it. A recent description 
truly says: "This building, grand and im- 
posing, will be without dome, tower or spire 
of any kind; the charm of its simple yet 
grand and dignified exterior leaves nothing 
to be desired, and the commission of gen- 
tlemen who, without money and without 
price, have given days, weeks, and months 
of serious thought to its planning and con- 
struction deserve and will receive the un- 
stinted thanks of this community." 

On the southwest corner of the square 
has lately been erected on the site of the 
Old Barnum Hotel, the Equitable Build- 
ing. The style of architecture is described 
as Italian Renaissance, admirably adapted 
to the building of such size and importance. 
Its great height, towering as it does over 
the loftiest of the downtown structures, to- 
gether with the happy coinbination of ma- 
terial chosen, renders it a lasting monument 
to the business sagacity and enterprise of 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



its promoters. The top floor contains a res- 
taurant and cafe forty-four by ninety-five 
feet. The building contains the new Law 
Library. 

Due south of this structure stands the im- 
IX)sing Baltimore & Ohio Central Building, 
containing all the offices of that company. 
It was erected at a cost of several millions 
of dollars. 

Passing west, on Fayette street, we are 
confronted at the corner of St. Paul street 
by the beautiful new building of the Morn- 
ing Herald, a strong daily and weekly, inde- 
pendent in politics. 

Turning north on Charles street, we find 
the home of the Builders' E.xchange on the 
northeast corner of Lexington street, and 
on the northwest corner the Fidelity Trust 
and Deposit Company, a splendid building. 

The new home of the Exchange is a 
handsome five-story inarble structure, occu- 
p\-ing a lot eight-four feet, four inches on 
Charles street; the entire cost was about 
$200,000, including the ground. 

The meeting room of the Exchange is on 
the fifth floor and extends seventy-two feet 
on Lexington street and forty-nine feet on 
Charles street. The other floors are divided 
into ofiices. The interior finish is in quar- 
tered oak, and the walls and ceilings are 
tinted in oil. 

The stairways are of iron, and great care 
has been taken to make the building as 
nearly fire-proof as possible. 

Hotel Rennert. — The Rcnnert is a fine 
specimen of modern architecture, occupy- 
ing the block bounded by Saratoga, Lib- 
erty, Clay and Sharp streets. Its dimen- 
.'•ions arc ninety feet front and two hundred 
and twenty feet deep. 

The stvle of architecture is the Renais- 



sance. The front is of pressed brick 
trimmed with brown stone and terra cotta, 
ornamented with pilasters and handsomely 
carved capitals, band courses, panels, cor- 
bels, crowned with a very ornamental man- 
sard roof, high pitched gables and clustered 
chimney shafts, and flanked at angles with 
a round tower and turret. 

Tlte main tower, forming bays in the 
angle room, is finished with a highly en- 
riched domed roof and lantern over one 
hundred feet above the street. The build- 
ing contains three hundred rooms for the 
accommodation of guests and is substan- 
tially fire-proof throughout. 

As we continue north the white marble 
mass of the Masonic Temple attracts the 
eye on the east side of the street. While 
the front presents some of the characteris- 
tics of the Grecian and Romanesque styles, 
they are so blended with modern principles 
of construction as to confuse any but the 
most expert, but are none the less interest- 
ing on that account. 

The main entrance to the building is 
through two broad doorwa,vs into a vesti- 
bule or stair-hall, extending through two 
stories. The walls of this vestibule up to 
the line of the second floor are faced with 
A. Bohm and Eschallen marble. 

The hydraulic passenger elevator is per- 
fect and runs to the top floor. A broad cor- 
ridor leads from the vestibule to a large 
banquet hall in the rear fifty-four by eighty- 
five feet. 

Ascending to the second floor a corridor 
crosses the building from north to south at 
the head of the main stairways, giving en- 
trance to the Grand Lodge room, tlie Ro- 
man Hall, the Grand Master's room and the 
Librarv. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



The Corinthian Hall, which is used for 
the Grand Lodge, is forty-nine by seventy- 
four feet. Detached columns rise at inter- 
vals along the walls supporting the entabla- 
tures, which extends across the room, di- 
viding the ceilings into bays. 

Roman Hall is fifty-five by thirty-five 
feet. The ceiling is arched with deeply re- 
cased panels, modeled in high relief. 

In the south front are the rooms of the 
Grand ]\laster and Grand Secretary, each 
room eighteen by twenty feet, finished in 
mahogany. The walls of the Grand Mas- 
ter's room are hung in tapestry. A broad 
mantel extends to the ceiling, with African 
marble facing, and barcled glass panels 
above the shelf. 

The Library, thirty-two by twenty feet, is 
finished in cherry. 

The Secretary of the Grand Chapter has 
a room in the south front eighteen by 
twenty feet, which is finished in cherry. 

Social Hall, seventeen by twenty-one 
feet, is on the mezzanine floor, over the ves- 
tibule. A hooded fire-place supported by 
carved and cluted columns, forms the cen- 
tral feature of this apartment. The inscrip- 
tion: "Here Let Good Fellowship Reign 
Supreme," is carved in the frieze of the man- 
tel. A banquet hall thirty-one by twenty 
feet opens into the Social Hall, through 
sliding doors. 

On this floor are located Oriental. Ionic, 
Doric, Composite and Renaissance Halls; 
these rooms take their names from the style 
of architecture used in them. 

The building is lighted with gas and elec- 
tricity and heating and ventilating appara- 
tus of the most approved character. 

Next to the Masonic Temple and north 
of it is St. Paul's P. E. Church, a good speci- 



men of the Romanesque. This was the site 
of the first church erected in the city in 1731. 
In front, over -the frieze and architectrave 
are two alto relievo figures representing 
Christ and Moses, sculptured by the great 
Italian artist Capellano. 

Opposite to St. Paul's Church, on the 
corner of Saratoga, is the Young !Men"s 
Christian Association Building, built of 
pressed brick, trimmed with Cleveland 
stone. It has a collegiate appearance, the 
roofing and towers being very prominent 
by reason of the fine location. 

Looking west on Saratoga street we get 
a fine view of the front and east side of the 
Hotel Rennert. 

Opposite the Hotel Rennert is the old 
parsonage of St. Paul's Church, built in 
1789. The lot on which it stands was deeded 
to the vestry of St. Paul's Parish in Balti- 
more county in 1786 for the purpose for 
which it is now used. The home which now 
forms the central portion of the rectory was 
finished in 1789, the wings a little later. It 
is interesting to know that the room on the 
second floor over the hall was used for the 
"House of Bishops" of the Protestant Epis- 
copal Church, which held its sessions here, 
including in all probability its first session. 

On the lot east of the parsonage stands 
the old mansion of Johns Hopkins, who 
gave the city a Hospital and University 
which will perpetuate his name forever. At 
the proper place we shall describe both. 

We have now reached the intersection of 
Saratoga and Liberty streets. The latter 
after passing Saratoga and running north 
is known as Cathedral, on the northwest 
corner of which street and Saratoga stands 
the new "Odd Fellows Hall," a large brick 
building. 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



North of this, and ahiiost joining it is the 
Roman CathoHc School l<no\vn as "Calvert 
Hall." This fine building has lately been 
erected. 

We have now reached one of the most in- 
teresting localities in the city, the ground 
on which the French General Count de 
Rochambeau campe<l with his army during 
the Revolution, and on which stands to-day 
one of the most imposing church buildings 
in the United States, the Metropolitan 
Catholic Cathedral, fronting on Cathedral 
at the corner of Mulberry, and running 
east to Charles street. It was commenced 
in iSoo. Its outward length, including the 
portico, is 200 feet: its width, including 
the arms of the cross, is 177 feet; and its 
height, from the floor of the nave to the 
sunmiit of the cross which surmounts the 
dome, is 127 feet. Its style and decorations 
are of the Grecian order. It is remarkable 
throughout for the chaste simplicity of its 
design, and the beautiful proportion of all 
its parts. The great dome is 207 feet in cir- 
cumference internally and 231 externally. 

Circular panels ornamented with bro- 
settes and decreasing as they approach the 
verte.x, terminate at the opening in the cen- 
tre, seventy-two feet in circumference. 
Above this is the external dome, and the 
flood of light is introduced is such a manner 
that the means of its introduction are not 
seen from below. Between each of the sup- 
ports of the principal dome springs an ellip- 
tical arch, the arch at the head of the cross 
forming the outer line of a smaller dome, 
which, sni)i5orted by six Ionic pilLirs. covers 
the grand altar. 

The organ gallery rests on an Ionic col- 
onnade, whicli contains an organ that is said 
to be the largest, or was up to a very re- 



cent period, in the United States. It has 
600 pipes and thirty-six stops. 

The side aisles are terminated by two 
pictures, that on the right is the descent 
from the cross, painted by Pauline Guerin, 
a present from Louis XVIII to the Arch- 
bishop, and that on the left, St. Louis 
burying his officers and soldiers slain before 
Acre. This very valuable painting is the 
work of the celebrated Steuben, and was 
presented by King Charles X, of France. 

The beautiful building was designed by 
the distinguished architect and civil en- 
gineer, B. H. Latrobe, and built under his 
personal superintendence. 

Passing down Mulberry to Charles we 
have one of the beautiful glimpses of "Old 
Town," which one gets in passing Charles 
street as you cross Saratoga, Mulberry, 
Franklin and Monument streets and look 
east. 

The hill on whicli we now stand is about 
one hundred feet above tide, the singular 
topography of the city making it possible 
«to obtain panoramic views from the various 
hills, while from the many bridges may be 
had views of the sky line of the city; these 
varying views have a tendency to make the 
stranger remember Baltimore when the re- 
ciilKction of other places has vanished. 

Tlir -|>;i.-ious mansion in the rear of the 
Cathedral fronting on Charles street is the 
home of the Cardinal Archbishop of Balti- 
more and was built more for comfort than 
for display. It contains many valuable 
pictures and some mosaics. Many distin- 
guished men and women have passed within 
its gates. 

Continuing our walk we reach Franklin 
street, noted for the beautiful old homes of 
the merchants, doctors and lawvers of the 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



103U 



last generation and in some instances of 
their descendants. A notable example 
stands in front of us on the northeast corner, 
the mansion of Dr. William Howard, the 
splendid portico of which is an exact copy 
of the temple of Minerva Polias. It is now 
the home of the x\thenaeimi Clul). 

On the northwest corner is the Old Uni- 
tarian Church, designed and built under the 
superintendence of the great architect Max- 
imilian Godefroy, and dedicated on the i8th 
of October, 1818. The whole length of the 
office, including the portico, is 108 feet and 
its breadth is seventy-eight feet. The per- 
istyle is formed by a colonnade of the Tus- 
can order. Four columns and two pilasters, 
forming three arcades of about twelve feet 
opening, support the grand Tuscan cornice 
which runs around the exterior of the pedi- 
ment. In the centre there is a colossal fig- 
ure of the Angel of Truth, surrounded by 
rays and holding a scroll, on which is in- 
scribed in Greek characters: "To the only 
God." 

Five doors of equal size open from the 
portico and are copied from those of the 
\'atican in Rome. The nave of the church 
is a square formed by four equal arches, full 
semi-circles of thirty-three feet, six inches 
diameter, which support a dome of fifty- 
five feet, four inches diameter. The sum- 
mit of the cupola is eighty feet high, termin- 
ating with a glass star. The dome is a copy 
of the Pantheon at Rome. 

The pulpit stands upon a douljlc square 
base, the first of which is the verde antique 
marble from Connecticut, the second is of 
white Carrara marble. The pulpit rests on 
the second sock, and is constructed of bird's 
eye maple. The organ is tiie most curious 
in this country, as it is constructed in the 



form of an ancient lyre, the strings of 
which are represented by pipes. We have 
devoted some space to this old chiurch be- 
cause it is a most interesting one to archi- 
tects and builders. 

We shall move west on Franklin street 
pausing for a moment to glance at the old 
colonial building at the northeast corner of 
Cathedral street, formerly the home of the 
Hoffman family, and for many years of the 
celebrated "Maryland Club." Through the 
liberality of Mr. Enoch Pratt the building 
was purchased and presented to the Acad- 
emy of Sciences. This whole neighbor- 
hood is filled with these comfortable old 
homes on Franklin, Cathedral, Charles and 
Monument streets. 

Turning north for three squares we come 
all at once into the presence of one of the 
grandest monuments of the world, dedicated 
to that great patriot and soldier, George 
Washington. 

The erection of this monument was con- 
ceived in the year 1809, when Messrs. John 
Comegys, James A. Buchanan and Daniel 
Winchester obtained from the Legislature 
of the State permission to raise $100,000 
for the purpose. Mr. Robert Mills fur- 
nished the design and on July 4, 1815, the 
corner-stone was laid. The monument is a 
Doric column upon a scjuare base sur- 
mounted by a pedestal, upon which is placed 
a colossal statue of Washington. The base 
is fifty feet square and elevated twenty feet. 
The coJunui to tlie foot of the statue is 160 
feet, and the statue is thirteen feet in height; 
it is the work of Causici. and represents 
Washington as lie appeared the moment 
tliat he resigned iiis commission at Annap- 
olis. 

The squares running north and south are 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



called Washington Place, and those run- 
ning east and west Mount Vernon Place. 
The square due west has been most beauti- 
fully embellished by that late William T. 
Walters, by the placing of the Barye 
bronzes representing War, Peace, Force 
and Order, and Military Courage by Du- 
bois. At the east end of this square and fac- 
ing the monument sits the great Lion, also 
by Barye. 

Mr. Walters has also presented the city 
with the seated statue of the late Chief Jus- 
tice Taney, which has been placed in the 
square north of the monument. In the east 
square has been placed a seated statue of 
George Peabody, the great philanthropist. 

On the southeast corner of Monument 
and Charles streets stands the imposing 
marble building of the Peabody Institute, 
which consists of a great reference library, 
and Academy of Music, to which has lately 
been added a gallery of art. The building 
fronts I/O feet on Mount Vernon Place and 
is 150 feet deep. The library room is sev- 
enty by eighty feet, and fifty-five feet high, 
accommodating 300,000 volumes. There 
are seven alcoves on each side, six floors 
high and beautifully finished. On the left 
of the entrance is the reading room, seventy- 
two by thirty-six feet. The basement con- 
tains three fine lecture rooms. 

Before leaving this charming locality we 
must pause for a moment to look at the 
graceful outline of the Mount Vernon ^l. 
E. Church opposite the Peabody Institute. 
The peculiar color of the stone used in the- 
construction (a pale green) adds very much 
to the beauty of the style of architecture, 
wiiich is pointed Gothic. 

F.very one who has had the pleasure of 
visiting the locality we arc contenqilating 



will freely acknowledge the subtle charm of 
these beautiful squares surrounded on every 
side by refined and immaculately clean man- 
sions, not a speck of dust being allowed on 
the marble steps or the snowy lace curtains. 
However this constant washing of the win- 
dows and steps of houses is common to all 
Baltimore housekeepers; the enormous 
quantity of the city water supply no doubt 
having something to do with its very gen- 
erous dififusion, our 500,000 people now 
using between fifty and sixty millions of 
gallons per day. 

We have now before us the tower-like 
Hotel Stafford on the west side of Washing- 
ton Place near Madison street. 

No description of this locality would be 
complete without a word in regard to the 
William T. Walters Art Galleries located 
in his private mansion Mount Vernon Place. 
The collection of paintings is of the finest 
and most valuable in this country, and the 
Oriental Gallery is the most valuable in the 
world. 

At the northwest corner of Madison street 
and Park avenue stands one of the most 
graceful church buildings in the country, 
The First Presbyterian. The style is 
pointed Gothic, and the material used is 
brownstone from the Xew Brunswick quar- 
ries. The perfect grace and symmetry of 
the numerous spires have always been a 
source of much pleasure to men of refined 
tastes. The height of the three principal 
spires is 78, 128 and 268 feet. The princi- 
pal spire contains a large colony of pigeons. 
Walking west on Madison to Dolphin 
street, we turn to the right and in a moment 
we arc in Eutaw Place. We do not realize 
the full beauty of this mile of garden until 
we reach the apex of the hill at Lanvale 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



1041 



Street. The place is 125 feet wide, giving 
ample room for the central Almeda, which, 
adorned with flowers and fountains, con- 
tinues to North avenue. The Altaniont 
Hotel stands on the southeast corner, and 
on the other the beautiful white marble 
synagogue "Oheb Shalom," oriental in its 
style, attracts at once our attention, the 
blending of marble, copper and glittering 
yellow tiles carries the beholder back to the 
mythical east. Close by on the same side of 
the street stands the new Phoenix Club, a 
monument to our Hebrew citizens. 

Continuing our walk we find charming 
residences on either hand and on reaching 
Wilson street we get a view of the great Har 
Sinai Temple, on the corner of Bolton 
street, of Romanesque design built of Port 
Deposit granite and tile roof. The portico, 
with its Doric columns, is very imposing. 
Still going west we have a most attractive 
view of the last of the new Hebrew: temples, 
the Byzantine Temple of the Baltimore He- 
brew Congregation on the corner of Madi- 
son and Roberts streets. Its stately dome 
and towers together with its general appear- 
ance of grandeur make it one of the attract- 
ive buildings in the city. On our way out 
this noble avenue and very near the park, 
we pass the splendid Italian villa of G. W. 
Gail, and a few hundred feet further the an- 
cient mansion of the "Brooks" family with 
its grand old portico. 

We have now reached the Eutaw Place 
entrance to Druid Hill Park. While not so 
imposing as the other entrances, still it is 
admitted that the view of lake and forest, 
and the embellishments of driveways and 
monuments are nowhere seen to better ad- 
vantage. A noble park surely, and in natu- 
ral beauty not surpassed by any in tlie world. 



It is filled with springs of pure water, some 
of which are medicinal, and everything has 
been done to make it the people's pleasure 
ground. The grounds, walks, driveways 
and bridle-paths have been laid out by dis- 
tinguished engineers and are all that could 
be desired. Passing down to the lake drive 
and going around the head of the lake, we 
are confronted by the colossal statue of 
Wallace, erected by our fellow-citizen, Wm. 
W. Spence. It is modeled after the one 
which crowns the Abby Craig, near Ster- 
ling, Scotland. 

The pedestal is of Woodstock granite and 
measures thirteen feet high, ten feet square 
at the base, and six feet, four inches at the 
top, and bears this inscription : 

Wallace, 

Patriot and Martyr 

for 

Scottish Liberty. 
1305- 

The statue is thirteen feet, six inches from 
the feet to the top of the helmet, seventeen 
to the top of uplifted sword, and is the work 
of the great Scottish sculptor, D. W. Stev- 
enson, R. S. A. 

At the intersection of two roads almost 
in the rear of the Wallace ^Monument is 
Bartholomew's Washington, donated by 
the Walker family, a beautiful full-length 
statue, standing in a niche. Within a few 
hundred feet of these and on the lake drive, 
the Italians of Baltimore have placed a cost- 
ly and graceful pedestal surmounted by a 
life-size figure of Christopher Columbus, a 
replica of the one at Genoa by .\chillc Can- 
essa. 

Passing out of the park by the great gate- 
wa}-, which is the largest in the world, (133 
feet, 10 inches) at the head of Mount Roval 



1042 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



entrance, we soon reach the outer gateway, 
itself a work of art, the marble columns at 
either side being single blocks and weigh- 
ing twenty-one tons each. Within a stone's 
throw of this entrance, through which we 
pass out on West North avenue, we cross 
the new and splendid marble bridge span- 
ning Jones' Falls, with one exception the 
widest bridge in the world, the largest of 
the twenty-one bridges that cross that 
stream. The material used was Beaver- 
dam marl)le. the entire cost will be about 
half a million dollars. A fine view of the St. 
Paul and Calvert streets and Guilford av- 
enue Ijridges can l)e had from this bridge, 
the three former cross the yard and gardens 
of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. 

On East Xorth avenue near St. Paul 
street is a marl)le building of generous pro- 
portions, the Maryland Institute for the In- 
struction !>f the I'liind, incorporated in 1853. 
The location is most beautiful and the ex- 
tensive grounds are always in perfect order. 

Almost due north of the Blind Asylum 
stands in detached masses the gray building 
of the Woman's College, looking at the dis- 
tance of a quarter of a mile like bold strokes 
of .stin.ie water-color artist who had exhaust- 
ed every sliade of gray known to the palette 
for the walls and n(3t content with that had 
laid on every tint from brown umber to 
chiret in tn-,uin<; ijie S|>ani,sh 1 xiking tiling 
of the roofs. We .shall let I'mfL-ssor Butler 
describe tln.s -iganlic mnsaic. He .says: 
"'i'liey (the buildings) are throughout in the 
Romanesque style, of the Lombard variety, 
with adaptations from that to which \'itru- 
\ius gave the name Tuscan. Tlicy are built 
of dark, undressed granite and are sur- 
mounted by conspicuous roofs of Roman 
red tiles, .\rchitecturallv a member of the 



group is the First Methodist Episcopal 
Church standing farthest south, the tower 
of which is the most conspicuous object in 
the northern part of the city. This tower is 
almost an exact reproduction of a campanile 
to be seen just outside the ancient city of 
Ravenna. The church itself owes some of 
the most distinctive features of its architec- 
ture to suggestions taken from the cele- 
brated San Vitale in Ravenna, the church 
which, built in 526 A. D., upon the general 
plan of St. Sophia in Constantinople, be- 
came the model for Charlemagne's Cathe- 
dral at .\ix-la-Chapelle. The beautiful win- 
dows of the frieze, which serve to light the 
interior from above, are copied from mosaics 
in San Nazarioe Celso, the mausoleum of 
Galla Placidia the daughter of Theodosius 
the Great." 

The main college building, Goucher Hall, 
is built in the same general style of architec- 
ture, the Lombard. It is continued in Ben- 
nett Hall, the Latin School, and will be re- 
tained in the buildings to be added for music 
and art, a biographical laboratory, and an 
astronomical observatory, thus finishing the 
central group of buildings. 

( )ne of the most beautiful adjuncts of tlie 
Woman's College are the dormitories. They 
stand some squares apart at present, and are 
being added to as occasion requires. They 
are elegant structures of brick; no expense 
has been si>ared in their interior arrange- 
ments to make the girl student feel at home. 
.Ml are in charge of ladies of the highest 
character and attainments. 

President Goucher is the directing and 
ruling siiirit which has brought to ])ass all 
that we see and admire in this beautiful 
group of buildings; and better, the origina- 
tor of the enlightened and cultured course 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



1043 



of studies pursued within the walls; to every 
young woman a protector and friend, to 
the orphans a father and counsellor; to all 
the Christian gentleman, sans pcur ct sans 
rcproclic. 

Looking westward we see the great city 
of the dead, "Greenmount," and are next 
attracted by the beauty of the situation and 
grounds of the "Samuel Ready Orphan 
Asylum," under the charge of ladies who 
devote all their time to the little ones. It is 
at once a home and a playground. A very 
remarkable object stands within this en- 
closure, the first monument to Christopher 
Columbus, erected by the Chevalier 
D'Amor, French Consul General, October 
12, 1792, the three hundredth anniversary 
of his landing. It is fifty feet in height and 
quadrangular in form. Thirty years after- 
wards his native city, Genoa, erected its first 
monument to him. 

Changing our general direction from east 
to south, we proceed down the model city 
street. Broadway, and catch a glimpse of 
the new park "Clifton," lying northeast of 
us, its hundreds of acres containing some 
of the most valuable trees in the country. 
The city is to be congratulated on securing 
this beautiful addition to her diadem of 
l^arks. It was the former home of the great 
citizen and philanthropist, Johns Hopkins, 
whose hospital we are now approaching by 
way of Broadway's endless gardens. On 
the east side of the street, and opposite Jef- 
ferson street, which it closes, stands the 
greatest hospital in the world to-day. The 
grandeur of the situation overlooking the 
city and bay is in perfect accord with the 
noble purpo.ses of its founder. The main 
front of the hospital and the principal en- 
trance is on Broadway facing to the west. 



The buildings upon the main front and es- 
pecially the administration, with the two 
pay wards, may be said to embody the archi- 
tectural features of the hospital. All the 
other buildings have comparatively plain 
exteriors. The buildings having special re- 
lation to the educational features of the in- 
stitution — namely, the amphitheatre, dis- 
pensary and pathological laboratory, are lo- 
cated on the northeast in proximity to 
grounds owned by the Johns Hopkins Uni- 
versity, on the northeast corner of Monu- 
ment and Wolfe streets, upon which 
grounds the buildings of the medical de- 
partment of the imiversity are to be erected. 
All the buildings except the gate lodge, the 
pathological laboratory, the laundry and the 
stables are connected by a covered corridor. 
The floor of the corridor is at the uniform 
level of 114 feet above mean tide. The top 
of this corridor is nearly flat, forming an 
open terrace walk at the level of 124 feet 
above mean-tide, being the level of the ward 
floors. It is not possible to pass to or from 
the octagon or either of the common wards 
without going into free external air. so that 
there can he no communication between the 
air of different wards. The general con- 
struction of the buildings may be described 
1 as follows: They are constructed of brick 
I with trimmings of Cheat river stone, and of 
1 moulded terra cotta. The Cheat river stone 
is a very fine grained compact sandstone of 
I a l)luish gray ci>!r)r, which harmonizes with 
the red brick. The buildings on the main 
or west front are constructed of the best 
([uality of pressed brick. Tlic foiuidations 
of the principal buildings consist of a solid 
concrete base. For the others broad flags 
of Port Deposit granite arc used. All 
foundations and interior walls arc of hard 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



brick, laid in Cumberland cement below the 
ground level, at which point they are cov- 
ered by a layer of heavy slate. Lines of 
drain tile are laid around the foundations. 

All pitched roofs are covered with care- 
fully selected Peach Bottom slate laid on 
English Asphalt felt and secured with cop- 
per nails. The entire cost was $2,250,000. 

This is all the space that can be devoted 
to this subject; five hundred pages would 
be required to do it justice. The full intent 
in the founder's mind may be gathered from 
this oft repeated injunction that "in all your 
arrangements in relation to this hospital, 
you will bear constantly in mind that it is 
my wish and purpose that the institution 
shall ultimately form a part of the medical 
school of the University." 

With much reluctance we take our de- 
parture and again walk south through the 
almost endless gardens of Broadway until 
we reach the monument of Thomas Wildey, 
founder of the Order of Odd Fellows of 
America, dedicated on April 26, 1865. The 
base is surmounted by a Grecian Doric col- 
umn fifty-two feet in height, on which 
stands a figure of Charity. 

On the west side of the street facing the 
monument is the Episcopal Church Home 
in which the gifted poet Edgar Allen Poe, 
author of the "Raven" died, October, 1849. 

Turning down East Baltimore street we 
soon reach Patterson Park, another emer- 
ald in the diadem of the city. It is mo.^t 
beautifully adorned, has a very fine observa- 
tory tower from which extensive views of 
the city harbor and the Chesapeake Bay can 
be obtained. A fine Casino has lately been 
added to the many attractions, and the Park 
Board has very wiselv retained the old en- 



trenchments thrown up by the American 
Army during the War of 1812. 

Before leaving East Baltimore we must 
visit the elegant marble monumeQt erected 
to the memory of the two apprentice boys, 
Daniel Wells and Henry McComas, killed 
at the battle of North Point, both members 
of Captain Aisquith's company of sharp- 
shooters, and the same age, 18; friends and 
members of the same trade, both fell at the 
first fire of the English. Their deaths were 
so touching, and their conduct so gallant, 
that a grateful community erected this 
monument to them with every mark of re- 
spect. The bodies of the boys rest under it. 
It stands at the intersection of Aisquith,Gay 
and Monument streets — Ashland Square. 

Soon reaching Baltimore street by way of 
Aisquith, we pass the McKim Free School, 
an exact copy of the temple of Theseus at 
Athens. The portico consists of six fluted 
columns, the four central ones being three 
feet three-quarter inches in diameter, and 
what is most singular the two external col- 
umns are made thicker than the others — 
because the best Greek architects claimed 
that this must be done to correct an imper- 
fection of the sight in judging of the magni- 
tude of objects in similar situations. 

A short distance west of the McKim Free 
School and on the south side of Baltimore 
street is the Maryland Institute for the pro- 
motion of Mechanic Arts. It contains a 
school of art and design, museum of art 
and design, library and commercial school. 
Over one thousand scholars attend the vari- 
ous classes, day and night. In this building 
John C. Breckenrklge was nominated for 
President, .'\pril 23, i860. 

A block or two further west brings us to 
the center of the citv. and the localit\- where 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



1045 



the great daily newspapers and the banks, 
safe deposit companies, offices of steam ship 
lines, the Corn and Flour Exchange, are 
situated. 

Among the newspapers, in ix)inl of age, 
the American stands first, although it began 
under the title of the Maryland Jonrnal and 
Baltimore Advertiser, August 20, 1773. Pre- 
vious to that time we had to depend on the 
Annapolis papers for our local news. 

The Sun was founded by Mr. A. S. Abell, 
]\Iay 17, 1837. It was the first penny paper, 
and proved to be a success from the first 
issue, gaining a wonderful reputation for 
untiring energy in procuring the news of 
the day, which was much extended by the 
establishment of the Pony Express at the 
commencement of the Mexican War, 
through which it gave to the world the 
earliest intelligence from the seat of hos- 
tilities. The tendency to exaggerate the 
most common place events which has be- 
come so popular with many of our Ameri- 
can journals has not affected the Sun, as the 
news that it presents is always in a concise 
and attractive form. It is a noteworthy fact 
that its building, "The Sun Iron Building," 
as it is called, was so designated because of 
the fact that it was the first metal building 
erected in America. 

Three years after the founding of the Snn, 
in 1840, Col. Frederick Raine launched the 
German Correspondent, which is the leading 
German paper of our city. Originally a 
weekly it became a daily in a few years. 
Noted for the strong common sense of its 
public utterances it has the respect and con- 
fidence of all classes, not only in our State 
and city, but all over the country. 

The Morning Herald, a young, bright 
journal is making rapid progress, is very 

62 



popular and has now the finest newspaper 
building in the city, on the northwest cor- 
ner of Fayette and St. Paul streets. 

While in this central part of the city a 
look at the banking institutions and trust 
companies seems not out of place. First in 
importance is the Merchants' National 
Bank, their building lately erected being on 
a scale of magnificence seldom surpassed. 
The building occupies fifty-two feet on 
South street and one hundred and forty- 
four feet on Water street. Modern Renais- 
sance is the style of architecture, and as the 
building has three fronts it is very effective. 
All work and material used were the best 
that could be procured. The character of 
the foundations will be of interest to build- 
ers, and are the first of the kind used in this 
city, being formed of four layers of beams 
giving a width of twenty-two feet all bedded 
in Portland cement, laid on solid gravel be- 
low the tide level. The entrance proper is 
through an archway ten feet w-ide protected 
by an elaborate wrought transom grille and 
solid bronze doors. The interior w-ood work 
is all mahogany, and the book-keepers and 
clerks are all enclosed by a richly designed 
screen made of Jane Lamertene marble and 
bronze. 

The elegant building of the Safe Deposit 
and Trust Company was when built re- 
garded as the finest in this country; it stands 
on South street near German. 

The open air markets of Baltimore arc a 
never-ending source of interest to strangers. 
There are now eleven of them. .Mthough 
the city has been in existence for almost two 
centuries, it has very few antiquities. Fort 
McHenry, built in 1794, is possibly the old- 
est United States fort, and an old church in 
the southern portion of the city on Conway 



1046 



HISTORY OF BALTrMORE, MARYLAND. 



street near Sharp, the German E. R. 
Church, otherwise known as the "Otter- 
bein," is perhaps the most ancient ecclesias- 
tical building. The present church was 
built in 1785, taking the place of a frame 
church built in 1771. 

In the southwestern portion of the city 
there is an interesting mansion, "Mount 
Clare," built by Hon. Charles Carroll, bar- 
rister, in 1765. He was next to Daniel Du- 
laney, possibly the greatest lawyer of the 
Revolutionary period, was educated at the 
University of Cambridge and at the Middle 
Temple, London, and was a direct descend- 
ant of Daniel Carroll, of Ely, who presented 
his twenty sons mounted, accoutred and 
armed to the Earl of Ormond, for the ser- 
vice of King Charles the First. It was a 
favorite resort of Maj. George Washing- 
ton before the Revolution, and the city has 
a copy of a picture showing the Major and 
Mr. Carroll going on a hunting trip from 
this house. It hangs in the office of the 
Park Board. 

On the south of the Harbor and over- 
looking the entire city is Federal Hill Park. 
The hill is noted for its wonderful deposits 
of clay, iron and fossils of all kinds. Here 
Gen. P.. F. Butler built his fort during the 
Civil War, and gallant Armistead's memory 
is kept green by the monument erected to 
him at the northeast corner of the Park. 

The Enoch Pratt Free Library, with its 
six branches, on which Mr. Pratt spent 
more than $1,200,000, will always remain as 
enduring monuments to his memory. The 
Central Library is located on West Mul- 
berry street, and is a fine marble l)uiMing 
free to all citizens who aie vouched for 1)V 



card signed by some one of known respecta- 
bility in the community. 

The world renowned Johns Hopkins 
University can hardly make any pretensions 
as yet in an architectural way, the best 
building so far erected being McCoy Hall; 
the other buildings are plain and solid and 
well adapted to the purposes for which they 
are used. But all this fades into insignifi- 
cance when we consider the wonderful work 
now being done by this institution for the 
advancement of modern science and every 
branch of human research. President Gil- 
man and the accomplished scholars and sci- 
entists associated with him appear to have 
cast aside the ordinary means by which 
knowledge is obtained and to have grasped 
new methods of their own. Thus this school 
of advanced thought has almost at a bound 
distanced all competitors in the field of 
greatest successes, original research. Johns 
Hopkins needs no other monument to per- 
petuate his name than this school. The latest 
and one of the greatest in the world by ra- 
diation, if the term may be so applied, it has 
shed the rays of its profound knowledge 
into the remotest parts of the earth and in 
so doing it lias carried his name and fame 
of fair Baltimore and Maryland with it into 
all the leading shrines and centers of cul- 
ture throughout the enlightened world. 

Having described what is most wortliy of 
note in the beautiful city of the Chesapeake, 
we beg the reader's indulgence as we pass 
from the aesthetic and artistic phases of our 
local development, to those that relate to its 
material growth and welfare — expansion 
of population — police — fire — water — all of 
which play an essential part in the preserva- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



1047 



tion of a sound, harmonious and healthful 
civilization. 

Comparison of Population. 

Per 

/SSo. i%o. Inctfasc. cenl. 

St. Ivouis, . . 350,518 451,770 101,252 28.89 

Boston, . . . 362,839 448,477 85,638 23.60 

Baltimore, . . 332,313 434,439 102,126* 30.73 

San Francisco, 233,959 298,997 65,038 27.80 

Cincinnati, . 255,139 296,908 41,769 i6.37 

New Orleans, 216,090 242,039 25,949 12.01 

Washington, . 177,624 230,392 52,768 29.71 



' Polii 



1897, 



Fire Department. — 1897, twenty en- 
twines, ten hook and ladders, seven chemical 
engines, water tower one, fire boat one, 
54.000 feet of hose, 176 horses, 1,964 fire- 
plugs, 384 men, 363 boxes. 

Total Dwellings in Cities. 1890. — 
New York, 81,823: Chicago, 127,871; Phil- 
adelphia, 187,052; Brooklyn, 82,282; St. 
Louis, 60,937; Boston, 52,669; Baltimore, 
72,112: Cincinnati, 33,489; Bufifalo, 37,290; 
Newark, 23,296; Jersey City, 18,562; Provi- 
dence, 17,639; New Orleans, 43,000; Wash- 
ington, 38,798; Detroit, 36,992; Minneap- 
olis, 25,281 ; Louisville, 24,999: Omaha, 20,- 
194; Washington City, Mo., 23,140; San 
Francisco, 47,183. 

Baltimore has 9.71 1 less than New York, 
55,759 less than Chicago, 115,940 less than 
Philadelphia, 10,190 less than Brooklyn. 

Baltimore has 11. 175 more houses than 
.St. Louis, 19,443 more than Boston, 38,625 
more than Cincinnati, 34.822 more than 
IkifTalo, 29,112 more than New Orleans, 
33.314 more than Washington, 24,929 more 
than San Francisco. 

Water Department. — The supply comes 
from Loch Raven on the Gunpowder river, 
;uid Lake Roland on Jones' Falls. 

Storage aPWATV.R.— Druid Lake, Jones' 
Falls water, from 150 to 200 feet; Mt. Royal, 



Gunpowder water, from i to 150 feet; 
Hampden, Jones' Falls water, storage; 
High Service, Gunpowder water, from 200 
to 350 feet; Clifton, Gunpowder water, from 
I to 150 feet; Montebello, Gunpowder 
water, storage; Guilford, Gunpowder water, 
from 200 to 350 feet; total gallons, 3,313,- 
000,000. We use about 60,000,000 gallons 
each day or in other words we empty Mt. 
Royal reservior twice each day. 

Churches. — Roman Catholic, 5 1 church- 
es; Episcopal, 41 churches; Reformed, 13 
churches: Presbyterian, 35 churches; Bap- 
tist, 41 churches: Congregational, 4 
churches: Lutheran, 43 churches; Friends, 
4 churches; Independent, 15 churches; 
Methodist, 139 churches, white and colored; 
Unitarian, i church ; United Brethren, 9 
churches; Universalist, 2 churches; Dunk- 
ard, I church ; total, 398. 

Swedenborgian, 21; Synagogues, 24; 
Spiritualist, 3, Seventh Day Advent, i, 
grand total, 428. 

Cemeteries, 42. 

Hospitals, 31. 

Dispensaries, 17. 

C)ther charitable institutions. 59. 

Libraries, 12. 

One post office and 46 sub and 10 full 
carrier stations. 

Public schools, 103. 

Markets, 1 1 . 

How WE Clean the Stke.ets, 1897. — ' 
187 sweepers and scrapers, 87 street carts, 
8 sweeping machines, contract, 5 sprinklers, 
contract, 170 garbage carts; 55,126 loads of 
garbage removed, 177,695 loads of ashes 
removed and 154,439 loads of street dirt re- 
moved. 

Polict;, 1897. — 620 men, 74 scrgoairts. 



1048 



HISTORY Oe BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



14 round sergeants, 8 captains, 16 lieuten- 
ants, 15 detectives, 14 turnkeys, 7 station 
house clerks, 14 station house matrons, 14 
are mounted men. 

Amount of stolen goods recovered and 
returned in 1896 and 1897: Turned in, 
$181,343.53; returned to owners, $169,743. 

Fines, which pays for patrol system, $22,- 
332.70; fines, policemen's, $1,930.00, total, 
$24,262.70. 

In 1896 the city was lighted by 1.338 elec- 



tric arc lamps, 5,928 gas lamps, 980 gasoline 
lamps. 

TiiK City Parks. — The following are the 
dimensions of the various parks: Druid 
Hill, 672 acres; Patterson, 106 acres; Fed- 
eral Hill, 8^ acres; Riverside, 17^ acres; 
Carroll, 355 acres; Clifton, 253 acres; Har- 
lem, 7 acres. 

The present area of the city is 31.54 
square miles or 20,186 acres, with 780 miles 
of streets and 225 miles of street railways. 



INDEX, 



A 

Abbott, Rev. B. A 1012 

Aberci-ombie, David op. 213, 779 

Abercrombie, Dr. John K 61S 

Abrahams, Woodward 743 

Academy of Sciences 68-69 

Adams, John Fredericlv 999 

Ainslie, Peter, Jr 1012 

Albert, Talbot J S84-888 

Alexander, Thomas S 253 

Alger, William Hart 750 

Andrews, Gen. R. Snowden 962-964 

A nti-Slavery Society 75 

.\))pel, Adam 90 

Armistead 26 

Arnold, Dr. Abram B 901 

Art Gallery, Walter's 67-68 

Asylum.? and Homes. — Mt. Hope. Asylum, 
478; Sheppard Asylum, 478; Home for 
Feeble Minded and Epileptics, 479; Bay 
View Asylum, 479; Enoch Pratt Home, 
479. 

B 

r.adger. Dr. Augustus Pennington 821 

r.aer, Thomas Sargent op. 256, 692 

I'.aker, Charles E 800 

liaker, Melissa 101 1 

r.;iker, William op. 104 

r.aker, William George op. 120 

I'.aldwin, William Henry. Jr op. 136, 667 

r.altimore. County of 12 

I'.AI.TIMORE, City or.— Origin of Name, 9; 
Date of First Settlement, 9; Investiture 
of City, 10; Religious Liberty Granted, 10; 
Fir.st Town Laid Out, 10; Additions to 
town. 10-11; True Founding, 11; Deed 
Locating City, 11-12; Plan of Allotment. 
13; Incorporation with Jonestown, 13-14; 
Enlargement of Town in 1747, 14; En- 



largement of Town in 1781, 15; Enlarge- 
ment from 1T.J0-1T53, 14; in 1765, 14; in 
1773, 15. 

Baltimore, before Revolution 31 

Baltimore, after Revolution 20-22 

Baltimoee Duking Revolution, 16-19. — 
First Company Organized, 32; Baltimore 
Committee, 32-33; Aid Sent Boston, 33; 
Arrival of Delegates to Continental Con- 
gress, 33; Regiment of Maryland Troops, 
33-34; Declaration of Independence Read, 
34; Congress in Baltimore, 35. 

Baltimore in 1791 74 

Baltimore at Present. — City Hall, 1033; 
Post Office, 1033; Court House, 1034; Hotel 
Rennert, 1036; Masonic Temple, 1036; 
Metropolitan Cathedral, 1038; Old Uni- 
tarian Church, 1039; Washington Monu- 
. ment, 1039; Eutaw Place, 1040; Druid 
Hill Park, 1041; Woman's College, 1042; 
Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1043; City Pa- 
pers, 1045; Banks, 1045; Markets, 1045; 
City Statistics, 1047-1048. 

Baltimore and Ohio R. R., History of 516 

Baptist Church in Baltimore. — Establish- 
ment, 390-391; First Baptist, 391-393; Sec- 
ond Baptist, 393-394; Fourth Baptist, 394- 
396; First Colored Baptisst, 396; Seventh 
Square, 399; Lee Street, 400; First Ger- 
398; Union (colored), 398; Franklin 
Baptist, 396-398; Huntingdon (Waverley), 
niiin, 403; Eutaw Place, 403; Macedonia 
(colored), 404; Hampden, 405; Grace, 405; 
Calvary (colored), 406; Fuller Memorial, 
406; Perkins Square (colored), 407; Im- 
manuel, 407; Fulton Avenue, 407; Rivei-- 
side, 408; Brantly Memorial, 408; Sharon 
(colored), 409; Antioch (colore/3), 409; 
Trinity (colored), 409; Enou (colored), 
409; Bethlehem (eoloretl), 409; Scott 
Street, 409; Arlington, 409; Faith (col- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



ored), 410; Israel (colored), 410; Division 
Street (colored), 410; North Avenue, 410; 
Calverton, 410. 

Barclay, Dr. Delancey Heathcote 641 

Barnard, Dr. Jamess Sherman 712 

BaiTon, Kog-er William ''■>'> 

Bartlett, David L op. 034, 02.-> 

Barwick, Dr. G. Irwin 767 

Bates, James 9S8 

Bayless, William II 85.5 

Bayley, Most Rev. Jame.s Roosevelt 305 

Beeler, Louis F 044 

Bell, Dr. Alex. Taylor 717 

Belt, Eugene N 814 

Benthall, William OSS 

Berkley, Dr. Henry J 76!) 

Beraei, Louis B 849 

Bernard, Gen. Simon 28 

Biedler, Dr. Hampsou Hubert op. 446, 622 

Billingslea, Dr. James 757 

Billmire, George Graham 873 

Bladensburg, battle of 41 

Blake, Dr. Charles French 636 

Blaney, Dr. George W 771 

Bombaugh, Charles Carroll 868 

Bond, Capt. B. F 978-080 

Bond, Judge Hugh LennoK 1000 

Bond, Nicholas P 830 

I'osley, Dr. James 994 

Bowdoin, Henry J 832 

Bowdoin, William G 926 

Howen, John W 990 

Hoyd, William Alexander 626 

1 loy le, Thomas 26, 39 

Brady, James H 789 

Hranham, Doctor J. H 903 

I'.reckenridge, Rev. Hiiliert .1 458 

r.rent, Robert J 354 

Brewster, Cora ISellc M. I) oj). 696, 694-699 

Brewster, Flora .M/.ora 697-699, op. 760 

Brewer, Dr. .Nfarbiu y 902 

Briscoe, .Alexander M 799 

Brooke. Dr. Charles H 9()4 

Brown, Hon. Fi-ank 814-818 

lirown, John Pentland 823 

Briish. Dr. Kdwnrd N 96,) 

Bryan, Olin OSl 

Biivk, J. .\4 995 



Budeker, Dr. William 652 

Burke, Judge Nicholas Charles 1002 

Buriiap, Rev. George W 453 

Burrough, S. G 989 

Burton, Dr. Orlando A 894 

(• 

Cahill, Winfield Scott 791 

Cairnes, Dr. George II 722 

Caldwell, Dr. John J op. 152, 716 

Calwell, James S 6S0 

Calvert, George 9 

Campbell, John .Mason 253 

Canals 24, 28 

Carroll, Charles 28-30 

Carroll, Dr. Charles J 708 

Can-oil, Mo.st Rev. John 291-296 

Carson, Dr. Chaplain H., D. D. S 832 

Carter, George R., D. D. S 830 

Caruthers, Dr. Frederick 727 

Chabot, Dr. Gabriel Hen7-y 710 

Chappell, Dr. William ,1 701 

Charcoal Club 69 

Chase, Rev. Thomas 445 

Chathard, Dr. Ferdinand F 1005 

Chew, Dr. Samuel Clagett op. 490, 642 

Chism, Edward T 983 

Christian Church. — Origin, 435; Establish- 
ment in Baltimore, 425; Pa<'a Street or 
Harlem Avenue, 426-427; Calhoun Street, 
427-438. 
Churches (see Roman Catholic and Protest- 
ant). 

Chunn, Frederic 677 

Cinnamond, (ieo7-ge R 746 

City Hall 1033 

Clagett, Dr. Joseph F 913 

Clark. Abraham 10 

Clark, James op. 16S. 928 

Clark, Dr. Thaddeus Watkins 620 

Clark.son, Benjamin F.. D. D 833 

Cleaveland, Allan 673 

Clement, J. Arthur 770 

Clendenin, Thomas R op. 202, 6.59 

Clever. Rev. Conrad, D. D 820 

Coalc, William .Mexander 876 

Codd, Edward J 805 

Coffroth, Dr. Hamilton J 618 



rORY OF BALTI.MCJRK, MARYLAND. 



Cole, Robert Cliutou 865 

Cole, Thomas 10 

Cole's Harbor 10 

Colleuberg, Dr. John Heiuy 727 

COLLEGES.— Jledical Colleges, 4S4; Dental 
Colleges, 485-486; College of Dental Sur- 
gery, 28, 61-62; Woman's College, 57-58, 
1042. 

Collins, Kev. John A 466 

Co.MSiEKCE. — Tobacco, 10; Building of 
Wharves, 14; Western Commerce, 23; In- 
dentured Servants, 16; Trade in Wheat, 27. 
CoXGREGATlONAl, Church, 440-443. — Canton, 
442; Second Church, 443; Fourth, 443. 

Conway, Michael Joseph 678 

Cook, Anthony 1028 

Cook, Dr. Charlton Jlyron 721 

Correll, Dr. J. William 707 

Corse, Robert S., D. D. S 899 

Cotter, James D 676 

Coulson, Edward L 989 

Courts 201-263 

Court House 25, 1034 

Cowen, Hon. John K 610 

Crain, Robert 884 

Cromer, Robert B 835 

Cummings, Rev. George D 447 

Curley, William 1001 

Custom House 25 

Gushing, Jos. M S71 

1) 

Darby, Francis M 950 

Davidson, Rev. J. C 1028 

Davis, Dr. Charles Rawlins 649 

Davis, Henry Winter 254 

Dawkins, Walter Ireland 617 

Dawson, William H 837 

Decorative Art Society 69 

Deford, Benjamin 628-630 

Democratic Party in Baltimore, History 

of 539-564 

Dentat, Colleges.— Dental Department^ 
University of Maryland, 485. 513-514; Bal- 
timore College of Dental Surgery, 485. 507, 
512-513; Dental Department, Baltimore 
Medical College, 485, 514; Maryland Col- 
lege of Pharmacy, 485-486. 
Dextlstrt in- BALTiMonE.— First Dental 



Lectures in America at University of 
Maryland, 405; First Dental College, 504- 
506; Passing of Dental Law, 506-507; First 
Periodical, 507; Baltimore College of Den- 
ial Surgery, 507; Women in Dental Pro- 
fession, 508; Prominent Dentists, 510- 
512; Baltimore College Dental Surgery, 
512-513; University of Maryland Dent^al 
Department, 513-514; Dental Department, 
Baltimore Medical College. 514. 

Dickey, William J 1005 

Diehl, Charles F 702 

Dobler, Gustavus A 7S2 

Dolan, Rev. James 450-452 

Donaldson, Thomas 254 

Dorsey, Charles W op. 080, 683 

Dorsey, Dr. Reuben M 943 

Drj'den, Abraham Lincoln 1031 

Dryden, Littleton T 960-962 

Duck, Charles E., D. D. S 836 

Dunbracco, Dr. William W 904 

Duncan, Rev. John Mason 454-459 

Dulajiy, Daniel 246 

Duvall. Dr. Wirt A C40 

Dwindle, James Elliot, M. D op. 500, 630 

Dwyer. Daniel W 900 

E 

Eccleston, Most Rev. Samuel 300-303 

Editors.— Well Known, 87-89; Samuel 
Barnes, 86; Billy Pechim, 86; Dr. E. J. Al- 
cock, 86; William Lloyd Garrison, 86-87. 

Education, status of 53 

Educational Institutions 53-69 

Edwards, William P 818 

Eisenberg, Dr. Adolph C 730 

Ellicott, Major Andrew 632-633 

Elliott, Thomas Ireland op. 712. 714 

Emory, Bishop John 462-463 

Emorj', Hon. D. Hopper 824 

Eplscopal, I'uoTESTANT CnuRCH. — Organi- 
zation, 314; Establishment. 314; St. 
Paul's Parish, 314; Second Church, 315; 
Chri.st Church, 317-318; Church of Mes- 
siah. 318; St. Peter's. 318-319; Trinity, 
319; .St. James, First African. 319-320; St. 
Andrew's, 320; Church of Our Savior, 
320; St. John's, 320-321; St. Mark's, 321; 
Church of the Ascension, 321; Mt. Cal- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



vary, 321; St. Luke's, 322; Grace, 322-323; 
Emanuel, 323-324; St. Mary's, Hampden, 
324; Church of the Holy Innocents, 324; 
St. Bartholomew, 324; St. John, the Bap- 
tist, 324; Jlemorial, 324-325; St. Thoma.s, 
Homestead, 324; Free Church of St. Bar- 
nabas, 325; All Saints, 325; Chapel of the 
Advent, 326; Chapel of the Holy Cross, 
326; Chapel of the Holy Evang-elist, 326; 
Holy Trinity, 326; Chapel of the Atone- 
ment, 326-327; Chapel of St. Mary the 
Virgin, 327; Henshaw Memorial, 328; 
Church of St. Michael's and All Ang-els, 
328; St. Barnabas, 331; Chapel of Prince 
of Peace, 331; Church of Transfiguration, 
331-332; Roland Park Mission, 332. 

Episcopal Institutions 332-333 

E])iscopal Church, Reformed, 443-444 

Evans, David E 976 

Evangelical Association 432-433 

Evangelical Association, United 433 

Everluirt. Dr. George Henry 720 

F 

Farber, Henry .1 '.ISS 

Fell's Point 15, 20 

Felton, Rev. K 775 

Field. Charles U' sil4 

Fire Department 1047 

Fizone, .Tacob 1025 

Foley, Daniel .lames op. 302 627 

Ford, Charles E ^^si 

Fort Mcllonry 42-43 

Fowler, Edward H 638 

Fowler, .lohn U 080 

Frances, Joseph C 8.%5 

Frazier, Dr. Joseph 1! 725 

Friedenwald, .losepli 007 

Fkiknos. Sociktv of.— First Friends in lUiI- 
(imore. 410: I'irst. Meelin-, ill; ICarly 
ClmreU Kdilice. 411; Friends' Meeting 
lliMise, III 112; Separatic.H, 112; Promi- 
nent ^leinliers. 412-413; Vai\:\w Meeting 
llcnise. Ii:;; Light Street, 413-414. 

l'n<-l,s, I'nif. Otto 860 

Fuller, ISev. Richard, D. D 460 



G 

Gaither, Col. George Riggs 974-976 

Gail, George W. Jr op. 400, 789 

Gale, Lewis 253 

Gallatin, Albert 23 

Gamble, Dr. Cary B 768 

Cans, Hon. Edgar H 654 

Cans, Daniel 825 

Ganter, Francis X op. 792, 795 

Garbage, System of City 501-503 

Gardiner, Isaac H 776 

Garey, Dr. Henry F 632 

Garj', James A op. 72, 623-625 

Gault, Mrs. Laura C 1017 

Genese, David, D. D. S 747-749 

George, Isaac S 941 

George, Philip Thomas op. 632, 633 

German Refoumed Church. — Establish- 
ment, 333-335; Second Church, 336; Third 
Church, 336; Aisquith, 336; Fifth Church, 
337; St. Johannes, 336; St. Paul's, 337; 
Emanuel, 337; Zion, 337; Trinity, 337; 
Christ Church, 337; St. Stephen's, 337-338; 
Ciraee, 338; Church of Peace, 338. 

Gibbons, James, Cardinal op. 292, 306-310 

Gibbs, Dr. Edmund C 710 

Gibson, Rev. Alexander Early. D. D 467-470 

Gill, Nicholas Rufus 7.32 

(iiUet, Martin op. 24, 635 

Cilman, Daniel C op. 56 

( I ilmor. Judge Robert 838 

Gilpin, Joseph .\lban 6S8 

fiilpin, Henry B 078 

(lirdwood. Dr. John 728 

Girdwood, .Tames Stevens 743 

Gist, Mordecai 34-36 

Gisriel, William op. 346, 781 

Glendy. Rev. John, 1). D 454 

Glinn, John 253 

Godmaji, Thomas S 991 

Goldsborough, Charles 952 

Gorgas, Ferdinand J. S., D. D. S 877 

Gorsuch, Charles 10 

(iottlieb, Frederick H 703 

Grady, Richard. D. 1). S op. .50S. 1013-1017 

Greeiiley, Dr. Thomas W 703 

Gregory. Dr. Oliver 1' 7()2 

Griffin. ICdwin J 8.50 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Uriffith, G. S. & Co 929-934 

Griswold, Benjamin Howell op. 526, 993 

Gundry, Richard F 904 

(Uitman, Joel 10:>0 

Gwiuu, Charles J. M 2o4 

(iwynu, Ijawrence S ST2 

H 

llafer, George J 1026 

Hall, John Bannister, Jr 687 

Hambleton, T. Edward op. 230, 937 

Hamilton, Capt. Samuel Todd 986 

Hummer, Dr. Milton Elmer 716 

Hammond, William 1! 801 

Hannibal, John 849 

Hanway, Col. William A 897 

Hardy, Dr. Georg-e E 831 

Harker, Howard L 1029 

Harlan, Henry D 866 

Harper, Dr. Charles T 718 

Harper, Dr. John 495 

Harper. Kobert Goodloe 250 

Harris, Joseph op. 040, 640 

Harrison's ilarsh 15 

HaiTyman, Dr. H. G 713 

Hartman, Dr. George .\ 728 

Havenner, Rev. F. H 765 

Hazazer, Signor 925 

Health Boards 482-484 

Health Ordinances 480-481 

Healy, John Stonewall J 917-919 

Heeht, Emanuel 874 

Heddinger, Daniel Crea 735 

Heinekamp, William 764 

Heiskell, Sydney 947 

Henry, William Thomas 071 

Henshaw, John Prentiss Rewley, D. T>. . .447-449 

Herrman, Augnistus II. 21 

Hersey, John 88 

Henisler, Charles W 622 

Henisler, Joseph S op. 1S4, 621 

Hewitt, John H 380-584 

Hey ward, James V 792-795 

Hill, Xocholas S. Jr op. 464, 615 

Hill, Rev. Stephen 4.59 

Hisky. Thomas Foley 858 

Hoblemann, Herman H 700 



Hochheimer, Lewis 846 

Hodgdon, Dr. Alexander Lewis 674 

Hodson, Thomas S 846-848 

Hoffman, William H 806 

Hoffman, Richard Curzon 998 

Hoffman, David 251 

Hoffmeister, Edward, D. D. S 895 

Homeopathy, History of in Baltimore 494 

Homer, Charles C 851 

Homer, Francis T 851 

Homes, (see Asylums). 

Hood, John Mifflin 011-613 

Hopkins, John 23 

Hopkins, Harry Fatterson 754 

Homer, Albertus Finley 92G 

Hoi-ton, Dr. Thomas B 948 

Hospitals. — University Hospital, 53-54; 
Special Hospitals, Infirmaries, Dispen- 
saries, Institutions for Insane, 487-489; 
JIaryland Hospital, 487; Second Hospital, 
488. 

Hoskins, James Sloan 982 

House, William A (Jl, op. 1032 

Howard, Charles Mon-is 693 

Howard, John 10 

Howard, Dr. W'illiam Travis op. 482, 740-743 

Hiibbell, Frederick Brooks 604 

Hughes, Dr. W'illiam .Tames 706 

Hug-hes, Thomas 842 

Hummer, Dr. James C 040 

Hunt, German H op. :'.64, 660 

Hunt, William 987 

Hunekel. Otto 672 

Hurst, John n 

Hutohin.s, X. T 1027 

Hykuid. Dr. Henry Ayre.s 708 

I 
l.NDtsTRiE.'i.— Gun-making, 17; After Revo- 
lution, 21; Sugar Refinery, 24; Flour 
Mills, 25. 

Ingham, James E. Jr 686 

Ingle, Dr. Joseph Lowrie 731 

Inglehart, Dr. James Davidson 723 

Ingram, .Tames E op. 320, 883 

Insurance, Marine 24 

Irons, Dr. Edward V 707 

Isaacs, Columbus Clark 819 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



J 

Jackson, Lloyd Lowndes 6JS 

James, Henry lUlU 

Jenkins, Thomas Meredith 'JS'.i 

Jenness, William Chapman S:iO 

Jett, William Morg-an «:;i 

Jewett, Dr. Fred. Clarke Giil 

Johns Hopkins Hospital 1043 

Johns Hopkins University. — Site, 54; 

Founder, 54; Scope, 54; History, 55; 

Buildings, 55; rublications, 50; Library, 

56. 

Johns, Henry Van Dyke, D. D 440 

Johnson, Eeverdy L'55 

Jones, David 10, l'.)-i!0 

Jones, Dr. George Oriftith 71',) 

Jones, Dr. Elias TT4-7T5 

Jones, Town iri, l<)-20 

Judge, Edward S 808-810 

Judges, Prominent 201-204 

Judik, J. H 040 

Jumji, Alfred Pratt 075 

K 

Kapp, Hosea Woodman .s7'.l 

Katz, K. and Sons 754 

K.-lly, Dr. Sylvester K 022 

Keeiie, Hubert ( ! 8^s 

Keene, Dr. Samuel Aloysius 0:i4 

Keidel, Henry 705 

Keirle, Dr. Nathaniel (i 725 

Kemp, Lawrence Brengle (U:! 

Kenly, Major William L 655 

Kennard, Henry C / 841 

Kennedy, John Pendleton 252 

Kenny, Rev. Thomas J 900 

Kenrick, Most Eev. Francis P :iO:! 

Kenyon, Dr. Robert Browning ri5:i 

Keown, Dr. Thomas William 701 

Kerr, Charles G 001 

Key, Francis Scott 27. 43 

Kieffer, Georg-e Sm 1 1 h so:! 

Kines, Edward Spalding 600 

Klein, Jacob 1005 

Knapp, George W op. 784, 785 

Knott, A. Leo op. 536, 537-530 

Biography, Including Review of Demo- 
cratic Parfv in Mnrvlnnd; P.iliti.-s from 



1801-1868; Education, 530; Entrance to 
Bar, Elected State's Attorney, Noted 
Cases, Political Views, Reform Work, 
Life During Civil War, 539-577; Made 
Second Assistant Postmaster General, 
577; Ancestry, 579; Marriag'e, 579; Polit- 
ical Events Connected with Mr. Knott's 
Life; Democi-atic Party in Maryland in 
1864, 539-547; Federal Interference in 
Maryland Elections, 547-553; Democratic 
Party in 1865, 553-555; Two Conventions 
of 1860, 555; Triumph of Conservative 
Democracy 1866, 559-564; in 1867, 504. 

L 

Latimer, Dr. Thomas S 90» 

Latrobe, Hon. Ferdinand (' 956 

Leakin, J. Wilson 863 

Lee, Charles O'Donnell 936 

Legg, Edgar Kemp op. 104, 780 

Levering, Eugene 644-046 

Levering, Joshua 044-646 

Lewis, Rev. F. H 772 

Lewis, Lawrence F 739 

Lewis, William Penn 825 

Ley burn. Rev. John, D. D 457 

LiBRAEiE.s. — Enoch Pratt Free Library, 
05-66; General, 66; Medical, 496. 

Lingenfelter, Henry 686 

Linthicum, J. Charles op. 768, 853 

Loney, II. D 843 

Lowe, Rev. Thomas 967 

Lumpkin, Rev. Robert Garrett Lee 724 

Lunacy Commission of Maryland 489 

Liindy, Benjamin 88-S9" 

LuTiiEKAN Church. — Establishment, 339- 
340; Synod of Maryland, 341-345; First 
English Evang-elical, 340-341; Second Eng- 
lish, 341; Third English, 341; St. Mark's 
English, 342; St. Paul's English, 342; St. 
Stephen's German, 343; Grace English, 
343; St. Luke's, 343; Church of Messiah, 
344; Christ English, 344; Church of the 
Reformation, 344; English Evangelical 
Church of the Messiah, 344; German 
Church of Peace, 344; Trinity Evangeli- 
cal, 345; Calvary, 345; Synod of Missouri, 
:j40-340; St. Paul's German, 346: Tuimaiuiel 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORK, MARYLAND. 



German, 346; Martini Germaji, 346; 
Emanuel English, 346; St. Thomas' Ger- 
man, 349; Jackson Square English, 349; 
German Evangelical Synod of North 
America, 349-351; St. John's, 349; St. Mat- 
thew's, 349; Jerusalem, 350; First United 
Evangelical, 350; Zion's, 350; St. John's 
Independent, 350; Salem, 350; St. Peter's 
Independent, 350; Christ Church, 351; St. 
Matthew's Mission, 351; Concordia, 351; 
Synod of Ohio, 351-352; St. Mark's Ger- 
man, 351; St. Peter's English, 351; Con- 
cordia English, 352; Martin Luther, 352; 
Faith, 352; St. James, 353. 

Independent Chukohes.— Trinity, St. 
Luke's German, 353. 
Lutheran Institutions 353 

M 

Mackenzie, Dr. Edward E 905 

Mackenzie, George Xorbury 690 

Magruder, Robert 682 

Ma^uder, Dr. W. Edward 616 

Magnien, Rev. Alphonse 882 

ilalster, William T 876 

Mann, Dr. Arthur Howard, Jr 616 

JIann, Dr. William B 896 

Marburg, Charles L 636 

Marine, William Matthew op. 584, 584-589 

Ancestry, Education, Life During Civil 
War, Study of Law, Admission to Bar, 
Law Cases, Part in Politics, Well-known 
Speeches, Collector of Port of Baltimore, 
Contributions to Literature, Speech on 
Decoration Day, 1898. 

Markets, First 25, 1045 

Marshal], Most Rev. Ambrose 29(i-298 

Marshall, J. Markham 857 

ilartin, Charles A 977 

Martin, Dr. Frank 620 

ilartin, Luther 246-24S 

Martin, Richard T 867 

Maryland Academy of Sciences 68-69 

Maryland Colonization Society 87-89 

^Maryland Historical Society 66-67 

Maryland Institute 64-65 

Mason. Jolin T. of R 813-84 :'> 



Matthai, John Christopher 701 

Matthai, William Henry op. 776, 880 

Maj'er, Charles F 254 

Mayer, Charles F op. 220, 938-940 

Mayors of Baltimore 74 

McConachie, Dr. Alexander Douglas 639 

McCreary, George Worthington 089 

McCurley, Isiuic 679 

McElfresh, Dr. Charles Wesley 660 

McGaw, George K op. 454, 920 

McHenry, James .24, 71-73 

McKim, John, Jr 1007 

McLaughlin, Philip S 923-925 

McMahon, John Van Lear 253 

McShane, Dr. James Francis 656 

Medical Journalism in Baltimore 490-494 

Medical Libraries 496 

Medical Profession in Baltimore. — Phy- 
sicians, 476-478; First Medical Men, First 
Faculty, 476; Eminent Phj-sicians of Last 
Century, 477-478. 
Medical Schools. — School of Medicine in 
1820, 28; Medical and Chirurgical Faculty 
of JIaryland, 60, 484; College of Physi- 
cians and Surgeons, 60-61; Baltimore 
Medical College, 61, 484; Baltimore Uni- 
versity, 61; Woman's Medical College, 61. 

iledical Societies 490 

Meredith, Jonathaji 251 

Merriken, William 674 

Messersmith, Charles 919 

Methodist Episcopal Church. — F.arly 
Methodism, 369; First Church, 370; 
First Conference, 370; Early Churches, 
372-373; Exeter Street, 373; East Balti- 
more Station, 373; Sharp Street, 374; 
ICutaw Street, 374; Caroline Street, 374- 
375; Seaman's Union Bethel, 375; Asbury 
JI. E., 375; West Baltimore Station, 375; 
Wesley Chapel, 375-376; Fayette Street, 
376; South Baltimore, 376; Monument 
Street, 376; Orchard Street., 376; Colum- 
bia Avenue, 377; Franklin Street, 377; 
Harford Avenue, 377; Emory, 377; Straw- 
bridge, 377-378; Mt. Vernon Place, 
.378; Jefferson Street, 378; High Street., 
379; Broadway German, 379: .Sailor's City 
Bethel, 379; John Wesley M. K., 379; Can- 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



ton Street, 370; Pennsylvania Avenne 




Baltimore Monument, 1034; Wash 


ington. 


German, 380; Broadway, 380; Union 




1039, 531; Wallace, 1041; Battle 


Monu- 


Square, 380; Monroe Street, 380; Chester 




ment, 531; Wells, McComas Monument, 


Street, 380; Madison Avenue, 381; Madi- 




534; Randall, 534; Odd Fellows' 534. 


son Square, 381; Grace, 381-382; Fort 




Moore, George Washington 


788 


Avenue, 382; Bethany, 382; Appold, 382; 




Morfit, Dr. John Campbell 


729 


Harford Avenue German, 382; Harlem 




Morris, Dr. John op. 


608, 007-610 


Park, 382; Centennial, 382; Twenty- 




Morris, John G., D. D 


449 


Pourth Street, 385; Waverley, 385; High- 




Morris, John Thomas 


037 


land Avenue, 385; Guildford Avenue, 385; 




Mon-ison, George C 


810 


Greenmount Avenue, 385; Homestead, 




Moseley, Dr. William E 


op. 356, 042 


385-386; Oxford, 380; First Woodbury, 
386; Grace, Woodbury, 386; Bennett Me- 






10 




Mudge, Abner B 


995 


morial, 386; Mt. Vernon, 380; Summer- 




Muse, Dr. Bernard Purcell 


....727-728 


field, 386; Roland Avenue, 386; David Rog-- 






668 










387; Gajrett Park, 387; Fulton Avenue, 






387; Memorial, 387; Curtis Bay, 387; 




N 




Walbrook, 387; Roland Park, 387; Ames, 




Naas, Hon. John Henry 


737 


388; Metropolitan, 388; Eastern Chapel, 




Naval Engagement.s in 1812 


37-39 


Canton, 388; Asbury, 388; Centennial, 




Navy, 1812 


..26, 37-40 


388; St. Paul's, 388-380; Waug-h Chapel, 


424 


Ne-il Toseph St Chiir 


8"! 






Methodist Episcopal Church, African 


New Jerusalem Ciiukch 


....418-422 


Methodist Episcopal Church, South.. 434 


439 


Origin and Establishment, 418-421 


: First 


Trinity, 434; Emanuel, 435; Calvary, 435; 




Genuan Church, 421. 




Frederick Avenue, 435; Arling-ton, 435; 




Newspapers 


1045 


St. Paul's, 436; Central, 430; North P.ulli- 




Nolcn. Dr. Charies Frederick 


730 


mgre, 430. 


440 






Methodist Chunh, IndeiH-iulent 4:i9 


Norris, Dr. William S., D. D. S 


899 


Methodist Institutions .. . 


3S0 


North Point, Battle of 


26 


Methodist ( hurch, Protestant 42S 




Mexican War 4 


4-4C. 
037 


O 
O;ikfoi-d, W. Power 




Miiflin Dr Robert Wn'>-ht 




Milholland, Dr. George V 


893 


1017 






Offutt, Noah E 


859 


During Kevolution, 30; in 1812. 40: During 




Ohle, Dr. Henry Charles 


653 


Civil \\:n: 47-51 ; Dining McKi.-au War, 




Ophthalmology, eariy history of, D 


■. John 


44-45. 




Harper's work 


495 


Miller, Decatur H., .Ir 


934 


Ordinances 


14, 480-481 


Miller, Rev. George W., IX 1) 755 


757 


Regarding Fairs, Protection from Fire, 


Miller, Dr. Irving 721 op. 


72S 


Selection of Delegates to General 


Assem- 


Miller, Dr. William Krnst 


723 


hlv. Injury to .\aviy;in(>n, 14: Hea 


th, 480- 




,,. , 


tsl 




Mitchell, Dr. Charles Wellman 


01 s 


Orrison. Dr. J. Kilgar 

Otology, eariy history of 

Owcn.s, P.cnjinnin Buck 


893 

496 

651 


Montell. Charles Singleton 1 


O-l 




oil 










'' 



[ISTORY OF BALTIMORi:, MARYI.AXD. 



J'sige, Dr. Isham Randolph 010-912 

I'anetti, Dr. Philip Alk-ii 714 

Park, Druid Hill 1041 

Parlett, John Fletcher op. aiiG, 705 

Parr, Henry A op. 428, 873 

Patterson, George Frederick 792 

Paul, C. E 773 

i'EADODY Institute ' G1-G4 

Endowment, 61-62; Collection of Books, 
G2; Present Condition, 6.'!. 

Pearce, Dr. William Herbert 722 

Phillips, Dr. Albert Joseph 630 

Physicians, Some Eminent Baltimore. . .445-475 

I'hysicians, Work of in Past 503-504 

Pinkney, Edward C 250 

Pinkney, William 24S-250 

Pitts, Charles H 254 

Poe, Edgar Allen, Poet G03-604 

Poe, Edgar Allen 891 

Poe, John Prenti.ss 889 

Poe, S. Johnson 890 

Pole, Dr. Arminius Cleveland op. 472, 715 

Politics in Baltimore. — History of 177G 
to 1800, 70-75; 1800 to 1812, 75-78; 1812 to 
1835, 78-90; 1835 to 1850, 90-100; 1850 to 
1860, 100-111; Development of Native 
American Party, 101; Death of Whig 
Party, 101; Convention of Free Colored 
People, 102-103; Maine Liquor Law, 106; 
National American Party, lOG-107; Re- 
foiTQ ilovement of '58 and '59, 108-111; 
Riots at Polls, 111; 1860 to 1866, 112-168; 
Union Mass Meeting, '60, 112-113; Nomi- 
nation of Douglass, 117; Nomination of 
Breckinridge, 118; Breckinridge Conven- 
tion, 122; Wide Awake Republican Pro- 
cess, 125; Unionist Mass Meeting, 133- 
134; Speeches, 134-141; State's Rights 
Convention, 141-142; Speeches by Davis, 
Thomas, Collins, Bradford, etc., 147-153; 
Democratic and Union Conventions, 154- 
164; 1866 to 1875, 169-200; Democratic 
Supremacy, Republican Mass Meeting 
Speeches, 170-173; Democratic Mass Meet- 
ing, 174; Bolters' Convention, 176-177; 
Meeting of Colored Republicans, 177-1 SO, 
182-184; First Colored Vote, 184; Speeche.s, 
188-194; Democratic Mass Meetings, 195- 



197; Greely Campaign, 198; Contest Be- 
tween Reformers and Democrats, 199- 
200; 1875 to 1895, 200-245; Reformer and 
Republican vs. Democrat, First Serious 
Effort at Reform, 201; Democratic Rally, 
202-206; Jlerchant's Reform Meeting, 205- 
20G; Presidential Election of 1876, 207-208; 
Reformer's Jlass Meeting, 209; Working- 
man's Convention, 209;' 1878 to 1879, 210- 
212; ISSO to 1885, 212-224; 1886 to 1890, 224- 
230; 1890, Factional Diiferences, 230-231; 
1891 to 1895, 231-245; Presidential Election 
of 1892, 235-236; Mayoralty Contest of 
1893, 231; Congressional Election of 1894, 
237-242; Contest for Governor, 1895, 242- 
245. 

I Polytechnic Institute of Baltimore 52-53 

I Poor, .\lfred 927 

I Popvlation 16, 22, 29, 34 

I In 1790, 16; First Census, 22; 1850, 29; 
1776, 34. 

Post Office 1033 

Powell, Rev. Arthur Chilton 607 

Pratt, Eno<'h 870 

Preachers, Sueccessful Baltimore 445-475 

PmCSBYTERIAN Chuuch 353-369 

Est<ibli.shment, 353-356; Second Church, 
356; Third, 357; Fourth or Frank- 
lin Street, 357; Aisquith Street, 357; 
Broadway, 358; Franklin Street, 359; 
Westminster, 360; ^Memorial, 361; Hamp- 
den, 361; Faith, 362; Twelfth, 362; Mad- 
ison Street, 362; South or Light Street, 
363; Brown Memorial, 363; Knox, 364; 
Canton, 364; Lafayette Square, 364; 
Boundary Avenue, 364; Fulton Avenue, 
364; Waverley, 367; Church of Covenant, 
367; Maryland Avenue, 367; Bohemian and 
Moravian, 367; Crisp Jtemorial, Brooklyn, 
367; Ridgely Street, 368; Reid Xfemorial 
Hope Institute, 368; Park, 368; St. Hel- 
ena, 368; Walbrook, 369. 

Presbyterian Church, Reformed 424-425 

Presbyterian Church, United 433-434 

Price, Dr. Elridge Cowman 693 

Price, Dr. Elias C 466 

I'ritchett, Thomas .Tames G70 

Private Schools 52 

Protestant Churches 313-444 



IISTORV OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



rublic Schools 5;' 

riillmun, JJev. Koynl H., U. D. . . .op. :;H>, T.-.T-KU 

Q 
Quakers, (See Friends) 410 

Kailroads in iiALTrJioRE as-ti'J; 51G-5:iU 

Baltimore and Ohio Chai'ter, 2S; Balti- 
more and Ohio, 516; Susquehanna, 2'J; 
Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore, 
29; Western Marylajid, 522; Northern 
Central, 524; Baltimore and 1-ehigh, 524. 

Kalhvay, Street 524 

llamsay, Robert T'.i2 

Kasin, I. Freeman '.i2U-'.(2.1 

Ueamer, James <'>15 

Iveese, Rev. Daniel Evans 4(J1 

Reformed .\ssociate 422 

Reformed Church, (See (ierman ItefoiTued). 

Reid, Rev. B. (J. W 1028 

Iteid. Ilauce Wilson Brown 047 

Reinhardt, Henry J 745 

Reinhart, Br. Daniel Jerome 619 

Requardt, J. Frederick (ii2 

Reynolds, Dr. George Brown op. 704, 704 

Richardson, George R 25:! 

liidgely. Ruxton il 1542 

RichL Hon. Charles Frederic 7:iS 

liiemaii. Joseph H 053 

Uiley. Kev. J. M.-Keudry, D. 470-472 

IJittcidiousc, Xichola.s M .S75 

Roads, National 22-2:) 

i;ul)inson. Dr. .1. JWyoii '.HO 

Rogers, James Smith 77s 

Rohe, Dl\ George Henry 1022 

Roman CATiior.ii' Ciirncu. — i'^arly History, 
1729 to 1789, 2S7; First Church, 2S7-;js,S; 
Episcopate Established, 289-291; Church 
Under Most Uev. .lohn Carroll. 291-290; 
Second Ciinn-li, SI. I'atrick's, 292: Corner 
Stcnu- of Catlicdr.il L.-iid, 295; Increase of 
Bishoprics. 295: Cl.un-h Cndcr Most Rev. 
Ambrose .Marshall, :.'9r,-:."j,s: Cathedral 
Opened. 297: iMincral of llishnp. :>97: 
Chiinh fndcr .Most Kev. .lames Whitfield. 
29s-:;(.ii: Two Provincial Councils. ;e98; [n- 
crcasi-il Activity. 298-299; Educational 
Works I'nblishcd. 299; Chi.lcra Scniir-c. 



299; Whitfield's Death, 299; Church Under 
Most Rev. Samuel Eccleston, 301-30:'.; 
I'rovincial Councils, 300-301; Establish- 
ment of Religious Communities, 301; 
Building of Churches, 302; Death of Ec- 
cleston, 303; Church Under Most Rev. 
Fiancis P. Kenrick, 303-304; First Plenary 
Coiincil, 303; New Churches and Asylums, 
:iO:i; Death of Keni-ick, 304; Church Under 
Most Rev. Martin John Spaulding, 304- 
:>()5; Second Plenary Council, 304; New 
Cluirches, 305; Church Under Most Rev. 
.lames Roosevelt Bayley, 305-300; Church 
Under Most Rev. James, Cardinal Gib- 
bons, 306-310; Third Plenary Council, 306; 
Elevation to Raniv of Cardinal, 307; Epis- 
copal Jubilee, 307; New Churches, 308- 
309; Education, 309. 

Rosenau, Dr. William 834 

Roth, Dr. John 715 

Roth, John Christian 919 

Rothschild, Moses 701 

Rumsey , J a.mes 24 

Uusk, Dr. George Glanville 720 

Rus.sell, Dr. William L 768-770 

S 

Sahm, Peter 004 

Sanders, David Henry 080 

Sanderson, W'. Cook 973 

Sapping-ton, Augustin de Rus-sy <il7 

Sappington, Dr. P. F ''72 

Sauei'wein, Edwin A 710 

Saunders, Dr. Joseph Bernard 719 

Scally, Dr. John H "08 

S«ull, Charles "8'^ 

Schaffer, Rev. S 1007 

Schapiro. Dr. Max (iSI 

ScluHimloetfel. 'I'. Julius 075 

Scheib, Rev. Henry 4.TO 

Scherf, Harry I'.dgar 089 

.Schloy. William 2.53 

SclHUcisscr. Krnst op. 2:!8, 727 

SchnuMincr. Wade Hampton 1020 

Schmuckcr, Samuel T):ivis 071 

SchneeV>erger, Louis ' "01 

Schoenberg, Isador 859 

HchoOcld. Or. J. Calvin "' 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Schools, 52-53, 61; Public, 52; Normal, 53; 
Private, 61. 

Schreiber, Rev. Peter Stanislaus 419 

Kchryver, Edson il 983-986 

Schrj-ver, James Jlilton op. 518, 981 

Sehulz, Alfred J 648 

Sellmau, Dr. William Alfred Belt... op. 720, T20 

.Seminary, St. Marj-'s of St. Sulspice 59-60 

Semmes, John E op. 274. 810 

Setli, Joseph B SOI S-X, 

Kevall, Rev. Thomas, D. D U.7 

Sexton, Samuel Budd 802 

Sharp, Abraham op. 3S2, 1008 

Shaw, Major Alexander 640 

Shepherd, Heou-y Eliot 992 

Shirk, Isaac Holmes 8S0 

Shirk, Henry, Jr 675 

Shoemaker, Dr. Charles Raymond 882 

Shrig-ley, Rev. James 452 

Shriver, Alfred Jenkins 687 

Shutt, Captain Augustus L 970-973 

Simon, Charles Edmund 900 

Skinner, Harry G 790 

Slarrow, Rev. J. 51 1039 

Slicer, Rev. Henry 463-465 

Sling-luff, Dr. Frank 656 

Sloan, Frank Howard 669, op. 752 

.Sloan, .Tames, Jr 959 

Smart, T. Gibbons 966 

Smink, Dr. A. C 771 

Smith, Dr. B. Holly, Jr 915 

Smith, Rev. Charles Ernest 749 

Smith, Dr. Edward Augustus 680 

Smith, Dr. Henry Lee 910 

Smith, James H op. 392, 811 

Smith, Dr. Marshall (hnndy 635 

Smith, Robert Henry 665 

Smith, General Samuel 40 

Smith, Samuel King 700 

Smoot, Mrs. Alice 1018 

Snowden, Wilton oji. 418, 861 

Soper, Morris Ames 677 

Si)alding, Most Rev. Martin Jolin 30 i 

Spruill, Dr. Joseph L 713 

Sprnill. Dr. .St. Clair 632 

Stanley, Charles Haney 711 

Stansbnry. Dr. Percy 731 

Staub, Richard P. H 1033-1025 

.Steamboats, Use of 28 



Steele, John Xelson 664 

Steele, I. Nevett 255 

Steele, S. Taggart 857 

Sterrett, Samuel 72-73 

Steuart, Dr. Ceeilius Calvert 726 

Stevens, Hon. Francis Putnam S51-853 

Stewart, Hyland P 857 

Stokes, Sylvanus 721 

Stone, William F op. 736, 730 

Story, Frederick W 827-829 

Straus, Hiram F 753 

Straus, Isaac Lobe , . 845 

Street!, Dr. David oji. 338. 718 

Streett, F. C 773 

Supplee, Col. James Franklin 7S0 

Sutherland.' J. B., D. D. S 1006 

Swengel, Rev. IT. F ; loio 

Swinney, Ei)nphroditus 6()S, op. 672 

T. 

Talbot, Hon. J. Fred. C 996 

Tall, Dr. Reuben James Hooper op. 610, 616 

Taney, Roger Brook 251-252 

Taneyhill, Dr. G. Lane op. 436, 915-917 

Tattersall, Samuel Henry 658 

Taylor, Dr. George Florence 712 

Taylor, Jacob H 935 

Taylor, .lonathan Kirkbridgc. . .op. 374, 797-799 

Taylor, Robert 826 

Taylor, William Wallace op. 664, 662-664 

Taxes — Property, Vehicles. Playhou.ses 15 

Thom, J. Pembroke, M. I) 95.3-950 

Thomas, Col. David W 73,3 

Thomas, Dr. Henry Briscoe 628 

Thoma.s, William Strobcl 665 

Tiernan, Luke Frontispiece 

Tiernan, Charles o]). 8S 

Tiernan, Charles B op. 600 

Tiernaus of Maryland 599-603 

Tippett, Rev. Charles B., I). D 465 

Tippett, Richard Beauregard op. 2S4. 813 

Tobacco Trade 10. 21-22 

Todd, .Tames 11 

Tome, Peter E 856 

Townsend, Walter Robey S12 

Tr.-ivers, Br. John Chapin 689 

Trunaie. W. P.urns 848 

T\icker, William Frank 676 



HISTORY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND. 



Turner, Dr. John 626 

Turner, Dr. Joseph Pinkney 639 

U. 

Ullrich, Capt. Seth S., Jt. D 705 

Ulman, Dr. S. J 701 

Unitarian Church -122-423 

United Bbethken in Christ. — Origin, 414; 
Founder, 414-415; Other Pioneers, 41U- 
417; Otterbeiu Chapel, 417; Third Church, 
417; Filth Church, 417; Salem. 417-418; 
Otterbeiu Jlcmorial, 418; Scott Street Mis- 
sion, 418. 

United Evangelical Association 433 

United Presbj'terian 433-434 

Universalist Church 429-432 

U.xivERSiTiES. — University of ilaryland, 53; 
Johns Hopkins, 54-57. 

Upshur, Georg-e M., Jr S(ii) 

Urquhart, Dr. Kichard .\lexander 715 

Utley, Dr. Harry Cibson 623 

V. 

Van Bibber, Dr. Claude 699 

Van Ness, Dr. Eugene McEvers 729 

Vansant, James Menzies 643 

Vernon. Col. (ieorge Washinoton Fayette 

605-607 

Vital Statistics of Baltimore 497 

Vogler, Dr. (ieorge Christopher Ernest 709 

Volck, Adelbert, Jr.. D. D. S 907-909 

Von Kuell. Dr. Joseph 916 

W. 

Wade, John J 686 

Wade, Dr. J. Percy 947 

Wagner, Martin 783-785 

W'ales, William 1008-1010 

Walling, Robert Brciit 677 

WaJlis, S. Teackle 256-260 

Walsh, Thomas Yeates. — Parentag-e, 264; 
J'^lueation, 265; Admission to Bar, 265; 
Personal Appearance, 263; Character. 265- 
266; Kepartee, 206-267; Political Career, 
26S; Speeches, 208-274; Oration on Henry 
Clay, 268-274; Oratiou ou Inl.-m.l. 2TS-279: 
Later Life, 282: Death .•lud iMiricral, 2SI- 



Waes. — Baltimore's Share in, 35-47; 1812, 
35-44; Mexican War, 44-46; Civil War, 46- 
47. 

Wardens of the Port 25 

Warfield, Mrs. O. B 1018 

Warfield, Dr. Ridgeley Brown 733 

Warfield, S. Davies 613-615 

Warner, A. S., M. D 942 

\Varner, Dr. Michael Kimmel 725 

\Vater Department 1047 

Waters, Dr. Thomas Sollers 823 

Walters, William J. H op. 410, 662 

Watts, Charles Snowden 1000 

Way man. Bishop Alexander M 472-475 

Weaver, Hariy A 967 

Wedderburn, Major George Chase 673 

West, Dr. Frank 906 

Wharton, Kev. H. M., D. D 751-753 

White. A. Robinson 854 

White. I''rancis op. 648 

White, .Miles 6(9-651 

Whiteford, Dr. James E 777 

Wliitehead, Dr. Alfred 717 

Whiteley, James Stone 978 

Whitelock, George 670 

Whitfield, Most Rev. James 398 

Whitridge, John A 957-959 

Wiener, Charles Jefferson op. 688, 691 

Wiesenfeld, Bernard 807 

Wilkins. George C 683-686 

Williams, Dr. D. S 945 

AVilliams, Henry 968-970 

Williams. Henry Wiuslmv 862 

Williams, Xatliau Wiuslow 862 

Willis, Georg-e Roberts op. 248, 652 

Wilson, Dr. Frederick W 994 

Wilson, Dr. Robert Taylor op. 328, 1003-1005 

Wiltshire. Dr. .lames Gerard op. 40, 611 

Windei-. Williaru II 250 

Winter, Samuel op. 744, 74* 

Wirt. William 251 

Wisner. Dr. .1. Ward 712 

Woman's College of Baltimore 57-58. 1012 

Woods, Hiram 666 

Wood.s, Rufus 648 

Woodward, .loliii Stafford 678 

Wright, Riley op. 656, 657 

Wroth, Rev. K. W 763 

Wander, .losepli C 965 



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